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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Journalist and farmer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalist_and_farmer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice presidency (1941–1945)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency (1941–1945) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Election of 1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Election of 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Commerce_(1945–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Commerce_(1945–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Secretary of Commerce (1945–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Commerce_(1945–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1948 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Business success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysticism_and_Roerich_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysticism_and_Roerich_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Mysticism and Roerich controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysticism_and_Roerich_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography:_Works_by_Wallace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography:_Works_by_Wallace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Bibliography: Works by Wallace</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography:_Works_by_Wallace-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography: Works by Wallace subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography:_Works_by_Wallace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.2</span> <span>Articles and essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamphlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamphlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.3</span> <span>Pamphlets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamphlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry A. Wallace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هنري أغارد ولاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري أغارد ولاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Volles" title="Henri Volles – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henri Volles" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هنری والاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هنری والاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Генры Эгард Уолес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генры Эгард Уолес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Хенри Уолъс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри Уолъс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Agard_Wallace" title="Henry Agard Wallace – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henry Agard Wallace" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χένρι Ουάλας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χένρι Ουάλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="هنری والاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری والاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wallace" title="Henry Wallace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Wallace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_A._%EC%9B%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="헨리 A. 월리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 A. 월리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Հենրի Ուոլես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի Ուոլես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1" title="הנרי וולאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי וולאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰენრი უოლესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრი უოლესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wallace" title="Henry Wallace – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Henry Wallace" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Agard_Wallace" title="Henricus Agard Wallace – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Agard Wallace" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%8E._%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെൻറി എ. വല്ലസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെൻറി എ. വല്ലസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="हेन्री ए. वॉलेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेन्री ए. वॉलेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰენრი უოლესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰენრი უოლესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Хенри Эгард Уоллес – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хенри Эгард Уоллес" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wallace" title="Henry Wallace – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Wallace" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BBA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="ヘンリー・A・ウォレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・A・ウォレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="هنري اګارد والس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هنري اګارد والس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wallace" title="Henry Wallace – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Wallace" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Уоллес, Генри Эгард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уоллес, Генри Эгард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Agard_Wallace" title="Henry Agard Wallace – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henry Agard Wallace" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%95._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хенри Е. Волас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хенри Е. Волас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD._%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B" title="เฮนรี เอ. วอลลิซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮนรี เอ. วอลลิซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Генрі Воллес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі Воллес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ہنری اے والیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنری اے والیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="亨利·阿加德·华莱士 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨利·阿加德·华莱士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Henry A. Wallace" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E8%8F%AF%E8%90%8A%E5%A3%AB" title="亨利華萊士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亨利華萊士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="亨利·阿加德·华莱士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利·阿加德·华莱士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vice president of the United States from 1941 to 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wallace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Henry Wallace (disambiguation)">Henry Wallace</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Henry A. Wallace</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white image of the head and shoulders of man about fifty with upswept hair, wearing a gray suit and a dark tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">33rd <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 2, 1945 – September 20, 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Franklin D. Roosevelt</li><li>Harry S. Truman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Supply_Priorities_and_Allocations_Board" title="Supply Priorities and Allocations Board">Supply Priorities and Allocations Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 28, 1941 – January 16, 1942</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Board of Economic Warfare">Board of Economic Warfare</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 2, 1940 – July 15, 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1933 – September 4, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Arthur M. Hyde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henry Agard Wallace</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-10-07</span>)</span>October 7, 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/Orient,_Iowa" title="Orient, Iowa">Orient, Iowa</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 18, 1965<span style="display:none">(1965-11-18)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Glendale Cemetery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1909–1936)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1936–1947, 1964–1965)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive</a> (1948–1950)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive "Bull Moose"</a> (1912)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ilo_Wallace" title="Ilo Wallace">Ilo Browne</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1914)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry Cantwell Wallace</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry A. Wallace's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg/128px-Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg/192px-Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg/256px-Henry_A_Wallace_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Wallace_voice.ogg" title="File:Henry Wallace voice.ogg">Henry A. Wallace's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="591" data-mwtitle="Henry_Wallace_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Henry_Wallace_voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Henry_Wallace_voice.ogg/Henry_Wallace_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Portion of Wallace's "What Are We Fighting For" speech on the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a><br />Recorded May 8, 1942</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Agard Wallace</b> (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was an American politician, journalist, farmer, and businessman who served as the 33rd <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a>, from 1941 to 1945, under President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. He served as the 11th <a href="/wiki/U.S._secretary_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of agriculture">U.S. secretary of agriculture</a> and the 10th <a href="/wiki/U.S._secretary_of_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of commerce">U.S. secretary of commerce</a>. He was the nominee of the new <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>. </p><p>The oldest son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry C. Wallace</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Agriculture">U.S. Secretary of Agriculture</a> from 1921 to 1924, Henry A. Wallace was born in rural Iowa in 1888. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> in 1910, he worked as a writer and editor for his family's farm journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Wallaces%27_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallaces' Farmer">Wallaces' Farmer</a></i>. He also founded the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Hi-Bred" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Hi-Bred">Hi-Bred Corn Company</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> company that became extremely successful. Wallace displayed intellectual curiosity about a wide array of subjects, including statistics and economics, and explored various religious and spiritual movements, including <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>. After his father's death in 1924, Wallace drifted away from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>; he supported <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 presidential election</a>. </p><p>Wallace served as Secretary of Agriculture under Roosevelt from 1933 to 1940. He strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and presided over a major shift in federal agricultural policy, implementing measures designed to curtail agricultural surpluses and to ameliorate <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a>. Roosevelt overcame strong opposition from conservative leaders in the Democratic Party and had Wallace nominated for vice president at the <a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 Democratic National Convention</a>. The Roosevelt-Wallace ticket won the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 presidential election</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 Democratic National Convention</a>, conservative party leaders defeated Wallace's bid for renomination, placing Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> on the Democratic ticket instead. In early 1945, Roosevelt appointed Wallace as Secretary of Commerce. </p><p>Roosevelt died in April 1945 and Truman succeeded him as president. Wallace continued to serve as Secretary of Commerce until September 1946, when he was fired by Truman for delivering a speech urging conciliatory policies toward the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace and his supporters then established the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party</a> and launched a third-party campaign for president. The Progressive platform called for conciliatory policies toward the USSR, <a href="/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">desegregation of public schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health-insurance</a> program, and other left-wing policies. Accusations of <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> influence followed, and Wallace's association with controversial Theosophist figure <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a> undermined his campaign; he received just 2.4% of the popular vote. Wallace broke with the Progressive Party in 1950 over the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and in a 1952 article he called the Soviet Union "utterly evil". Turning his attention back to agricultural innovation, he became a highly successful businessman. He specialized in developing and marketing hybrid seed corn and improved chickens before his death in 1965 of <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Agard Wallace was born on October 7, 1888, on a farm near <a href="/wiki/Orient,_Iowa" title="Orient, Iowa">Orient, Iowa</a>, to Henry Cantwell Wallace and his wife, Carrie May Brodhead.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace had two younger brothers and three younger sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather, "Uncle Henry" Wallace, was a prominent landowner, newspaper editor, Republican activist, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> advocate in <a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Iowa" title="Adair County, Iowa">Adair County, Iowa</a>. Uncle Henry's father, John Wallace, was an <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Ulster-Scots immigrant</a> from the village of <a href="/wiki/Kilrea" title="Kilrea">Kilrea</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>, Ireland, who arrived in Philadelphia in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May (née Broadhead) was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> but was raised by an aunt in <a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine, Iowa</a>, after her parents' death.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace's family moved to <a href="/wiki/Ames,_Iowa" title="Ames, Iowa">Ames, Iowa</a>, in 1892 and to <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>, in 1896. In 1894, the Wallaces established an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_journalism" title="Agricultural journalism">agricultural newspaper</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace%27s_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace's Farmer">Wallace's Farmer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became extremely successful and made the family wealthy and politically influential.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace took a strong interest in agriculture and plants from a young age, when his father, a professor of dairying at Iowa State Agricultural College, invited his student, <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> botanist <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>, to stay with them in the Wallace home, since Carver was barred from college housing because of his race. In gratitude, Carver took the young Henry Wallace under his wing, giving him tutorials after school on botany and plant breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was particularly interested in corn, Iowa's key crop. In 1904, he devised an experiment that disproved agronomist <a href="/wiki/Perry_Greeley_Holden" title="Perry Greeley Holden">Perry Greeley Holden</a>'s assertion that the most aesthetically pleasing corn would produce the greatest yield.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace graduated from West High School in 1906 and enrolled in Iowa State College later that year, majoring in animal husbandry. He joined the Hawkeye Club, a fraternal organization, and spent much of his free time continuing to study corn.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also organized a political club to support <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a> Republican who was head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalist_and_farmer">Journalist and farmer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journalist and farmer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._C._Wallace_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/H._C._Wallace_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-H._C._Wallace_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/H._C._Wallace_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-H._C._Wallace_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/H._C._Wallace_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-H._C._Wallace_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3839" data-file-height="5139" /></a><figcaption>Wallace's father, Henry Cantwell Wallace, served as secretary of agriculture from 1921 to his death in 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallace became a full-time writer and editor for <i>Wallace's Farmer</i> after graduating from college in 1910. He was deeply interested in using mathematics and economics in agriculture and learned <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> as part of an effort to understand <a href="/wiki/Hog_(swine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog (swine)">hog</a> prices.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote an influential article with pioneering statistician <a href="/wiki/George_W._Snedecor" title="George W. Snedecor">George W. Snedecor</a> on computational methods for <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regressions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his grandfather died in 1916, Wallace and his father became the coeditors of <i>Wallace's Farmer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, Wallace assumed leadership of the paper after his father accepted an appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle lost ownership of the paper in 1932 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, and Wallace stopped serving as editor in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, Wallace and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ilo_Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilo Browne">Ilo Browne</a>, purchased a farm near <a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Iowa" title="Johnston, Iowa">Johnston, Iowa</a>; they initially attempted to combine corn production with dairy farming, but later turned their full attention to corn.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Murray_East" title="Edward Murray East">Edward Murray East</a>, Wallace focused on producing hybrid corn, developing a variety called Copper Cross. In 1923, he reached the first-ever contract for hybrid seed production, agreeing to grant the Iowa Seed Company the sole right to grow and sell Copper Cross corn.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, he co-founded the Hi-Bred Corn Company to develop and produce hybrid corn. It initially turned only a small profit, but eventually became a massive financial success.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_involvement">Early political involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Wallace and his father helped the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">United States Food Administration</a> (USFA) develop policies to increase hog production.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After USFA director <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> abandoned the hog production policies the Wallaces favored, the elder Wallace joined an effort to deny Hoover the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 Republican National Convention</a>. Partly in response to Hoover, the younger Wallace published <i>Agricultural Prices</i>, in which he advocated government policies to control agricultural prices.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also warned farmers of an imminent price collapse after the war. Wallace's prediction proved accurate: a farm crisis extended into the 1920s. Reflecting a broader decrease in agricultural prices, corn prices fell from $1.68 per bushel in 1918 to $0.42 per bushel in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace proposed various remedies to combat the farm crisis, which he believed stemmed primarily from overproduction. Among his proposed policies was the "<a href="/wiki/Ever-normal_granary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ever-normal granary">ever-normal granary</a>": the government buys and stores agricultural surpluses when agricultural prices are low and sells them when they are high.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Wallaces backed the <a href="/wiki/McNary%E2%80%93Haugen_Farm_Relief_Bill" title="McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill">McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill</a>, which would have required the federal government to market and export agricultural surpluses in foreign markets. The bill was defeated in large part because of the opposition of President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> and Commerce Secretary Hoover. When Coolidge became president after Harding died in 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the elder Wallace stayed on as Agriculture Secretary but died at age 58 in October 1924. His son, Henry, always blamed his father's premature death on Hoover, because of the stress of the titanic policy battles they had over matters like the McNary-Haugen bill, with Hoover insisting on a hands-off "laissez-faire" attitude toward business and Wallace pushing more active government interventions to help farmers. In the November <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential election</a>, Wallace voted for the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924)">Progressive</a> nominee, <a href="/wiki/Robert_La_Follette" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert La Follette">Robert La Follette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due in part to Wallace's continued lobbying, and despite fervent opposition from Hoover, Congress passed the McNary–Haugen bill in 1927 and 1928, but Coolidge vetoed the bill both times.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissatisfied with both major party candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>, Wallace advocated for the creation of a new party to unite the interests of the Western and Southern branches of the Democratic Party against its Eastern wing, but did not advance the idea beyond the conceptual stage.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lead-up to the fall presidential election, Wallace attempted to persuade Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lowden">Frank Lowden</a> to run for president. He ultimately supported Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, but Hoover won a landslide victory.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of the Great Depression during <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover's administration</a> devastated Iowa farmers, as farm income fell by two-thirds from 1929 to 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 presidential election</a>, Wallace campaigned for Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt, who favored the agricultural policies of Wallace and economist <a href="/wiki/M._L._Wilson" title="M. L. Wilson">M. L. Wilson</a>. Although his family was traditionally Republican, Wallace gradually came to support the Democratic Party, and became a registered Democrat in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary of Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_and_second_terms_of_the_presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> <p>After Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election, he appointed Wallace as secretary of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his past affiliation with the Republican Party, Wallace strongly supported Roosevelt and his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> domestic program, and became a registered member of the Democratic Party in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon taking office, Wallace appointed <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell" title="Rexford Tugwell">Rexford Tugwell</a>, a member of Roosevelt's "<a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a>" of important advisers, as his deputy secretary. Though Roosevelt was initially focused primarily on addressing the banking crisis, Wallace and Tugwell convinced him of the necessity of quickly passing major agricultural reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt, Wallace, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="United States House Committee on Agriculture">House Agriculture Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Marvin_Jones" title="John Marvin Jones">John Marvin Jones</a> rallied congressional support around the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a>, which established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AAA's aim was to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity by using a system of "domestic allotments" that set the total output of agricultural products. It paid land owners subsidies to leave some of their land idle.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farm income increased significantly in the first three years of the New Deal, as prices for commodities rose.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Agricultural Adjustment Act passed, Agriculture became the federal government's largest department.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court struck down the Agricultural Adjustment Act in the 1936 case <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Butler" title="United States v. Butler">United States v. Butler</a></i>. Wallace strongly disagreed with the Court's holding that agriculture was a "purely local activity" and thus could not be regulated by the federal government, saying, "were agriculture truly a local matter in 1936, as the Supreme Court says it is, half of the people of the United States would quickly starve."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quickly proposed a new agriculture program designed to satisfy the Supreme Court's objections; under the new program, the federal government would reach rental agreements with farmers to plant <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a> rather than crops like corn and wheat. Less than two months after the Supreme Court decided <i>United States v. Butler</i>, Roosevelt signed the <a href="/wiki/Soil_Conservation_and_Domestic_Allotment_Act_of_1936" title="Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936">Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936</a> into law.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 presidential election</a>, Wallace was an important surrogate in Roosevelt's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Wallace fired general counsel <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Frank" title="Jerome Frank">Jerome Frank</a> and some other Agriculture Department officials who sought to help <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a> by issuing a reinterpretation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became more committed to aiding sharecroppers and other groups of impoverished farmers during a trip to the South in late 1936, after which he wrote, "I have never seen among the peasantry of Europe poverty so abject as that which exists in this favorable cotton year in the great cotton states." He helped lead passage of the <a href="/wiki/Bankhead%E2%80%93Jones_Farm_Tenant_Act_of_1937" title="Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937">Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937</a>, which authorized the federal government to issue loans to tenant farmers so that they could purchase land and equipment. The law also established the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was charged with ameliorating rural poverty, within the Agriculture Department.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also played a key role in major New Deal successes that ended up in other cabinet departments, such as serving on the committee that got Social Security enacted in 1935 (the Committee on Economic Security, chaired by Labor Secretary <a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a>), and the interagency committee that designed the Civilian Conservation Corps, which created millions of public jobs in natural resource conservation and infrastructure building between 1933 and 1941 and was administered jointly by the Departments of Labor and Interior and the Army. </p><p>The failure of Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937</a> (the "court-packing plan"), the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">Recession of 1937–1938</a>, and a wave of strikes led by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> badly damaged the Roosevelt administration's ability to pass major legislation after 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Wallace helped lead passage of the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act_of_1938" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938">Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938</a>, which implemented Wallace's ever-normal granary plan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1932 and 1940, the Agriculture Department grew from 40,000 employees and an annual budget of $280 million to 146,000 employees and an annual budget of $1.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Republican wave in the <a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_elections" title="1938 United States elections">1938 elections</a> effectively brought an end to the New Deal legislative program, and the Roosevelt administration increasingly focused on foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many Midwestern progressives, Wallace supported <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> policies, such as Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a>'s efforts to lower tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined Roosevelt in attacking the aggressive actions of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and in one speech derided <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> as "mumbo-jumbo of dangerous nonsense".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in September 1939, Wallace supported Roosevelt's program of military buildup and, anticipating hostilities with Germany, pushed for initiatives like a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> program and closer trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1941–1945)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Vice presidency (1941–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vice presidency (1941–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1940">Election of 1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election of 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ElectoralCollege1940.svg/310px-ElectoralCollege1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ElectoralCollege1940.svg/465px-ElectoralCollege1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ElectoralCollege1940.svg/620px-ElectoralCollege1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1940 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>As Roosevelt refused to commit to either retiring or seeking reelection<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during his second term, supporters of Wallace and other leading Democrats such as Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> and Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> laid the groundwork for their presidential campaigns in the 1940 election.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe in September 1939, Wallace publicly endorsed Roosevelt for an unprecedented third term.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Roosevelt never announced his candidacy, the <a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 Democratic National Convention</a> nominated him for president.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after being nominated, Roosevelt told Democratic party leaders that he would not run without Wallace as his running mate. Roosevelt chose Wallace because of his loyalty to the Roosevelt administration, his handling of aid to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and because he hoped that Wallace would appeal to agricultural voters.<sup id="cite_ref-moe_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent convert to the Democratic Party, Wallace was not popular among the big-city bosses and southern segregationists,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had never been tested in an election.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegates to the 1940 Democratic convention "turned ugly on Wallace",<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recalled Labor Secretary <a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a>, one of Wallace's strongest supporters, who had previously urged Wallace to run for president if Roosevelt did not.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's response was to send his wife <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to convince the delegates to accept Wallace as his running mate. The result was her most famous speech, captured in the title of <a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a>'s seminal book on the Roosevelt presidency, <i><a href="/wiki/No_Ordinary_Time" title="No Ordinary Time">No Ordinary Time</a></i>. With world war looming, she warned that "this is no ordinary time", and of Wallace's nomination, she warned that "you cannot treat this as you would an ordinary nomination in an ordinary time". The speech had "a magical calming effect" and has been credited for Wallace's winning the nomination<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a wide margin.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though many Democrats were disappointed by Wallace's nomination, it was generally well received by newspapers. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote that Wallace was "able, thoughtful, honorable–the best of the New Deal type."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace left office as Secretary of Agriculture in September 1940, and was succeeded by Undersecretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roosevelt campaign settled on a strategy of keeping Roosevelt largely out of the fray of the election, leaving most of the campaigning to Wallace and other surrogates. Wallace was dispatched to the Midwest, giving speeches in states like Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. He made foreign affairs the main focus of his campaigning, telling one audience that "the replacement of Roosevelt ... would cause [Adolf] <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> to rejoice."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both campaigns predicted a close election, but Roosevelt won 449 of the 531 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a> and the popular vote by nearly ten points.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the election but before being sworn in as vice president, Wallace took a long trip to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> as FDR's goodwill ambassador, conveying messages of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a> and Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a>. He spent much time visiting farmers in their fields, and came away appalled at Mexican farms' meager crop yields; to produce one bushel of corn, a Mexican farmer worked 500 hours, compared to the 10 hours it took an Iowa farmer using hybrid seeds from the company Wallace had founded in 1926, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Hi_Bred_International" title="Pioneer Hi Bred International">Pioneer Hi-Bred International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return, Wallace convinced the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> to establish an agricultural station in Mexico, the first of many such centers the Rockefeller Foundation and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> established.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace recommended hiring a young Iowa agronomist, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a>, to run the agricultural station, which ultimately led to vast increases in crop yields of corn and wheat in Mexico and around the world, in what was later called the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, which is credited with saving two billion people from starvation and earned Borlaug the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize and Presidential Medal of Freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_and_fourth_terms_of_the_presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg/220px-33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg/330px-33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg/440px-33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Vice President Wallace</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallace was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1941. He quickly grew frustrated with his ceremonial role as the presiding officer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, the one duty the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> assigns the vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had gone from running an agency with a budget of $1 billion and 146,000 employees to a budget of $11,000 and a staff of four.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1941, Roosevelt named Wallace chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Board of Economic Warfare">Board of Economic Warfare</a> (BEW)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/Supply_Priorities_and_Allocations_Board" title="Supply Priorities and Allocations Board">Supply Priorities and Allocations Board</a> (SPAB).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These appointments gave him a voice in organizing national mobilization for war. One journalist noted that Roosevelt made Wallace the first "Vice President to work really as the number two man in government–a conception of the vice presidency popularly held but never realized."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting Wallace's role in organizing mobilization efforts, many journalists began calling him the "Assistant President."<sup id="cite_ref-ross1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senatevpbio_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senatevpbio-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was also named to the Top Policy Group, which, just days after the Pearl Harbor attack, presented Roosevelt with a plan for the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>, which Roosevelt approved and promised to fund. This became the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, which developed the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with Wallace serving continually as an informal link between Roosevelt and the project's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">The Century of the Common Man (excerpt)</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"Some have spoken of the "American Century." I say that the century on which we are entering—the century which will come into being after this war—can be and must be the century of the common man. </p><p>Perhaps it will be America's opportunity to—to support the Freedom[s] and Duties by which the common man must live. Everywhere, the common man must learn to build his own industries with his own hands in practical fashion. Everywhere, the common man must learn to increase his productivity so that he and his children can eventually pay to the world community all that they have received. No nation will have the God-given right to exploit other nations. Older nations will have the privilege to help younger nations get started on the path to industrialization, but there must be neither military nor economic imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Economic conditions became chaotic, and Roosevelt decided new leadership was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1942 he established the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> with businessman <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nelson" title="Donald Nelson">Donald Nelson</a> in charge and Wallace as a member. Wallace continued to serve as head of the BEW, now charged with importing the raw materials such as rubber necessary for war production.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his BEW position to demand that American purchases in Latin America raise the standard of living of the workers there. In the process he clashed privately with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a>, who opposed American interference in another state's internal affairs. The national media dramatically covered Wallace's public battle with <a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a>, the Secretary of Commerce who was also in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> (RFC), which paid the bills for the purchases BEW made.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's standard strategy for executive management was to give two different people the same role, expecting controversy would result. He wanted the agencies' heads to bring the controversy to him so he could make the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 21, 1942, Roosevelt explicitly wrote to all his department heads that disagreements "should not be publicly aired, but are to be submitted to me by the appropriate heads of the conflicting agencies." Anyone going public had to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace denounced Jones for blocking funding for purchases of raw materials in Latin America needed for the war effort. Jones called on Congress and the public for help, calling Wallace a liar. According to <a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a>, Jones, a leader of Southern conservative Democrats, was "taciturn, shrewd, practical, cautious". Wallace, deeply distrusted by Democratic party leaders, was the "hero of the Lib Labs, dreamy, utopian, even mystical, yet with his own bent for management and power." On July 15, 1943, Roosevelt stripped both men of their roles in the matter. BEW was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Economic Warfare">Office of Economic Warfare</a>, and put under <a href="/wiki/Leo_Crowley" title="Leo Crowley">Leo Crowley</a>. The loss of the BEW was a major blow to Wallace's prestige. He now had no agency and a weak political base on the left wing of the Democratic Party. But he still had visibility, ambition and an articulate voice, and remained a loyal Roosevelt supporter. He was not renominated for vice president but in 1945 Roosevelt fired Jones and made Wallace Secretary of Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 8, 1942, Wallace delivered what became his best-remembered speech, known for containing the phrase "the Century of the Common Man". He cast World War II as a war between a "free world" and a "slave world," and held that "peace must mean a better standard of living for the common man, not merely in the United States and England, but also in India, Russia, China, and Latin America–not merely in the United Nations, but also in Germany and Italy and Japan". Some conservatives disliked the speech, but it was translated into 20 languages and millions of copies were distributed around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1943, Wallace was dispatched on a goodwill tour of Latin America; he made 24 stops across <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and South America. Partly due to his ability to deliver speeches in Spanish, Wallace received a warm reception; one State Department official said, "never in Chilean history has any foreigner ever been received with such extravagance and evidently sincere enthusiasm". During his trip, several Latin American countries declared war against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back home, Wallace continued to deliver speeches, saying after the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit race riot of 1943">Detroit race riot of 1943</a>, "we cannot fight to crush Nazi brutality abroad and condone race riots at home".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Congress largely blocked Roosevelt's domestic agenda, Wallace continued to call for progressive programs; one newspaper wrote that "the New Deal today is Henry Wallace ... the New Deal banner in his hands is not yet furled".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"The American people have always had guts and always will have." — Henry A. Wallace<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>In mid-1944, Wallace toured the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USSR presented its American guests with a <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">fully sanitized version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor camps">labor camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magadan" title="Magadan">Magadan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a>, claiming that all the workers were volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was impressed by the camp at Magadan, describing it as a "combination <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a warm reception in the Soviet Union, but was largely unsuccessful in his efforts to negotiate with Chinese leader <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace met with Mongolian leader <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>. His request to visit <a href="/wiki/Gandantegchinlen_Monastery" title="Gandantegchinlen Monastery">Gandantegchinlen Monastery</a> is sometimes credited as having helped save the monastery from destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1944">Election of 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Election of 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></div> <p>After the abolition of the BEW, speculation began as to whether Roosevelt would drop Wallace from the ticket in the <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polling published in March 1944 showed that Wallace was clearly the most popular choice for vice president among Democrats, and many journalists predicted that he would win renomination.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Roosevelt was in declining health, party leaders expected that the party's vice-presidential nominee would eventually succeed Roosevelt,<sup id="cite_ref-greenfield1_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfield1-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wallace's many enemies within the Democratic Party organized to ensure his removal.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the opposition to Wallace stemmed from his open denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> in the South,<sup id="cite_ref-greenfield1_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfield1-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others were concerned by Wallace's unorthodox religious views and pro-Soviet statements.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 Democratic National Convention</a>, party leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Pauley" title="Edwin W. Pauley">Edwin W. Pauley</a> convinced Roosevelt to sign a document expressing support for either Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> or Senator Harry S. Truman for the vice-presidential nomination. Nonetheless, Wallace got Roosevelt to send a public letter to the convention chairman in which he wrote, "I personally would vote for [Wallace's] renomination if I were a delegate to the convention".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Roosevelt not committed to keeping or dropping Wallace, the vice-presidential balloting turned into a battle between those who favored Wallace and those who favored Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace did not have an effective organization to support his candidacy, though allies like <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Benham_Baldwin" title="Calvin Benham Baldwin">Calvin Benham Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey" title="Joseph F. Guffey">Joseph F. Guffey</a> pressed for him. Truman, meanwhile, was reluctant to put forward his own candidacy, but Hannegan<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Roosevelt persuaded him to run.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the convention, Wallace galvanized supporters with a well-received speech in which he lauded Roosevelt and argued that "the future belongs to those who go down the line unswervingly for the liberal principles of both political democracy and economic democracy regardless of race, color, or religion".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Roosevelt delivered his acceptance speech, the crowd began chanting for the nomination of Wallace, but <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Jackson" title="Samuel D. Jackson">Samuel D. Jackson</a> adjourned the convention for the day before Wallace supporters could call for the beginning of vice presidential balloting.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party leaders worked furiously to line up support for Truman overnight, but Wallace received 429 1/2 votes (589 were needed for nomination) on the first ballot for vice president and Truman 319 1/2, with the rest going to various <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidates. On the second ballot, many delegates who had voted for favorite sons shifted into Truman's camp, giving him the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 20, 1945, Wallace swore in Truman as his vice-presidential successor.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Commerce_(1945–1946)"><span id="Secretary_of_Commerce_.281945.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Secretary of Commerce (1945–1946)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secretary of Commerce (1945–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryAgardWallace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HenryAgardWallace.jpg/220px-HenryAgardWallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HenryAgardWallace.jpg/330px-HenryAgardWallace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HenryAgardWallace.jpg/440px-HenryAgardWallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallace believed that Democratic party leaders had unfairly stolen the vice-presidential nomination from him, but he supported Roosevelt in the 1944 presidential election. Hoping to mend ties with Wallace, Roosevelt offered him any position in the Cabinet other than secretary of state, and Wallace asked to replace Jones as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">secretary of commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that position, Wallace expected to play a key role in the economy's postwar transition.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1945, with the end of Wallace's vice presidency, Roosevelt nominated Wallace for secretary of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomination prompted an intense debate, as many senators objected to his support for liberal policies designed to boost wages and employment.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatives failed to block the nomination, but Senator <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">Walter F. George</a> led passage of a measure removing the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Roosevelt signed George's bill, Wallace was confirmed by a vote of 56 to 32 on March 1, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, and was succeeded by Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman quickly replaced most other senior Roosevelt appointees,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but retained Wallace, who remained very popular with liberal Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discontent of liberal leaders strengthened Wallace's position in the Cabinet; Truman privately stated that the two most important members of his "political team" were Wallace and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As secretary of commerce, Wallace advocated a "middle course" between the <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> of the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics that had dominated the United States before the Great Depression. With his congressional allies, he led passage of the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a>. Conservatives blocked the inclusion of a measure providing for <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>, but the act established the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Joint Economic Committee</a> to study economic matters.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace's proposal to establish <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">international control over nuclear weapons</a> was not adopted, but he did help pass the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> to oversee domestic development of nuclear power.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World War II ended in September 1945 with the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, and relations with the USSR became a central matter of foreign policy. Various issues, including the fate of European and Asian postwar governments and the administration of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, had already begun to strain the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the USSR objected to the oppressive <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> it had established in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and Soviet involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. In February 1946, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a> laid out the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>, which called for the United States to resist the spread of Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace feared that confrontational policies toward the Soviet Union would eventually lead to war, and urged Truman to "allay any reasonable Russian grounds for fear, suspicion, and distrust".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Postwar:_A_History_of_Europe_Since_1945" title="Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945">Postwar</a></i> that Wallace's "distaste for American involvement with Britain and Europe was widely shared across the political spectrum".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Wallace was dissatisfied with Truman's increasingly confrontational policies toward the Soviet Union, he remained an integral part of Truman's Cabinet during the first half of 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He broke with administration policies in September 1946 when he delivered a speech in which he stated that "we should recognize that we have no more business in the political affairs of Eastern Europe than Russia has in the political affairs of Latin America, Western Europe and the United States". Wallace's speech was booed by the pro-Soviet crowd he delivered it to and even more strongly criticized by Truman administration officials and leading Republicans like <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman stated that Wallace's speech did not represent administration policy but merely Wallace's personal views, and on September 20 he demanded and received Wallace's resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1948_presidential_election">1948 presidential election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1948 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>; <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg/220px-Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg/330px-Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg/440px-Henry_Wallace_and_Glen_Taylor_Laughing_and_Embracing_Salvaged_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Wallace with his vice presidential candidate Glen H. Taylor</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after leaving office, Wallace became the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, a progressive magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens_of_America" title="Progressive Citizens of America">Progressive Citizens of America</a> (PCA), a progressive political organization that called for good relations with the Soviet Union and more liberal programs at home. Though not a member of the PCA, Wallace was widely regarded as the organization's leader and was criticized for the PCA's acceptance of Communist members. In response to the creation of the PCA, anti-Communist liberals established a rival group, <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> (ADA), which explicitly rejected any association with Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace strongly criticized the president in early 1947 after Truman promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> to oppose Communist threats to Greece and Turkey. Wallace also opposed Truman's <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a>, which began a purge of government workers affiliated Communist groups deemed to be subversive.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially favored the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, but later opposed it because he believed the program should have been administered through the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace and the PCA were scrutinized by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>, both of which sought to uncover evidence of Communist influence.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Kenny" title="Robert W. Kenny">Robert W. Kenny</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney General of California</a>, launched an effort to elect delegates pledged to Wallace for the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a>. If this effort failed then they would launch a third-party campaign with Wallace as their presidential nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196032_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196032-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many in the PCA favored the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a>, but other longtime Wallace allies warned him against leaving the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 29, 1947, Wallace launched a third-party campaign, declaring, "we have assembled a <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>'s Army, small in number, powerful in conviction ... We face the future unfettered, unfettered by any principle but the general welfare".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was backed by many intellectuals and Hollywood and Broadway celebrities. Among his prominent supporters were <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell" title="Rexford Tugwell">Rexford Tugwell</a>, Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Isacson" title="Leo Isacson">Leo Isacson</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>, musicians <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, and future presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvin Baldwin became Wallace's campaign manager and took charge of fundraising and ensuring that Wallace appeared on as many state ballots as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace's first choice for running mate, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, refused to leave the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/O._John_Rogge" title="O. John Rogge">O. John Rogge</a> actively sought to be Wallace's running mate, but was from the same state as Wallace, which would prevent New York electors from voting for them. Rogge was also unknown outside the eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196042_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196042-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> of Idaho agreed to serve as Wallace's running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace accepted the endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communist Party</a>, saying: "I'm not following their line. If they want to follow my line, I say God bless 'em".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman responded to Wallace's left-wing challenge by pressing for liberal domestic policies, while pro-ADA liberals like <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a> linked Wallace to the Soviet Union and the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Americans came to see Wallace as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow traveler</a> to Communists, a view reinforced by Wallace's refusal to condemn the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1948, the CIO and the AFL both rejected Wallace, with the AFL denouncing him as a "front, spokesman, and apologist for the Communist Party".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Wallace's foreign policy views overshadowing his domestic policy views, many liberals who had previously favored his candidacy returned to the Democratic fold.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace embarked on a nationwide speaking tour to support his candidacy, encountering resistance in both the North and South.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He openly defied the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> regime in the South, refusing to speak before segregated audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine, which opposed Wallace's candidacy, described him as "ostentatiously" riding through the towns and cities of the segregated South "with his Negro secretary beside him".<sup id="cite_ref-Time1948_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time1948-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A barrage of eggs and tomatoes were hurled at Wallace and struck him and his campaign members during the tour. State authorities in Virginia sidestepped enforcing their own segregation laws by declaring Wallace's campaign gatherings private parties.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">The Pittsburgh Press</a></i> began publishing the names of known Wallace supporters. Scores of Wallace supporters in colleges and high schools lost their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supporter of Zionism, Wallace sought to deny Truman Jewish votes by promising to end the arms embargo on <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which was currently fighting the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With strong financial support from <a href="/wiki/Anita_McCormick_Blaine" title="Anita McCormick Blaine">Anita McCormick Blaine</a>, Wallace exceeded fundraising goals, and appeared on the ballot of every state except for Oklahoma, Nebraska, and Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign distributed 25 million copies of 140 fliers and pamphlets. Nevertheless, Gallup polls showed support for Wallace falling from 7% in December 1947 to 5% in June 1948. He was endorsed by only two newspapers: the Communist <i>Daily Worker</i> in New York and <i>The Gazette and Daily</i> in York, Pennsylvania. Some in the press began to speculate that Wallace would drop out of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace's supporters held a national convention in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in July, formally establishing a new Progressive Party.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party platform addressed a wide array of issues, and included support for the desegregation of public schools, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a> program, free trade, and public ownership of large banks, railroads, and power utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was described as "progressively capitalist".<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another part of the platform stated, "responsibility for ending the tragic prospect of war is a joint responsibility of the Soviet Union and the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the convention, Wallace faced questioning regarding letters he had written to guru Nicholas Roerich; his refusal to comment on the letters was widely criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was further damaged days after the convention when <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a> testified before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> that several government officials associated with Wallace (including <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a>) were Communist infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, many Southern Democrats, outraged by the Democratic Party's pro-civil rights plank, bolted the party and nominated <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> for president. With the Democrats badly divided, Republicans were confident that Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a> would win the election.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace himself predicted that Truman would be "the worst defeated candidate in history".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though polls consistently showed him losing the race, Truman ran an effective campaign against Dewey and the conservative <a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th United States Congress</a>. He ultimately defeated Dewey in both the popular and electoral vote.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace won just 2.38 percent of the nationwide popular vote and failed to carry any state. His best performance was in New York, where he won eight percent of the vote. Just one of the party's congressional candidates, incumbent Congressman Vito Marcantonio, won election.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace traveled over 55,000 miles during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Wallace and Thurmond probably took many voters from Truman, their presence in the race may have boosted the president's overall appeal by casting him as the candidate of the center-left.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the election results, Wallace stated, "Unless this bi-partisan foreign policy of high prices and war is promptly reversed, I predict that the Progressive Party will rapidly grow into the dominant party. ... To save the peace of the world the Progressive Party is more needed than ever before".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Historians Edward Schapsmeier and Frederick Schapsmeier argue:<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The Progressive party stood for one thing and Wallace another. Actually the party organization was controlled from the outset by those representing the radical left and not liberalism per se. This made it extremely easy for Communists and fellow travelers to infiltrate into important positions within the party machinery. Once this happened, party stands began to resemble a party line. Campaign literature, speech materials, and campaign slogans sounded strangely like echoes of what Moscow wanted to hear. As if wearing moral blinkers, Wallace increasingly became an imperceptive ideologue. Words were uttered by Wallace that did not sound like him, and his performance took on a strange Jekyll and Hyde quality—one moment he was a peace protagonist and the next a propaganda parrot for the Kremlin.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_politics">Later politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wallace initially remained active in politics following the 1948 campaign, and he delivered the keynote address at the 1950 Progressive National Convention. In early 1949, Wallace testified before Congress in the hope of preventing the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> alliance between the United States, Canada, and several European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became increasingly critical of the Soviet Union after 1948, and he resigned from the Progressive Party in August 1950 due to his support for the UN intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving the Progressive Party, Wallace endured what biographers John Culver and John Hyde describe as a "long, slow decline into obscurity marked by a certain acceptance of his outcast status".<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1950s, he spent much of his time rebutting attacks by prominent public figures such as General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, who claimed to have stopped providing Wallace with information regarding the Manhattan Project because he considered Wallace to be a security risk. In 1951, Wallace appeared before Congress to deny accusations that in 1944 he had encouraged a coalition between <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and the Chinese Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, he published an article, "Where I Was Wrong", in which he repudiated his earlier foreign policy positions and declared the Soviet Union to be "utterly evil".<sup id="cite_ref-ross1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace did not endorse a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a>, but in the <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 presidential election</a> he endorsed incumbent Republican president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> over Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>. Wallace, who maintained a correspondence with Eisenhower, described Eisenhower as "utterly sincere" in his efforts for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace also began a correspondence with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, but he declined to endorse either Nixon or Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 presidential election</a>. Though Wallace criticized Kennedy's farm policy during the 1960 campaign, Kennedy invited Wallace to his 1961 inauguration, the first presidential inauguration Wallace had attended since 1945. Wallace later wrote Kennedy, "at no time in our history have so many tens of millions of people been so completely enthusiastic about an inaugural address as about yours". In 1962, he delivered a speech commemorating the centennial anniversary of the establishment of the Department of Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began a correspondence with President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> regarding methods to alleviate rural poverty, though privately he criticized Johnson's escalation of American involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 election</a>, Wallace returned to the Democratic fold, supporting Johnson over Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to declining health, he made his last public appearance that year; in one of his last speeches, he stated, "We lost <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1959 not only because of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> but also because we failed to understand the needs of the farmer in the back country of Cuba from 1920 onward. ... The common man is on the march, but it is up to the uncommon men of education and insight to lead that march constructively".<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_success">Business success</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wallace continued to co-own and take an interest in the company he had established, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Hi-Bred" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Hi-Bred">Pioneer Hi-Bred</a> (formerly the Hi-Bred Corn Company), and he established an experimental farm at his New York estate. He focused much of his efforts on the study of chickens, and Pioneer Hi-Bred's chickens at one point produced three-quarters of all commercially sold eggs worldwide. He also wrote or co-wrote several works on agriculture, including a book on the history of corn.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wallace was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS) in 1964, at the age of 76. He consulted numerous specialists and tried various methods of treating the disease, stating, "I look on myself as an ALS guinea-pig, willing to try almost anything".<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>, on November 18, 1965, at the age of 77.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remains were cremated and the ashes interred in Glendale Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1913, Wallace met <a href="/wiki/Ilo_Wallace" title="Ilo Wallace">Ilo Browne</a>, the daughter of a successful businessman from <a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Iowa" title="Indianola, Iowa">Indianola, Iowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace and Browne married on May 20, 1914, and had three children.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Browne (b. 1915), Robert Browne (b. 1918), and Jean Browne (b. 1920).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace and his family lived in Des Moines until Wallace accepted appointment as secretary of agriculture, at which point they began living in an apartment at <a href="/wiki/Marriott_Wardman_Park" title="Marriott Wardman Park">Wardman Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Wallace and his wife purchased a 115-acre farm near <a href="/wiki/South_Salem,_New_York" title="South Salem, New York">South Salem, New York</a>, known as Farvue.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilo was supportive of her husband's career and enjoyed serving as <a href="/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lady of the United States">Second Lady of the United States</a> from 1941 to 1945, though she was uncomfortable with many of Wallace's Progressive supporters during his 1948 presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace and Ilo remained married until his death in 1965; she lived until 1981. In 1999, Wallace's three children sold their shares in <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Hi_Bred_International" title="Pioneer Hi Bred International">Pioneer Hi-Bred</a> to <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> for well over $1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace's grandson, Scott Wallace, won the Democratic nomination for <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district">Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 elections</a>. He was defeated by Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Brian_Fitzpatrick_(American_politician)" title="Brian Fitzpatrick (American politician)">Brian Fitzpatrick</a> in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mysticism_and_Roerich_controversy">Mysticism and Roerich controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mysticism and Roerich controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N_Roerich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/N_Roerich.jpg/220px-N_Roerich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/N_Roerich.jpg/330px-N_Roerich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/N_Roerich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wallace associated with controversial émigré Russian <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophist</a> Nicholas Roerich</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallace was raised a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> but showed an interest in other religious teachings during his life.<sup id="cite_ref-senatevpbio_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senatevpbio-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was deeply interested in religion from a young age, reading works by authors like <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Trine" title="Ralph Waldo Trine">Ralph Waldo Trine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a></i> had a particularly strong impact on Wallace.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his grandfather's death in 1916, he left the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church</a> and became increasingly interested in <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>. He later said, "I know I am often called a mystic, and in the years following my leaving the United Presbyterian Church I was probably a practical mystic… I'd say I was a mystic in the sense that <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a> was – who believed God was in everything and therefore, if you went to God, you could find the answers". Wallace began regularly attending meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, and, in 1925, he helped organize the Des Moines parish of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace left the Liberal Catholic Church in 1930 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, but he continued to be interested in various mystic groups and individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among those who Wallace corresponded with were author <a href="/wiki/George_William_Russell" title="George William Russell">George William Russell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> astrologer L. Edward Johndro, and Edward Roos, who took on the persona of a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1930s, Wallace began corresponding with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, a prominent Russian émigré, artist, peace activist, and Theosophist.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Wallace's support, Roerich was appointed to lead a federal expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> to collect drought-resistant grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roerich's expedition ended in a public fiasco, and Roerich fled to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> launched a tax investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letters that Wallace wrote to Roerich from 1933 to 1934 were eventually acquired by Republican newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Block" title="Paul Block">Paul Block</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans threatened to reveal to the public what they characterized as Wallace's bizarre religious beliefs before the November 1940 elections but were deterred when the Democrats countered by threatening to release information about Republican candidate Wendell Willkie's rumored extramarital affair with the writer <a href="/wiki/Irita_Van_Doren" class="mw-redirect" title="Irita Van Doren">Irita Van Doren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contents of the letters did become public seven years later, in the winter of 1947, when right-wing columnist <a href="/wiki/Westbrook_Pegler" title="Westbrook Pegler">Westbrook Pegler</a> published what were purported to be extracts from them as evidence that Wallace was a "messianic fumbler", and "off-center mentally". During the 1948 campaign Pegler and other hostile reporters, including <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, aggressively confronted Wallace on the subject at a public meeting in Philadelphia in July. Wallace declined to comment, accusing the reporters of being Pegler's stooges.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many press outlets were critical of Wallace's association with Roerich; one newspaper mockingly wrote that if Wallace became president "we shall get in tune with the Infinite, vibrate in the correct plane, outstare the Evil Eye, reform the witches, overcome all malicious spells and ascend the high road to health and happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Wallace reportedly dabbled in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his time in the Roosevelt administration, Wallace became a controversial figure, attracting a mix of praise and criticism for various actions.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senatevpbio_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senatevpbio-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remains a controversial figure today.<sup id="cite_ref-Gross1_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross1-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seal1_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seal1-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> pronounced Wallace to be both "an incorrigibly naive politician" and "the best secretary of agriculture the country has ever had".<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a> writes that Wallace's "naive faith in U.S.-Soviet cooperation" damaged his legacy. Historian Andrew Seal lauds Wallace for his focus on combating both economic and racial inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-seal1_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seal1-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace's vision of the "Century of the Common Man", which denied <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a> in foreign policy, continues to influence the foreign policy of individuals like <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beinart_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beinart-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, historian Thomas W. Devine wrote that "newly available Soviet sources do confirm Wallace's position that Moscow's behavior was not as relentlessly aggressive as many believed at the time". Yet Devine also writes that "enough new information has come to light to cast serious doubt both on Wallace's benign attitude toward Stalin's intentions and on his dark, conspiratorial view of the Truman administration".<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alex Ross of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> writes, "with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, Wallace remains the most famous almost-president in American history".<sup id="cite_ref-ross1_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Greenfield" title="Jeff Greenfield">Jeff Greenfield</a> writes that the 1944 Democratic National Convention was one of the most important political events of the twentieth century, since the leading contenders for the nomination might have governed in vastly different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-greenfield1_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfield1-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Untold_History_of_the_United_States" title="The Untold History of the United States">The Untold History of the United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> argues that, had Wallace become president in 1945, "there might have been no atomic bombings, no nuclear arms race, and no Cold War".<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Ron Capshaw of the conservative <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> argues that a President Wallace would have practiced a policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> that would have allowed the spread of Communism into countries like Iran, Greece, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center" title="Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center">Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beltsville,_Maryland" title="Beltsville, Maryland">Beltsville, Maryland</a>, the largest agricultural research complex in the world, is named for him. Wallace founded the Wallace Genetic Foundation to support agricultural research. His son, Robert, founded the Wallace Global Fund to support <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gross1_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross1-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A speech Wallace delivered in 1942 inspired <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> to compose <i><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_for_the_Common_Man" title="Fanfare for the Common Man">Fanfare for the Common Man</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ross1_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a>'s grounds in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_New_York" title="Hyde Park, New York">Hyde Park, New York</a>, include the Henry A. Wallace Visitor and Education Center at its north end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Agricultural Prices</i> (1920)</li> <li><i>Corn and Corn-Growing</i> with E. N. Bressman (1923)</li> <li><i>When to feed corn, when to sell it</i> (1923)</li> <li><i>Correlation and machine calculation</i> with George W. Snedecor (1925)</li> <li><i>New administration and farm relief</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>America must choose</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Charted course toward stable prosperity</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>New frontiers</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Research and adjustment march together</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Statesmanship and religion</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Working together in the corn-hog program</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Cooperation: the dominant economic idea of the future</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Whose Constitution? An inquiry into the general welfare</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Technology, corporations, and the general welfare</i> (1937)</li> <li><i>Paths to plenty</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>American choice</i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Price of freedom</i> (1940) <ul><li><i>Preço da liberdade</i> (1942)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Pan American friendship</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>¿Que hara Norteamérica?</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Después de la guerra debe comenzar el siglo del hombre del pueblo</i> (1942)</li> <li><i>Price of free world victory</i> (1942) <ul><li><i>Precio de la victoria</i> (1942)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Why did God make America?</i> (1942)</li> <li><i>America's part in world reconstruction</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Century of the Common Man</i> (1943)<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>Century of the common man</i> (UK) (1944)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Christian bases of world order</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Discursos pronunciados en Lima</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Ideales comunes</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>New world theme: The price of free world victory</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Democracy first: What we fight for</i> (1944)</li> <li><i>Our job in the Pacific</i> (1944)</li> <li><i>Sixty million jobs</i> (1945) <ul><li><i>Arbeit für sechzig Millionen Menschen</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Ocupación para sesenta millones</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Lavoro per tutti</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Hua-lai-shih ti hu shêng</i> (1947)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Era del popolo</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Fight for peace</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Soviet Asia mission</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_J._Steiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew J. Steiger (page does not exist)">Andrew J. Steiger</a> (1946) <ul><li><i>Ma mission en Asie soviétique</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Sondermission in Sowjet-Asien und China</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Misiya v Savetska Aziya</i> (1948)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Toward world peace</i> (1948) <ul><li><i>Naar wereldvrede</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Vers la paix</i> (1948)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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A. Wallace and still known there as the "Wallace melon"<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailan_melon" title="Bailan melon">Bailan melon</a>, one of the most famous Chinese melon cultivars, bred from the "Wallace melon"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Farm Security Administration succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a>, which had been an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent agency</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, ratified in 1951, would later prevent presidents from running for a third term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> would later credit Wallace as a key initiator of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The BEW was originally known as the Economic Defense Board<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace later regretted his praise of the camp at Magadan, writing in 1952 that he "had not the slightest idea when I visited Magadan that this ... was also the center for administering the labor of both criminals and those suspected of political disloyalty".<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannegan later stated that he would like his tombstone to read, "here lies the man who stopped Henry Wallace from becoming President of the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> in February 1946, Wallace was the lone remaining holdover from Roosevelt's Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The party was influenced by, and took the same name as, defunct parties that had backed <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">1912</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">1924</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace did not dictate the party platform, and he personally opposed public ownership of banks, railroads, and utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Henry_Wallace.htm">"Henry Agard Wallace, 33rd Vice President (1941–1945)"</a>. <i>Senate.gov</i>. Senate Historical Office. May 5, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325001919/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Henry_Wallace.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senate.gov&rft.atitle=Henry+Agard+Wallace%2C+33rd+Vice+President+%281941%E2%80%931945%29&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FVP_Henry_Wallace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward L. Schapsmeier, and Frederick H. Schapsmeier, <i>Henry A. Wallace in Iowa: The Agrarian Years, 1910–1940</i> (1968) p.17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 3–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 11–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 29–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 37–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceSnedecor1925" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, Henry Agard; Snedecor, George Waddel (1925). "Correlation and Machine Calculation". <i>Iowa State College Bulletin</i>. <b>35</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+State+College+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Correlation+and+Machine+Calculation&rft.volume=35&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Henry+Agard&rft.au=Snedecor%2C+George+Waddel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 92–93, 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 67–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 46–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 50–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 56–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 64–65, 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 84–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benn_Steil" title="Benn Steil">Steil, Benn</a> (January 9, 2024). <i>The World That Wasn't</i>. Avid Reader Press. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+That+Wasn%27t&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Avid+Reader+Press&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiles2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chiles, Robert (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.nd.gov/publications/ndrecent.html">"Courting the Farm Vote on the Northern Plains: Presidential Candidate Al Smith, Governor Walter Maddock, and the Ambivalent Politics of 1928"</a>. <i>North Dakota History</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+History&rft.atitle=Courting+the+Farm+Vote+on+the+Northern+Plains%3A+Presidential+Candidate+Al+Smith%2C+Governor+Walter+Maddock%2C+and+the+Ambivalent+Politics+of+1928&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Chiles&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.nd.gov%2Fpublications%2Fndrecent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 102–104, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy (1999), p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 115–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald L. Heinemann, <i>Depression and New Deal in Virginia.</i> (1983) p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Badger, <i>The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940</i> (2002) p. 89. 153-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 120–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 157–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 160–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 163–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 154–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 174–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 178–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 185–186, 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 191–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 206–207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 179–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 200–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 213–217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moe-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moe_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoe2013" class="citation book cs1">Moe, Richard (12 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yeAVAAAAQBAJ&q=roosevelt+wallace+1940"><i>Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 199–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199981939" title="Special:BookSources/9780199981939"><bdi>9780199981939</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%27s+Second+Act%3A+The+Election+of+1940+and+the+Politics+of+War&rft.pages=199-205&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft.isbn=9780199981939&rft.aulast=Moe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyeAVAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Droosevelt%2Bwallace%2B1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2020" class="citation book cs1">Nichols (2020). <i>The Fight for the Soul of the Democratic Party: The Enduring Legacy of Henry Wallace's Antifascist, Antiracist Politics</i>. Verso. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-740-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-740-1"><bdi>978-1-78873-740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+the+Soul+of+the+Democratic+Party%3A+The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Henry+Wallace%27s+Antifascist%2C+Antiracist+Politics&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78873-740-1&rft.au=Nichols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.W. Brands, <i>Traitor to his class: the privileged life and radical presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt</i> (2008) pp 556-557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeebaert2023" class="citation book cs1">Leebaert (2023). <i>Unlikely Heroes: Franklin Roosevelt, His Four Lieutenants, and the World They Made</i>. St. Martin's Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250274694" title="Special:BookSources/9781250274694"><bdi>9781250274694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlikely+Heroes%3A+Franklin+Roosevelt%2C+His+Four+Lieutenants%2C+and+the+World+They+Made&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781250274694&rft.au=Leebaert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeebaert" class="citation book cs1">Leebaert. <i>Unlikely Heroes</i>. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlikely+Heroes&rft.pages=233&rft.au=Leebaert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulver_&_Hyde" class="citation book cs1">Culver & Hyde. <i>American Dreamer</i>. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Dreamer&rft.pages=222&rft.au=Culver+%26+Hyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 218–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 223–225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 225–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 231–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 244–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulver_&_Hyde" class="citation book cs1">Culver & Hyde. <i>American Dreamer</i>. pp. 247–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Dreamer&rft.pages=247-50&rft.au=Culver+%26+Hyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 246–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 250–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Andy (2009). <i>The Butterfly Effect: How Your Life Matters</i>. 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U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/henry_wallace.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+Presidents+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Henry+Agard+Wallace+%281941%E2%80%9345%29&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Mark+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2Fhenry_wallace.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 266–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/henrywallacefreeworldassoc.htm">"Henry A. Wallace: The Century of the Common Man"</a>. <i>American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rhetoric+Online+Speech+Bank&rft.atitle=Henry+A.+Wallace%3A+The+Century+of+the+Common+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Fspeeches%2Fhenrywallacefreeworldassoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Edward Smith, <i>FDR</i> (2007) p. 570).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 269–271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald G. 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Jones, <i>Fifty Billion Dollars: My 13 years with the RFC (1932-1945)</i> (1951) pp 505-506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, <i>Roosevelt: The soldier of freedom</i> pp. 341-342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 308–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 275–279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 296–300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 310–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 322–324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Henry+A.+Wallace&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DHenry%2BA.%2BWallace%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/henrywallacefreeworldassoc.htm">"Henry A. Wallace: The Century of the Common Man"</a>. <i>American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rhetoric+Online+Speech+Bank&rft.atitle=Henry+A.+Wallace%3A+The+Century+of+the+Common+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Fspeeches%2Fhenrywallacefreeworldassoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddleton2013" class="citation book cs1">Addleton, Jonathan S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=1944+Democratic+Convention%3A+Choosing+not+just+a+VP+candidate+but+a+president-in-waiting&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.aulast=Helling&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Felection%2Farticle88007192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 345–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 352–353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 357–359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 359–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 362–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 364–366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States#Background" title="Oath of office of the vice president of the United States">Oath of office of the vice president of the United States</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 367–373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 379–380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donovan (1977), p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malsberger (2000), p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malsberger (2000), pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 385–387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 388–390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 408–409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 395–396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 404–406, 427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 396–398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 411–412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson (1996), p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt, Tony</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Postwar:_A_History_of_Europe_Since_1945" title="Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945"><i>Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945</i></a>. 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class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 431–432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 433–435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 436–438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 451–453, 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 446–450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196032-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196032_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 452–454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 456–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 481, 484–485, 488</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 460–461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culver_&_Hyde_2000,_pp._462–463_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 462–463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196042-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196042_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 452, 464–466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 465–466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 464, 473–474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karabell (2007), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson (1996), p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 467–469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 493–494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1948-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time1948_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216122729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C888452%2C00.html">"National Affairs – Eggs in the Dust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. September 13, 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,888452,00.html">the original</a> on February 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=National+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Eggs+in+the+Dust&rft.date=1948-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C888452%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201181234/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779946,00.html">"Am I in America?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. September 6, 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779946,00.html">the original</a> on February 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Am+I+in+America%3F&rft.date=1948-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C779946%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 468–469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScher2023" class="citation web cs1">Scher, Bill (2023-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtonmonthly.com/2023/11/16/when-middle-east-politics-almost-tipped-an-american-presidential-election/">"When Middle East Politics (Almost) Tipped an American Presidential Election"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=When+Middle+East+Politics+%28Almost%29+Tipped+an+American+Presidential+Election&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.aulast=Scher&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2F2023%2F11%2F16%2Fwhen-middle-east-politics-almost-tipped-an-american-presidential-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 498–499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 478, 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 480, 486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 480–481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry A. Wallace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreviewarchives.org/index.php/mr/article/view/MR-001-12-1950-04_3">What Is Progressive Capitalism?</a>, <i>Monthly Review</i>, Vol. 1, No. 12: April 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 482–484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 491–493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 478–480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), p. 500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson (1996), pp. 159–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 500–502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson (1996), p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, <i>Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier.</i> Henry A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Oliver+Stone%27s+Untold+History+of+the+United+States%27%3A+Facts+through+a+new+lens&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.aulast=Hornaday&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Foliver-stones-untold-history-of-the-united-states-facts-through-a-new-lens%2F2012%2F11%2F11%2F958e2088-2b6a-11e2-bab2-eda299503684_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2000" class="citation news cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (March 12, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-mar-12-bk-7842-story.html">"Who Was Henry A. Wallace ?"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Henry+A.+Wallace+%3F&rft.date=2000-03-12&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-mar-12-bk-7842-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beinart-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beinart_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeinart2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Beinart, Peter (October 15, 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/bernie-sanders-and-end-american-century/573001/">"Bernie Sanders Offers a Foreign Policy for the Common Man"</a></span>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023411/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/bernie-sanders-and-end-american-century/573001/">Archived</a> from the original on Jan 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+Offers+a+Foreign+Policy+for+the+Common+Man&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Beinart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F10%2Fbernie-sanders-and-end-american-century%2F573001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devine (2013), p. xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Wiener, John (November 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/oliver-stones-untold-history/">"Oliver Stone's 'Untold History'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Oliver+Stone%27s+%27Untold+History%27&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Foliver-stones-untold-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Andrew (November 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/magazine/oliver-stone-rewrites-history-again.html">"Oliver Stone Rewrites History — Again"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oliver+Stone+Rewrites+History+%E2%80%94+Again&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F25%2Fmagazine%2Foliver-stone-rewrites-history-again.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapshaw2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Capshaw, Ron (April 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2015/04/henry-wallace-unsung-hero-left-ron-capshaw/">"Henry Wallace: Unsung Hero of the Left"</a>. <i>National Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Henry+Wallace%3A+Unsung+Hero+of+the+Left&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft.aulast=Capshaw&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fhenry-wallace-unsung-hero-left-ron-capshaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1943" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace, Henry A.</a> (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19043116"><i>Century of the Common Man: Two Speeches by Henry A. Wallace</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gellert" title="Hugo Gellert">Hugo Gellert</a> (illustrator). International Workers Order<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+the+Common+Man%3A+Two+Speeches+by+Henry+A.+Wallace&rft.pub=International+Workers+Order&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fss%3A19043116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1943" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace, Henry A.</a> (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126175533/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF033771/00001/3j"><i>Century of the Common Man: Two Speeches by Henry A. Wallace</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gellert" title="Hugo Gellert">Hugo Gellert</a> (illustrator). International Workers Order. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF033771/00001/3j">the original</a> on January 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+the+Common+Man%3A+Two+Speeches+by+Henry+A.+Wallace&rft.pub=International+Workers+Order&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.wolfsonian.org%2FWOLF033771%2F00001%2F3j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirlik,_ArifWilson,_Rob1995" class="citation book cs1">Dirlik, Arif; Wilson, Rob (1995). <i>Asia/Pacific as space of cultural production</i>. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1643-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1643-9"><bdi>0-8223-1643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%2FPacific+as+space+of+cultural+production&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.C&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8223-1643-9&rft.au=Dirlik%2C+Arif&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luckypeach.com/a-guide-to-the-barbarian-vegetables-of-china/">A Guide to the Barbarian Vegetables of China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314091501/http://luckypeach.com/a-guide-to-the-barbarian-vegetables-of-china/">Archived</a> March 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lucky Peach, June 30, 2015</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulverHyde2000" class="citation book cs1">Culver, John C.; Hyde, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandreamerl00culv"><i>American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace</i></a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04645-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04645-1"><bdi>0-393-04645-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Dreamer%3A+A+Life+of+Henry+A.+Wallace&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-393-04645-1&rft.aulast=Culver&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Hyde%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandreamerl00culv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2013" class="citation book cs1">Devine, Thomas W. (2013). <i>Henry Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469602035" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469602035"><bdi>978-1469602035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Wallace%27s+1948+Presidential+Campaign+and+the+Future+of+Postwar+Liberalism&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1469602035&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663519">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1977" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Robert J. (1977). <i>Conflict and Crisis: the Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948</i>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393056365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393056365"><bdi>978-0393056365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Crisis%3A+the+Presidency+of+Harry+S.+Truman%2C+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0393056365&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell2007" class="citation book cs1">Karabell, Zachary (2007). <i>The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election</i>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307428868" title="Special:BookSources/9780307428868"><bdi>9780307428868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Campaign%3A+How+Harry+Truman+Won+the+1948+Election&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307428868&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn"><i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195038347" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195038347"><bdi>978-0195038347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195038347&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomfromfeara00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalsberger2000" class="citation book cs1">Malsberger, John William (2000). <i>From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952</i>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575910260" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575910260"><bdi>978-1575910260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Obstruction+to+Moderation%3A+The+Transformation+of+Senate+Conservatism%2C+1938%E2%80%931952&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1575910260&rft.aulast=Malsberger&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2020" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, John (2020). <i>The Fight for the Soul of the Democratic Party: The Enduring Legacy of Henry Wallace's Anti-Fascist, Anti-Racist Politics</i>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788737401" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788737401"><bdi>978-1788737401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+the+Soul+of+the+Democratic+Party%3A+The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Henry+Wallace%27s+Anti-Fascist%2C+Anti-Racist+Politics&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1788737401&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1996" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James T. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandexpectation00patt"><i>Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743957" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743957"><bdi>9780199743957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Expectations%3A+The+United+States%2C+1945%E2%80%931974&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780199743957&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandexpectation00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapsmeierSchapsmeier1968" class="citation book cs1">Schapsmeier, Edward L.; Schapsmeier, Frederick H. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallaceofi00scha"><i>Henry A. Wallace in Iowa: The Agrarian Years, 1910–1940</i></a>. Iowa University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813817415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813817415"><bdi>978-0813817415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace+in+Iowa%3A+The+Agrarian+Years%2C+1910%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Iowa+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0813817415&rft.aulast=Schapsmeier&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rft.au=Schapsmeier%2C+Frederick+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryawallaceofi00scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapsmeierSchapsmeier1970" class="citation book cs1">Schapsmeier, Edward L.; Schapsmeier, Frederick H. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallaceofi00scha"><i>Prophet in Politics: Henry A. Wallace and the War Years, 1940–1965</i></a>. Iowa University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813812953" title="Special:BookSources/9780813812953"><bdi>9780813812953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+in+Politics%3A+Henry+A.+Wallace+and+the+War+Years%2C+1940%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Iowa+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813812953&rft.aulast=Schapsmeier&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rft.au=Schapsmeier%2C+Frederick+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryawallaceofi00scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1960" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Karl (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallacequi0000karl"><i>Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace%3A+Quixotic+Crusade+1948&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryawallacequi0000karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Busch, Andrew E. "Last Gasp: Henry A. Wallace and the End of the Popular Front." (2014) 42#4: 712–717. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663519">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2012" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Andrew (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumanstriumphs100busc"><i>Truman's Triumphs: The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700618675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700618675"><bdi>978-0700618675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%27s+Triumphs%3A+The+1948+Election+and+the+Making+of+Postwar+America&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0700618675&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrumanstriumphs100busc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConant2008" class="citation book cs1">Conant, Jennet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irregularsroaldd00cona_0"><i>The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743294584" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743294584"><bdi>978-0743294584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irregulars%3A+Roald+Dahl+and+the+British+Spy+Ring+in+Wartime+Washington&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0743294584&rft.aulast=Conant&rft.aufirst=Jennet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firregularsroaldd00cona_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Susan (2013). <i>1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election amid the Storm</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300190861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300190861"><bdi>978-0300190861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1940%3A+FDR%2C+Willkie%2C+Lindbergh%2C+Hitler-the+Election+amid+the+Storm&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300190861&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Choosing_Truman:_The_Democratic_Convention_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Choosing Truman: The Democratic Convention of 1944"><i>Choosing Truman: The Democratic Convention of 1944</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826209481" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826209481"><bdi>978-0826209481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+Truman%3A+The+Democratic+Convention+of+1944&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0826209481&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hamby, Alonzo L. "Sixty Million Jobs and the People's Revolution: The Liberals, the New Deal, and World War II." <i>Historian</i> 30.4 (1968): 578–598.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24440885">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomsforgehow00herm"><i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400069644" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400069644"><bdi>978-1400069644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Forge%3A+How+American+Business+Produced+Victory+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1400069644&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomsforgehow00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Janeway, Eliot. <i>The Struggle for Survival: A Chronicle of Economic Mobilization in World War II</i> (Yale University Press. 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.471583">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David M. (2011). <i>FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253356833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253356833"><bdi>978-0253356833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%2C+Dewey%2C+and+the+Election+of+1944&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0253356833&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leebaert, Derek. <i>Unlikely Heroes: Franklin Roosevelt, His Four Lieutenants, and the World They Made</i> (2023); on Perkins, Ickes, Wallace and Hopkins.</li> <li>Lord, Russell (1947). <a href="//archive.org/details/wallacesofiowa00lord" class="extiw" title="iarchive:wallacesofiowa00lord"><i>The Wallaces of Iowa</i></a>. Houghton-Mifflin. A Life-in-America prize book. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475422">475422</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight MacDonald">MacDonald, Dwight</a> (1948). <i>Henry Wallace: The Man and the Myth</i>. Vanguard Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/597926">597926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Wallace%3A+The+Man+and+the+Myth&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F597926&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span>; ridicules and debunks Wallace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfsOAQAAIAAJ">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1973" class="citation book cs1">Markowitz, Norman D. (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nd00norm"><i>The Rise and Fall of the People's Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism, 1941–1948</i></a></span>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029200902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029200902"><bdi>978-0029200902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+People%27s+Century%3A+Henry+A.+Wallace+and+American+Liberalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0029200902&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Norman+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnd00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazeWhite1995" class="citation book cs1">Maze, John; White, Graham (1995). <i>Henry A. Wallace: His Search for a New World Order</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807821893" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807821893"><bdi>978-0807821893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace%3A+His+Search+for+a+New+World+Order&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0807821893&rft.aulast=Maze&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=White%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1984" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Donald R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofharr0000mcco"><i>The Presidency of Harry S. Truman</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700602520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700602520"><bdi>978-0700602520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0700602520&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofharr0000mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrusza2011" class="citation book cs1">Pietrusza, David (2011). <i>1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America</i>. Union Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402767487" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402767487"><bdi>978-1402767487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+Harry+Truman%27s+Improbable+Victory+and+the+Year+that+Changed+America&rft.pub=Union+Square+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1402767487&rft.aulast=Pietrusza&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Polenberg, Richard. "The Great Conservation Contest" <i>Forest History Newsletter</i> (1967) 10 (4): 13–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3982812">online</a> Fight between <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> and Henry A. Wallace in 1930s for control of the Forest Service.</li> <li>Shimamoto, Mayako (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-9951-2-sample.pdf"><i>Henry A. Wallace's Criticism of America's Atomic Monopoly, 1945-1948</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443899512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443899512">978-1443899512</a>.</li> <li>Schapsmeier, Edward L., and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. "Henry A. Wallace: Agrarian Idealist or Agricultural Realist?" <i>Agricultural History</i> 41.2 (1967): 127-138 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739867">online</a>.</li> <li>Schapsmeier, Edward L. and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. "Henry A Wallace: New Deal Philosopher." <i>Historian</i> 32.2 (1970): 177–190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24440819">online</a></li> <li>Timmons, Bascom N. <i>Jesse H. Jones, the man and the statesman</i> (1951) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jessehjonesmanst0000timm">online</a> ch 29 on feud with Wallace.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1976" class="citation book cs1">Walker, J. Samuel (1976). <i>Henry A. Wallace and American Foreign Policy</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0837187747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0837187747"><bdi>978-0837187747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace+and+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0837187747&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallaceame0000walk">online</a></li> <li>Walton, Richard J. <i>Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henrywallaceharr00walt">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitcover2014" class="citation book cs1">Witcover, Jules (2014). <i>The American Vice Presidency: From Irrelevance to Power</i>. Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588344724" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588344724"><bdi>978-1588344724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Vice+Presidency%3A+From+Irrelevance+to+Power&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1588344724&rft.aulast=Witcover&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography:_Works_by_Wallace">Bibliography: Works by Wallace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography: Works by Wallace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/agriculturalpric01wall" class="extiw" title="iarchive:agriculturalpric01wall"><i>Agricultural Prices</i></a> (1920)</li> <li><i>When to Feed Corn, When to Sell It</i> (1923)</li> <li><i>New Administration and Farm Relief</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Charted Course Toward Stable Prosperity</i></li> <li><i>New Frontiers</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>America Must Choose</i> (1934)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.75829/2015.75829.Statesman-And-Religion.pdf"><i>Statesmanship and Religion</i></a> (1934)</li> <li><i>Whose Constitution? An Inquiry Into the General Welfare</i> (1936)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/cornandcorngrowi029743mbp" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cornandcorngrowi029743mbp"><i>Corn and Growing Corn</i></a> (1937), with Earl N. Bressman.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19043116"><i>The Century of the Common Man</i></a> (1943) Illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gellert" title="Hugo Gellert">Hugo Gellert</a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gellert" title="Hugo Gellert">Hugo Gellert</a> created a series of twenty silk screen prints to be used as artwork. The original prints are now in the digital collection at the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.77313/2015.77313.Democracy-Reborn.pdf"><i>Democracy Reborn</i></a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22838" class="extiw" title="iarchive:dli.ministry.22838"><i>Sixty Million Jobs</i></a> (1945)</li> <li><i>Soviet Asia Mission</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Toward World Peace</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Where I Was Wrong</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace 1942–1946</i> (1973), edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Morton_Blum" title="John Morton Blum">John Morton Blum</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_essays">Articles and essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Articles and essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/correlation-and-machine-calculation" class="extiw" title="iarchive:correlation-and-machine-calculation">"Correlation and Machine Calculation."</a> with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Snedecor" title="George W. Snedecor">George W. Snedecor</a>. <i>Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Official Publication</i>, Vol. 23, No. 35, January 28, 1925.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1934-01-01/american-agriculture-and-world-markets">"American Agriculture and World Markets."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 12, No. 2, January 1934 pp. pp. 216–230. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030579">10.2307/20030579</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030579">20030579</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1935-07-01/world-cotton-drama">"The World Cotton Drama."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 13, No. 4, July 1935, pp. 543–556. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20020214">10.2307/20020214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020214">20020214</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamphlets">Pamphlets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pamphlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cooperation: The Dominant Economic Idea of the Future</i>. New York: Cooperative League (1936). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25488777">25488777</a>. 16 p.</li></ul> <p><b>Book contributions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/pasturehandbook194semp/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:pasturehandbook194semp/page/n3/mode/2up">Foreword</a> to <a href="//archive.org/details/pasturehandbook194semp" class="extiw" title="iarchive:pasturehandbook194semp"><i>A Pasture Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> (April 1934).</li> <li>Introduction to Brant, Irving. <i>Storm Over the Constitution: Democracy Turns to Federalism</i>, by Irving Brant. <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a> (1936).</li> <li>Foreword to <i>America's "Thought Police": <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_Un-American_Activities_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House Un-American Activities Commission (page does not exist)">Record of the Un-American Activities Commission</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Congress" title="Civil Rights Congress">Civil Rights Congress</a> (October 1947).</li></ul> <p><b>Published addresses</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924013705920"><i>Agricultural Price Outlook</i></a> (1923).</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>An address to the 28th annual meeting of the Illinois Farmers' Institute in Belleville, Illinois, on February 21, 1923. Published by the Illinois Farmers' Institute.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/CAT31391201" class="extiw" title="iarchive:CAT31391201"><i>Working Together in the Corn-hog Program</i></a> (1934)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"Remarks by Hon. H.A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, delivered in the Department of Agriculture period of the National Farm and Home Hour, broadcast by 50 associate N.B.C. radio stations, Thursday, May 10, 1934."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/CAT31392809" class="extiw" title="iarchive:CAT31392809"><i>The Dairyman's Place in Farm Solidarity</i></a> (1937)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"Adapted in the Division of Information from an address by Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, before the annual meeting of the National Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation at Baltimore, Md., November 2, 1931."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/eccles/073_01_0001.pdf"><i>Technology, Corporations, and the General Welfare</i></a> (1937)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Speech delivered on June 24, 1937. Published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT31392799"><i>An American Income for Cotton</i></a> (1938)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"Adapted from an address by Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, before a meeting of farmers, A.A.A. committeemen, and others, at Fort Worth, Texas, September 30, 1938."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/CAT31392799" class="extiw" title="iarchive:CAT31392799"><i>An American Income for Wheat</i></a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/20070929124714/http://www.winrock.org/wallace/wallacecenter/wallace/CCM.htm" class="extiw" title="iarchive:20070929124714/http://www.winrock.org/wallace/wallacecenter/wallace/CCM.htm"><i>The Century of the Common Man</i></a> (1942)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"A speech delivered May 8, 1942 articulating the goals of the war for the allies."<sup id="cite_ref-century_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-century-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/the-price-of-free-world-victory-an-address-to-the-free-world-association-in-new-_202105" class="extiw" title="iarchive:the-price-of-free-world-victory-an-address-to-the-free-world-association-in-new- 202105"><i>The Price of Free World Victory</i></a> (1942)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"An address delivered May 8, 1942 to the members and guests of the Free World Association at a dinner at the Hotel Commodore in New York. Published in collaboration with the Free World Movement."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19043116"><i>The Century of the Common Man</i></a> (1942)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A speech delivered November 8, 1942, at the Congress of American-Soviet Friendship Mass Meeting in New York. He further expanded on the subject since his delivery of a similar speech earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-century_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-century-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210509085059/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/1943-07-25a.html"><i>America Tomorrow</i></a> (1943)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>An address delivered July 25, 1943, at the Mass Meeting of Labor and Civic Organizations in Detroit, Michigan.</dd></dl></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Wallace" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry Wallace">Henry Wallace</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Henry_A._Wallace" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000077">"Henry A. Wallace (id: W000077)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Henry+A.+Wallace+%28id%3A+W000077%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DW000077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+A.+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wgf.org/">The Wallace Global Fund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Wallace%2C%20Henry%20A%2E%20%28Henry%20Agard%29%2C%201888%2D1965">Works by Henry A. Wallace</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Online_Books_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="The Online Books Page">The Online Books Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206031445/http://newdeal.feri.org/wallace/docs.htm">Selected works by Henry A. Wallace</a> at The New Deal Network</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/henrywallacefreeworldassoc.htm">As delivered transcript and complete audio of Wallace's 1942 "The Century of the Common Man" Address</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/islandora/object/ui%3Awallace?sort=mods_titleInfo_title_ss%20asc&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5B0%5D=RELS_EXT_isMemberOfCollection_uri_ms%3A%22info%5C%3Afedora%5C/ui%5C%3Awallace%22">Henry A. Wallace Collection (digitized)</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallace.lib.uiowa.edu/">Searchable index of Wallace papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000061">"Henry A. Wallace – Agricultural Pioneer, Visionary and Leader", Iowa Pathways, education site of Iowa Public Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209062758/http://www.winrock.org/wallace/wallacecenter/wallace/bio.asp">"The Life of Henry A. Wallace: 1888–1965", on website of The Wallace Center for Agricultural and Environmental Policy at Winrock International</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95964">"Longines Chronoscope with Henry A. Wallace (December 28, 1951)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95789">"Longines Chronoscope with Henry Agard Wallace (October 17, 1952)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=74&jumival=579">"Is There Any 'Wallace' Left in the Democratic Party?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912072737/http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=74&jumival=579">Archived</a> September 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real News">The Real News</a></i> (TRNN). Scott Wallace, grandson of Henry A. Wallace, interviewed by Paul Jay (video).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Henry%20A%20Wallace%20">FBI file on Henry Wallace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017005251/http://www.wallace.org/tourclc.html">The Country Life Center location of The Wallace Centers of Iowa: birthplace farm of Henry A. Wallace.</a> Museum and gardens.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Arthur M. Hyde</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a> </b><br />1933–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1941–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> </b><br />1945–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor</a> nominee for President of the United States<br />Endorsed </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecAg" title="Template:USSecAg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecAg" title="Template talk:USSecAg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecAg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecAg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States secretaries of agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jay_Coleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Jay Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McLain_Rusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah McLain Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">H. C. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mason_Gore" title="Howard Mason Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marion_Jardine" title="William Marion Jardine">Jardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Wickard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Brannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Butz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Knebel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Albert Knebel">Knebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rusling_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rusling Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Edmund_Lyng" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Edmund Lyng">Lyng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">Madigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Espy" title="Mike Espy">Espy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Veneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Johanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Schafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Vilsack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Perdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Vilsack</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_commerce" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecCommerce" title="Template:USSecCommerce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecCommerce" title="Template talk:USSecCommerce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecCommerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecCommerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_commerce" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States secretaries of commerce</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">Secretaries of commerce and labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Nagel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Commerce"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Commerce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretaries of commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Mueller" title="Frederick H. Mueller">Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Connor" title="John T. Connor">Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trowbridge" title="Alexander Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Smith" title="C. R. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Stans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps">Kreps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Klutznick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_Jr." title="Malcolm Baldrige Jr.">Baldrige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Verity_Jr." title="William Verity Jr.">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mosbacher" title="Robert Mosbacher">Mosbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Franklin" title="Barbara Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Kantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Mineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Gutierrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Raimondo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template talk:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/100px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/200px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> (1933–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1934–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">George Dern</a> (1933–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Harry Hines Woodring</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Homer Stille Cummings</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1941–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Daniel C. Roper</a> (1933–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Truman_cabinet" title="Template talk:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945–1953)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/100px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/150px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/200px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="447" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">John Wesley Snyder</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Kenneth Claiborne Royall</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">James P. McGranery</a> (1952–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Jesse M. Donaldson</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1945–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Albert_Krug" title="Julius Albert Krug">Julius Albert Krug</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L._Chapman" title="Oscar L. Chapman">Oscar L. Chapman</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Charles W. Sawyer</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Lewis B. Schwellenbach</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1936)_1940_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1944)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1936)_1940_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1944)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">← 1936</a>) <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">→ 1944</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">Millard Tydings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Styles Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gannett" title="Frank Gannett">Frank Gannett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_James_(politician)" title="Arthur James (politician)">Arthur James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Babson" title="Roger Babson">Roger Babson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Maynard C. Krueger</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_M._Orange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron M. Orange (page does not exist)">Aaron M. Orange</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gracie_Allen" title="Gracie Allen">Gracie Allen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1940 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1940 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">← 1944</a>) <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">→ 1952</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Hitchcock" title="Herbert E. Hitchcock">Herbert E. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Edward Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF9955;"><b><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat#1948_presidential_election" title="Dixiecrat">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dale_H._Learn" title="Dale H. Learn">Dale H. Learn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Tucker P. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1948 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251666#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251666#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251666#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110228461">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24730281">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1717154/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrCrggMPtMqpT9QVmjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119366126">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002425">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128431568">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128431568">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551184">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wallace, Henry Agard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV162758">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005786&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/122717">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068826818">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90594159">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000736730&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O1320">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575082205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/263625">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269577305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14159558">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01959451?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000077">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1005598">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119366126.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119366126">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/055301266">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582501">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw5g6f">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gellert" title="Hugo Gellert">Gellert, Hugo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509141829/https://whitney.org/collection/portfolios/43223">"The Century of the Common Man: Two Speeches by Henry A. Wallace."</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>, accessed May 8, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitney.org/collection/portfolios/43223">the original.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-century-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-century_229-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-century_229-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Henry A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19043116"><i>The Century of the Common Man</i>.</a> New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Workers_Order" title="International Workers Order">International Workers Order</a>, 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF033771/00001/3j">Full text available</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126175533/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF033771/00001/3j">Archived</a> 2020-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&oldid=1259070843">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Wallace&oldid=1259070843</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1888_births" title="Category:1888 births">1888 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1965_deaths" title="Category:1965 deaths">1965 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:20th-century vice presidents of the United States">20th-century vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Episcopalians" title="Category:American Episcopalians">American Episcopalians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_horticulturists" title="Category:American horticulturists">American horticulturists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Labor_Party_politicians" title="Category:American Labor Party politicians">American Labor Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_party_founders" title="Category:American political party founders">American political party founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_social_democrats" title="Category:American social democrats">American social democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Presbyterians" title="Category:American Presbyterians">American Presbyterians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent">American people of Scotch-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Anglicanism_from_Presbyterianism" title="Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Presbyterianism">Converts to Anglicanism from Presbyterianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurological_disease_deaths_in_Connecticut" title="Category:Neurological disease deaths in Connecticut">Neurological disease deaths in Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_motor_neuron_disease_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaths from motor neuron disease in the United States">Deaths from motor neuron disease in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States">Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_(United_States)_vice_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees">Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Farmers_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Farmers from New York (state)">Farmers from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Franklin D. 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