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Education and early family life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_early_family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawyer_and_House_of_Burgesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawyer_and_House_of_Burgesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Lawyer and House of Burgesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawyer_and_House_of_Burgesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monticello,_marriage,_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monticello,_marriage,_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Monticello, marriage, and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monticello,_marriage,_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Revolutionary War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolutionary War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Declaration of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia_state_legislator_and_governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia_state_legislator_and_governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Virginia state legislator and governor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia_state_legislator_and_governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Notes on the State of Virginia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Member of Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Minister to France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Secretary of State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1796_and_vice_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1796_and_vice_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Election of 1796 and vice presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1796_and_vice_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election of 1796 and vice presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1796_and_vice_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Election of 1800 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1801–1809)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1801–1809)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Presidency (1801–1809) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1801–1809)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1801–1809) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1801–1809)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Financial affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Domestic affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs_(1801–1805)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs_(1801–1805)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Foreign affairs (1801–1805) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs_(1801–1805)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Barbary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Barbary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 First Barbary War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Barbary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana_Purchase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana_Purchase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Louisiana Purchase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana_Purchase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Native American affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election_in_1804_and_second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election_in_1804_and_second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Re-election in 1804 and second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election_in_1804_and_second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burr_conspiracy_and_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burr_conspiracy_and_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.1 Burr conspiracy and trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burr_conspiracy_and_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilkinson's_misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilkinson's_misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.2 Wilkinson's misconduct </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilkinson's_misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs_(1805–1809)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs_(1805–1809)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Foreign affairs (1805–1809) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs_(1805–1809)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_annexation_of_Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_annexation_of_Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8.1 Attempted annexation of Florida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_annexation_of_Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chesapeake–Leopard_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chesapeake–Leopard_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8.2 Chesapeake–Leopard affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chesapeake–Leopard_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embargo_(1807–1809)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embargo_(1807–1809)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8.3 Embargo (1807–1809) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embargo_(1807–1809)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1809–1826)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1809–1826)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Post-presidency (1809–1826) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1809–1826)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (1809–1826) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1809–1826)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 University of Virginia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation_with_Adams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation_with_Adams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Reconciliation with Adams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation_with_Adams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Autobiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Greek War of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lafayette's_visit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lafayette's_visit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Lafayette's visit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lafayette's_visit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days,_death,_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days,_death,_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Final days, death, and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days,_death,_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political,_social,_and_religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political,_social,_and_religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Political, social, and religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political,_social,_and_religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political, social, and religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political,_social,_and_religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophy,_society,_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy,_society,_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Philosophy, society, and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy,_society,_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Banks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jefferson–Hemings_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson–Hemings_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.1 Jefferson–Hemings controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson–Hemings_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interests_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interests_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Interests and activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interests_and_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interests and activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interests_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Philosophical_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Philosophical_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 American Philosophical Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Philosophical_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Linguistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Inventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Historical reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Memorials and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Works cited </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works cited subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Scholarly studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Thomas Jefferson Foundation sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_site_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_site_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.4 Web site sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_site_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%84%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ቶማስ ጄፈርሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶማስ ጄፈርሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس جفرسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس جفرسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%83%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Թոմաս Ճեֆըրսըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թոմաս Ճեֆըրսըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस जेफर्सन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="थोमस जेफर्सन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Cefferson" title="Tomas Cefferson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Cefferson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس جفرسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس جفرسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="টমাস জেফারসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস জেফারসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Джэферсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Джэферсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Джэфэрсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Джэфэрсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Томас Джеферсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Джеферсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Джефферсон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Томас Джефферсон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="طوماس دجيڤرسون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوماس دجيڤرسون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AF%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%96%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތޯމަސް ޖެފަރސަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތޯމަސް ޖެފަރސަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τόμας Τζέφερσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Τζέφερσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس جفرسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس جفرسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A8" title="토머스 제퍼슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 제퍼슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Թոմաս Ջեֆերսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Ջեֆերսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस जेफ़र्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस जेफ़र्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джефферсон, Томас – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джефферсон, Томас" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%92%27%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תומאס ג'פרסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס ג'פרסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಜೆಫರ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಜೆಫರ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ჯეფერსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას ჯეფერსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Джефферсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Джефферсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Жефферсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Томас Жефферсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jeffersonius" title="Thomas Jeffersonius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Jeffersonius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_D%C5%BEefersons" title="Tomass Džefersons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Džefersons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस जेफर्सन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थोमस जेफर्सन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Џеферсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Џеферсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="തോമസ് ജെഫേഴ്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ജെഫേഴ്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस जेफरसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस जेफरसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ჯეფერსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას ჯეფერსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس جيفيرسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس جيفيرسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس جفرسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="توماس جفرسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Жефферсон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Томас Жефферсон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သောမတ်စ် ဂျက်ဖာဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောမတ်စ် ဂျက်ဖာဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस जेफर्सन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोमस जेफर्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस जेफरसन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थोमस जेफरसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="トーマス・ジェファーソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・ジェファーソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਜੈਫ਼ਰਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਜੈਫ਼ਰਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="تھامس جیفرسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھامس جیفرسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس جفرسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس جفرسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Cefferson" title="Tomas Cefferson – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tomas Cefferson" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джефферсон, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джефферсон, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Джефферсон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Томас Джефферсон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-ma-s.cye-bu-sun" title="Tang-ma-s.cye-bu-sun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tang-ma-s.cye-bu-sun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="थामस् जेफरसन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थामस् जेफरसन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="තෝමස් ජෙෆර්සන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝමස් ජෙෆර්සන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="تۆماس جێفەرسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس جێفەرسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Џеферсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Џеферсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமசு ஜெஃபர்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு ஜெஃபர்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Джефферсон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Томас Джефферсон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ జెఫర్సన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ జెఫర్సన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ทอมัส เจฟเฟอร์สัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส เจฟเฟอร์สัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Ҷефферсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Томас Ҷефферсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Jeferson" title="Tomas Jeferson – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tomas Jeferson" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Джефферсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Джефферсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="تھامس جیفرسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس جیفرسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%BC%97%E9%81%9C" title="傑弗遜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="傑弗遜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%80%8A" title="托马斯·杰弗逊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·杰弗逊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A1_%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טאמעס זשעפערסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמעס זשעפערסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Jefferson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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article is about the third president of the United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thomas Jefferson (disambiguation)">Thomas Jefferson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas Jefferson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Jefferson in his late 50s with a full head of hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/220px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/330px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/440px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1800</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">John Adams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Adams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Aaron Burr</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 22, 1790 – December 31, 1793</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Minister to France</a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 17, 1785 – September 26, 1789</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Congress">Confederation Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">William Short</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister Plenipotentiary for Negotiating Treaties of Amity and Commerce</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 7, 1784 – May 11, 1786</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Confederation Congress</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 6, 1782 – May 7, 1784</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 1, 1779 – June 3, 1781</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">William Fleming</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Albemarle County">Albemarle County</a><a href="#cite_note-VA_House_of_Delegates-1">[1]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 7, 1776 – May 30, 1779</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lilburn_Lewis" title="Charles Lilburn Lewis">Charles Lewis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicholas Lewis</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 10–22, 1781</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Isaac Davis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">James Marks</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> from Virginia to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 20, 1775 – September 26, 1776</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">George Washington</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvie" title="John Harvie">John Harvie</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Burgesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia House of Burgesses">Virginia House of Burgesses</a> from <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Albemarle County">Albemarle County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 11, 1769<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_VA-2">[2]</a> – June 1, 1775<a href="#cite_note-VA_Mag-3">[3]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carter_(of_Blenheim)" title="Edward Carter (of Blenheim)">Edward Carter</a><a href="#cite_note-VA_Mag-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1743-04-13)April 13, 1743 <a href="/wiki/Shadwell,_Virginia" title="Shadwell, Virginia">Shadwell Plantation</a>, Goochland (now in <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Albemarle County">Albemarle County</a>) Virginia Colony</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 1826(1826-07-04) (aged 83) <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, Virginia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Wayles" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Wayles">Martha Wayles</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1772; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1782)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 with Martha Wayles, including: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="list-style: " • " inside;"><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>Up to 6 with <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> including: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="list-style: " • " inside;"><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Jefferson's signature"><img alt="Thomas Jefferson signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg/128px-Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg/192px-Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg/256px-Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="154" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1775–1776</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Albemarle County Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Notes on Virginia">Notes on Virginia</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's Manual</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a> (1820)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Entangling_alliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Entangling alliances">Entangling alliances</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">Strict constructionism</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Views on education</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Views on Native Americans</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Views on slavery</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Views on religion</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, planter, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> who served as the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 1801 to 1809.<a href="#cite_note-Morris19732-8">[6]</a> He was the primary author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and before becoming president in 1801, Jefferson was the nation's first <a href="/wiki/U.S._secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of state">U.S. secretary of state</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and then the nation's second <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>. Jefferson was a leading proponent of democracy, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural rights</a>, and he produced formative documents and decisions at the state, national, and international levels. Jefferson was born into the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a>, dependent on <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slave labor</a>. During the American Revolution, Jefferson represented Virginia at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>. He served as the second <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">revolutionary Virginia</a> from 1779 to 1781. In 1785, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress</a> appointed Jefferson <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. minister to France</a>, where he served from 1785 to 1789. President Washington then appointed Jefferson the nation's first secretary of state, where he served from 1790 to 1793. During this time, in the early 1790s, Jefferson and political ally <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> during the formation of the nation's <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a>. Jefferson and Federalist <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> became both personal friends and political rivals. In the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 U.S. presidential election</a> between the two, Jefferson came in second, which made him Adams' vice president under the electoral laws of the time. Four years later, in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 presidential election</a>, Jefferson again challenged Adams and won the presidency. In <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, Jefferson was reelected overwhelmingly to a second term. As president, Jefferson assertively defended the nation's shipping and trade interests against <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> and aggressive British trade policies, promoted a western expansionist policy with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, which doubled the nation's geographic size, and was able to reduce military forces and expenditures following successful negotiations with France. In his second presidential term, Jefferson was beset by difficulties at home, including the trial of his former vice president <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>. In 1807, Jefferson implemented the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo Act">Embargo Act</a> to defend the nation's industries from British threats to U.S. shipping, limiting foreign trade and stimulating the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">American manufacturing</a> industry. Jefferson is <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> by both scholars and in public opinion among the upper tier of American presidents. Presidential scholars and historians praise Jefferson's public achievements, including his advocacy of religious freedom and tolerance, his peaceful acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> from France, and his leadership in supporting the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>. They acknowledge the fact of his lifelong ownership of large numbers of slaves and give differing interpretations of his <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">views on and relationship with slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 (April 2, 1743, <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>), at the family's <a href="/wiki/Shadwell,_Virginia" title="Shadwell, Virginia">Shadwell Plantation</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, the third of ten children.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> He was of <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a> descent, and was born a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malone5-11">[9]</a> His father, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a>, was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen; his mother was <a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> Peter Jefferson moved his family to <a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe Plantation</a> in 1745 on the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_III_(son_of_Thomas)" title="William Randolph III (son of Thomas)">William Randolph III</a>, the plantation's owner and Jefferson's friend, who in his will had named Peter guardian of Randolph's children. The Jeffersons returned to Shadwell before October 1753.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> Peter died in 1757, and his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Harvie_Sr." title="John Harvie Sr.">John Harvie Sr.</a> became 13-year-old Thomas' guardian.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-16">[13]</a> Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres (2,000 ha; 7.8 sq mi), which included <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, and he assumed full legal authority over the property at age 21.<a href="#cite_note-Malone437-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_family_life">Education and early family life</h3></div> Jefferson began his education together with the <a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph</a> children at Tuckahoe under tutors.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Thomas' father Peter, who was self-taught and regretted not having a formal education, entered Thomas into an English school at age five. In 1752, at age nine, he attended a local school run by a Scottish Presbyterian minister and also began studying the natural world, which he grew to love. At this time he began studying <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="French Language">French</a>, while learning to ride horses as well. Thomas also read books from his father's modest library.<a href="#cite_note-bowers12-19">[16]</a> He was taught from 1758 to 1760 by the Reverend <a href="/wiki/James_Maury" title="James Maury">James Maury</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gordonsville,_Virginia" title="Gordonsville, Virginia">Gordonsville, Virginia</a>, where he studied history, science, and the classics while boarding with Maury's family.<a href="#cite_note-bowers12-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Jefferson came to know various American Indians, including the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Ostenaco" title="Ostenaco">Ostenaco</a>, who often stopped at Shadwell to visit on their way to <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> to trade.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> In Williamsburg, the young Jefferson met and came to admire <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>, eight years his senior, and shared a common interest in the playing of the violin.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg/220px-ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg/330px-ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg/440px-ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="3028" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wren_Building" title="Wren Building">Wren Building</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, where Jefferson studied</figcaption></figure> Jefferson entered the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, in 1761, at the age of eighteen, and studied mathematics, metaphysics, and philosophy with <a href="/wiki/William_Small" title="William Small">William Small</a>. Under Small's tutelage, Jefferson encountered the ideas of the British <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. Small introduced Jefferson to <a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Francis Fauquier</a>. Small, Wythe, and Fauquier recognized Jefferson as a man of exceptional ability and included him in their inner circle, where he became a regular member of their Friday dinner parties. Jefferson later wrote that, while there, he "heard more common good sense, more rational & philosophical conversations than in all the rest of my life".<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> During his first year at the college, Jefferson spent considerable time attending parties and dancing and was not very frugal with his expenditures; in his second year, regretting that he had squandered away time and money in his first year, he committed to studying fifteen hours a day.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> While at William & Mary, Jefferson became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club" title="Flat Hat Club">Flat Hat Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Jefferson concluded his formal studies in April 1762.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> He <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read the law</a> under Wythe's tutelage while working as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> in his office.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Jefferson was well-read in a broad variety of subjects, which, along with law and philosophy, included history, natural law, natural religion, ethics, and several areas in science, including agriculture. During his years of study under the watchful eye of Wythe, Jefferson authored a Commonplace Book, a survey of his extensive readings.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Wythe was so impressed with Jefferson that he later bequeathed his entire library to him.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> On July 20, 1765, Jefferson's sister Martha married his close friend and college companion <a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr_(Virginia_assemblyman)" title="Dabney Carr (Virginia assemblyman)">Dabney Carr</a>, which was greatly pleasing to Jefferson. In October of that year, however, Jefferson mourned his sister Jane's unexpected death at age 25; he wrote a farewell <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> for her in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Jefferson treasured his books and amassed three sizable libraries in his lifetime. He began assembling his first library, which grew to 200 volumes, in his youth. It included books inherited from his father and left to him by Wythe.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> In 1770, however, Jefferson's first library was destroyed in a fire at his Shadwell home. His second library replenished the first. It grew to 1,250 titles by 1773, and to nearly 6,500 volumes by 1814.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Jefferson organized his books into three broad categories corresponding with elements of the human mind: memory, reason, and imagination.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> After <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> forces burnt the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> during the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a>, Jefferson sold his second library to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> for $23,950, hoping to help jumpstart the Library of Congress's rebuilding. Jefferson used a portion of the proceeds to pay off some of his large debt. However, Jefferson soon resumed collecting what amounted to his third personal library, writing to <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, "I cannot live without books."<a href="#cite_note-library-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> By the time of his death a decade later, the library had grown to nearly 2,000 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyer_and_House_of_Burgesses">Lawyer and House of Burgesses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chamber of House of Burgesses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/220px-House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/330px-House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/440px-House_of_Burgesses_in_the_Capitol_Williamsburg_James_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, where Jefferson served from 1769 to 1775</figcaption></figure> Jefferson was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767, and lived with his mother at Shadwell.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> He represented <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County</a> in the Virginia <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> from 1769 until 1775.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> He pursued reforms to slavery, including writing and sponsoring legislation in 1769 to strip power from the royal governor and courts, instead providing masters of slaves with the discretion to emancipate them. Jefferson persuaded his cousin <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland" title="Richard Bland">Richard Bland</a> to spearhead the legislation's passage, but it faced strong opposition in a state whose economy was largely agrarian.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Jefferson took seven cases of freedom-seeking enslaved people<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and waived his fee for one he claimed should be freed before the minimum statutory age for emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon99-42">[39]</a> Jefferson invoked <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, arguing "everyone comes into the world with a right to his own person and using it at his own will ... This is what is called personal liberty, and is given him by the author of nature, because it is necessary for his own sustenance." The judge cut him off and ruled against his client. As a consolation, Jefferson gave his client some money, which was conceivably used to aid his escape shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon99-42">[39]</a> However, Jefferson's underlying intellectual argument that all people were entitled by their creator to what he labeled a "natural right" to liberty is one he would later incorporate as he set about authoring the Declaration of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> He also took on 68 cases for the General Court of Virginia in 1767, in addition to three notable cases: Howell v. Netherland (1770), Bolling v. Bolling (1771), and Blair v. Blair (1772).<a href="#cite_note-Konig_Time_Line-44">[41]</a> Jefferson wrote a resolution calling for a "Day of Fasting and Prayer" and a boycott of all British goods in protest of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> passing the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> in 1774. Jefferson's resolution was later expanded into <a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a>, in which he argued that people have the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">govern themselves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monticello,_marriage,_and_family">Monticello, marriage, and family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monticello plantation house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg/220px-Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg/330px-Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg/440px-Monticello_2010-10-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, Jefferson's home near <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> In 1768, Jefferson began constructing his primary residence, Monticello, whose name in Italian means "Little Mountain", on a hilltop overlooking his 5,000-acre (20 km2; 7.8 sq mi) plantation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[d]</a> He spent most of his adult life designing Monticello as an architect and was quoted as saying, "Architecture is my delight, and putting up, and pulling down, one of my favorite amusements."<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Construction was done mostly by local masons and carpenters, assisted by Jefferson's slaves.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> He moved into the South Pavilion in 1770. Turning Monticello into a neoclassical masterpiece in the <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a> style was his perennial project.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> On January 1, 1772, Jefferson married his third cousin<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wayles_Skelton" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Wayles Skelton">Martha Wayles Skelton</a>, the 23-year-old widow of Bathurst Skelton.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_p.47-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> She was a frequent hostess for Jefferson and managed the large household. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Dumas Malone</a> described the marriage as the happiest period of Jefferson's life.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Martha read widely, did fine needlework, and was a skilled pianist; Jefferson often accompanied her on the violin or cello.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> During their ten years of marriage, Martha bore six children: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha</a> "Patsy" (1772–1836); Jane Randolph (1774–1775); an unnamed son who lived for only a few weeks in 1777; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary</a> "Polly" (1778–1804); Lucy Elizabeth (1780–1781); and another Lucy Elizabeth (1782–1784).<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[e]</a> Only Martha and Mary survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Martha-60">[55]</a> Martha's father John Wayles died in 1773, and the couple inherited 135 enslaved people, 11,000 acres (45 km2; 17 sq mi), and the estate's debts. The debts took Jefferson years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_p.47-52">[48]</a> Martha later suffered from ill health, including diabetes, and frequent childbirth weakened her. Her mother had died young, and Martha lived with two stepmothers as a girl. A few months after the birth of her last child, she died on September 6, 1782, with Jefferson at her bedside. Shortly before her death, Martha made Jefferson promise never to marry again, telling him that she could not bear to have another mother raise her children.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> Jefferson was grief-stricken by her death, relentlessly pacing back and forth. He emerged after three weeks, taking long rambling rides on secluded roads with his daughter Martha, by her description "a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief".<a href="#cite_note-Martha-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halliday48-62">[57]</a> After serving as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> from 1790 to 1793 during <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Washington's presidency</a>, Jefferson returned to Monticello and initiated a remodeling based on architectural concepts he had learned and acquired in Europe. The work continued throughout most of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">his presidency</a> and was completed in 1809.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/220px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/330px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/440px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="4656" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, which Jefferson largely wrote in isolation between June 11 and 28, 1776, from a floor he was renting in a home at 700 <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City Philadelphia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-65">[60]</a> are "the most potent and consequential words in American history," historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a> later wrote.</figcaption></figure> Jefferson was the primary author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> At age 33, he was one of the youngest delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> beginning in 1775 at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, where a formal declaration of independence from Britain was overwhelmingly favored.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> Jefferson was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals of the sanctity of the individual, and the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Jefferson sought out <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, a Continental Congress delegate from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> and an emerging leader in the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> They became close friends, and Adams supported Jefferson's appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>, charged by the Congress with authoring a declaration of independence. The five chosen were Adams, Jefferson, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>. The committee initially thought that Adams should write the document, but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson. His choice was due to Jefferson being a Virginian, popular, and being considered a good writer by Adams.<a href="#cite_note-71">[f]</a> Jefferson consulted with his fellow committee members, but mostly wrote the Declaration of Independence in isolation between June 11 and 28, 1776, in a home he was renting at 700 <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-65">[60]</a> Jefferson drew considerably on his proposed draft of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia" title="Constitution of Virginia">Virginia Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>'s draft of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a>, and other sources.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> Other committee members made some changes, and a final draft was presented to Congress on June 28, 1776.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_2012,_p._105-73">[67]</a> The declaration was introduced on Friday, June 28, and Congress began debate over its contents on Monday, July 1,<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_2012,_p._105-73">[67]</a> resulting in the removal of roughly a fourth of Jefferson's original draft.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_1996,_p._50-75">[69]</a> Jefferson resented the changes, but he did not speak publicly about the revisions.<a href="#cite_note-77">[g]</a> On July 4, 1776, the Congress <a href="/wiki/Ratification#United_States" title="Ratification">ratified</a> the Declaration, and delegates signed it on August 2; in so doing, the delegates were knowingly committing an <a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">act of high treason</a> against <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>, which was deemed the most serious criminal offense and was punishable by <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">torture and death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> Jefferson's preamble is regarded as an enduring statement on individual and human rights, and the phrase "<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>" has been called "one of the best-known sentences in the English language". The Declaration of Independence, historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a> wrote in 2008, represents "the most potent and consequential words in American history".<a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_1996,_p._50-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia_state_legislator_and_governor">Virginia state legislator and governor</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Governor's Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg/220px-Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg/330px-Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg/440px-Colonial_Williamsburg_Governors_Palace_Front_Dscn7232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace</a>, Jefferson's residence in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> during his term as Virginia's governor from 1779 to 1781</figcaption></figure> At the start of the Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> Jefferson was named commander of the <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County</a> Militia on September 26, 1775.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> He was then elected to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> for Albemarle County in September 1776, when finalizing the state constitution was a priority.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_pp._101-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fer26-82">[75]</a> For nearly three years, he assisted with the constitution and was especially proud of his Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, which prohibited state support of religious institutions or enforcement of religious doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> The bill failed to pass, as did his legislation to disestablish the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>, but both were later revived by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> In 1778, Jefferson was given the task of revising the state's laws. He drafted 126 bills in three years, including laws to streamline the judicial system. He proposed statutes that provided for general education, which he considered the basis of "republican government".<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_pp._101-81">[74]</a> Jefferson also was concerned that Virginia's powerful landed gentry were becoming a hereditary aristocracy and took the lead in abolishing what he called "feudal and unnatural distinctions."<a href="#cite_note-Brewer-85">[78]</a> He targeted laws such as <a href="/wiki/Entail" class="mw-redirect" title="Entail">entail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> by which a deceased landowner's oldest son was vested with all land ownership and power.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[h]</a> Jefferson was elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor</a> for one-year terms in 1779 and 1780.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> He transferred the state capital from Williamsburg to <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, and introduced additional measures for public education, religious freedom, and inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> During General <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>'s 1781 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Richmond" title="Raid on Richmond">invasion of Virginia</a>, Jefferson escaped Richmond just ahead of the British forces, which razed the city.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> He sent emergency dispatches to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Mathews" title="Sampson Mathews">Sampson Mathews</a> and other commanders in an attempt to repel Arnold's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">General Charles Cornwallis</a> that spring dispatched a cavalry force led by <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a> to capture Jefferson and members of the Assembly at Monticello, but <a href="/wiki/Jack_Jouett" title="Jack Jouett">Jack Jouett</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a> thwarted the British plan. Jefferson escaped to <a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a>, his plantation to the west.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> When the General Assembly reconvened in June 1781, it conducted an inquiry into Jefferson's actions which eventually concluded that Jefferson had acted with honor—but he was not re-elected.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> In April of the same year, his daughter Lucy died at age one. A second daughter of that name was born the following year, but she died at age two.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> In 1782, Jefferson refused a partnership offer by North Carolina Governor <a href="/wiki/Abner_Nash" title="Abner Nash">Abner Nash</a>, in a profiteering scheme involving the sale of confiscated Loyalist lands.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> Unlike some Founders, Jefferson was content with his Monticello estate and the land he owned in the vicinity of Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>. Jefferson thought of Monticello as an intellectual gathering place for his friends <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></div> In 1780, Jefferson received from French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a> a letter of inquiry into the geography, history, and government of Virginia, as part of a study of the United States. Jefferson organized his responses in a book, Notes on the State of Virginia (1785).<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> He compiled the book over five years, including reviews of scientific knowledge, Virginia's history, politics, laws, culture, and geography.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> The book explores what constitutes a good society, using Virginia as an exemplar. Jefferson included extensive data about the state's natural resources and economy and wrote at length about slavery and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>; he articulated his belief that blacks and whites could not live together as free people in one society because of justified resentments of the enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> He also wrote of his views on the American Indians, equating them to European settlers.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Notes was first published in 1785 in French and appeared in English in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/George_Tucker_(politician)" title="George Tucker (politician)">George Tucker</a> considered the work "surprising in the extent of the information which a single individual had been thus far able to acquire, as to the physical features of the state";<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merrill_D._Peterson" title="Merrill D. Peterson">Merrill D. Peterson</a> described it as an accomplishment for which all Americans should be grateful.<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_of_Congress">Member of Congress</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Legislative chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg/220px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg/330px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg/440px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Assembly Room at <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where Jefferson served as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> and where the Congress edited but unanimously ratified his draft of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776</figcaption></figure> Jefferson was appointed a Virginia delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> organized following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">peace treaty</a> with Great Britain in 1783. He was a member of the committee setting foreign exchange rates and <a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States">recommended</a> an American currency based on the decimal system that was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> He advised the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_States" title="Committee of the States">Committee of the States</a> to fill the power vacuum when Congress was in recess.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> The committee met when Congress adjourned, but disagreements rendered it dysfunctional.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> In the Congress's 1783–1784 session, Jefferson acted as chairman of committees to establish a viable system of government for the new Republic and to propose a policy for settlement of the western territories. He was the principal author of the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a>, whereby Virginia ceded to the national government the vast area that it claimed northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. He insisted that this territory should not be used as colonial territory by any of the thirteen states, but that it should be divided into sections that could become states. He plotted borders for nine new states in their initial stages and wrote an ordinance banning slavery in all the nation's territories. Congress made extensive revisions and rejected the ban on slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Peretson189-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> The provisions banning slavery, known as the "Jefferson Proviso", were modified and implemented three years later in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 and became the law for the entire <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peretson189-110">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_to_France">Minister to France</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg/220px-Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg/330px-Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg/440px-Grille_De_Chaillot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> seen through the Grille de Chaillot. Jefferson's house appears on the left.</figcaption></figure> On May 7, 1784, Jefferson was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[i]</a> to join Benjamin Franklin and John Adams in Paris as Minister <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a> for Negotiating Treaties of Amity and Commerce with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[j]</a> With his young daughter Patsy and two servants, he departed in July 1784, arriving in Paris the next month.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart39-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> Jefferson had Patsy educated at the <a href="/wiki/Pentemont_Abbey" title="Pentemont Abbey">Pentemont Abbey</a>. Less than a year later he was assigned the additional duty of succeeding Franklin as Minister to France. French foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Count de Vergennes</a> commented, "You replace Monsieur Franklin, I hear." Jefferson replied, "I succeed. No man can replace him."<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> During his five years in Paris, Jefferson played a leading role in shaping <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> In 1786, he met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cosway" title="Maria Cosway">Maria Cosway</a>, an accomplished—and married—Italian-English musician of 27. She returned to Great Britain after six weeks, but they maintained a lifelong correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> During the summer of 1786, Jefferson arrived in London to meet with John Adams, the US Ambassador to Britain. Adams had official access to <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and arranged a meeting between Jefferson and the king. Jefferson later described the king's reception of the men as "ungracious." According to Adams's grandson, George III turned his back on both in a gesture of public insult. Jefferson returned to France in August.<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> Jefferson sent for his youngest surviving child, nine-year-old Polly, in June 1787. She was accompanied by a young slave from Monticello, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>. Jefferson had taken her older brother, <a href="/wiki/James_Hemings" title="James Hemings">James Hemings</a>, to Paris as part of his domestic staff and had him trained in French cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> According to Sally's son, <a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a>, the 16-year-old Sally and Jefferson began a sexual relationship in Paris, where she became pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-madisonstatement-123">[113]</a> The son indicated Hemings agreed to return to the United States only after Jefferson promised to free her children when they came of age.<a href="#cite_note-madisonstatement-123">[113]</a> While in France, Jefferson became a regular companion of the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, a <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">French hero of the American Revolution</a>, and Jefferson used his influence to procure trade agreements with France.<a href="#cite_note-Bowers328-124">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burstein120-125">[115]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> began, he allowed his Paris residence, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Langeac" title="Hôtel de Langeac">Hôtel de Langeac</a>, to be used for meetings by Lafayette and other republicans. He was in Paris during the storming of the Bastille and consulted with Lafayette while the latter drafted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> Jefferson often found his mail opened by postmasters, so he invented his own enciphering device, the "<a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Wheel Cipher</a>"; he wrote important communications in code for the rest of his career.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[k]</a> Unable to attend the 1787 Constitution Convention, Jefferson supported the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> but desired the addition of the promised Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> Jefferson left Paris for America in September 1789.<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> He remained a firm supporter of the French Revolution while opposing its more violent elements.<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thomas Jefferson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/220px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/330px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>A 48-year-old Jefferson in 1791, in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></figcaption></figure> Soon after returning from France, Jefferson accepted President Washington's invitation to serve as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> Pressing issues at this time were the national debt and the permanent location of the capital. He opposed a national debt, preferring that each state retire its own, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, who desired consolidation of states' debts by the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> Hamilton also had bold plans to establish national credit and a national bank, but Jefferson strenuously opposed this and attempted to undermine his agenda, which nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet. He later left the cabinet voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> The second major issue was the capital's permanent location. Hamilton favored a capital close to the major commercial centers of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, while Washington, Jefferson, and other agrarians wanted it further south.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke,_1970,_pp._523–45-135">[124]</a> After lengthy deadlock, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a> was struck, permanently locating the capital on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, and the federal government assumed the war debts of all original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen colonies">13 states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke,_1970,_pp._523–45-135">[124]</a> Jefferson's goals were to decrease American dependence on British commerce and to expand commercial trade with France. He sought to weaken Spanish colonialism of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">trans-Appalachian West</a> and British control in the North, believing this would aid in the pacification of Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> Jefferson and political protegé Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a> in 1791, along with author <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Freneau" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Freneau">Phillip Freneau</a>, to counter Hamilton's Federalist policies, which Hamilton was promoting through the influential Federalist newspaper the <a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a>. The National Gazette made particular criticism of the policies promoted by Hamilton, often through anonymous essays signed by the pen name Brutus at Jefferson's urging, which were written by Madison.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> In Spring 1791, Jefferson and Madison took a vacation to <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>; Jefferson had been suffering from migraines and was tiring of the in-fighting with Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-Randall_1996_p1-138">[127]</a> In May 1792, Jefferson became alarmed at the political rivalries taking shape; he wrote to Washington, imploring him to run for reelection that year as a unifying influence.<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> He urged the president to rally the citizenry to a party that would defend democracy against the corrupting influence of banks and monied interests, as espoused by the Federalists. Historians recognize this letter as the earliest delineation of <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> principles.<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> Jefferson, Madison, and other Democratic-Republican organizers favored <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and local control and opposed the federal concentration of power, whereas Hamilton sought more power for the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> Jefferson supported France against Britain when the two nations fought in 1793, though his arguments in the Cabinet were undercut by French Revolutionary envoy <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt" title="Edmond-Charles Genêt">Edmond-Charles Genêt</a>'s open scorn for Washington.<a href="#cite_note-142">[131]</a> In his discussions with British Minister <a href="/wiki/George_Hammond_(diplomat)" title="George Hammond (diplomat)">George Hammond</a>, he tried in vain to persuade the British to vacate their posts in the Northwest and to compensate the U.S. for enslaved people whom the British had freed at the end of the war. Jefferson sought a return to private life, and resigned from the cabinet position in December 1793; he may also have wanted to bolster his political influence from outside the administration.<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a> After the Washington administration negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> with Britain in 1794, Jefferson saw a cause around which to rally his party and organized a national opposition from Monticello.<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> The treaty, designed by Hamilton, aimed to reduce tensions and increase trade. Jefferson warned that it would increase British influence and subvert republicanism, calling it "the boldest act [Hamilton and Jay] ever ventured on to undermine the government".<a href="#cite_note-145">[134]</a> The Treaty passed, but it expired in 1805 during Jefferson's presidential administration and was not renewed. Jefferson continued his pro-France stance; during the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, he declined to disavow the revolution: "To back away from France would be to undermine the cause of republicanism in America."<a href="#cite_note-146">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1796_and_vice_presidency">Election of 1796 and vice presidency</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1796.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electoral College map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ElectoralCollege1796.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1796.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ElectoralCollege1796.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1796.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ElectoralCollege1796.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1796.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The results of the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 U.S. presidential election</a> between Adams and Jefferson, won by Adams</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">presidential campaign of 1796</a>, Jefferson lost the electoral college vote to Federalist <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> 71–68 and was thus elected vice president. As presiding officer of the Senate, he assumed a more passive role than his predecessor John Adams. He allowed the Senate to freely conduct debates and confined his participation to procedural issues, which he called an "honorable and easy" role.<a href="#cite_note-147">[136]</a> Jefferson had previously studied parliamentary law and procedure for 40 years, making him quite qualified to serve as presiding officer. In 1800, he published his assembled notes on Senate procedure as <a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> He cast only three <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States">tie-breaking votes</a> in the Senate. In four confidential talks with French consul Joseph Létombe in the spring of 1797, Jefferson attacked Adams and predicted that his rival would serve only one term. He also encouraged France to invade England, and advised Létombe to stall any American envoys sent to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a> This toughened the tone that the French government adopted toward the Adams administration. After Adams's initial peace envoys were rebuffed, Jefferson and his supporters lobbied for the release of papers related to the incident, called the <a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a> after the letters used to disguise the identities of the French officials involved.<a href="#cite_note-150">[139]</a> However, the tactic backfired when it was revealed that French officials had demanded bribes, rallying public support against France. The U.S. began an undeclared naval war with France known as the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[140]</a> During the Adams presidency, the Federalists rebuilt the military, levied new taxes, and enacted the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>. Jefferson believed these laws were intended to suppress Democratic-Republicans, rather than prosecute enemy aliens, and considered them unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-152">[141]</a> To rally opposition, he and James Madison anonymously wrote the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a>, declaring that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it by the states.<a href="#cite_note-153">[142]</a> The resolutions followed the "<a href="/wiki/Interposition" title="Interposition">interposition</a>" approach of Madison, that states may shield their citizens from federal laws that they deem unconstitutional. Jefferson advocated <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a>, allowing states to invalidate federal laws altogether.<a href="#cite_note-154">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[l]</a> He warned that, "unless arrested at the threshold", the Alien and Sedition Acts would "drive these states into revolution and blood".<a href="#cite_note-157">[145]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> claims that "the theoretical damage of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions was deep and lasting, and was a recipe for disunion", contributing to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> as well as later events.<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a> Washington was so appalled by the resolutions that he told Patrick Henry that, if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", the resolutions would "dissolve the union or produce coercion."<a href="#cite_note-Chernow587-159">[147]</a> Jefferson had always admired Washington's leadership skills but felt that his Federalist party was leading the country in the wrong direction. He decided not to attend Washington's funeral in 1799 because of acute differences with him while serving as secretary of state.<a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1800">Election of 1800</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1800.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electoral College map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ElectoralCollege1800.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ElectoralCollege1800.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ElectoralCollege1800.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1800.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The results of the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 presidential election</a> between <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a> and Jefferson, won by Jefferson</figcaption></figure> Jefferson contended for president once more against <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in 1800. Adams' campaign was weakened by unpopular taxes and vicious Federalist infighting over his actions in the Quasi-War.<a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a> Democratic-Republicans pointed to the Alien and Sedition Acts and accused the Federalists of being secret pro-Britain monarchists, while Federalists charged that Jefferson was a godless libertine beholden to the French.<a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Appleby" title="Joyce Appleby">Joyce Appleby</a> said the election was "one of the most acrimonious in the annals of American history".<a href="#cite_note-163">[151]</a> The Democratic-Republicans ultimately won more electoral college votes, due in part to the electors that resulted from the addition of three-fifths of the South's slaves to the population calculation under the <a href="/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-Fifths Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[152]</a> Jefferson and his vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> unexpectedly received an equal total. Because of the tie, the election was decided by the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[m]</a> Hamilton lobbied Federalist representatives on Jefferson's behalf, believing him a lesser political evil than Burr. On February 17, 1801, after thirty-six ballots, the House elected Jefferson president and Burr vice president.<a href="#cite_note-W284-166">[154]</a> The win was marked by Democratic-Republican celebrations throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-168">[155]</a> Some of Jefferson's opponents argued that he owed his victory to the South's inflated number of electors.<a href="#cite_note-169">[156]</a> Others alleged that Jefferson secured <a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(elder)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Bayard (elder)">James Asheton Bayard</a>'s tie-breaking electoral vote by guaranteeing the retention of various Federalist posts in the government.<a href="#cite_note-W284-166">[154]</a> Jefferson disputed the allegation, and the historical record is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-170">[157]</a> The transition proceeded smoothly, marking a watershed in American history. As historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> writes, "it was one of the first popular elections in modern history that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transfer of power</a> from one 'party' to another."<a href="#cite_note-W284-166">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1801–1809)">Presidency (1801–1809)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg/220px-Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg/330px-Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg/440px-Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Jefferson, an 1805 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale" title="Rembrandt Peale">Rembrandt Peale</a></figcaption></figure> Jefferson was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">sworn in as president</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> at the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> in Washington, D.C., on March 4, 1801. His inauguration was not attended by outgoing President Adams. In contrast to his two predecessors, Jefferson exhibited a dislike of formal etiquette. Plainly dressed, he chose to walk alongside friends to the Capitol from his nearby boardinghouse that day instead of arriving by carriage.<a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a> His inaugural address struck a note of reconciliation and commitment to democratic ideology, declaring, "We have been called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."<a href="#cite_note-172">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson41-173">[160]</a> Ideologically, he stressed "equal and exact justice to all men", minority rights, and freedom of speech, religion, and press.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p40-174">[161]</a> He said that a free and republican government was "the strongest government on earth."<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p40-174">[161]</a> He nominated moderate Republicans to his cabinet: James Madison as secretary of state, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> as secretary of war, <a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln</a> as attorney general, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> as secretary of the navy.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson41-173">[160]</a> Widowed since 1782, Jefferson first relied on his two daughters to serve as his official hostesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendricks201521–22-175">[162]</a> In late May 1801, he asked <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a>, wife of his long-time friend James Madison, to be the permanent White House hostess. She was also in charge of the completion of the White House mansion. Dolley served as White House hostess for the rest of Jefferson's two terms and then for another eight years as First Lady while her husband was president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendricks201521–22-175">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_affairs">Financial affairs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gallatin_(by_Gilbert_Stuart).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg/220px-Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg/330px-Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg/440px-Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>, Jefferson's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">treasury secretary</a>, depicted in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></figcaption></figure> Jefferson's first challenge as president was shrinking the $83 million national debt.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> He began dismantling Hamilton's Federalist fiscal system with help from the secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson41-173">[160]</a> Gallatin devised a plan to eliminate the national debt in sixteen years by extensive annual appropriations and reduction in taxes.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_pp._43-44-177">[164]</a> The administration eliminated the whiskey excise and other taxes after closing "unnecessary offices" and cutting "useless establishments and expenses".<a href="#cite_note-Wood,_2010,_p._293-178">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[166]</a> Jefferson believed that the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> represented a "most deadly hostility" to republican government.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_pp._43-44-177">[164]</a> He wanted to dismantle the bank before its charter expired in 1811, but was dissuaded by Gallatin.<a href="#cite_note-180">[167]</a> Gallatin argued that the national bank was a useful financial institution and set out to expand its operations.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_p._44-181">[168]</a> Jefferson looked to other corners to address the growing national debt.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_p._44-181">[168]</a> He shrank the Navy, for example, deeming it unnecessary in peacetime, and incorporated a fleet of inexpensive gunboats intended only for local defense to avoid provocation against foreign powers.<a href="#cite_note-Wood,_2010,_p._293-178">[165]</a> After two terms, he had lowered the national debt from $83 million to $57 million.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham387-182">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h3></div> Jefferson pardoned several of those imprisoned under the Alien and Sedition Acts.<a href="#cite_note-183">[170]</a> Congressional Republicans repealed the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Judiciary Act of 1801</a>, which removed nearly all of Adams's "midnight judges". A subsequent appointment battle led to the Supreme Court's landmark decision in <a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a>, asserting judicial review over executive branch actions.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_2012,_p._413-184">[171]</a> Jefferson appointed three <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court justices</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">William Johnson</a> (1804), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Henry Brockholst Livingston</a> (1807), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Thomas Todd</a> (1807).<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a> Jefferson strongly felt the need for a national military university, producing an officer engineering corps for a national defense based on the advancement of the sciences, rather than having to rely on foreign sources.<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a> He signed the <a href="/wiki/Military_Peace_Establishment_Act" title="Military Peace Establishment Act">Military Peace Establishment Act</a> on March 16, 1802, founding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>. The act documented a new set of laws and limits for the military. Jefferson was also hoping to bring reform to the Executive branch, replacing Federalists and active opponents throughout the officer corps to promote Republican values.<a href="#cite_note-187">[174]</a> Jefferson took great interest in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, which had been established in 1800. He often recommended books to acquire. In 1802, Congress authorized Jefferson to name the first Librarian of Congress, and formed a committee to establish library regulations. Congress also granted both the president and vice president the right to use the library.<a href="#cite_note-188">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs_(1801–1805)">Foreign affairs (1801–1805)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Barbary_War">First Barbary War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map. Barbary Coast of North Africa 1806" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg/220px-1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg/330px-1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg/440px-1800_map_Afrique_by_Arrowsmith_BPL_15210_detail2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> of North Africa in 1806, including (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></figcaption></figure> American merchant ships had been protected from <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> pirates by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> when the states were British colonies.<a href="#cite_note-189">[176]</a> After independence, however, pirates often captured U.S. merchant ships, pillaged cargoes, and enslaved or held crew members for ransom. Jefferson had opposed paying tribute to the Barbary States since 1785. In 1801, he authorized a U.S. Navy fleet under Commodore <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dale" title="Richard Dale">Richard Dale</a> to make a show of force in the Mediterranean, the first American naval squadron to cross the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham_pp._364-190">[177]</a> Following the fleet's first engagement, he successfully asked Congress for a declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham_pp._364-190">[177]</a> The "First Barbary War" was the first foreign war fought by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-191">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a> captured the <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1799)" title="USS Philadelphia (1799)">USS Philadelphia</a>, so Jefferson authorized <a href="/wiki/William_Eaton_(soldier)" title="William Eaton (soldier)">William Eaton</a>, the U.S. Consul to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, to lead a force to restore the pasha's older brother to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-192">[179]</a> The American navy forced Tunis and Algiers into breaking their alliance with Tripoli. Jefferson ordered five separate naval bombardments of Tripoli, leading the pasha to sign a treaty that restored peace in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-193">[180]</a> This victory proved only temporary, but according to Wood, "many Americans celebrated it as a vindication of their policy of spreading free trade around the world and as a great victory for liberty over tyranny."<a href="#cite_note-194">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisiana_Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/220px-Louisiana_Purchase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/330px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/440px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption>The 1803 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, completed during <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson's presidency</a>, added 827,987 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a> (2,144,480 square kilometres), which doubled the geographic size of the United States.</figcaption></figure> Spain <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">ceded ownership</a> of the Louisiana territory in 1800 to France. Jefferson was concerned that <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s interests in the vast territory would threaten the security of the continent and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> shipping. He wrote that the cession "works most sorely on the U.S. It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S."<a href="#cite_note-195">[182]</a> In 1802, he instructed <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> to negotiate the purchase of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and adjacent coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-196">[183]</a> In early 1803, Jefferson offered Napoleon nearly $10 million for 40,000 square miles (100,000 square kilometres) of tropical territory.<a href="#cite_note-Freehling2005-197">[184]</a> Napoleon realized that French military control was impractical over such a vast remote territory, and he was in dire need of funds for his <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars">wars on the home front</a>. In early April 1803, he unexpectedly made negotiators a counter-offer to sell 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 square kilometres) of French territory for $15 million (~$371 million in 2023), doubling the size of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Freehling2005-197">[184]</a> U.S. negotiators accepted the offer and signed the treaty on April 30, 1803.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham387-182">[169]</a> Word of the unexpected purchase did not reach Jefferson until July 3, 1803.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham387-182">[169]</a> He unknowingly acquired the most fertile tract of land of its size on Earth, making the new country self-sufficient in food and other resources. The sale also significantly curtailed European presence in North America, removing obstacles to U.S. <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">westward expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis208-198">[185]</a> Most thought that this was an exceptional opportunity, despite Republican reservations about the Constitutional authority of the federal government to acquire land.<a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_of_American_Democracy-199">[186]</a> Jefferson initially thought that a Constitutional <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Senate_changes" title="History of the United States Constitution">amendment</a> was necessary to purchase and govern the new territory; but he later changed his mind, fearing that this would give cause to oppose the purchase, and urged a speedy debate and ratification.<a href="#cite_note-200">[187]</a> On October 20, 1803, the Senate ratified the purchase treaty by a vote of 24–7.<a href="#cite_note-201">[188]</a> Jefferson personally was humble about acquiring the Louisiana Territory, but he resented complainers who called the vast domain a "howling wilderness".<a href="#cite_note-202">[189]</a> After the purchase, Jefferson preserved the region's Spanish legal code and instituted a gradual approach to integrating settlers into American democracy. He believed that a period of the federal rule would be necessary while Louisianans adjusted to their new nation.<a href="#cite_note-203">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[n]</a> Historians have differed in their assessments regarding the constitutional implications of the sale,<a href="#cite_note-206">[192]</a> but they typically hail the Louisiana acquisition as a major accomplishment. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> called the purchase the most formative event in American history.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis208-198">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeditions">Expeditions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition (1806)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Corps of Discover on river boat October 1805" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg/220px-Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg/330px-Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg/440px-Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia, a 1905 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell" title="Charles Marion Russell">Charles Marion Russell</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark's expedition</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> during Jefferson's presidency</figcaption></figure> Jefferson anticipated further westward settlements due to the Louisiana Purchase and arranged for the exploration and mapping of the uncharted territory. He sought to establish a U.S. claim ahead of competing European interests and to find the rumored <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ambrose76-207">[193]</a> Jefferson and others were influenced by exploration accounts of <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Simon_Le_Page_du_Pratz" title="Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz">Le Page du Pratz</a> in Louisiana (1763) and <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in the Pacific (1784),<a href="#cite_note-208">[194]</a> and they persuaded Congress in 1804 to fund an expedition to explore and <a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_and_Clark_Expidition_Map.jpg" title="File:Lewis and Clark Expidition Map.jpg">map</a> the newly acquired territory to the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-209">[195]</a> Jefferson appointed secretary <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> and acquaintance <a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a> to lead the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a> (1803–1806).<a href="#cite_note-210">[196]</a> In the months leading up to the expedition, Jefferson tutored Lewis in the sciences of mapping, botany, natural history, mineralogy, and astronomy and navigation, giving him unlimited access to his library at Monticello, which included the largest collection of books in the world on the subject of the geography and natural history of the North American continent, along with an impressive collection of maps.<a href="#cite_note-211">[197]</a> The expedition <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition">lasted from May 1804 to September 1806</a> and obtained a wealth of scientific and geographic knowledge, including knowledge of many Indian tribes.<a href="#cite_note-212">[198]</a> Jefferson organized three other western expeditions: the <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">William Dunbar and George Hunter Expedition</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_River" title="Ouachita River">Ouachita River</a> (1804–1805), the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis Expedition</a> (1806) on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Zebulon Pike Expedition</a> (1806–1807) into the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest. All three produced valuable information about the American frontier.<a href="#cite_note-213">[199]</a> This interest also motivated Jefferson to meet the Prussian explorer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> several times in June 1804, inquiring into Humboldt's knowledge of New Spain's natural resources, economic prospects, and demographic development.<a href="#cite_note-214">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_affairs">Native American affairs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Hoof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Black_Hoof.jpg/220px-Black_Hoof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Black_Hoof.jpg/330px-Black_Hoof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Black_Hoof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Hoof" title="Black Hoof">Black Hoof</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, accepted Jefferson's Indian assimilation policies.</figcaption></figure> Jefferson refuted the contemporary notion that Indians were inferior and maintained that they were equal in body and mind to people of European descent,<a href="#cite_note-215">[201]</a> although he believed them to be inferior in terms of culture and technology.<a href="#cite_note-216">[202]</a> As governor of Virginia during the Revolutionary War, Jefferson recommended moving the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> tribes, who had allied with the British, to west of the Mississippi River. But when he took office as president, he quickly took measures to avert another major conflict, as American and Indian societies were in collision and the British were inciting Indian tribes from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2008-217">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheehan1974-218">[204]</a> In Georgia, he stipulated that the state would release its legal claims for lands to its west in exchange for military support in expelling the Cherokee from Georgia. This facilitated his policy of western expansion, to "advance compactly as we multiply".<a href="#cite_note-219">[205]</a> In keeping with his <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinking, President Jefferson adopted an assimilation policy toward American Indians known as his "civilization program" which included securing peaceful U.S.–Indian treaty alliances and encouraging agriculture. Jefferson advocated that Indian tribes should make federal purchases by credit holding their lands as collateral. Various tribes accepted Jefferson's policies, including the Shawnees led by <a href="/wiki/Black_Hoof" title="Black Hoof">Black Hoof</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a>, and the Cherokee. However, some Shawnees, led by <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>, broke off from Black Hoof, and opposed Jefferson's assimilation policies.<a href="#cite_note-220">[206]</a> Historian Bernard Sheehan argues that Jefferson believed that assimilation was best for American Indians, and next-best was removal to the west; he felt that the worst outcome of the conflict would be their attacking the whites.<a href="#cite_note-Sheehan1974-218">[204]</a> Jefferson told <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, who then oversaw Indian affairs, "If we are constrained to lift the hatchet against any tribe, we will never lay it down until that tribe is exterminated or driven beyond the Mississippi."<a href="#cite_note-221">[207]</a> Miller agrees that Jefferson believed that Indians should assimilate to American customs and agriculture. Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Onuf" title="Peter S. Onuf">Peter S. Onuf</a> and Merrill D. Peterson argue that Jefferson's actual Indian policies did little to promote assimilation and were a pretext to seize lands.<a href="#cite_note-222">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-election_in_1804_and_second_term">Re-election in 1804 and second term</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1804.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electoral College map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ElectoralCollege1804.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1804.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ElectoralCollege1804.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1804.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ElectoralCollege1804.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1804.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Results from the <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 U.S. presidential election</a> in which Jefferson was reelected overwhelmingly to a second term as president</figcaption></figure> Jefferson was nominated for reelection by the Republican party, with <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> replacing Burr as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham405-223">[209]</a> The Federalist party ran <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a> of South Carolina, John Adams's vice-presidential candidate in the 1800 election. The Jefferson-Clinton ticket won overwhelmingly in the electoral college vote, by 162 to 14, promoting their achievement of a strong economy, lower taxes, and the Louisiana Purchase.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham405-223">[209]</a> In March 1806, a split developed in the Republican party, led by fellow Virginian and former Republican ally <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a>, who viciously accused President Jefferson on the floor of the House of moving too far in the Federalist direction. In so doing, Randolph permanently set himself apart <a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">politically</a> from Jefferson. Jefferson and Madison had backed resolutions to limit or ban British imports in retaliation for British seizures of American shipping. Also, in 1808, Jefferson was the first president to propose a broad Federal plan to build roads and canals across several states, asking for $20 million, further alarming Randolph and believers of limited government.<a href="#cite_note-224">[210]</a> Jefferson's popularity further suffered in his second term due to his response to wars in Europe. Positive relations with Britain had diminished, due partly to the antipathy between Jefferson and British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Merry" title="Anthony Merry">Anthony Merry</a>. After Napoleon's decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> in 1805, Napoleon became more aggressive in his negotiations over trading rights, which American efforts failed to counter. Jefferson then led the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a>, directed at both France and Britain. This triggered economic chaos in the U.S. and was strongly criticized, resulting in Jefferson having to abandon the policy a year later.<a href="#cite_note-225">[211]</a> During the revolutionary era, the states abolished the international slave trade, but South Carolina reopened it. In his annual message of December 1806, Jefferson denounced the "violations of human rights" attending the international slave trade, calling on the newly elected Congress to criminalize it immediately. In 1807, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a>, which Jefferson signed.<a href="#cite_note-226">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Randal583-227">[213]</a> The act established severe punishment against the international slave trade, although it did not address the issue domestically.<a href="#cite_note-228">[214]</a> In Haiti, Jefferson's neutrality had allowed arms to enable the slave independence movement during its <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Revolution</a>, and blocked attempts to assist Napoleon, who was defeated there in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-jstorhaiti-229">[215]</a> But his administration refused official recognition of the country during his second term, in deference to southern complaints about the racial violence against slave-holders; it was eventually extended to Haiti in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-230">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burr_conspiracy_and_trial">Burr conspiracy and trial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">Burr–Hamilton duel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></div> Following the 1801 electoral deadlock, Jefferson's relationship with his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, rapidly eroded. Jefferson suspected Burr of seeking the presidency for himself, while Burr was angered by Jefferson's refusal to appoint some of his supporters to federal office. Burr was dropped from the Democratic-Republican ticket in 1804 in favor of charismatic <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg/220px-Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg/330px-Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg/440px-Vanderlyn_Burr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An 1802 portrait of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Vanderlyn" title="John Vanderlyn">John Vanderlyn</a></figcaption></figure> The same year, Burr was soundly defeated in his bid to be elected New York governor. During the campaign, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> publicly made callous remarks regarding Burr's moral character.<a href="#cite_note-Chernow04_p714-231">[217]</a> Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, mortally wounding him on July 11, 1804. Burr was indicted for Hamilton's murder in New York and New Jersey, causing him to flee to Georgia, although he remained president of the Senate during Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase" title="Impeachment of Samuel Chase">impeachment trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[218]</a> Both indictments quietly died and Burr was not prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197434-233">[219]</a> Also during the election, certain New England separatists approached Burr, desiring a New England federation and intimating that he would be their leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197434–35-234">[220]</a> However, nothing came of the plot, since Burr had lost the election and his reputation was ruined after killing Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197434–35-234">[220]</a> In August 1804, Burr contacted British Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Merry" title="Anthony Merry">Anthony Merry</a> offering to cede U.S. western territory in return for money and British ships.<a href="#cite_note-The_Burr_Conspiracy_2000-235">[221]</a> After leaving office in April 1805, Burr traveled west and conspired with Louisiana Territory governor <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>, beginning a large-scale recruitment for a military expedition.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p50-236">[222]</a> Other plotters included Ohio Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Ohio_Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith (Ohio Senator)">John Smith</a> and Irishman <a href="/wiki/Harman_Blennerhassett" title="Harman Blennerhassett">Harman Blennerhassett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p50-236">[222]</a> Burr discussed seizing control of Mexico or Spanish Florida, or forming a secessionist state in New Orleans or the Western U.S.; historians remain unclear as to his true goal.<a href="#cite_note-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[o]</a> In the fall of 1806, Burr launched a military flotilla carrying about 60 men down the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. Wilkinson renounced the plot and reported Burr's expedition to Jefferson, who ordered Burr's arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p50-236">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197437-241">[226]</a> On February 13, 1807, Burr was captured in Louisiana and sent to Virginia to be tried for treason.<a href="#cite_note-The_Burr_Conspiracy_2000-235">[221]</a> Burr's 1807 conspiracy trial became a national issue.<a href="#cite_note-242">[227]</a> Jefferson attempted to preemptively influence the verdict by telling Congress that Burr's guilt was "beyond question", but the case came before his longtime political foe <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>, who dismissed the treason charge. Burr's legal team subpoenaed Jefferson, but Jefferson refused to testify, making the first argument for <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>. Instead, Jefferson provided relevant legal documents.<a href="#cite_note-243">[228]</a> After a three-month trial, the jury found Burr not guilty, while Jefferson denounced his acquittal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197437-241">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[230]</a> Jefferson subsequently removed Wilkinson as territorial governor but retained him in the U.S. military. Historian James N. Banner criticized Jefferson for continuing to trust Wilkinson, a "faithless plotter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197437-241">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wilkinson's_misconduct">Wilkinson's misconduct</h4></div> Commanding General <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a> was a holdover of the Washington and Adams administrations. In 1804, Wilkinson received 12,000 pesos from the Spanish for information on American boundary plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197435-247">[231]</a> Wilkinson also received advances on his salary and payments on claims submitted to Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>. This damaging information apparently was unknown to Jefferson. In 1805, Jefferson trusted Wilkinson and appointed him Louisiana Territory governor, admiring Wilkinson's work ethic. In January 1806, Jefferson received information from Kentucky U.S. Attorney Joseph Davies that Wilkinson was on the Spanish payroll. Jefferson took no action against Wilkinson, since there was not then significant evidence against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197435–36-248">[232]</a> An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> in December 1807 exonerated Wilkinson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197436-249">[233]</a> In 1808, a military court looked into the allegations against Wilkinson but also found a lack of evidence. Jefferson retained Wilkinson in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197436–37-250">[234]</a> Evidence found in Spanish archives in the 20th century proved Wilkinson was on the Spanish payroll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197435-247">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs_(1805–1809)">Foreign affairs (1805–1809)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempted_annexation_of_Florida">Attempted annexation of Florida</h4></div> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, Jefferson attempted to annex <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">West Florida</a> from Spain. In his annual message to Congress, on December 3, 1805, Jefferson railed against Spain over Florida border depredations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197437–38-251">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2002p49-252">[236]</a> A few days later Jefferson secretly requested a two-million-dollar expenditure to purchase Florida. Floor leader <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a> opposed annexation and was upset over Jefferson's secrecy on the matter, and believed the money would land in the <a href="/wiki/Coffers" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffers">coffers</a> of Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197438-253">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2002p49-252">[236]</a> The Two Million Dollar bill passed only after Jefferson successfully maneuvered to replace Randolph with <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Bidwell" title="Barnabas Bidwell">Barnabas Bidwell</a> as floor leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197438-253">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2002p49-252">[236]</a> This aroused suspicion of Jefferson and charges of undue executive influence over Congress. Jefferson signed the bill into law in February 1806. Six weeks later the law was made public. The two million dollars was to be given to France as payment, in turn, to put pressure on Spain to permit the annexation of Florida by the United States. France, however, refused the offer and Florida remained under Spanish control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197438–39-254">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2002p49-252">[236]</a> The failed venture damaged Jefferson's reputation among his supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanner197439-255">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2002p49-252">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chesapeake–Leopard_affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopardchesapeake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Leopardchesapeake.jpg/220px-Leopardchesapeake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Leopardchesapeake.jpg/330px-Leopardchesapeake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Leopardchesapeake.jpg/440px-Leopardchesapeake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Leopard" title="HMS Leopard">HMS Leopard</a> (right) firing upon the <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake" title="USS Chesapeake">USS Chesapeake</a> in June 1807</figcaption></figure> The British conducted seizures of American shipping to search for British deserters from 1806 to 1807; American citizens were thus impressed into the British naval service. In 1806, Jefferson issued a call for a boycott of British goods; on April 18, Congress passed the Non-Importation Acts, but they were never enforced. Later that year, Jefferson asked James Monroe and <a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> to negotiate an end to the harassment of American shipping, though Britain showed no signs of improving relations. The <a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a> was finalized but lacked any provisions to end the British policies, and Jefferson refused to submit it to the Senate for ratification.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes505-256">[240]</a> The British ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Leopard_(1790)" title="HMS Leopard (1790)">HMS Leopard</a> fired upon the <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS Chesapeake</a> off the Virginia coast in June 1807.<a href="#cite_note-embargo-257">[241]</a> Jefferson issued a proclamation banning armed British ships from U.S. waters. He presumed unilateral authority to call on the states to prepare 100,000 militia and ordered the purchase of arms, ammunition, and supplies, writing, "The laws of necessity, of self-preservation, of saving our country when in danger, are of higher obligation [than strict observance of written laws]". The <a href="/wiki/USS_Revenge_(1806)" title="USS Revenge (1806)">USS Revenge</a> was dispatched to demand an explanation from the British government; it also was fired upon. Jefferson called for a special session of Congress in October to enact an embargo or alternatively to consider war.<a href="#cite_note-258">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embargo_(1807–1809)">Embargo (1807–1809)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ograbme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A turtle biting a man carrying a barrel to a waiting ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ograbme.jpg/220px-Ograbme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ograbme.jpg/330px-Ograbme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ograbme.jpg/440px-Ograbme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>An 1807 political cartoon on the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act</a>, depicting merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is "Embargo" spelled backward</figcaption></figure> In December 1807, news arrived that Napoleon had extended the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Decree" title="Berlin Decree">Berlin Decree</a>, globally banning British imports. In Britain, King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> ordered redoubling efforts at impressment, including American sailors. But Congress had no appetite to prepare the U.S. for war. Jefferson asked for and received the Embargo Act, an alternative that allowed the U.S. more time to build up defensive works, militias, and naval forces. Meacham said that the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act</a> was a projection of power that surpassed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and R. B. Bernstein said that Jefferson "was pursuing policies resembling those he had cited in 1776 as grounds for independence and revolution".<a href="#cite_note-259">[243]</a> In November 1807, Jefferson, for several days, met with his cabinet to discuss the deteriorating foreign situation.<a href="#cite_note-260">[244]</a> Secretary of State James Madison supported the embargo,<a href="#cite_note-261">[245]</a> while Treasury Secretary Gallatin opposed it, due to its indefinite time frame and the risk to the policy of American neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-262">[246]</a> The U.S. economy suffered, criticism grew, and opponents began evading the embargo. Instead of retreating, Jefferson sent federal agents to secretly track down smugglers and violators.<a href="#cite_note-263">[247]</a> Three acts were passed in Congress during 1807 and 1808, called the Supplementary, the Additional, and the Enforcement acts.<a href="#cite_note-embargo-257">[241]</a> The government could not prevent American vessels from trading with the European belligerents once they had left American ports, although the embargo triggered a devastating decline in exports.<a href="#cite_note-embargo-257">[241]</a> In December 1807, Jefferson announced his intention not to seek a third term. He turned his attention increasingly to Monticello during the last year of his presidency, giving Madison and Gallatin almost total control of affairs.<a href="#cite_note-264">[248]</a> Shortly before leaving office in March 1809, Jefferson signed the repeal of the Embargo. In its place, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intercourse Act">Non-Intercourse Act</a> was passed, but it proved no more effective.<a href="#cite_note-embargo-257">[241]</a> The day before Madison was inaugurated as his successor, Jefferson said that he felt like "a prisoner, released from his chains".<a href="#cite_note-265">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:0; margin-right:1em; float:left; clear:left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Jefferson cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">Thomas Jefferson</th><td>1801–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></th><td>1801–1805</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></th><td>1805–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></th><td>1801–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a></th><td>1801</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a></th><td>1801–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a></th><td>1801–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a></th><td>1801–1805</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a></th><td>1805–1806</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a></th><td>1807–1809</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a></th><td>1801</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a></th><td>1801–1809</td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1809–1826)">Post-presidency (1809–1826)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Thomas Jefferson and education</a></div> After his presidency, Jefferson remained influential and continued to correspond with many of the country's leaders (including his two protégées, Madison and Monroe, who succeeded him as president); the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> strongly resembles solicited advice that Jefferson gave to Monroe in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-266">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Virginia">University of Virginia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg/220px-Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg/330px-Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg/440px-Lawn_UVa_Rotunda_Pavilions_II_and_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> in Charlottesville, founded by Jefferson in 1819</figcaption></figure> Jefferson envisioned a university free of church influences where students could specialize in new areas not offered at other colleges. He believed that education engendered a stable society, which should provide publicly funded schools accessible based solely on ability.<a href="#cite_note-268">[252]</a> He initially proposed his university in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> in 1800<a href="#cite_note-269">[253]</a> and, in 1819, founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. He organized the state legislative campaign for its charter and, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(1785%E2%80%931866)" title="Edmund Bacon (1785–1866)">Edmund Bacon</a>, purchased the location. He was the principal designer of the buildings, planned the university's curriculum, and served as the first rector upon its opening in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_1970_ch11-270">[254]</a> Jefferson was a strong disciple of Greek and Roman architectural styles, which he believed to be most representative of American democracy. Each academic unit, called a pavilion, was designed with a two-story temple front, while the library "Rotunda" was modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Roman Pantheon</a>. Jefferson referred to the university's grounds as the "<a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">Academical Village</a>", and he reflected his educational ideas in its layout. The ten pavilions included classrooms and faculty residences; they formed a quadrangle and were connected by colonnades, behind which stood the student rooms. Gardens and vegetable plots were placed behind the pavilions and were surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Crinkle_crankle_wall" title="Crinkle crankle wall">serpentine walls</a>, affirming the importance of the agrarian lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-271">[255]</a> The university had a library rather than a church at its center, emphasizing its secular nature—controversial at the time.<a href="#cite_note-272">[256]</a> When Jefferson died in 1826, James Madison replaced him as rector.<a href="#cite_note-273">[257]</a> Jefferson bequeathed most of his reconstructed library of almost 2,000 volumes to the university.<a href="#cite_note-274">[258]</a> Only one other ex-president has founded a university; <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-275">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciliation_with_Adams">Reconciliation with Adams</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_Abigail_Smith_Adams_(Mrs._John_Adams),_1800-1815,_NGA_42934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Abigail_Smith_Adams_%28Mrs._John_Adams%29%2C_1800-1815%2C_NGA_42934.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Abigail_Smith_Adams_%28Mrs._John_Adams%29%2C_1800-1815%2C_NGA_42934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Abigail_Smith_Adams_%28Mrs._John_Adams%29%2C_1800-1815%2C_NGA_42934.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Abigail_Smith_Adams_%28Mrs._John_Adams%29%2C_1800-1815%2C_NGA_42934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Abigail_Smith_Adams_%28Mrs._John_Adams%29%2C_1800-1815%2C_NGA_42934.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Abigail_Smith_Adams_%28Mrs._John_Adams%29%2C_1800-1815%2C_NGA_42934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>In 1804, <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, wife and confidant of John Adams, was one of several people who intervened in an attempt to reconcile differences between Jefferson and John Adams. Jefferson and Adams ultimately reconciled, established a lengthy correspondence and renewed friendship, and died within hours of each other on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.</figcaption></figure> Jefferson and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> became good friends in the first decades of their political careers, serving together in the Continental Congress in the 1770s and in Europe in the 1780s. The Federalist/Republican split of the 1790s divided them, however, and Adams felt betrayed by Jefferson's sponsorship of partisan attacks, such as those of James Callender. Jefferson was angered by Adams' appointment of "midnight judges".<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2008-276">[260]</a> The two men did not communicate directly for more than a decade after Jefferson succeeded Adams as president.<a href="#cite_note-277">[261]</a> A brief correspondence took place between <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> and Jefferson after Jefferson's daughter Polly died in 1804, in an attempt at reconciliation unknown to Adams. However, an exchange of letters resumed open hostilities between Adams and Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2008-276">[260]</a> As early as 1809, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> began to prod the two through correspondence to re-establish contact.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2008-276">[260]</a> In 1812, Adams wrote a short New Year's greeting to Jefferson, prompted earlier by Rush, to which Jefferson warmly responded. This initial correspondence began what historian <a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a> calls "one of the most extraordinary correspondences in American history".<a href="#cite_note-278">[262]</a> Over the next 14 years, Jefferson and Adams exchanged 158 letters discussing their political differences, justifying their respective roles in events, and debating the revolution's import to the world.<a href="#cite_note-279">[263]</a> When Adams died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, his last words were an acknowledgment of his longtime friend and rival. "Thomas Jefferson survives", Adams said, unaware that Jefferson had died a few hours earlier.<a href="#cite_note-280">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3></div> In 1821, at the age of 77, Jefferson began writing his Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson: 1743–1790, in which he said he sought to "state some recollections of dates and facts concerning myself".<a href="#cite_note-Jeffbio-283">[267]</a> He focused on the struggles and achievements he experienced until July 29, 1790, where the narrative stopped short.<a href="#cite_note-284">[268]</a> He excluded his youth, emphasizing the revolutionary era. He related that his ancestors came from Wales to America in the early 17th century and settled in the western frontier of the Virginia colony, which influenced his zeal for individual and state rights. Jefferson described his father as uneducated, but with a "strong mind and sound judgement". He also addressed his enrollment in the College of William and Mary and his election to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1775.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffbio-283">[267]</a> He expressed opposition to the idea of a privileged <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> made up of large landowning families partial to the King, and instead promoted "the aristocracy of virtue and talent, which nature has wisely provided for the direction of the interests of society, & scattered with equal hand through all its conditions, was deemed essential to a well-ordered republic".<a href="#cite_note-Jeffbio-283">[267]</a> The work is primarily concerned with the Declaration and reforming the government of Virginia. He used notes, letters, and documents to tell many of the stories. He suggested that this history was so rich that his personal affairs were better overlooked, but he incorporated a self-analysis using the Declaration and other patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-285">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_War_of_Independence">Greek War of Independence</h3></div> Thomas Jefferson was a <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellene</a>, lover of Greek culture, who sympathized with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanMacpherson2005427-286">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201717-287">[271]</a> He has been described as the most influential of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> who supported the Greek cause,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201717-287">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle192749-288">[272]</a> viewing it as similar to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201729-289">[273]</a> By 1823, Jefferson was exchanging ideas with Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201717-287">[271]</a> Jefferson advised Korais on building the political system of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> by using <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> and examples from the American governmental system, ultimately prescribing a government akin to that of a U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201718-290">[274]</a> He also suggested the application of a <a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">classical education system</a> for the newly founded <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201719-291">[275]</a> Jefferson's philosophical instructions were welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201719-291">[275]</a> Korais became one of the designers of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek constitution">Greek constitution</a> and urged his associates to study Jefferson's works and other literature from the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacavone201719-291">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lafayette's_visit">Lafayette's visit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States" title="Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States">Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette-scheffer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lafayette-scheffer.jpg/220px-Lafayette-scheffer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lafayette-scheffer.jpg/330px-Lafayette-scheffer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lafayette-scheffer.jpg/440px-Lafayette-scheffer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>An 1824 portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a></figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1824, the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> accepted an invitation from President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> to visit the country. Jefferson and Lafayette had not seen each other since 1789. After visits to New York, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, and Washington, Lafayette arrived at <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> on November 4.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_1970_ch11-270">[254]</a> Jefferson's grandson <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Randolph</a> was present and recorded the reunion: "As they approached each other, their uncertain gait quickened itself into a shuffling run, and exclaiming, 'Ah Jefferson!' 'Ah Lafayette!', they burst into tears as they fell into each other's arms." Jefferson and Lafayette then retired to the house to reminisce.<a href="#cite_note-292">[276]</a> The next morning Jefferson, Lafayette, and James Madison attended a tour and banquet at the University of Virginia. Jefferson had someone else read a speech he had prepared for Lafayette, as his voice was weak and could not carry. This was his last public presentation. After an 11-day visit, Lafayette bid Jefferson goodbye and departed Monticello.<a href="#cite_note-293">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days,_death,_and_burial">Final days, death, and burial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_John_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of John Adams">Death of John Adams</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obelisk at Thomas Jefferson's gravesite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Jefferson's gravesite at Monticello</figcaption></figure> Jefferson's approximately $100,000 of debt weighed heavily on his mind in his final months,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as it became increasingly clear that he would have little to leave to his heirs. In February 1826, he successfully applied to the General Assembly to hold a public lottery as a fundraiser.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis288-294">[278]</a> His health began to deteriorate in July 1825, due to a combination of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> from arm and wrist injuries, and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urinary</a> disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_1970_ch11-270">[254]</a> By June 1826, he was confined to bed.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis288-294">[278]</a> On July 3, overcome by fever, Jefferson declined an invitation to attend an anniversary celebration of the Declaration in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[279]</a> During his last hours, he was accompanied by family members and friends. Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, at 12:50 p.m. at age 83, on the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. In the moments prior to his death, Jefferson instructed his treating physician, "No, doctor, nothing more", refusing <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>. But his final significant words were, "Is it the Fourth?" or "This is the Fourth".<a href="#cite_note-296">[280]</a> When <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> died later that same day, his last words were "Thomas Jefferson survives", though Adams was unaware that Jefferson had died several hours before.<a href="#cite_note-297">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-rayner428–29-299">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berstein189-300">[284]</a> The sitting president was Adams's son, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, and he called the coincidence of their deaths on the nation's anniversary "visible and palpable remarks of Divine Favor".<a href="#cite_note-301">[285]</a> Shortly after Jefferson died, attendants found a gold locket on a chain around his neck, containing a small faded blue ribbon around a lock of his wife <a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha</a>'s hair.<a href="#cite_note-302">[286]</a> Jefferson was interred at <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, under an <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> that he wrote: <blockquote>HERE WAS BURIED THOMAS JEFFERSON, AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, OF THE STATUTE OF VIRGINIA FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, AND FATHER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.<a href="#cite_note-303">[287]</a></blockquote> In his advanced years, Jefferson became increasingly concerned that people would understand the principles in the Declaration of Independence, and the people responsible for writing it, and he continually defended himself as its author. He considered the document one of his greatest life achievements, in addition to authoring the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Virginia_for_Religious_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom">Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom</a> and founding the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. Absent from his epitaph were his political roles, including his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-304">[288]</a> Jefferson died deeply in debt, and was unable to pass on his estate freely to his heirs.<a href="#cite_note-305">[289]</a> He gave instructions in his will for disposal of his assets,<a href="#cite_note-306">[290]</a> including the freeing of Sally Hemings's children;<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_2012,_p._495-307">[291]</a> but his estate, possessions, and slaves were sold at public auctions starting in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-308">[292]</a> In 1831, Monticello was sold by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> and the other heirs.<a href="#cite_note-309">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political,_social,_and_religious_views">Political, social, and religious views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jefferson subscribed to the political ideals expounded by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, whom he considered the three greatest men who ever lived.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes,_2008,_p._10-310">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cogliano_p._14-311">[295]</a> He was also influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)" title="William Robertson (historian)">Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cogliano_p._26-312">[296]</a> Jefferson thought that the independent <a href="/wiki/Yeoman#United_States" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> and agrarian life were ideals of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican virtues</a>. He distrusted cities and financiers, favored decentralized government power, and believed that the tyranny that had plagued the common man in Europe was due to corrupt political establishments and monarchies. He supported efforts to disestablish the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-313">[297]</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>, and he pressed for a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">wall of separation</a> between church and state.<a href="#cite_note-314">[298]</a> The Republicans under Jefferson were strongly influenced by the 18th-century British <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig Party</a>, which believed in <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[299]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> became dominant in <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">early American politics</a>, and his views became known as <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2003_p_314-317">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy,_society,_and_government">Philosophy, society, and government</h3></div> Jefferson wrote letters and speeches prolifically; these show him to be well-read in the philosophical literature of his day and of antiquity. Nevertheless, some scholars do not take Jefferson seriously as a philosopher mainly because he did not produce a formal work on philosophy. However, he has been described as one of the most outstanding philosophical figures of his time because his work provided the theoretical background to, and the substance of, the social and political events of the revolutionary years and the development of the <a href="/wiki/American_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="American Constitution">American Constitution</a> in the 1770s and 1780s.<a href="#cite_note-318">[302]</a> Jefferson continued to attend to more theoretical questions of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> and subsequently left behind a rich philosophical legacy in the form of presidential messages, letters, and public papers.<a href="#cite_note-319">[303]</a> Jefferson described himself as an <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a> and, although he adopted the Stoic belief in <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuition</a> and found comfort in the Stoic emphasis on the patient endurance of misfortune, he rejected most aspects of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a>' works.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a>]<a href="#cite_note-320">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richard-321">[305]</a> He rejected the Stoics' doctrine of a <a href="/wiki/Soul#Philosophical_views" title="Soul">separable soul</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a>, and was angered by their misrepresentation of Epicureanism as mere hedonism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Richard-321">[305]</a> Jefferson knew Epicurean philosophy from original sources, but also mentioned <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi#Syntagma_philosophicum" title="Pierre Gassendi">Syntagma philosophicum</a> as influencing his ideas on Epicureanism.<a href="#cite_note-322">[306]</a> According to Jefferson's philosophy, citizens have "certain inalienable rights" and "rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will, within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others."<a href="#cite_note-323">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-324">[308]</a> A staunch advocate of the jury system, he proclaimed in 1801, "I consider [trial by jury] as the only anchor yet imagined by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution."<a href="#cite_note-325">[309]</a> Jeffersonian government not only prohibited individuals in society from infringing on the liberty of others, but also restrained itself from diminishing <a href="/wiki/Individual_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual liberty">individual liberty</a> as a protection against <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[310]</a> Initially, Jefferson favored restricted voting to those who could actually have the free exercise of their reason by escaping any corrupting dependence on others. He advocated enfranchising a majority of Virginians, seeking to expand suffrage to include "yeoman farmers" who owned their own land while excluding tenant farmers, city day laborers, vagrants, most American Indians, and women.<a href="#cite_note-Wood220-327">[311]</a> He was convinced that individual liberties were the fruit of political equality, which was threatened by the arbitrary government.<a href="#cite_note-328">[312]</a> Excesses of democracy in his view were caused by institutional corruption rather than human nature. He was less suspicious of a working democracy than many contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-Wood220-327">[311]</a> As president, Jefferson feared that the <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federal system</a> enacted by Washington and Adams had encouraged corrupting patronage and dependence. He tried to restore a balance between the state and federal governments more nearly reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, seeking to reinforce state prerogatives where his party was in the majority.<a href="#cite_note-Wood220-327">[311]</a> According to Stanford Scholar <a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Jack Rakove</a>, "[w]hen Jefferson wrote “all men are created equal” in the preamble to the Declaration, he was not talking about individual equality. What he really meant was that the American colonists, as a people, had the same rights of self-government as other peoples, and hence could declare independence, create new governments and assume their “separate and equal station” among other nations."<a href="#cite_note-auto-324">[308]</a> Jefferson's famous mantra later became a statement "of individual equality that everyone and every member of a deprived group could claim for himself or herself."<a href="#cite_note-auto-324">[308]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wiencek" title="Henry Wiencek">Henry Wiencek</a> has noted Jefferson included slaves when he penned "all men are created equal" in the Declaration. As early as 1774, Jefferson had supported ending domestic slavery, and making slaves citizens.<a href="#cite_note-329">[313]</a> Later, writing in Notes (1781), Jefferson supported gradual emancipation of slaves, to be sent away from the U.S. to an unspecified place. The former slaves would be replaced by white immigrant workers. <a href="#cite_note-330">[314]</a> In 1792, Jefferson calculated that he was making a 4 percent profit every year on the birth of black children. After this he wrote that slavery presented an investment strategy for the future. Historian Brion Davis writes that Jefferson's emancipation efforts virtually ceased.<a href="#cite_note-331">[315]</a> Jefferson was steeped in the <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whig tradition</a> of the oppressed majority set against a repeatedly unresponsive court party in the Parliament. He justified small outbreaks of rebellion as necessary to get monarchial regimes to amend oppressive measures compromising popular liberties. In a republican regime ruled by the majority, he acknowledged "it will often be exercised when wrong".<a href="#cite_note-332">[316]</a> But "the remedy is to set them right as to facts, pardon and pacify them".<a href="#cite_note-333">[317]</a> As Jefferson saw his party triumph in two terms of his presidency and launch into a third term under James Madison, his view of the U.S. as a continental republic and an "empire of liberty" grew more upbeat. On departing the presidency, he described America as "trusted with the destines of this solitary republic of the world, the only monument of human rights, and the sole depository of the sacred fire of freedom and self-government".<a href="#cite_note-334">[318]</a> Jefferson was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/American_expansionism" class="mw-redirect" title="American expansionism">American expansionism</a>, writing in 1801 that "it is impossible not to look forward to distant times when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits, and cover the whole northern, if not the southern continent."<a href="#cite_note-335">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elder Jefferson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg/330px-Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg/440px-Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Jefferson, at age 78, depicted in an 1821 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a> portrait</figcaption></figure> Jefferson considered democracy to be the expression of society and promoted national self-determination, cultural uniformity, and education of all males of the commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-336">[320]</a> He supported public education and a free press as essential components of a democratic nation.<a href="#cite_note-337">[321]</a> After resigning as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a> in 1795, Jefferson focused on the electoral bases of the Republicans and Federalists. The "Republican" classification for which he advocated included "the entire body of landholders" everywhere and "the body of laborers" without land.<a href="#cite_note-338">[322]</a> Republicans united behind Jefferson as vice president, with the election of 1796 expanding democracy nationwide at grassroots levels.<a href="#cite_note-339">[323]</a> Jefferson promoted Republican candidates for local offices.<a href="#cite_note-340">[324]</a> Beginning with Jefferson's electioneering for the "revolution of 1800", his political efforts were based on egalitarian appeals.<a href="#cite_note-341">[325]</a> In his later years, he referred to the 1800 election "as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of '76 was in its form", one "not effected indeed by the sword ... but by the ... suffrage of the people".<a href="#cite_note-342">[326]</a> Voter participation grew during Jefferson's presidency, increasing to "unimaginable levels" compared to the Federalist Era, with turnout of about 67,000 in <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a> rising to about 143,000 in <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[327]</a> At the onset of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Jefferson accepted <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>'s argument that property ownership would sufficiently empower voters' independent judgement, but he sought to further expand suffrage by land distribution to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-344">[328]</a> In the heat of the Revolutionary Era and afterward, several states expanded voter eligibility from landed gentry to all propertied male, tax-paying citizens with Jefferson's support.<a href="#cite_note-345">[329]</a> In retirement, he gradually became critical of his home state for violating "the principle of equal political rights"—the social right of universal male suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-346">[330]</a> He sought a "general suffrage" of all taxpayers and militia-men, and equal representation by population in the General Assembly to correct preferential treatment of the slave-holding regions.<a href="#cite_note-347">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A leather-bound Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson_Bible_Lined_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a> features only the words of Jesus from his disciples, written in parallel <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, French, and English.</figcaption></figure> Baptized in his youth, Jefferson became a governing member of his local <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>, which he later attended with his daughters.<a href="#cite_note-348">[332]</a> Jefferson, however, spurned Biblical views of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham_2020-349">[333]</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deist</a> authors during his college years, Jefferson abandoned orthodox Christianity after his review of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> teachings.<a href="#cite_note-350">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[335]</a> Jefferson has sometimes been portrayed as a follower of the liberal religious strand of Deism that values reason over revelation.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-352">[336]</a> Nonetheless, in 1803, Jefferson asserted, "I am Christian, in the only sense in which [Jesus] wished any one to be".<a href="#cite_note-Randal583-227">[213]</a> Jefferson later defined being a Christian as one who followed the simple teachings of Jesus. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1a-352">[336]</a> Jefferson selected New Testament passages of Jesus' teachings into a private work he called The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a>, which was never published during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson_Bible,_1820-353">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-354">[338]</a> Jefferson believed that Jesus' message had been obscured and corrupted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Gospel writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant reformers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-352">[336]</a> Peterson states that Jefferson was a <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theist</a> "whose God was the Creator of the universe ... all the evidences of nature testified to His perfection; and man could rely on the harmony and beneficence of His work".<a href="#cite_note-355">[339]</a> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, Jefferson wrote that what he believed was genuinely Christ's, found in the Gospels, was "as easily distinguishable as diamonds in a dunghill".<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham_2020-349">[333]</a> By omitting miracles and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, Jefferson made the figure of Jesus more compatible with a worldview based on reason.<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham_2020-349">[333]</a> Jefferson was firmly <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anticlerical</a>, writing in "every age, the priest has been hostile to liberty ... they have perverted the purest religion ever preached to man into mystery and jargon."<a href="#cite_note-356">[340]</a> The full letter to Horatio Spatford can be read at the National Archives.<a href="#cite_note-357">[341]</a> Jefferson once supported banning clergy from public office but later relented.<a href="#cite_note-358">[342]</a> In 1777, he drafted the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>. Ratified in 1786, it made compelling attendance or contributions to any state-sanctioned religious establishment illegal and declared that men "shall be free to profess ... their opinions in matters of religion".<a href="#cite_note-359">[343]</a> The Statute is one of only three accomplishments he chose for his epitaph.<a href="#cite_note-360">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[345]</a> Early in 1802, Jefferson wrote to the Danbury Connecticut Baptist Association that "religion is a matter which lies solely between Man and his God". He interpreted the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> as having built "a wall of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation between Church and State</a>".<a href="#cite_note-362">[346]</a> The phrase 'Separation of Church and State' has been cited several times by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in its interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a>. Jefferson donated to the <a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a>, saying the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a> delivered a "pure and sublime system of morality" to humanity. He thought Americans would rationally create "<a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Apiarian</a>" religion, extracting the best traditions of every denomination.<a href="#cite_note-363">[347]</a> He contributed generously to several local denominations near Monticello.<a href="#cite_note-364">[348]</a> Acknowledging <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a> would always be factored into political life, he encouraged reason over supernatural revelation to make inquiries into religion. He believed in a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator god</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, and the sum of religion as loving God and neighbors. But he also controversially rejected fundamental Christian beliefs, denying the conventional Christian <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, Jesus's divinity as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> and miracles, the Resurrection of Christ, atonement from sin, and <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-354">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[350]</a> Jefferson believed that original sin was a gross injustice.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-354">[338]</a> Jefferson's unorthodox religious beliefs became an important issue in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wood586-367">[351]</a> Federalists attacked him as an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>. As president, Jefferson countered the accusations by praising religion in his inaugural address and attending services at the Capitol.<a href="#cite_note-Wood586-367">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banks">Banks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Jefferson opposed Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s proposal to establish a government bank, and the two emerged as political rivals during <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington's presidency">George Washington's presidency</a>.</figcaption></figure> Jefferson distrusted government banks and opposed public borrowing, which he thought created long-term debt, bred monopolies, and invited dangerous speculation as opposed to productive labor.<a href="#cite_note-368">[352]</a> In one letter to Madison, he argued each generation should curtail all debt within 19 years, and not impose a long-term debt on subsequent generations.<a href="#cite_note-369">[353]</a> In 1791, President Washington asked Jefferson, then secretary of state, and Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury, if the Congress had the authority to create a <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">national bank</a>. While Hamilton believed so, Jefferson and Madison thought a national bank would ignore the needs of individuals and farmers, and would violate the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a> by assuming powers not granted to the federal government by the states.<a href="#cite_note-370">[354]</a> Hamilton successfully argued that the <a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">implied powers</a> given to the federal government in the Constitution supported the creation of a national bank, among other federal actions. Jefferson used agrarian resistance to banks and speculators as the first defining principle of an opposition party, recruiting candidates for Congress on the issue as early as 1792.<a href="#cite_note-371">[355]</a> As president, Jefferson was persuaded by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin to leave the bank intact but sought to restrain its influence.<a href="#cite_note-372">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[q]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_slaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Farm Book page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jefferson_slaves.jpg/220px-Jefferson_slaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jefferson_slaves.jpg/330px-Jefferson_slaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Jefferson_slaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Page 30 of Jefferson's 1795 Farm Book lists 163 slaves at Monticello.</figcaption></figure> Scholars give radically differing interpretations on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson's views and relationship with slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[7]</a> Opinions range from "emancipationists" who view him as an early <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">proto-abolitionist</a>, who subsequently made pragmatic compromises with the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">slave power</a> to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">preserve the union</a>; to "<a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionists</a>", who argue that he in fact entrenched the institution in American society; with people also having more nuanced opinions, who either argue that Jefferson held inconsistent views on the institution throughout his lifetime or that both interpretations are too overly simplistic.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[7]</a> Jefferson lived in a planter economy largely dependent upon slavery, and as a wealthy landholder, used slave labor for his household, plantation, and workshops. He first recorded his slaveholding in 1774, when he counted 41 enslaved people.<a href="#cite_note-375">[358]</a> Over his lifetime he enslaved about 600 people; he inherited about 175 people while most of the remainder were people born on his plantations.<a href="#cite_note-TJFSlaveryFAQ-376">[359]</a> Jefferson purchased some slaves in order to reunite their families. He sold approximately 110 people for economic reasons, primarily slaves from his outlying farms.<a href="#cite_note-TJFSlaveryFAQ-376">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[360]</a> In 1784, when the number of people he enslaved likely was approximately 200, he began to divest himself of many slaves, and by 1794 he had divested himself of 161 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Stanton-378">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[r]</a> Approximately 100 slaves lived at Monticello at any given time. In 1817, the plantation recorded its largest slave population of 140 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-380">[362]</a> Jefferson once said, "My first wish is that the labourers may be well treated".<a href="#cite_note-TJFSlaveryFAQ-376">[359]</a> Jefferson did not work his slaves on Sundays and Christmas and he allowed them more personal time during the winter months.<a href="#cite_note-381">[363]</a> Some scholars doubt Jefferson's benevolence,<a href="#cite_note-382">[364]</a> noting cases of excessive slave whippings in his absence. His nail factory was staffed only by enslaved children. Many of the enslaved boys became tradesmen. Burwell Colbert, who started his working life as a child in Monticello's Nailery, was later promoted to the supervisory position of butler.<a href="#cite_note-383">[365]</a> Jefferson felt slavery was harmful to both slave and master but had reservations about releasing slaves from captivity, and advocated for gradual emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-TJFslavery-384">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[368]</a> In 1779, he proposed gradual voluntary training and resettlement to the Virginia legislature, and three years later drafted legislation allowing slaveholders to free their own slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_2012,_p._105-73">[67]</a> In his draft of the Declaration of Independence, he included a section, stricken by other Southern delegates, criticizing King George III for supposedly forcing slavery onto the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-387">[369]</a> In 1784, Jefferson proposed the abolition of slavery in all western U.S. territories, limiting slave importation to 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-Ferling_2000_p287-388">[370]</a> Congress, however, failed to pass his proposal by one vote.<a href="#cite_note-Ferling_2000_p287-388">[370]</a> In 1787, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, a partial victory for Jefferson that terminated slavery in the Northwest Territory. Jefferson freed his slave Robert Hemings in 1794 and he freed his cook slave James Hemings in 1796.<a href="#cite_note-389">[371]</a> Jefferson freed his runaway slave <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> in 1822. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson freed five male Hemings slaves in his will.<a href="#cite_note-390">[372]</a> During his presidency, Jefferson allowed the diffusion of slavery into the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> hoping to prevent slave uprisings in Virginia and to prevent <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> secession.<a href="#cite_note-391">[373]</a> In 1804, in a compromise, Jefferson and Congress banned domestic slave trafficking for one year into the Louisiana Territory.<a href="#cite_note-392">[374]</a> In 1806 he officially called for anti-slavery legislation terminating the import or export of slaves. Congress passed the law in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-TJFslavery-384">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferling_2000_p288-394">[376]</a> In 1819, Jefferson strongly opposed a Missouri statehood application amendment that banned domestic slave importation and freed slaves at the age of 25 on grounds it would destroy the union.<a href="#cite_note-Ferling_2000_pp286_294-395">[377]</a> In Notes on the State of Virginia, he created controversy by calling slavery a moral evil for which the nation would ultimately have to account to God.<a href="#cite_note-396">[378]</a> Jefferson wrote of his "suspicion" that Black people were mentally and physically inferior to Whites, but argued that they nonetheless had innate human rights.<a href="#cite_note-TJFslavery-384">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[380]</a> He therefore supported colonization plans that would transport freed slaves to another country, such as <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, though he recognized the impracticability of such proposals.<a href="#cite_note-399">[381]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, "In 1824 Jefferson proposed that the federal government purchase and deport 'the increase of each year' (that is, children), so that the slave population would age and eventually disappear."<a href="#cite_note-400">[382]</a> During his presidency, Jefferson was for the most part publicly silent on the issue of slavery and emancipation,<a href="#cite_note-TJFAntiSlaveryActions-401">[383]</a> as the Congressional debate over slavery and its extension caused a dangerous north–south rift among the states, with talk of a northern confederacy in New England.<a href="#cite_note-402">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[s]</a> The violent attacks on white slave owners during the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> due to injustices under slavery supported Jefferson's fears of a race war, increasing his reservations about promoting emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-TJFslavery-384">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[385]</a> After numerous attempts and failures to bring about emancipation,<a href="#cite_note-405">[386]</a> Jefferson wrote privately in an 1805 letter to <a href="/wiki/William_A._Burwell" title="William A. Burwell">William A. Burwell</a>, "I have long since given up the expectation of any early provision for the extinguishment of slavery among us." That same year he also related this idea to <a href="/wiki/George_Logan_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Logan (Pennsylvania politician)">George Logan</a>, writing, "I have most carefully avoided every public act or manifestation on that subject."<a href="#cite_note-406">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jefferson–Hemings_controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png/220px-Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png/330px-Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png/440px-Cock_ca1804_attrib_to_JamesAkin_AmericanAntiquarianSociety.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>An 1804 cartoon depicting Jefferson as a rooster and <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> as a hen</figcaption></figure> Claims that Jefferson fathered children with his slave Sally Hemings after his wife's death have been debated since 1802. In that year <a href="/wiki/James_T._Callender" title="James T. Callender">James T. Callender</a>, after being denied a position as <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a>, alleged Jefferson had taken Hemings as a concubine and fathered several children with her.<a href="#cite_note-407">[388]</a> In 1998, a panel of researchers conducted a <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> study of living descendants of Jefferson's uncle, Field, and of a descendant of Hemings's son, <a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a>. The results showed a match with the male Jefferson line.<a href="#cite_note-408">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account-409">[390]</a> Subsequently, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (TJF) formed a nine-member research team of historians to assess the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account-409">[390]</a> The TJF report concluded that "the DNA study ... indicates a high probability that Thomas Jefferson fathered Eston Hemings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account-409">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[t]</a> The TJF also concluded that Jefferson likely fathered all of Hemings's children listed at Monticello.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account-409">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[u]</a> In July 2017, the TJF announced that archeological excavations at Monticello had revealed what they believe to have been Sally Hemings's quarters, adjacent to Jefferson's bedroom.<a href="#cite_note-nbc-414">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapost-415">[394]</a> Since the results of the DNA tests were made public, the consensus among most historians has been that Jefferson had a sexual relationship with Sally Hemings and that he was the father of her son Eston Hemings.<a href="#cite_note-416">[395]</a> Still, a minority of scholars maintain the evidence is insufficient to prove Jefferson's paternity conclusively. Based on DNA and other evidence, they note the possibility that additional Jefferson males, including his brother Randolph Jefferson and any one of Randolph's four sons, or his cousin, could have fathered Sally Hemings's children.<a href="#cite_note-417">[396]</a> In 2002, historian <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Peterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Peterson">Merrill Peterson</a> said: "in the absence of direct documentary evidence either proving or refuting the allegation, nothing conclusive can be said about Jefferson's relations with Sally Hemings."<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p._43-418">[397]</a> Concerning the 1998 DNA study, Peterson said that "the results of the DNA testing of Jefferson and Hemings descendants provided support for the idea that Jefferson was the father of at least one of Sally Hemings's children".<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2002_p._43-418">[397]</a> After Jefferson's death in 1826, although not formally <a href="/wiki/Manumission#United_States" title="Manumission">manumitted</a>, Sally Hemings was allowed by Jefferson's daughter Martha to live in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free woman</a> with her two sons until her death in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-419">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[v]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a> refused to allow Sally Hemings' descendants the right of burial at Monticello.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBSNews2019-422">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interests_and_activities">Interests and activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/330px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg/440px-MJK50147_Virginia_State_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, which Jefferson designed</figcaption></figure> Jefferson was a farmer, obsessed with new crops, soil conditions, garden designs, and scientific agricultural techniques. His main cash crop was tobacco, but its price was usually low and it was rarely profitable. He tried to achieve self-sufficiency with wheat, vegetables, flax, corn, hogs, sheep, poultry, and cattle to supply his family, slaves, and employees, but he lived perpetually beyond his means<a href="#cite_note-423">[401]</a> and was always in debt.<a href="#cite_note-424">[402]</a> Jefferson also planted two vineyards at Monticello and hoped to grow Vitis vinifera, the European wine grape species, to make wine, but the crop failed. His efforts were nonetheless an important contribution to the development of American viticulture.<a href="#cite_note-425">[403]</a> Jefferson mastered architecture through <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">self-study</a>. His primary authority was <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>'s 1570 <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Books of Architecture">The Four Books of Architecture</a>, which outlines the principles of classical design.<a href="#cite_note-426">[404]</a> Jefferson helped popularize the Neo-Palladian style in the United States utilizing designs for the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a>, the University of Virginia, Monticello, and others.<a href="#cite_note-427">[405]</a> It has been speculated that he was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rastignac" title="Château de Rastignac">Château de Rastignac</a> in south-west France—the plans of which he saw during his ambassadorship—to convince the architect of the White House to modify the South Portico to resemble the château.<a href="#cite_note-:1b-428">[406]</a> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, in 1784, Jefferson, using the <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trench method</a>, started excavating several Native American burial mounds in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. His excavations were prompted by the <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">"Moundbuilders" question</a> and his careful methods allowed him to witness the <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> layout, the various human remains and other artifacts inside the mound. The evidence present at the site granted him enough insight to admit that he saw no reason why the ancestors of the present-day Native Americans could not have raised those mounds.<a href="#cite_note-429">[407]</a> He was interested in birds and wine, and was a noted <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes135-430">[408]</a> As a naturalist, he was fascinated by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_(Virginia)" title="Natural Bridge (Virginia)">Natural Bridge</a> geological formation, and in 1774 successfully acquired the Bridge by a grant from George III.<a href="#cite_note-431">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Philosophical_Society">American Philosophical Society</h3></div> Jefferson was a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> for 35 years, beginning in 1780. Through the society he advanced the <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">sciences and Enlightenment ideals</a>, emphasizing that knowledge of science reinforced and extended freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes432-432">[410]</a> His Notes on the State of Virginia was written in part as a contribution to the society.<a href="#cite_note-TJFAPS-433">[411]</a> He became the society's third president on March 3, 1797, a few months after he was elected Vice President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-TJFAPS-433">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berstein118-434">[412]</a> In accepting, Jefferson stated: "I feel no qualification for this distinguished post but a sincere zeal for all the objects of our institution and an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may at length reach even the extremes of society, beggars and kings."<a href="#cite_note-Hayes432-432">[410]</a> On March 10, 1797, Thomas Jefferson gave a lecture, later published as a paper in 1799, which reported on the skeletal remains of an extinct large sloth, which he named <a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a>, unearthed by saltpeter workers from a cave in what is now Monroe County, West Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-435">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[414]</a> Jefferson is considered to be a pioneer of scientific paleontology research in North America.<a href="#cite_note-437">[415]</a> Jefferson served as APS president for the next eighteen years, including through both terms of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-TJFAPS-433">[411]</a> He introduced <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> to the society, where various scientists tutored him in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TJFAPS-433">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose,_1996,_p._126-438">[416]</a> He resigned on January 20, 1815, but remained active through correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-439">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h3></div> Jefferson had a lifelong interest in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, and could speak, read, and write in a number of languages, including French, Greek, Italian, and German. In his early years, he excelled in classical languages.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-440">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[419]</a> Jefferson later came to regard Greek as the "perfect language" as expressed in its laws and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Boberchap1-442">[420]</a> While attending the College of William & Mary, he taught himself Italian.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-443">[421]</a> Here Jefferson first became familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> language, studying it in a linguistic and philosophical capacity. He owned 17 volumes of Anglo-Saxon texts and grammar and later wrote an essay on the Anglo-Saxon language.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-440">[418]</a> Jefferson claimed to have taught himself Spanish during his nineteen-day journey to France, using only a grammar guide and a copy of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[422]</a> Linguistics played a significant role in how Jefferson modeled and expressed political and philosophical ideas. He believed that the study of ancient languages was essential in understanding the roots of modern language.<a href="#cite_note-Hellen155-445">[423]</a> Jefferson criticized <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">language purists</a> and supported the introduction of neologisms to English, foreseeing the emergence of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">"an American dialect"</a>. He described the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a>, a body designated to regulate the French language, as an "<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription#Criticisms" title="Linguistic prescription">endeavor to arrest the progress of their language</a>".<a href="#cite_note-neology-446">[424]</a> He collected and understood a number of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">American Indian vocabularies</a> and instructed Lewis and Clark to record and collect various Indian languages during their Expedition.<a href="#cite_note-447">[425]</a> When Jefferson moved from Washington after his presidency, he took 50 Native American vocabulary lists back to Monticello along with the rest of his possessions. Somewhere along the journey, a thief stole the heavy chest, thinking it was full of valuables, but its contents were dumped into the James River when the thief discovered it was only filled with papers. Thirty years of collecting were lost, with only a few fragments rescued from the muddy banks of the river.<a href="#cite_note-448">[426]</a> Jefferson was not an outstanding orator and preferred to communicate through writing or remain silent if possible. Instead of delivering his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> addresses himself, Jefferson wrote the annual messages and sent a representative to read them aloud in Congress. This started a tradition that continued until 1913 when President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> chose to deliver his own State of the Union address.<a href="#cite_note-449">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventions">Inventions</h3></div> Jefferson invented many small practical devices and improved contemporary inventions, including a revolving book-stand and a "Great Clock" powered by the gravitational pull on cannonballs. He improved the <a href="/wiki/Pedometer" title="Pedometer">pedometer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polygraph_(duplicating_device)" title="Polygraph (duplicating device)">polygraph</a> (a device for duplicating writing),<a href="#cite_note-450">[428]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moldboard_plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldboard plow">moldboard plow</a>, an idea he never patented and gave to posterity.<a href="#cite_note-451">[429]</a> Jefferson can also be credited as the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair#Origin" title="Swivel chair">swivel chair</a>, the first of which he created and used to write much of the Declaration of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-452">[430]</a> He first opposed patents but later supported them. In 1790–1793, as Secretary of State, he was the ex officio head of the three-person patent review board. He drafted reforms of US patent law which led to him being relieved of this duty in 1793, and also drastically changed the patent system.<a href="#cite_note-453">[431]</a> As Minister to France, Jefferson was impressed by the military standardization program known as the <a href="/wiki/Gribeauval_system" title="Gribeauval system">Système Gribeauval</a>, and initiated a program as president to develop <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a> for firearms. For his inventiveness and ingenuity, he received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> Jefferson is seen as an icon of individual liberty, democracy, and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, hailed as the author of the Declaration of Independence, an architect of the American Revolution, and a <a href="/wiki/Polymath#Renaissance_man" title="Polymath">renaissance man</a> who promoted science and scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-455">[433]</a> The participatory democracy and expanded suffrage he championed defined his era and became a standard for later generations.<a href="#cite_note-456">[434]</a> Meacham opined that Jefferson was the most influential figure of the democratic republic in its first half-century, succeeded by presidential adherents <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-457">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siena_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena Research Institute">Siena Research Institute</a> poll of presidential scholars, begun in 1982, has consistently ranked Jefferson as one of the five best U.S. presidents,<a href="#cite_note-458">[436]</a> and a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> poll of <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> members ranked him as the fifth greatest president.<a href="#cite_note-459">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_and_honors">Memorials and honors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Thomas_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named for Thomas Jefferson">List of places named for Thomas Jefferson</a></div> Jefferson has been memorialized with buildings, sculptures, <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidents_on_U.S._postage_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps">postage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">currency</a>. In the 1920s, Jefferson, together with <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, was chosen by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> and approved by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> to be depicted in a stone national memorial at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rushmore-460">[438]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a> was dedicated in Washington, D.C., in 1943, on the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birth. The interior of the memorial includes a 19-foot (6 m) statue of Jefferson by <a href="/wiki/Rudulph_Evans" title="Rudulph Evans">Rudulph Evans</a> and engravings of passages from Jefferson's writings. Most prominent among these passages are the words inscribed around the Jefferson Memorial: "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man", a quote from Jefferson's September 23, 1800, letter to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[439]</a> In October 2021, in response to lobbying, the New York City Public Design Commission voted unanimously to remove the plaster model of <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">the statue of Jefferson</a> that currently stands in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> from the chamber of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">New York City Council</a>, where it had been for more than a century, due to him fathering children with people he enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-462">[440]</a> The statue was taken down the next month.<a href="#cite_note-463">[441]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg/240px-Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg/360px-Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg/480px-Jefferson_Memorial_At_Dusk_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="1744" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Memorial statue by Rudulph Evans, 1947"><img alt="Jefferson Memorial statue by Rudulph Evans, 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg/240px-12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg/360px-12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg/480px-12072012_Jefferson_Memorial_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="1528" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jefferson Memorial statue by <a href="/wiki/Rudulph_Evans" title="Rudulph Evans">Rudulph Evans</a>, 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_(by-sa)-3_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Rushmore (Shrine of Democracy) by Gutzon Borglum. From left to right: Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln."><img alt="Mount Rushmore (Shrine of Democracy) by Gutzon Borglum. From left to right: Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg/240px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg/360px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg/480px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> (Shrine of Democracy) by <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a>. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a>, Jefferson, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_$2_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson has been featured on the U.S. two-dollar bill from 1928 to 1966 and since 1976."><img alt="Jefferson has been featured on the U.S. two-dollar bill from 1928 to 1966 and since 1976." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg/240px-US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg/360px-US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg/480px-US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3692" data-file-height="1563" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jefferson has been featured on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._two-dollar_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. two-dollar bill">U.S. two-dollar bill</a> from 1928 to 1966 and since 1976.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson has been depicted on the U.S. nickel since 1938."><img alt="Jefferson has been depicted on the U.S. nickel since 1938." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg/203px-Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg/305px-Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg/406px-Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jefferson has been depicted on <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">the U.S. nickel</a> since 1938.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1994_Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_Silver_Dollar_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1994 Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar"><img alt="The 1994 Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1994_Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_Silver_Dollar_Obverse.jpg/203px-1994_Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_Silver_Dollar_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1994_Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_Silver_Dollar_Obverse.jpg/304px-1994_Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_Silver_Dollar_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/1994_Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_Silver_Dollar_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="301" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Thomas Jefferson <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=41866059&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=41866059">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=41866059&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Thomas Jefferson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=41866059&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=41866059">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=41866059&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html">Declaration of Independence (1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States">Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States</a> A report submitted to Congress (1790)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anessaytowardsf00jeffgoog#page/n6/mode/2up">An Essay Towards Facilitating Instruction in the Anglo-Saxon and Modern Dialects of the English Language</a>" (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" class="extiw" title="s:Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson">Autobiography</a> (1821)<a href="#cite_note-google/books=5lG7ISgjvr0C-464">[442]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a>, or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monroe_Levy" title="Jefferson Monroe Levy">Jefferson Monroe Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionist_forerunners" title="List of abolitionist forerunners">List of abolitionist forerunners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seconds_pendulum" title="Seconds pendulum">Seconds pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition">Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_P._Levy" title="Uriah P. Levy">Uriah P. Levy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> A number of historians and geneticists argue that while DNA testing of Hemings' descendants reveals a genetic connection with a male ancestor in the Jefferson family, it does not conclusively prove that it was Jefferson himself who sired these children, see <a href="/wiki/Jefferson-Hemings_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson-Hemings controversy">Jefferson-Hemings controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a>: April 2, 1743 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jefferson personally showed little interest in his ancestry; on his father's side, he only knew of the existence of his grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-Malone5-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brodie33-12">[10]</a> Malone writes that Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather "had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called <a href="/wiki/Snowden_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowden Plantation">Snowden</a> after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived".<a href="#cite_note-Malone5-11">[9]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson#Ancestry" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson#Ancestry</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> His other properties included <a href="/wiki/Shadwell_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadwell (Virginia)">Shadwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton</a>, Lego, Pantops, and his retreat, <a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a>. He also owned the unimproved mountaintop Montalto, and the Natural Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> While the news from Francis Eppes, with whom Lucy was staying, did not reach Jefferson until 1785, in an undated letter,<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> it is clear that the year of her death was 1784 from another letter to Jefferson from James Currie dated November 20, 1784.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Adams recorded his exchange with Jefferson on the question. Jefferson asked, "Why will you not? You ought to do it." To which Adams responded, "I will not—reasons enough." Jefferson replied, "What can be your reasons?" and Adams responded, "Reason first, you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason third, you can write ten times better than I can." "Well," said Jefferson, "if you are decided, I will do as well as I can." Adams concluded, "Very well. When you have drawn it up, we will have a meeting."<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Franklin, seated beside the author, observed him "writhing a little under the acrimonious criticisms on some of its parts."<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">entail</a> laws made it perpetual: the one who inherited the land could not sell it, but had to bequeath it to his oldest son. As a result, increasingly large plantations, worked by white tenant farmers and by black slaves, gained in size, wealth, and political power in the eastern ("<a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a>") tobacco areas.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer-85">[78]</a> During the Revolutionary era, all such laws were repealed by the states that had them.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> the immediate successor to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1810)">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">The Papal States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> An example can be seen at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mjm012583/">Library of Congress website</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Jefferson's Kentucky draft said: "where powers are assumed which have not been delegated, a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, (casus non fœderis) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits."<a href="#cite_note-155">[144]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> This electoral process problem was addressed by the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1804, which provided separate votes for presidential and vice-presidential candidates.<a href="#cite_note-W284-166">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Louisiana nevertheless gained statehood nine years later in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-204">[191]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Further complicating matters, Wilkinson was posthumously revealed to have been in the simultaneous pay of the British, French, and Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-238">[224]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Burr then left for Europe and eventually returned to practicing law. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> The First Bank of the U.S. was eventually abolished in 1811 by a heavily Republican Congress.<a href="#cite_note-373">[357]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> The 135 slaves, which included Betty Hemings and her ten children, that Jefferson acquired from Wayles's estate made him the second-largest slave owner in Albemarle County with a total of 187 slaves. The number fluctuated from around 200 slaves until 1784 when he began to give away or sell slaves. By 1794 he had gotten rid of 161 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Stanton-378">[361]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> was offered help in obtaining the governorship of New York by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> if he could persuade New York to go along, but the secession effort failed when Burr lost the election. </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> The minority report authored by White Wallenborn concluded "the historical evidence is not substantial enough to confirm nor for that matter to refute his paternity of any of the children of Sally Hemings. The DNA studies certainly enhance the possibility but ... do not prove Thomas Jefferson's paternity".<a href="#cite_note-411">[392]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> Sally Heming's children recorded at Monticello included: "Harriet (born 1795; died in infancy); Beverly (born 1798); an unnamed daughter (born 1799; died in infancy); Harriet (born 1801); Madison (born 1805); and Eston (born 1808)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account-409">[390]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annette_Gordon-Reed" title="Annette Gordon-Reed">Annette Gordon-Reed</a> notes that it would have been legally challenging to free Sally Hemings, due to Virginia laws mandating the support of older slaves and requiring special permission for freed slaves to remain within the state.<a href="#cite_note-420">[399]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VA_House_of_Delegates-1"><a href="#cite_ref-VA_House_of_Delegates_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.virginia.gov/members?district=Albemarle&page=1&per_page=100">"Burgesses and Delegates"</a>. Virginia House of Delegates. Retrieved May 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+House+of+Delegates&rft.atitle=Burgesses+and+Delegates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.virginia.gov%2Fmembers%3Fdistrict%3DAlbemarle%26page%3D1%26per_page%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_VA-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_VA_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell" class="citation web cs1">McDonnell, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/jefferson-thomas-as-governor-of-virginia/">"Jefferson, Thomas as Governor of Virginia"</a>. Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved October 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Jefferson%2C+Thomas+as+Governor+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fjefferson-thomas-as-governor-of-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VA_Mag-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VA_Mag_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA_Mag_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Historical_Society1897" class="citation journal cs1">Virginia Historical Society (April 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241983">"House of Burgesses, 1766 to 1775"</a>. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 4 (4): 380–86. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241983">4241983</a>. Retrieved October 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=House+of+Burgesses%2C+1766+to+1775&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=380-86&rft.date=1897-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4241983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Virginia+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4241983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56d77a9ad51cd4a272d514c0/t/63d84b8a2683c7769f1972a1/1675119505362/Scholars-Commission-Report-1.pdf">"The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission"</a> (PDF). 2000–2001. p. 70. <q>The DNA tests could not discriminate among the more than two dozen adult male Jeffersons in Virginia at the time Eston Hemings was conceived, and there is reasonable evidence to suggest that at least seven of those men (including Thomas Jefferson) may well have been at Monticello when Sally became pregnant with Eston.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jefferson-Hemings+Controversy+Report+of+the+Scholars+Commission&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2000%2F2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F56d77a9ad51cd4a272d514c0%2Ft%2F63d84b8a2683c7769f1972a1%2F1675119505362%2FScholars-Commission-Report-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?301339-1/jefferson-hemings-controversy">"The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy | C-SPAN.org"</a>. c-span.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=The+Jefferson-Hemings+Controversy+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F301339-1%2Fjefferson-hemings-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris19732-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris19732_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Morris, Richard B.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenwhoshapedou00morr/page/n15/mode/2up">Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries</a>. Harper & Row. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060904548" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060904548"><bdi>978-0060904548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Who+Shaped+Our+Destiny%3A+The+Founding+Fathers+as+Revolutionaries&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0060904548&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenwhoshapedou00morr%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogliano2008" class="citation book cs1">Cogliano, Francis (2008). "Slavery". Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. pp. 217–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813927336" title="Special:BookSources/9780813927336"><bdi>9780813927336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Reputation+and+Legacy&rft.pages=217-219&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780813927336&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#Tucker37">Tucker, 1837</a>, v. 1, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malone5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malone5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone5_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone5_11-2">c</a> <a href="#Malone48">Malone, 1948</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodie33-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie33_12-0">^</a> <a href="#Brodie">Brodie, 1974</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2010" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Susan A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Yl7PfOh6-0C&q=the+jefferson%27s+at+shawell">The Jefferson's at Shadwell</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195169119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195169119"><bdi>978-0195169119</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51854624">51854624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jefferson%27s+at+Shadwell&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51854624&rft.isbn=978-0195169119&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Yl7PfOh6-0C%26q%3Dthe%2Bjefferson%2527s%2Bat%2Bshawell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#Malone48">Malone, 1948</a>, pp. 31–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1901" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Edgar (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002672921&view=1up&seq=239&q1=Belmont">Albemarle County in Virginia</a>. The Michie Company, printers. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albemarle+County+in+Virginia&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=The+Michie+Company%2C+printers&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x002672921%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D239%26q1%3DBelmont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malone437-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Malone437_17-0">^</a> <a href="#Malone48">Malone, 1948</a>, pp. 437–440. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#Tucker37">Tucker, 1837</a>, v. 1, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-bowers12-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowers12_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowers12_19-1">b</a> <a href="#Bowers45">Bowers, 1945</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#Peterson70">Peterson, 1970</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#Bowers45">Bowers, 1945</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#Bowers45">Bowers, 1945</a>, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#Bowers45">Bowers, 1945</a>, p. 25; <a href="#boles">Boles, 2017</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#Bowers45">Bowers, 1945</a>, pp. 22–23; <a href="#boles">Boles, 2017</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillfeld2004" class="citation web cs1">Millfeld, Becca (November 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928112053/http://www.dogstreetjournal.com/story/2049">"Shhh! 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4296-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-4296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Guide+to+American+Philosophy&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4296-0&rft.aulast=Marsoobian&rft.aufirst=Armen+T.&rft.au=Ryder%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBUnSuDT9ccC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/jefferson/">"Thomas Jefferson"</a>. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VV_caPJhT6AC&pg=PA94">The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3436-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-3436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+American+Mind%3A+A+Brief+History+of+a+Nation%27s+Thought&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3436-0&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVV_caPJhT6AC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford1984" class="citation book cs1">Sanford, Charles B. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMzIavSRNdEC&pg=PA39">The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson</a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1131-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1131-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-1131-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Life+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1131-1&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMzIavSRNdEC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#Bassani">Bassani, 2010</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_324-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_324-2">c</a> <a href="#De_Witte_(2020)">De Witte, 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a href="#Wilson2012">Wilson, 2012</a>, p. 584. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="#Mayer2">Mayer, 1994</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood220-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood220_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood220_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood220_327-2">c</a> <a href="#Wood2011">Wood, 2011</a>, pp. 220–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="#Peterson60">Peterson, 1960</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#Wiencek12">Wiencek, 2012</a>, pp. 25-27 </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a href="#Wiencek12">Wiencek, 2012</a>, pp. 53-54 </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiencek2012" class="citation web cs1">Wiencek, Henry (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-dark-side-of-thomas-jefferson-35976004/">"The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Wiencek&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-dark-side-of-thomas-jefferson-35976004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a href="#Golden">Golden & Golden, 2002</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 213. The full letter to <a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_Smith" title="William Stephens Smith">William S. Smith</a> can be seen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jefffed.html">at the Library of Congress</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a href="#Bober">Bober, 2008</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History A Reinterpretation. Harvard University Press. 1995. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Destiny+and+Mission+in+American+History+A+Reinterpretation&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#Wood2010">Wood, 2010</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#Appleby">Appleby, 2003</a>, pp. 57–58, 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <a href="#Wilentz">Wilentz, 2005</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <a href="#Wilentz">Wilentz, 2005</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <a href="#Wilentz">Wilentz, 2005</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a href="#Wilentz">Wilentz, 2005</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a href="#Keyssar">Keyssar, 2009</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <a href="#Ferling04">Ferling, 2004</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <a href="#Keyssar">Keyssar, 2009</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <a href="#Wilentz">Wilentz, 2005</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a href="#Randall">Randall, 1994</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham_2020-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_2020_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_2020_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_2020_349-2">c</a> <a href="#Cunningham_(December_28,_2020)">Cunningham (December 28, 2020)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <a href="#TJFReligion">TJF: "Jefferson's Religious Beliefs"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <a href="#Onuf07">Onuf, 2007</a>, pp. 139–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1a-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1a_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1a_352-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1a_352-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/thomas-jefferson.html">"People and Ideas: Early America's Formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. Retrieved April 30, 2022. <q>Like other Founding Fathers, Jefferson was considered a Deist, subscribing to the liberal religious strand of Deism that values reason over revelation and rejects traditional Christian doctrines, including the Virgin Birth, original sin and the resurrection of Jesus. While he rejected orthodoxy, Jefferson was nevertheless a religious man. [...] Influenced by the British Unitarian Joseph Priestley, Jefferson set his prodigious intellect and energy on the historical figure at the center of the Christian faith: Jesus of Nazareth. Jefferson became convinced that Jesus' message had been obscured and corrupted by the apostle Paul, the Gospel writers and Protestant reformers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.atitle=People+and+Ideas%3A+Early+America%27s+Formation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgodinamerica%2Fpeople%2Fthomas-jefferson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jefferson_Bible,_1820-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Jefferson_Bible,_1820_353-0">^</a> <a href="#Jesus">Jefferson Bible, 1820</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_354-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_354-2">c</a> <a href="#Religion">Thomas Jefferson's Religion</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <a href="#Peterson70">Peterson, 1970</a>, ch. 2 [e-book]. </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <a href="#Wood2010">Wood, 2010</a>, p. 577. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <a href="#archives">U.S. Gov: National Archives</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <a href="#Finkelman2006">Finkelman, 2006</a>, p. 921. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a href="#Yarbrough2006">Yarbrough, 2006</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <a href="#Peterson">Peterson, 2003</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> W. W. Hening, ed., Statutes at Large of Virginia, vol. 12 (1823): 84–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, pp. 369–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, pp. 472–473. </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <a href="#Randall">Randall, 1994</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, pp. 471–473. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanford1984">Sanford, 1984</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood586-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood586_367-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood586_367-1">b</a> <a href="#Wood2010">Wood, 2010</a>, p. 586. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <a href="#Malone81">Malone, 1981</a>, pp. 140–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <a href="#Bailey2007">Bailey, 2007</a>, p. 82; <a href="#Wood2010">Wood, 2010</a>, p. 144; <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <a href="#Ferling13">Ferling, 2013</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a href="#Wood2010">Wood, 2010</a>, pp. 293–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <a href="#Wood2010">Wood, 2010</a>, pp. 295–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a href="#Cogliano">Cogliano, 2006</a>, p. 219; <a href="#Onuf07">Onuf, 2007</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-TJFSlaveryFAQ-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TJFSlaveryFAQ_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFSlaveryFAQ_376-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFSlaveryFAQ_376-2">c</a> <a href="#TJFSlaveryFAQ">TJF: Slavery at Monticello – Property</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <a href="#Gordon08">Gordon-Reed, 2008</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS_Stanton-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Stanton_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Stanton_378-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton" class="citation web cs1">Stanton, Lucia Cinder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/slaves/stanton.html">"The Slaves' Story – Jefferson's "family" – Jefferson's Blood – Frontline"</a>. PBS. Retrieved December 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Slaves%27+Story+%E2%80%93+Jefferson%27s+%22family%22+%E2%80%93+Jefferson%27s+Blood+%E2%80%93+Frontline&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Lucia+Cinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fjefferson%2Fslaves%2Fstanton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <a href="#Wiencek12">Wiencek, 2012</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <a href="#TJFSlaveryWork">TJF: Slavery at Monticello – Work</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <a href="#Wiencek12">Wiencek, 2012</a>, pp. 114, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a href="#TJFNailery">TJF: Thomas Jefferson's Monticello – Nailery</a>, <a href="#Wiencek12">Wiencek, 2012</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-TJFslavery-384">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TJFslavery_384-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFslavery_384-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFslavery_384-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFslavery_384-3">d</a> <a href="#TJFslavery">TJF: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <a href="#Ferling2000">Ferling, 2000</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <a href="#Howe09">Howe, 2009</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling_2000_p287-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferling_2000_p287_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferling_2000_p287_388-1">b</a> <a href="#Ferling2000">Ferling 2000</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <a href="#Finkelman1994">Finkelman, 1994</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <a href="#Finkelman1994">Finkelman, 1994</a>, pp. 220–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <a href="#Freehling05">Freehling, 2005</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <a href="#Wiencek12">Wiencek, 2012</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <a href="#Du_Bois">Du Bois, 1904</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling_2000_p288-394"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferling_2000_p288_394-0">^</a> <a href="#Ferling2000">Ferling, 2000</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling_2000_pp286_294-395"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferling_2000_pp286_294_395-0">^</a> <a href="#Ferling2000">Ferling, 2000</a>, pp. 286, 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <a href="#Ellis97">Ellis, 1997</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <a href="#Appleby">Appleby, 2003</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Walker" title="Clarence E. Walker">Walker, Clarence E.</a> (2001). We Can't Go Home Again: An Argument About Afrocentrism. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195357302" title="Special:BookSources/0195357302"><bdi>0195357302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Can%27t+Go+Home+Again%3A+An+Argument+About+Afrocentrism&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0195357302&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Clarence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <a href="#Peterson70">Peterson, 1970</a>, pp. 998–999; <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 478; <a href="#Helo">Helo, 2013</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> Foner, Eric, "Lincoln and Colonization", in Foner, Eric, ed., Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-TJFAntiSlaveryActions-401"><a href="#cite_ref-TJFAntiSlaveryActions_401-0">^</a> <a href="#TJFAntiSlaveryActions">TJF:Jefferson's Antislavery Actions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <a href="#DiLo">DiLorenzo, 1998, Yankee Confederates</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, pp. 255, 275–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <a href="#Ferling">Ferling, 2000</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <a href="#TJFSlaveryQuotes">TJF: Quotations on slavery (May 11, 1805)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> In 1853, <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a> published a novel called <a href="/wiki/Clotel;_or,_The_President%27s_Daughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotel; or, The President's Daughter">Clotel; or, The President's Daughter</a> alluding to Jefferson. This is the first novel in America published by anyone of African descent.<a href="#Hyland2009">Hyland, 2009</a>, pp. ix, 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <a href="#Foster">Foster et al., 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account_409-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account_409-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account_409-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account_409-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas_Jefferson_and_Sally_Hemings_A_Brief_Account">Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings A Brief Account</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <a href="#TJFConclusions">TJF: Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings – Conclusions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <a href="#TJFMinority">TJF: Minority Report of the Monticello Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbc-414"><a href="#cite_ref-nbc_414-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottman2017" class="citation news cs1">Cottman, Michael (July 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-living-quarters-found-n771261">"Historians Uncover Slave Quarters of Sally Hemings at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved February 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Historians+Uncover+Slave+Quarters+of+Sally+Hemings+at+Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Monticello&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.aulast=Cottman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnbcblk%2Fthomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-living-quarters-found-n771261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapost-415"><a href="#cite_ref-wapost_415-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2017" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Krissah (February 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/for-decades-they-hid-jeffersons-mistress-now-monticello-is-making-room-for-sally-hemings/2017/02/18/d410d660-f222-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html">"For decades they hid Jefferson's relationship with her. Now Monticello is making room for Sally Hemings"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035553/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/for-decades-they-hid-jeffersons-mistress-now-monticello-is-making-room-for-sally-hemings/2017/02/18/d410d660-f222-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+decades+they+hid+Jefferson%27s+relationship+with+her.+Now+Monticello+is+making+room+for+Sally+Hemings&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Krissah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Ffor-decades-they-hid-jeffersons-mistress-now-monticello-is-making-room-for-sally-hemings%2F2017%2F02%2F18%2Fd410d660-f222-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, A. B. (2019). "Slave Life at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello". American Quarterly. 71: 247–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2019.0017">10.1353/aq.2019.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150519408">150519408</a>. <q>The general consensus among historians now agrees with Madison Hemings's version of the relationship between his mother and father ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Slave+Life+at+Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Monticello&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=247-264&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2019.0017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150519408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepore2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Lepore, Jill (September 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/22/president-toms-cabin">"President Tom's Cabin: Jefferson, Hemings, and a Disclaimed Lineage"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620124734/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/22/president-toms-cabin">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2019. <q>[T]oday most historians agree with the conclusion of a research committee convened by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, at Monticello: Jefferson "most likely was the father of all six of Sally Hemings's children."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=President+Tom%27s+Cabin%3A+Jefferson%2C+Hemings%2C+and+a+Disclaimed+Lineage.&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2008%2F09%2F22%2Fpresident-toms-cabin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Joseph J. (2000). "Jefferson: Post-DNA". The William and Mary Quarterly. 57 (1): 125–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2674361">10.2307/2674361</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2674361">2674361</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18271151">18271151</a>. <q>[T]he new scholarly consensus is that Jefferson and Hemings were sexual partners ... Whether Jefferson fathered all of Hemings's children is still unclear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Jefferson%3A+Post-DNA&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-138&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18271151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2674361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2674361&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/819-updating-a-life-the-case-of-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings">"Updating a Life: The Case of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_America" title="Library of America">Library of America</a>. December 9, 2011. <q>Most historians now agree that a preponderance of evidence—genetic, circumstantial, and oral historical—suggests that Jefferson was the father of all of Sally Hemings's children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+America&rft.atitle=Updating+a+Life%3A+The+Case+of+Thomas+Jefferson+and+Sally+Hemings&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loa.org%2Fnews-and-views%2F819-updating-a-life-the-case-of-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <a href="#Hyland2009">Hyland, 2009</a>, pp. 30–31, 79; <a href="#TJHS">Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2002_p._43-418">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2002_p._43_418-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2002_p._43_418-1">b</a> <a href="#Peterson2002">Peterson (2002), p. 43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <a href="#Reed97">Gordon-Reed, 1997</a>, pp. 657–660. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <a href="#Reed97">Gordon-Reed, 1997</a>, pp. 658–659. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECBSNews2019-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECBSNews2019_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCBSNews2019">CBSNews2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/debt">"Debt"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved October 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft.atitle=Debt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fdebt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <a href="#Hayes">Hayes, 2008</a>, p. 100; <a href="#McEwan">McEwan, 1991</a>, pp. 20–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/house-gardens/farms-gardens/fruit-gardens/the-vineyards/">"The Vineyards at Monticello"</a>. Monticello. Retrieved October 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monticello&rft.atitle=The+Vineyards+at+Monticello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fhouse-gardens%2Ffarms-gardens%2Ffruit-gardens%2Fthe-vineyards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <a href="#Brodie">Brodie, 1974</a>, pp. 87–88; <a href="#Bernstein03">Bernstein, 2003</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <a href="#Tucker37">Tucker, 1837</a>, v. 2, p. 202; <a href="#Bernstein03">Berstein, 2003</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1b-428"><a href="#cite_ref-:1b_428-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Michael (September 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/opinion/15iht-edjohnson.html">"A chateau fit for a president"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+chateau+fit+for+a+president&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F15%2Fopinion%2F15iht-edjohnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewBahn2015" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul G. (2015). Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice (3º ed.). Thames & Hudson. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29159-7"><bdi>978-0-500-29159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+essentials%3A+theories%2C+methods%2C+practice&rft.pages=17-18&rft.edition=3%C2%BA&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29159-7&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes135-430"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes135_430-0">^</a> <a href="#Hayes">Hayes, 2008</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <a href="#Kastning">Kastning, 2014</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes432-432">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes432_432-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes432_432-1">b</a> <a href="#Hayes">Hayes, 2008</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-TJFAPS-433">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TJFAPS_433-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFAPS_433-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFAPS_433-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJFAPS_433-3">d</a> <a href="#TJFAPS">TJF: "American Philosophical Society"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berstein118-434"><a href="#cite_ref-Berstein118_434-0">^</a> <a href="#Bernstein03">Bernstein, 2003</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-435"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_435-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock2024" class="citation journal cs1">Babcock, Loren E. (March 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/117999/">"Nomenclatural history of Megalonyx Jefferson, 1799 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pilosa, Megalonychidae)"</a>. ZooKeys (1195): 297–308. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ZooK.1195..297B">2024ZooK.1195..297B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.1195.117999">10.3897/zookeys.1195.117999</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970">1313-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10964019">10964019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532771">38532771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZooKeys&rft.atitle=Nomenclatural+history+of+Megalonyx+Jefferson%2C+1799+%28Mammalia%2C+Xenarthra%2C+Pilosa%2C+Megalonychidae%29&rft.issue=1195&rft.pages=297-308&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10964019%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024ZooK.1195..297B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38532771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fzookeys.1195.117999&rft.issn=1313-2970&rft.aulast=Babcock&rft.aufirst=Loren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzookeys.pensoft.net%2Farticle%2F117999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1799" class="citation journal cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005103">"A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind in the Western Parts of Virginia"</a>. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 4: 246–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005103">10.2307/1005103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9746">0065-9746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005103">1005103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Memoir+on+the+Discovery+of+Certain+Bones+of+a+Quadruped+of+the+Clawed+Kind+in+the+Western+Parts+of+Virginia&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=246-260&rft.date=1799&rft.issn=0065-9746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005103&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1942" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, George Gaylord (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985085">"The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontology in North America"</a>. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 86 (1): 130–188. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985085">985085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology+in+North+America&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-188&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985085%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George+Gaylord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambrose,_1996,_p._126-438"><a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose,_1996,_p._126_438-0">^</a> <a href="#Ambrose">Ambrose, 1996</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <a href="#Tucker37">Tucker, 1837</a>, v. 2, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-440">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_440-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_440-1">b</a> <a href="#Miller">Univ. Virginia archives: Miller Center</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <a href="#Andresen">Andresen, 2006</a>, Chap. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boberchap1-442"><a href="#cite_ref-Boberchap1_442-0">^</a> <a href="#Bober">Bober, 2008</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy-443"><a href="#cite_ref-Italy_443-0">^</a> <a href="#TJFItaly">TJF: Italy – Language</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <a href="#TJFSpanish">TJF: Spanish Language</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellen155-445"><a href="#cite_ref-Hellen155_445-0">^</a> <a href="#Hellenbrand">Hellenbrand, 1990</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-neology-446"><a href="#cite_ref-neology_446-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0333">"Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson to John Waldo, 16 August 1813"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founders+Online%3A+Thomas+Jefferson+to+John+Waldo%2C+16+August+1813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FJefferson%2F03-06-02-0333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <a href="#Frawley">Frawley, 2003</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <a href="#apsmuseum">American Philosophical Society, 2016: Gathering voices</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <a href="#TJFSpeaking">TJF: "Public speaking"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <a href="#cipher">Univ. Virginia archives</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <a href="#Malone62">Malone, 1962</a>, pp. 213–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <a href="#Kaplan">Kaplan, 1993</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martin, Russell L. (April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/patents/">"Patents"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved September 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patents&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft.date=1989-04&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Russell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fresearch-education%2Fthomas-jefferson-encyclopedia%2Fpatents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988">; source also links to two related 21st-century sources </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <a href="#Peterson70">Peterson, 1970</a>, pp. 335–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <a href="#Peterson60">Peterson, 1960</a>, pp. 5, 67–69, 189–208, 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <a href="#Appleby">Appleby, 2003</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <a href="#Siena">SRI, 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <a href="#Brookings">Brookings, 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rushmore-460"><a href="#cite_ref-rushmore_460-0">^</a> <a href="#Rushmore">NPS: Mt. Rushmore</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <a href="#Peterson60">Peterson, 1960</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2021" class="citation web cs1">O'Brien, Brendan (October 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/thomas-jefferson-statue-be-removed-new-york-city-council-chamber-2021-10-19/">"Thomas Jefferson Statue to be Removed from New York City Council Chamber"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson+Statue+to+be+Removed+from+New+York+City+Council+Chamber&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fthomas-jefferson-statue-be-removed-new-york-city-council-chamber-2021-10-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuscombe2021" class="citation web cs1">Luscombe, Richard (November 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/23/thomas-jefferson-statuue-new-york-city-hall">"New York city hall removes Thomas Jefferson statue"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved January 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+York+city+hall+removes+Thomas+Jefferson+statue&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft.aulast=Luscombe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Fnov%2F23%2Fthomas-jefferson-statuue-new-york-city-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google/books=5lG7ISgjvr0C-464"><a href="#cite_ref-google/books=5lG7ISgjvr0C_464-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1914" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lG7ISgjvr0C">Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, 1743–1790: Together with a Summary of the Chief Events in Jefferson's Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/G.P._Putnam%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="G.P. Putnam's Sons">G.P. Putnam's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409784760" title="Special:BookSources/9781409784760"><bdi>9781409784760</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+1743%E2%80%931790%3A+Together+with+a+Summary+of+the+Chief+Events+in+Jefferson%27s+Life&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=9781409784760&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lG7ISgjvr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Adams88" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baxter_Adams" title="Herbert Baxter Adams">Adams, Herbert Baxter</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkTPAAAAMAAJ">Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+University+of+Virginia&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Baxter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkTPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Alexander10" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Leslie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vn0OAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of African American History (American Ethnic Experience)</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851097692" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851097692"><bdi>978-1851097692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History+%28American+Ethnic+Experience%29&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1851097692&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvn0OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ambrose" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undauntedcourag000ambr">Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684811079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684811079"><bdi>978-0684811079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undaunted+Courage%3A+Meriwether+Lewis%2C+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+and+the+Opening+of+the+American+West&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0684811079&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundauntedcourag000ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Andresen" class="citation book cs1">Andresen, Julie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K67T2V0KdgQC">Linguistics in America 1769–1924: A Critical History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134976119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134976119"><bdi>978-1134976119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+in+America+1769%E2%80%931924%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1134976119&rft.aulast=Andresen&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK67T2V0KdgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Andrews, Stuart. "Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution" History Today (May 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 5, pp. 299–306.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Appleby" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, Joyce Oldham (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hWOpH0d3E8C">Thomas Jefferson: The American Presidents Series: The 3rd President, 1801–1809</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805069242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805069242"><bdi>978-0805069242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+3rd+President%2C+1801%E2%80%931809&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0805069242&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Oldham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hWOpH0d3E8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bailey2007" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Jeremy D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWu7GGgkDJUC">Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139466295" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139466295"><bdi>978-1139466295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Executive+Power&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1139466295&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWu7GGgkDJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanner1974" class="citation book cs1">Banner, James M. Jr. (1974). C. Vann Woodward (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKHAAAAMAAJ">Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct</a>. Delacorte Press Dell Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0440059233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0440059233"><bdi>978-0440059233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press+Dell+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0440059233&rft.aulast=Banner&rft.aufirst=James+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecKHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian persuasion: evolution of a party ideology (1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonianpers00lanc">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bassani" class="citation book cs1">Bassani, Luigi Marco (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBTccKPAIiAC">Liberty, State & Union: The Political Theory of Thomas Jefferson</a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881461862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881461862"><bdi>978-0881461862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+State+%26+Union%3A+The+Political+Theory+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0881461862&rft.aulast=Bassani&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBTccKPAIiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bear" class="citation book cs1">Bear, James Adam (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonatmonti00jame">Jefferson at Monticello</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813900223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813900223"><bdi>978-0813900223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+at+Monticello&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0813900223&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=James+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeffersonatmonti00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bear74" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1974). "The Last Few Days in the Life of Thomas Jefferson". Magazine of Albemarle County History. 32: 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magazine+of+Albemarle+County+History&rft.atitle=The+Last+Few+Days+in+the+Life+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bernstein03" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Bernstein" title="Richard B. Bernstein">Bernstein, Richard B.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vrD1WKLicwC">Thomas Jefferson</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195181302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195181302"><bdi>978-0195181302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195181302&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vrD1WKLicwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bernstein2004" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh4RcHoZP0cC">The Revolution of Ideas</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195143683" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195143683"><bdi>978-0195143683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+Ideas&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195143683&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUh4RcHoZP0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Berry" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Trey; Beasley, Pam; Clements, Jeanne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMi2lbTqKA8C">The Forgotten Expedition, 1804–1805: The Louisiana Purchase Journals of Dunbar and Hunter</a>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807131657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807131657"><bdi>978-0807131657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Expedition%2C+1804%E2%80%931805%3A+The+Louisiana+Purchase+Journals+of+Dunbar+and+Hunter&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0807131657&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Trey&rft.au=Beasley%2C+Pam&rft.au=Clements%2C+Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMi2lbTqKA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bober" class="citation book cs1">Bober, Natalie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7TePIQzpSIC">Thomas Jefferson: Draftsman of a Nation</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813927329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813927329"><bdi>978-0813927329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Draftsman+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0813927329&rft.aulast=Bober&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7TePIQzpSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="boles" class="citation book cs1">Boles, John B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYbUDAAAQBAJ">Jefferson: Architect of American Liberty</a>. Basic Books,626 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465094691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465094691"><bdi>978-0465094691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%3A+Architect+of+American+Liberty&rft.pub=Basic+Books%2C626+pages&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0465094691&rft.aulast=Boles&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYbUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brodie" class="citation book cs1">Brodie, Fawn (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4VT7_0NbxUC">Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393317527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393317527"><bdi>978-0393317527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+An+Intimate+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0393317527&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Fawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4VT7_0NbxUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bowers45" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Claude (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngjefferson17001142mbp">The Young Jefferson 1743–1789</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Jefferson+1743%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungjefferson17001142mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Burstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nih3AAAAMAAJ">Jefferson's Secrets: Death and Desire at Monticello</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465008131" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465008131"><bdi>978-0465008131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Secrets%3A+Death+and+Desire+at+Monticello&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0465008131&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnih3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Burstein10" class="citation book cs1">——; Isenberg, Nancy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U1mDdccrSFsC">Madison and Jefferson</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400067282" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400067282"><bdi>978-1400067282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison+and+Jefferson&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400067282&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Isenberg%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU1mDdccrSFsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chernow04" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher">Alexander Hamilton</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594200090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594200090"><bdi>978-1594200090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1594200090&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="chinard" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1926). Chinard, Gilbert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wwABAAAQBAJ">The Commonplace Book of Thomas Jefferson: A Repertory of His Ideas on Government, with an Introduction and Notes by Gilbert Chinard, Volume 2</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400860098" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400860098"><bdi>978-1400860098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commonplace+Book+of+Thomas+Jefferson%3A+A+Repertory+of+His+Ideas+on+Government%2C+with+an+Introduction+and+Notes+by+Gilbert+Chinard%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=978-1400860098&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wwABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cogliano" class="citation book cs1">Cogliano, Francis D (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC">Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748624997" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748624997"><bdi>978-0748624997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Reputation+and+Legacy&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0748624997&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=Francis+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1f-wAfE0mpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cooke" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Jacob E. (1970). "The Compromise of 1790". William and Mary Quarterly. 27 (4): 523–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1919703">10.2307/1919703</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919703">1919703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Compromise+of+1790&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523-545&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1919703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1919703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cunningham_(December_28,_2020)" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Vinson (December 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/04/what-thomas-jefferson-could-never-understand-about-jesus">"What Thomas Jefferson Could Never Understand About Jesus"</a>. newyorker.com. Retrieved April 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newyorker.com&rft.atitle=What+Thomas+Jefferson+Could+Never+Understand+About+Jesus&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F01%2F04%2Fwhat-thomas-jefferson-could-never-understand-about-jesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Crawford2008" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Alan Pell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twilightatmontic00craw">Twilight at Monticello: The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson</a>. Random House Digital. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400060795" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400060795"><bdi>978-1400060795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+at+Monticello%3A+The+Final+Years+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1400060795&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Alan+Pell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwilightatmontic00craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davis99" class="citation book cs1">Davis, David Brion (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkAm6BKNU9MC">The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199880836" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199880836"><bdi>978-0199880836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Slavery+in+the+Age+of+Revolution%2C+1770%E2%80%931823&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0199880836&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkAm6BKNU9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Du_Bois" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04mJJlND1ccC">The suppression of the African slave-trade to the United States of America</a>. Longmans, Green and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0722272848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0722272848"><bdi>978-0722272848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+suppression+of+the+African+slave-trade+to+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=978-0722272848&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+Burghardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04mJJlND1ccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle1927" class="citation journal cs1">Earle, Edward Mead (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838110">"American Interest in the Greek Cause, 1821–1827"</a>. The American Historical Review. 33 (1): 44–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1838110">10.2307/1838110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838110">1838110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Interest+in+the+Greek+Cause%2C+1821%E2%80%931827&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-63&rft.date=1927&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1838110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1838110&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Edward+Mead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1838110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Elkins93" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffederalism00elki">The Age of Federalism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195068900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195068900"><bdi>978-0195068900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Federalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0195068900&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft.au=McKitrick%2C+Eric+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffederalism00elki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ellis96" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHV_ozRD6ycC">American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679444909" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679444909"><bdi>978-0679444909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Sphinx%3A+The+Character+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0679444909&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHV_ozRD6ycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansphinx00jose">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ellis00" class="citation book cs1">—— (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670889334">Thomas Jefferson: Genius of Liberty</a>. Viking Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670889334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670889334"><bdi>978-0670889334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Genius+of+Liberty&rft.pub=Viking+Studio&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0670889334&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780670889334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ellis03" class="citation book cs1">—— (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsPztgGkYYgC">Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400077687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400077687"><bdi>978-1400077687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Brothers%3A+The+Revolutionary+Generation&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1400077687&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsPztgGkYYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ellis2008" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UpSqADt2XzwC">American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic</a>. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307263698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307263698"><bdi>978-0307263698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Creation%3A+Triumphs+and+Tragedies+in+the+Founding+of+the+Republic&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0307263698&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpSqADt2XzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ferling2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settingworldabla00john">Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195134094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195134094"><bdi>978-0195134094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+World+Ablaze%3A+Washington%2C+Adams%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0195134094&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsettingworldabla00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ferling04" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adamsvsjefferson00ferl">Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195167719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195167719"><bdi>978-0195167719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adams+vs.+Jefferson%3A+The+Tumultuous+Election+of+1800&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195167719&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadamsvsjefferson00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Finkelman1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (1989). "Evading the Ordinance: The Persistence of Bondage in Indiana and Illinois". Journal of the Early Republic. 9 (1): 21–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3123523">10.2307/3123523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123523">3123523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Evading+the+Ordinance%3A+The+Persistence+of+Bondage+in+Indiana+and+Illinois&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3123523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3123523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Finkelman2006" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVgKAgAAQBAJ">The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties A-F Index</a>. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135947040" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135947040"><bdi>978-1135947040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+American+Civil+Liberties+A-F+Index&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1135947040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVgKAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Finkelman1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Finkelman, Paul (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studythepast.com/4333_spring12/materials/thomas%20jefferson%20and%20antislavery%20_%20the%20myth%20goes%20on%20_%20paul%20finkelman.pdf">"Thomas Jefferson and Antislavery: The Myth Goes On"</a> (PDF). The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 102, no. 2. Virginia Historical Society. pp. 193–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Antislavery%3A+The+Myth+Goes+On&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-228&rft.date=1994-04&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studythepast.com%2F4333_spring12%2Fmaterials%2Fthomas%2520jefferson%2520and%2520antislavery%2520_%2520the%2520myth%2520goes%2520on%2520_%2520paul%2520finkelman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Foster" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Eugene A.; et al. (November 5, 1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child". Nature. 396 (6706): 27–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.396...27F">1998Natur.396...27F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F23835">10.1038/23835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9817200">9817200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4424562">4424562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Jefferson+fathered+slave%27s+last+child&rft.volume=396&rft.issue=6706&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=1998-11-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F23835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4424562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9817200&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.396...27F&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Eugene+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Frawley" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frawley, William J., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC">"International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set"</a>. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195139778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195139778"><bdi>978-0195139778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics%3A+4-Volume+Set&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195139778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl_dDVctycgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Freehling05" class="citation book cs1">Freehling, William W. (2005). Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayINMX_RtkEC">The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898 The Louisiana Purchase and the Coming of the Civil War</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 69–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742549838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742549838"><bdi>978-0742549838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase+and+American+Expansion%2C+1803%E2%80%931898+The+Louisiana+Purchase+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=69-82&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0742549838&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayINMX_RtkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Freeman1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joanne_B._Freeman" title="Joanne B. 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Thomas Jefferson and the Science of Republican Government: A Political Biography of Notes on the State of Virginia (Cambridge University Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Thomas-Jefferson-Science-Republican-Government/dp/1107157366/">excerpt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fremont-Barnes" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQJI5cX-klYC">The Wars of the Barbary Pirates: To the Shores of Tripoli – The Rise of the US Navy and Marines</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846030307" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846030307"><bdi>978-1846030307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Barbary+Pirates%3A+To+the+Shores+of+Tripoli+%E2%80%93+The+Rise+of+the+US+Navy+and+Marines&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1846030307&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQJI5cX-klYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Golden" class="citation book cs1">Golden, James L.; Golden, Alan L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_P7VTCiGv4C&pg=PA60">Thomas Jefferson and the Rhetoric of Virtue</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742520806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742520806"><bdi>978-0742520806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Virtue&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0742520806&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Golden%2C+Alan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_P7VTCiGv4C%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reed97" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Gordon-Reed" title="Annette Gordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed, Annette</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hk86gGtn8sUC">Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy</a>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813916989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813916989"><bdi>978-0813916989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Sally+Hemings%3A+An+American+Controversy&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0813916989&rft.aulast=Gordon-Reed&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhk86gGtn8sUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gordon08" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rucDU2Xa6gC">The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393064773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393064773"><bdi>978-0393064773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hemingses+of+Monticello%3A+An+American+Family&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0393064773&rft.aulast=Gordon-Reed&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rucDU2Xa6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gordon-Reed_(February_20,_2020)" class="citation web cs1">Gordon-Reed, Annette (February 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5783989/thomas-jefferson-all-men-created-equal/">"Thomas Jefferson's Vision of Equality Was Not All-Inclusive. But It Was Transformative"</a>. Retrieved March 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Vision+of+Equality+Was+Not+All-Inclusive.+But+It+Was+Transformative&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft.aulast=Gordon-Reed&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5783989%2Fthomas-jefferson-all-men-created-equal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Greider2010" class="citation book cs1">Greider, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7JU3Xk3NTgC">Who Will Tell the People</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439128749" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439128749"><bdi>978-1439128749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Will+Tell+the+People&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1439128749&rft.aulast=Greider&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7JU3Xk3NTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Halliday09" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, E. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingtho00hall">Understanding Thomas Jefferson</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060197933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060197933"><bdi>978-0060197933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0060197933&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingtho00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="self" class="citation journal cs1">Hamelman, Steven (January 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296815536">"Autobiography and Archive: Franklin, Jefferson, and the Revised Self"</a>. Midwest Quarterly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Autobiography+and+Archive%3A+Franklin%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+the+Revised+Self&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.aulast=Hamelman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F296815536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Harrison" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, John Houston (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6S01V7Ho08C">Settlers by the Long Grey Trail: Some Pioneers to Old Augusta County, Virginia, and Their Descendants of the Family of Harrison and Allied Lines</a>. Genealogical Publishing Com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806306643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806306643"><bdi>978-0806306643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlers+by+the+Long+Grey+Trail%3A+Some+Pioneers+to+Old+Augusta+County%2C+Virginia%2C+and+Their+Descendants+of+the+Family+of+Harrison+and+Allied+Lines&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0806306643&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=John+Houston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6S01V7Ho08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hart" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Charles Henry (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WE5IAAAAMAAJ">Browere's Life Masks of Great Americans</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195307580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195307580"><bdi>978-0195307580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Monticello%3A+The+Life+and+Mind+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0195307580&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFSm22FPS-sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hellenbrand" class="citation book cs1">Hellenbrand, Harold (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8rnKqvaiYMC">The Unfinished Revolution: Education and Politics in the Thought of Thomas Jefferson</a>. Associated University Presse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874133707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874133707"><bdi>978-0874133707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Revolution%3A+Education+and+Politics+in+the+Thought+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presse&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0874133707&rft.aulast=Hellenbrand&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8rnKqvaiYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Helo" class="citation book cs1">Helo, Ari (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EM0AgAAQBAJ">Thomas Jefferson's Ethics and the Politics of Human Progress: The Morality of a Slaveholder</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107435551" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107435551"><bdi>978-1107435551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Ethics+and+the+Politics+of+Human+Progress%3A+The+Morality+of+a+Slaveholder&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107435551&rft.aulast=Helo&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EM0AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Nancy (2015). America's First Ladies. ABC-CLIO, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610698832" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610698832"><bdi>978-1610698832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Ladies&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1610698832&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fODT-qOVoiIC">From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199743773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199743773"><bdi>978-0199743773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199743773&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfODT-qOVoiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hogan87" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Pendleton (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawnguidetojeffe00hoga">The Lawn: A Guide to Jefferson's University</a>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813911090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813911090"><bdi>978-0813911090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lawn%3A+A+Guide+to+Jefferson%27s+University&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0813911090&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Pendleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawnguidetojeffe00hoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Howe09" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4cEPMc7OkcC">Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199740796" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199740796"><bdi>978-0199740796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+American+Self%3A+Jonathan+Edwards+to+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199740796&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4cEPMc7OkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hyland2009" class="citation book cs1">Hyland, William G (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtCG8vVQEEC">In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal</a>. Carolina Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0890890851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0890890851"><bdi>978-0890890851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+Sally+Hemings+Sex+Scandal&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0890890851&rft.aulast=Hyland&rft.aufirst=William+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjtCG8vVQEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacavone2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Jacavone, Jared (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1011">The Paid Vote: America's Neutrality During the Greek War for Independence</a> (MA thesis). University of Rhode Island. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23860%2Fthesis-jacavone-jared-2017">10.23860/thesis-jacavone-jared-2017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Paid+Vote%3A+America%27s+Neutrality+During+the+Greek+War+for+Independence&rft.inst=University+of+Rhode+Island&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23860%2Fthesis-jacavone-jared-2017&rft.aulast=Jacavone&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.uri.edu%2Ftheses%2F1011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kaplan" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYauSvP9j40C">Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0842026307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0842026307"><bdi>978-0842026307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Westward+the+Course+of+Empire&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0842026307&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYauSvP9j40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbBbn3x7PZsC">Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-431-8&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+Heidi+Slettedahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbBbn3x7PZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Keyssar" class="citation book cs1">Keyssar, Alexander (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UijIgQP0xF8C">The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465010141" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465010141"><bdi>978-0465010141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Vote%3A+The+Contested+History+of+Democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0465010141&rft.aulast=Keyssar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUijIgQP0xF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Maier" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanscriptur00maie">American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679454922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679454922"><bdi>978-0679454922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Scripture%3A+Making+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0679454922&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanscriptur00maie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Malone, Dumas</a>, ed. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer10ilamer#page/17/mode/1up">"Jefferson, Thomas"</a>. Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 10. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 17–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jefferson%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=17-35&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofamer10ilamer%23page%2F17%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Malone, Dumas</a>. Jefferson (6 vol. 1948–1981) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone48" class="citation book cs1">—— (1948). Jefferson, The Virginian. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a>. Vol. 1. Little Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1823927">1823927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%2C+The+Virginian&rft.series=Jefferson+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1823927&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988">, <a href="//archive.org/details/jeffersonhistime01malo" class="extiw" title="iarchive:jeffersonhistime01malo">Ebook</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone51" class="citation book cs1">—— (1951). Jefferson and the Rights of Man. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a>. Vol. 2. Little Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+and+the+Rights+of+Man&rft.series=Jefferson+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone62" class="citation book cs1">—— (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzwR7AeEbMsC">Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a>. Vol. 3. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316544757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316544757"><bdi>978-0316544757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+and+the+Ordeal+of+Liberty&rft.series=Jefferson+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0316544757&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzwR7AeEbMsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone70" class="citation book cs1">—— (1970). Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a>. Vol. 4. Little Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+the+President%3A+First+Term%2C+1801%E2%80%931805&rft.series=Jefferson+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone74" class="citation book cs1">—— (1974). Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a>. Vol. 5. Little Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1929523">1929523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+the+President%3A+Second+Term%2C+1805%E2%80%931809&rft.series=Jefferson+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1929523&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Malone81" class="citation book cs1">—— (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sageofmonticello00malo">The Sage of Monticello</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a>. Vol. 6. Little Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316544788" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316544788"><bdi>978-0316544788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sage+of+Monticello&rft.series=Jefferson+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0316544788&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsageofmonticello00malo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mapp" class="citation book cs1">Mapp, Alf J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COoWAQAACAAJ">Jefferson: Passionate Pilgrim</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517098882" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517098882"><bdi>978-0517098882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%3A+Passionate+Pilgrim&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0517098882&rft.aulast=Mapp&rft.aufirst=Alf+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOoWAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mayer2" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, David N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CQQAQAAMAAJ">The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson (Constitutionalism and Democracy)</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813914855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813914855"><bdi>978-0813914855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Thought+of+Thomas+Jefferson+%28Constitutionalism+and+Democracy%29&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0813914855&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CQQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McCullough" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-sTrTHz8oMC">John Adams</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1471104527" title="Special:BookSources/978-1471104527"><bdi>978-1471104527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Adams&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1471104527&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-sTrTHz8oMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McDonald" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Robert M. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ry8MfiPuM8C">Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point</a>. Jeffersonian America. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813922980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813922980"><bdi>978-0813922980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Military+Academy%3A+Founding+West+Point&rft.series=Jeffersonian+America&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0813922980&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ry8MfiPuM8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McEwan" class="citation book cs1">McEwan, Barbara (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvR2AAAAMAAJ">Thomas Jefferson, Farmer</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899506333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899506333"><bdi>978-0899506333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Farmer&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0899506333&rft.aulast=McEwan&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvR2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Meacham" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Meacham" title="Jon Meacham">Meacham, Jon</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasjeffersona0000meac/mode/2up">Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power</a>. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679645368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679645368"><bdi>978-0679645368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+Art+of+Power&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0679645368&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomasjeffersona0000meac%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2013" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QBwDwAAQBAJ">Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power</a> (Paperback). Random House Trade Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812979480" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812979480"><bdi>978-0812979480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+Art+of+Power&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0812979480&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QBwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miller80" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John Chester (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8uPu4CwaicC">The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0452005303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0452005303"><bdi>978-0452005303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wolf+by+the+Ears%3A+Thomas+Jefferson+and+Slavery&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0452005303&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df8uPu4CwaicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miller08" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccnP7tWU7hwC">Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803215986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803215986"><bdi>978-0803215986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+America%2C+Discovered+and+Conquered%3A+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Lewis+%26+Clark%2C+and+Manifest+Destiny&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0803215986&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccnP7tWU7hwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mott, Frank Luther. (1943) Jefferson and the press (LSU Press) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonpress0000mott/page/n2/mode/thumb">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Onuf2000" class="citation book cs1">Onuf, Peters S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyj04Yksc1kC&pg=PA73">Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood</a>. U of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813922041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813922041"><bdi>978-0813922041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Empire%3A+The+Language+of+American+Nationhood&rft.pub=U+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0813922041&rft.aulast=Onuf&rft.aufirst=Peters+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlyj04Yksc1kC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Onuf07" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VB4m0M6nn2sC">The Mind of Thomas Jefferson</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813926117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813926117"><bdi>978-0813926117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0813926117&rft.aulast=Onuf&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVB4m0M6nn2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peterson60" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Merrill D. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QNrZoAgGAsC">The Jefferson Image in the American Mind</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813918518" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813918518"><bdi>978-0813918518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jefferson+Image+in+the+American+Mind&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0813918518&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QNrZoAgGAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peterson70" class="citation book cs1">—— (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcOXEb0O4-UC">Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation; a Biography</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195000542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195000542"><bdi>978-0195000542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+New+Nation%3B+a+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0195000542&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcOXEb0O4-UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peterson2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). "Thomas Jefferson". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 39–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.pages=39-56&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Phillips" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Phillips, Julieanne (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PA474">"Northwest Ordinance (1787)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Junius_Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Rodriguez">Rodriguez, Junius</a> (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. pp. 473–474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874368857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874368857"><bdi>978-0874368857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Northwest+Ordinance+%281787%29&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+World+Slavery&rft.pages=473-474&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0874368857&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Julieanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATq5_6h2AT0C%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Randall" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasjeffersonl00rand">Thomas Jefferson: A Life</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060976170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060976170"><bdi>978-0060976170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0060976170&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomasjeffersonl00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988">, popular history; weak after 1790.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Randall_1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/thomas-jefferson-takes-vacation">"Thomas Jefferson Takes A Vacation"</a>. American Heritage. Vol. 47, no. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson+Takes+A+Vacation&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fthomas-jefferson-takes-vacation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rodriguez" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs7GAwwdzyQC">The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576071885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576071885"><bdi>978-1576071885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase%3A+a+historical+and+geographical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576071885&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQs7GAwwdzyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stewart97" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasjeffersonf0000stew/page/39/mode/1up">Thomas Jefferson: Forerunner to the Restoration</a>. Cedar Fort. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88290-605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88290-605-8"><bdi>978-0-88290-605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Forerunner+to+the+Restoration&rft.pub=Cedar+Fort&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88290-605-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomasjeffersonf0000stew%2Fpage%2F39%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sheehan74" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Bernard (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zKAg9_ZOs0C">Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393007169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393007169"><bdi>978-0393007169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Extinction%3A+Jeffersonian+Philanthropy+and+the+American+Indian&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0393007169&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zKAg9_ZOs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scythes1" class="citation book cs1">Scythes, James (2014). Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812 A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598841565"><bdi>978-1598841565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Wars+of+the+Early+American+Republic%2C+1783%E2%80%931812+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1598841565&rft.aulast=Scythes&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shuffelton" class="citation book cs1">Shuffelton, Frank (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9aHawVmF_lgC">"Introduction"</a>. In Jefferson, Thomas. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonstateofv000jeff">Notes on the State of Virginia</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140436679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140436679"><bdi>978-0140436679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+State+of+Virginia&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0140436679&rft.aulast=Shuffelton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aHawVmF_lgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb0sFxQ6yHoC">Encyclopedia of African American Politics</a>. Infobase Publishing, 433 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438130194" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438130194"><bdi>978-1438130194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Politics&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing%2C+433+pages&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1438130194&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKb0sFxQ6yHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tucker37" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Tucker_(politician)" title="George Tucker (politician)">Tucker, George</a> (1837). The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States; 2 vol. Carey, Lea & Blanchard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Third+President+of+the+United+States%3B+2+vol.&rft.pub=Carey%2C+Lea+%26+Blanchard&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tucker90" class="citation book cs1">—— (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0EFEU0BEe8C">Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson</a>. Cogliano Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198022763" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198022763"><bdi>978-0198022763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+The+Statecraft+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Cogliano+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0198022763&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0EFEU0BEe8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Urofsky" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V12AwAAQBAJ">Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices</a>. CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452267289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452267289"><bdi>978-1452267289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+the+Supreme+Court%3A+The+Lives+and+Legal+Philosophies+of+the+Justices&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1452267289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V12AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wiencek12" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wiencek" title="Henry Wiencek">Wiencek, Henry</a> (2012). Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and his slaves. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+the+Mountain%3A+Thomas+Jefferson+and+his+slaves&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wiencek&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilentz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (2005). The Rise of American Democracy. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 108–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393058208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393058208"><bdi>978-0393058208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Democracy&rft.pages=108-111&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0393058208&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Steven Harmon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Snia9Kt7rokC">The U.S. Justice System: Law and constitution in early America</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843040" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843040"><bdi>978-1598843040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Justice+System%3A+Law+and+constitution+in+early+America&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1598843040&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Steven+Harmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnia9Kt7rokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wood2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Wood, Gordon S</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionarycha00gord">Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594200939" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594200939"><bdi>978-1594200939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Characters%3A+What+Made+the+Founders+Different&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1594200939&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionarycha00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wood2010" class="citation book cs1">—— (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood">Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195039146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195039146"><bdi>978-0195039146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0195039146&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wood2011" class="citation book cs1">—— (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofamericaref00wood_0">The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594202902" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594202902"><bdi>978-1594202902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+America%3A+Reflections+on+the+Birth+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1594202902&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofamericaref00wood_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation_sources">Thomas Jefferson Foundation sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFAPS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/american-philosophical-society">"American Philosophical Society"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Famerican-philosophical-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFCode" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/coded-messages">"Coded Messages"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coded+Messages&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fcoded-messages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFEmbargo" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/embargo-1807">"Embargo of 1807"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embargo+of+1807&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fembargo-1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFRise" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/i-rise-sun">"I Rise with the Sun"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Rise+with+the+Sun&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fi-rise-sun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFItaly" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/italy#Language">"Italy – Language"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+%E2%80%93+Language&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fitaly%23Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFMadison" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/james-madison">"James Madison"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fjames-madison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFAntiSlaveryActions" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/slavery-at-monticello/liberty-slavery/jeffersons-antislavery-actions">"Jefferson's Antislavery Actions"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Antislavery+Actions&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fslavery-at-monticello%2Fliberty-slavery%2Fjeffersons-antislavery-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jefferson's_Religious_Beliefs" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs">"Jefferson's Religious Beliefs"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Religious+Beliefs&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fjeffersons-religious-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFMariaCosway" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/maria-cosway-engraving">"Maria Cosway (Engraving)"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maria+Cosway+%28Engraving%29&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fmaria-cosway-engraving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFMinority" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/minority-report-monticello-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally">"Minority Report of the Monticello Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minority+Report+of+the+Monticello+Research+Committee+on+Thomas+Jefferson+and+Sally+Hemings&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fminority-report-monticello-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFHouseConstruction" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/house-and-gardens/monticello-house-faq#when">"Monticello construction chronology"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monticello+construction+chronology&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fhouse-and-gardens%2Fmonticello-house-faq%23when&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSlaveBuilders" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/house-and-gardens/monticello-house-faq#who">"Monticello (House) FAQ – Who built the house?"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monticello+%28House%29+FAQ+%E2%80%93+Who+built+the+house%3F&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fhouse-and-gardens%2Fmonticello-house-faq%23who&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFNailery" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/nailery">"Nailery"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nailery&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fnailery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFIndian_Nations" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/president-jefferson-and-indian-nations">"President Jefferson and the Indian Nations"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Jefferson+and+the+Indian+Nations&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fpresident-jefferson-and-indian-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSpeaking" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/public-speaking">"Public Speaking"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Speaking&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fpublic-speaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSlaveryQuotes" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182518/https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/quotations-slavery-and-emancipation-0">"Quotations on Slavery and Emancipation"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/quotations-slavery-and-emancipation-0">the original</a> on August 20, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quotations+on+Slavery+and+Emancipation&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fquotations-slavery-and-emancipation-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFConclusions" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/vi-conclusions">"Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings – Conclusions"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Research+Committee+on+Thomas+Jefferson+and+Sally+Hemings+%E2%80%93+Conclusions&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fvi-conclusions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSale" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/house-and-gardens/sale-monticello">"Sale of Monticello"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sale+of+Monticello&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fhouse-and-gardens%2Fsale-monticello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSlaveDwellings" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054218/https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/slave-dwellings">"Slave Dwellings"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/slave-dwellings">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slave+Dwellings&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fslave-dwellings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSlaveryFAQ" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/frequently-asked-questions-about-slavery-monticello">"Slavery at Monticello FAQ – Property"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+at+Monticello+FAQ+%E2%80%93+Property&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Ffrequently-asked-questions-about-slavery-monticello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSlaveryWork" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/work">"Slavery at Monticello FAQ – Work"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+at+Monticello+FAQ+%E2%80%93+Work&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSpanish" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/spanish-language">"Spanish Language"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Language&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fspanish-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFBio" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/thomas-jefferson-brief-biography">"Thomas Jefferson: A Brief Biography"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+A+Brief+Biography&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fthomas-jefferson-brief-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFSally" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-brief-account">"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Sally+Hemings%3A+A+Brief+Account&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fthomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-brief-account&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFslavery" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-slavery">"Thomas Jefferson and Slavery"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved May 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Slavery&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fplantation-and-slavery%2Fthomas-jefferson-and-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFEnlightenment" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/thomas-jeffersons-enlightenment-and-american-indians">"Thomas Jefferson's Enlightenment and American Indians"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Enlightenment+and+American+Indians&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fthomas-jeffersons-enlightenment-and-american-indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TJFReligion" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs">"Thomas Jefferson's Religious Beliefs"</a>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Religious+Beliefs&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fjeffersons-religious-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeffersonpapers.princeton.edu/">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, – the Princeton University Press edition of the correspondence and papers; vol 1 appeared in 1950; vol 41 (covering part of 1803) appeared in 2014.</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/about">"Founders Online," searchable edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UCP" class="citation web cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (November 10, 1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch8s41.html">"Thomas Jefferson, Resolutions Relative to the Alien and Sedition Acts"</a>. The Founder's Constitution. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Founder%27s+Constitution&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Resolutions+Relative+to+the+Alien+and+Sedition+Acts&rft.date=1798-11-10&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdocuments%2Fv1ch8s41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="#Bio" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Jefferson (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/autobiographyoft00jeff#page/n5/mode/2up">Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson 1743–1790</a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Thomas+Jefferson+1743%E2%80%931790&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fautobiographyoft00jeff%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UVALibrary" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.lib.virginia.edu/TJ">"Thomas Jefferson"</a>. University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.virginia.edu%2FTJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="morals" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=niMWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265">The Life and Writings of Thomas Jefferson</a>. pp. 265–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Writings+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pages=265-266&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DniMWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jeff_Notes" class="citation book cs1">—— (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTWttRSMtbYC">Notes on the State of Virginia</a>. J.W. Randolph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+State+of+Virginia&rft.pub=J.W.+Randolph&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTWttRSMtbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"> (Note: This was Jefferson's only book; numerous editions)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peterson77" class="citation book cs1">—— (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hbAavG-aLEC">The Portable Thomas Jefferson</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101127667" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101127667"><bdi>978-1101127667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portable+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1101127667&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hbAavG-aLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yarbrough2006" class="citation book cs1">Yarbrough, Jean M.; Jefferson, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQGA8iIpZxQC">The Essential Jefferson</a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603843782" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603843782"><bdi>978-1603843782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Jefferson&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1603843782&rft.aulast=Yarbrough&rft.aufirst=Jean+M.&rft.au=Jefferson%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQGA8iIpZxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_site_sources">Web site sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="apsmuseum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813155430/http://www.apsmuseum.org/jefferson-and-native-america/">"Gathering Voices: Thomas Jefferson and Native America"</a>. American Philosophical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsmuseum.org/jefferson-and-native-america/">the original</a> on August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gathering+Voices%3A+Thomas+Jefferson+and+Native+America&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsmuseum.org%2Fjefferson-and-native-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="archives" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-07-02-0167">"Thomas Jefferson to Horatio G. Spafford, 17 March 1814"</a>. U.S. Government: National Archives. Retrieved March 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+to+Horatio+G.+Spafford%2C+17+March+1814&rft.pub=U.S.+Government%3A+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FJefferson%2F03-07-02-0167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miller" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120146/http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson/essays/biography/print">"American President: A Reference Resource"</a>. University of Virginia: Miller Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson/essays/biography/print">the original</a> on August 26, 2014. 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Retrieved October 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monticello.org&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Sally+Hemings+A+Brief+Account&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fthomas-jefferson%2Fjefferson-slavery%2Fthomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Carlson_(September_27,_2017)" class="citation web cs1">Peter, Carlson (September 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/bible-according-thomas-jefferson/">"The Bible According to Thomas Jefferson"</a>. historynet.com. Retrieved May 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynet.com&rft.atitle=The+Bible+According+to+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Carlson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fbible-according-thomas-jefferson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 41 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="6031" data-mwtitle="En-Thomas_Jefferson-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/En-Thomas_Jefferson-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/En-Thomas_Jefferson-article.ogg/En-Thomas_Jefferson-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Thomas_Jefferson-article.ogg" title="File:En-Thomas Jefferson-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 2 March 2019 (2019-03-02), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/jefferson">Scholarly coverage of Jefferson at Miller Center, U of Virginia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressJ000069" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000069">"Thomas Jefferson (id: J000069)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson+%28id%3A+J000069%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DJ000069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/">Thomas Jefferson Papers: An Electronic Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.lib.virginia.edu/content.php?pid=77323&sid=572858">Thomas Jefferson collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Virginia Library">University of Virginia Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/content/volumes#Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a>, subset of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/">Founders Online</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1774" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/117/">Summary View of the Rights of British America</a>. Printed by Clementina Rind – via <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summary+View+of+the+Rights+of+British+America&rft.pub=Printed+by+Clementina+Rind&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thomas_Jefferson_Hour" title="The Thomas Jefferson Hour">The Thomas Jefferson Hour</a>, a radio show about all things Thomas Jefferson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeffersonhour.com/">The Thomas Jefferson Hour</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/jeffpap.asp">"The Papers of Thomas Jefferson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fsubject_menus%2Fjeffpap.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1638">Works by Thomas Jefferson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Jefferson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221743-1826%22%20AND%20Jefferson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Jefferson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/347">Works by Thomas Jefferson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shapell.org/collection/us-presidents/jefferson-thomas/">"Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts and Letters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+of+Thomas+Jefferson+Manuscripts+and+Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shapell.org%2Fcollection%2Fus-presidents%2Fjefferson-thomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/44">"Thomas Jefferson's Family: A Genealogical Chart"</a>. Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jefferson+Quotes+%26+Family+Letters&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Family%3A+A+Genealogical+Chart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftjrs.monticello.org%2Fletter%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Jefferson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template talk:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Jefferson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding documents of the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">physical history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Co-author, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States">Coinage, Weights, and Measures report</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Albemarle_County,_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall" title="Jefferson Hall">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a> (c. 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#American_Philosophical_Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a> (1946 play)</li> <li>1776 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a> (1995 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a> (2015 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (2015 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></li></ul> <ul><li>← John Adams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Category:Thomas Jefferson">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> 1779–1781 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">William Fleming</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> 1790–1793 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Vice President of the United States 1797–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the United States 1801–1809 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Minister to France</a> 1785–1789 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">William Short</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New political party </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> nominee for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>¹, <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Notes and references </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">1. Prior to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a> in 1804, each presidential elector would cast two ballots; the highest vote-getter would become president and the runner-up would become vice president. Thus, in 1796, the Democratic-Republican Party fielded Jefferson as a presidential candidate, but he came in second and therefore became vice president. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Thomas_Jefferson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Thomas_Jefferson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Thomas Jefferson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template talk:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Physical history of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (Massachusetts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">William Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Matthew Thornton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(Continental_Congressman)" title="Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)">Richard Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hart (New Jersey politician)">John Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Abraham Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)">James Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Jr." title="Thomas Lynch Jr.">Thomas Lynch Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Lyman Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">George Walton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates voting for Independence (did not sign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">New York: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a> Maryland: <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Rogers (Continental Congress)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">27 grievances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Document's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li>Anniversaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signers_Monument" title="Signers Monument">Signers Monument (Georgia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Voting_Independence" title="Congress Voting Independence">Pine portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Trumbull portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> 1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> 1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template talk:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governors of Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council" title="Virginia Governor's Council">Virginia Governor's Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia"><img alt="Colony of Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Colony of Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company</a> proprietary colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield" title="Edward Maria Wingfield">Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener" title="Matthew Scrivener">Scrivener</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)" title="George Percy (governor)">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)" title="Thomas Gates (governor)">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">T. West (De La Warr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale" title="Thomas Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">Yeardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Argall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyatt" title="Francis Wyatt">Wyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">F. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pott" title="John Pott">Pott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)" title="John Harvey (Virginia governor)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_West_(governor)" title="John West (governor)">J. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">Reade</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jeffreys_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jeffreys (colonial governor)">Jeffreys</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kemp_(governor)" title="Richard Kemp (governor)">Kemp</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(governor)" title="Richard Bennett (governor)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Digges" title="Edward Digges">Digges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_(captain)" title="Samuel Matthews (captain)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper" title="Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chicheley" title="Henry Chicheley">Chicheley</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Howard of Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nott" title="Edward Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jenings_(governor)" title="Edmund Jenings (governor)">Jenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Hunter (colonial administrator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney" title="George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney">Orkney</a> (absentee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Spotswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale" title="Hugh Drysdale">Drysdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">"King" Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Albemarle</a> (absentee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia#Lewis_Burwell_I/II_(1711–1756)" title="Burwell family of Virginia">Burwell</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Dinwiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a> (absentee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt" title="Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_(governor)" title="William Nelson (governor)">W. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Dunmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/113px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">T. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">E. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Randolph" title="Beverley Randolph">B. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">H. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)" title="Robert Brooke (Virginia governor)">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(governor)" title="James Wood (governor)">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Page (Virginia politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Cabell" title="William H. Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">Tyler Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph_(governor)" title="Peyton Randolph (governor)">P. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patton_Preston" title="James Patton Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Randolph_Jr." title="Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.">T. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">J. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Robertson" title="Wyndham Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Campbell_(Virginia_politician)" title="David Campbell (Virginia politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patton" title="John M. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfoord" title="John Rutherfoord">Rutherfoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munford_Gregory" title="John Munford Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">J. B. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Joseph Johnson (Virginia politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Letcher" title="John Letcher">Letcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont" title="Francis Harrison Pierpont">Pierpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Wells" title="Henry H. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Cameron" title="William E. Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney" title="Philip W. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Triplett O'Ferrall">O'Ferrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler" title="James Hoge Tyler">J. H. Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague" title="Andrew Jackson Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann" title="William Hodges Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart" title="Henry Carter Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertis_Harrison" title="Albertis Harrison">A. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwood_Holton" title="Linwood Holton">Holton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Youngkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Template:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">United States Ambassadors to France</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys to France (1776–1779)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Lee</a> & <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Deane</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary to France (1778–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> (chargé d'affaires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barlow" title="Joel Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France (1816–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levett_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levett Harris (page does not exist)">Harris</a> (chargé d'affaires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas P. Barton (page does not exist)">Barton</a> (chargé d'affaires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to France (1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Eustis" title="James B. Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Porter" title="Horace Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_McCormick" title="Robert Sanderson McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_White_(diplomat)" title="Henry White (diplomat)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graves_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Graves Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Campbell_Wallace" title="Hugh Campbell Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Edge" title="Walter E. Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_I._Straus" title="Jesse I. Straus">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Christian_Bullitt_Jr." title="William Christian Bullitt Jr.">Bullitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville_Pinkney_Tuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerville Pinkney Tuck">Tuck</a> (chargé d'affaires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Caffery" title="Jefferson Caffery">Caffery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Houghton" title="Amory Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">Gavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bohlen" title="Charles E. Bohlen">Bohlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_K._Watson" title="Arthur K. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Irwin_II" title="John N. Irwin II">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Hartman" title="Arthur A. Hartman">Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_G._Galbraith" title="Evan G. Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_M._Rodgers" title="Joe M. Rodgers">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Curley" title="Walter Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Harriman" title="Pamela Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn" title="Felix Rohatyn">Rohatyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_H._Leach" title="Howard H. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Roberts_Stapleton" title="Craig Roberts Stapleton">Stapleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Rivkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. Hartley">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_McCourt" title="Jamie McCourt">McCourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Bauer" title="Denise Bauer">Bauer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic-Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template talk:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic-Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Presidential tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Jefferson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/100px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/150px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/200px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1792)_1796_United_States_presidential_election_(1800_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1796 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1796 United 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title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">James Iredell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnston" title="Samuel Johnston">Samuel Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a> (elected Vice President)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1796 elections: <a href="/wiki/1796_and_1797_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_and_1797_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1796)_1800_United_States_presidential_election_(1804_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1800 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1800 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1800 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1796)_1800_United_States_presidential_election_(1804_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">← 1796</a>) <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #EA9978;"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1800 elections: <a href="/wiki/1800_and_1801_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_and_1801_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1800)_1804_United_States_presidential_election_(1808_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1804 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1804 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1804 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1800)_1804_United_States_presidential_election_(1808_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">← 1800</a>) <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Granger" title="Gideon Granger">Gideon Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">William Maclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #EA9978;"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1804 elections: <a href="/wiki/1804_and_1805_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_and_1805_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mount_Rushmore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template talk:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mount_Rushmore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Shrine of Democracy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_Mount_Rushmore" title="Construction of Mount Rushmore">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> (sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a> (assistant sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Del_Bianco" title="Luigi Del Bianco">Luigi Del Bianco</a> (chief carver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Long" title="Walter K. Long">Walter K. Long</a> (assisted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a> (conceived idea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck" title="Peter Norbeck">Peter Norbeck</a> (political promoter, <a href="/wiki/Norbeck-Williamson_Act_of_1929" title="Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929">Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountrushmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/150px-Mountrushmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/225px-Mountrushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/300px-Mountrushmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum_Museum" title="Lincoln Borglum Museum">Lincoln Borglum Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills of South Dakota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rushmore" title="Charles E. Rushmore">Charles E. Rushmore</a> (namesake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 fireworks celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monument Syndrome">Mount Rushmore Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-14)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-14)">USS Rushmore (LSD-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-47)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-47)">USS Rushmore (LSD-47)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Virginia" title="Template:University of Virginia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Virginia" title="Template talk:University of Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div>Located in: <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div id="Academics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Academics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Architecture" title="University of Virginia School of Architecture">School of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batten_School_of_Leadership_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy">Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="University of Virginia College of Arts and Sciences">College of Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Continuing_and_Professional_Studies" title="University of Virginia School of Continuing and Professional Studies">School of Continuing and Professional Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Darden_School_of_Business" title="University of Virginia Darden School of Business">Darden School of Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntire_School_of_Commerce" title="McIntire School of Commerce">McIntire School of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Education_and_Human_Development" title="University of Virginia School of Education and Human Development">School of Education and Human Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Virginia School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Virginia School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia%27s_College_at_Wise" title="University of Virginia's College at Wise">College at Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Legal_Center_and_School" title="The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School">The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Scholarship programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences#Echols_Scholars" title="University of Virginia College of Arts and Sciences">Echols Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Scholarship" title="Jefferson Scholarship">Jefferson Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science#Rodman_Scholars_Program" title="University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science">Rodman Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Universities_for_Research_in_Astronomy" title="Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy">Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Technology_in_the_Humanities" title="Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities">Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Japanese_Text_Initiative" title="University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative">Japanese Text Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_21" title="Universitas 21">Universitas 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">Mid-Atlantic Terascale Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Commons" title="Fedora Commons">Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Research_in_Patacriticism" title="Applied Research in Patacriticism">Applied Research in Patacriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NINES_(initiative)" class="mw-redirect" title="NINES (initiative)">Networked Infrastructure for Nineteenth-Century Electronic Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(software)" title="Legion (software)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentat_(computing)" title="Mentat (computing)">Mentat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Research publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Law_Review" title="Virginia Law Review">Virginia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Virginia Journal of International Law">Virginia Journal of International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Law_%26_Politics" title="Journal of Law & Politics">Journal of Law & Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_School" title="Rare Book School">Rare Book School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semester_at_Sea" title="Semester at Sea">Semester at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Demographics_and_Workforce_Group" title="University of Virginia Demographics and Workforce Group">University of Virginia Demographics and Workforce Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorensen_Institute_for_Political_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership (page does not exist)">Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Center_for_Politics" title="University of Virginia Center for Politics">University of Virginia Center for Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabato%27s_Crystal_Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabato's Crystal Ball">Sabato's Crystal Ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div id="Athletics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Athletics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Teams and music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers" title="Virginia Cavaliers">Virginia Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Pep_Band" title="Virginia Pep Band">Virginia Pep Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Marching_Band" title="Cavalier Marching Band">Cavalier Marching Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahoos" title="Wahoos">Wahoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Old_Song" title="The Good Old Song">The Good Old Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cavalier_Song" title="The Cavalier Song">The Cavalier Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_baseball" title="Virginia Cavaliers baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_women%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football" title="Virginia Cavaliers football">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_University_of_Virginia_shooting" title="2022 University of Virginia shooting">2022 shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_women%27s_lacrosse" title="Virginia Cavaliers women's lacrosse">Women's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_soccer" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_women%27s_soccer" title="Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_swimming_and_diving" title="Virginia Cavaliers swimming and diving">Swimming and diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_tennis" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's tennis">Men's tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Rivalries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry">Virginia Tech</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry">overall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech football rivalry">football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_men%27s_basketball_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech men's basketball rivalry">men's basketball</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Virginia_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Virginia lacrosse rivalry">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland%E2%80%93Virginia_football_rivalry" title="Maryland–Virginia football rivalry">Maryland Terrapins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland%E2%80%93Virginia_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Maryland–Virginia lacrosse rivalry">lacrosse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South%27s_Oldest_Rivalry" title="South's Oldest Rivalry">North Carolina Tar Heels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_Field_at_Disharoon_Park" title="Davenport Field at Disharoon Park">Davenport Field at Disharoon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Arena" title="John Paul Jones Arena">John Paul Jones Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%B6ckner_Stadium" title="Klöckner Stadium">Klöckner Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Monticello,_Virginia" title="Lake Monticello, Virginia">Lake Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Gymnasium_(Virginia)" title="Memorial Gymnasium (Virginia)">Memorial Gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Stadium" title="Scott Stadium">Scott Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Snyder_Tennis_Center" title="Sheridan Snyder Tennis Center">Sheridan Snyder Tennis Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(University_of_Virginia)" title="University Hall (University of Virginia)">University Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_Turf_Field" title="University Hall Turf Field">University Hall Turf Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div id="Grounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grounds</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Range_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Range (University of Virginia)">The Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">Thomas Jefferson statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntire_Amphitheatre" title="McIntire Amphitheatre">McIntire Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corner_(Charlottesville,_Virginia)" title="The Corner (Charlottesville, Virginia)">The Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Mountain_Observatory" title="Fan Mountain Observatory">Fan Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_College" title="Hereford College">Hereford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall" title="Jefferson Hall">Jefferson Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormick_Observatory" title="McCormick Observatory">McCormick Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Road" title="Rugby Road">Rugby Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Cemetery" title="University of Virginia Cemetery">University of Virginia Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div id="Student_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Student life</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cavalier_Daily" title="The Cavalier Daily">The Cavalier Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_Review" title="The Hedgehog Review">The Hedgehog Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Law_Weekly" title="Virginia Law Weekly">Virginia Law Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Quarterly_Review" title="Virginia Quarterly Review">Virginia Quarterly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Journal" title="The Yellow Journal">The Yellow Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Radio stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTJU" title="WTJU">WTJU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXTJ-LP" title="WXTJ-LP">WXTJ-LP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Greek life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Greek_life" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Virginia Greek life">University of Virginia Greek life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Debating societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Literary_Society_and_Debating_Union" title="Washington Literary Society and Debating Union">Washington Literary Society and Debating Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Academical_Village_People" title="The Academical Village People">The Academical Village People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hullabahoos" title="Hullabahoos">Hullabahoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sil%27hooettes" title="Sil'hooettes">Sil'hooettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virginia_Belles" title="The Virginia Belles">The Virginia Belles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Film_Festival" title="Virginia Film Festival">Virginia Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Gentlemen" title="Virginia Gentlemen">Virginia Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Glee_Club" title="Virginia Glee Club">Virginia Glee Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Residential colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_College_at_Monroe_Hill" title="Brown College at Monroe Hill">Brown College at Monroe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_College" title="Hereford College">Hereford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Residential_College" title="International Residential College">International Residential College</a></li> <li>First-year living areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderman_Road_Dormitories" title="Alderman Road Dormitories">Alderman Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormick_Road_Dormitories" title="McCormick Road Dormitories">McCormick Road</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;">Secret societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMP_Society" title="IMP Society">IMP Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Society" title="Seven Society">Seven Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Society" title="Z Society">Z Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_societies_at_the_University_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies at the University of Virginia">Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Virginia_people" title="List of University of Virginia people">Alumni and faculty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Jefferson (founder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Enslaved laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="List of presidents of the University of Virginia">University Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#232D4B; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E57200, inset -2px -2px 0 #E57200;"><div>Established: 1819 – Endowment: $7.53 billion – Students: 22,391 <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Virginia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of Virginia">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Virginia" title="Category:University of Virginia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Thomas Jefferson at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" class="extiw" title="c:Thomas Jefferson">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" class="extiw" title="q:Thomas Jefferson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" class="extiw" title="species:Thomas Jefferson">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11812" class="extiw" title="d:Q11812">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121297235">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41866059">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40754/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBWPvgjjmxMJKRKXH3cP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118711962">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089957">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12085503q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02383691?l=en">CiNii</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02383727?l=en">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:jefferson.thomas">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=p4YY3usAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500017255">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/18914f04-2c67-4f86-9e8b-068c51d59c09">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/42116">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/63530">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000069">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1204307">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118711962.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118711962">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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