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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fricative_[h]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fricative_[h]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Fricative [h]</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fricative_[h]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_elongation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_elongation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Consonant elongation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_elongation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_consonants_and_vowel_raising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_consonants_and_vowel_raising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Hard consonants and vowel raising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_consonants_and_vowel_raising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Case markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Common words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_and_Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_and_Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Time and Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_and_Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_and_Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_and_Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Verbs and Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_and_Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Negatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manga,_A,_Aden,_Da" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manga,_A,_Aden,_Da"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Manga, A, Aden, Da</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manga,_A,_Aden,_Da-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-focus_Sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-focus_Sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Object-focus Sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-focus_Sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maranao language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Maranao" title="Tataramon na Maranao – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Maranao" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaranaw" title="Minaranaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Minaranaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_maranao" title="Idioma maranao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma maranao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranaa_lingvo" title="Maranaa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maranaa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_bhasa" title="Maranao bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Maranao bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao" title="Maranao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maranao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao-ng%C3%AE" title="Maranao-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Maranao-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%EB%82%98%EC%98%A4%EC%96%B4" title="마라나오어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마라나오어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Maranao" title="Harshen Maranao – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Maranao" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Maranao" title="Pagsasao a Maranao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Maranao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Maranao" title="Bahasa Maranao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Maranao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimaranao" title="Kimaranao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimaranao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranavu_valoda" title="Maranavu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maranavu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Maranao" title="Bahasa Maranao – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Maranao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="マラナオ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラナオ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_maranao" title="Lenga maranao – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga maranao" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_maranao" title="Język maranao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język maranao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_maranao" title="Língua maranao – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua maranao" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BE_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Маранао (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маранао (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_M%C3%ABranaw" title="Wikang Mëranaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Mëranaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษามาราเนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามาราเนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Maranao" title="Tiếng Maranao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Maranao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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color: black; background-color: pink;">Maranao</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">Basa a Mëranaw</i></span><br /><span title="Maranao-language text"><span lang="mrw-Arab" dir="rtl">باسا أ مراناو</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mrw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈməranaw]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a>, Northwest <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>, Northwest <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_del_Norte" title="Maguindanao del Norte">Maguindanao del Norte</a>, Northwest <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Occidental" title="Misamis Occidental">Misamis Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Oriental" title="Misamis Oriental">Misamis Oriental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Davao" title="Metro Davao">Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos">Ilocos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo, Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah, Malaysia">Sabah, Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2.5</span> Millions</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Maranao</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Iranaon (<a href="/wiki/Danao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danao language">People of the Lake</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a> (Southern Lanao, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_del_Norte" title="Maguindanao del Norte">Maguindanao del Norte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sabah,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah, Malaysia">Sabah</a>)</li> <li>Mëragatën (<a href="/wiki/Illana_Bay" title="Illana Bay">Illana Bay</a>)</li> <li>Bolokaon (<a href="/wiki/Picong,_Lanao_del_Sur" title="Picong, Lanao del Sur">Sultan Gumander</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>;<br />Historically written in <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> (Batang Arab)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mrw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mrw">mrw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mara1404">mara1404</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maranao_language_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maranao_language_map.png/250px-Maranao_language_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maranao_language_map.png/375px-Maranao_language_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maranao_language_map.png/500px-Maranao_language_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Area where Maranao is spoken</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Maranao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Wikang Mëranaw</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Jawi_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi Script">Jawi</a>: <span title="Maranao-language text"><span lang="mrw-Arab" dir="rtl">باسا أ مراناو</span></span>), sometimes spelled as <b>Maranaw, Meranaw</b> or <b>Mëranaw</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao people</a> in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a> and their respective cities of <a href="/wiki/Marawi" title="Marawi">Marawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iligan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Iligan City">Iligan</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, as well found also in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. It is spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a>. </p><p>It is more closer to <a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a> subgroup. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maranao is spoken in the following provinces of: </p><p>• Entire <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a> </p><p>• Northwestern municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_del_Norte" title="Maguindanao del Norte">Maguindanao del Norte</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barira" title="Barira">Barira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buldon" title="Buldon">Buldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parang,_Maguindanao_del_Norte" title="Parang, Maguindanao del Norte">Parang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matanog" title="Matanog">Matanog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mastura" title="Sultan Mastura">Sultan Mastura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat,_Maguindanao_del_Norte" title="Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao del Norte">Sultan Kudarat</a> </p><p>• Northwestern municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alamada" title="Alamada">Alamada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banisilan" title="Banisilan">Banisilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmen,_Cotabato" title="Carmen, Cotabato">Carmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libungan" title="Libungan">Libungan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pigcawayan" title="Pigcawayan">Pigcawayan</a> </p><p>• Northwestern municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>:<a href="/wiki/Talakag" title="Talakag">Talakag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalilangan" title="Kalilangan">Kalilangan</a> </p><p>• Small parts in the coast of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>all of which are located within the island of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> in southern Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maranao was historically written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a> letters called <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>, which were known as <i>Batang-a-Arab</i> or <i>Batang Arab</i>. It is now written with Latin letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words: </p><p>A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">kapaar</i></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kapaʔaɾ/</span>. </p><p>The final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, which is currently spelled as "Y". </p><p>"H" is only used for Malay loanwords,<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "sh" (pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">Ishak</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> sound, such as <a href="/wiki/Maharadia_Lawana" title="Maharadia Lawana"><i>radia</i></a><i>/</i><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">raja</i></span> (from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> word for 'king', "<a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rāja</a>") or the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> name <i>John</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In representing the <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">mid central vowel</a> (or schwa) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U").<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">saken</i></span> can also be spelled <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sakn</i></span> and <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sakun</i></span> on the internet). Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a> recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 <i>Ortograpiyang Pambansa</i>. </p><p>In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>. However, analysis by Lobel (2009,<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2013<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) showed that this may actually be an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> regardless of position. Diphthongs such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aw,<span class="wrap"> </span>aj,<span class="wrap"> </span>oi]</span> were spelled as "ao, ai, oi". </p><p>The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>sʰ/</span> are written as "ph, th, kh, z". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below).<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span> sound as a separate phoneme (written with <i>ae</i>) instead of a raised allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>/ <p>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>] </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>/ <p>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>] </p> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>/ <p>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>] </p> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>/ <p>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span>] </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Voiceless </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Heavy </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Voiced </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Voiceless </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Heavy </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">sʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Maranao, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> is not phonemic word-initially<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">layok aken</i></span> ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mrw-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la.jo.ka.kən]</span>. </p><p>Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially. </p><p>Orthography-wise, "r" is used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>, "y" is used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, and "ng" is used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fricative_[h]"><span id="Fricative_.5Bh.5D"></span>Fricative [h]</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fricative [h]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Lobel (2013), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> only occurs in a few recent <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">to<b>h</b>an</i></span> 'God'</li> <li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ta<b>h</b>on</i></span> 'astrological sign'</li> <li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw"><b>h</b>adapan</i></span> 'in front (of God)'</li></ul> <p>Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered <a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Proto-Danao</a> or earlier Maranao were realized as <i>k</i>. </p> <ul><li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">kalal</i></span> 'halal (anything permissible in Islam)'</li> <li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">karam</i></span> 'haram (anything not permissible in Islam)',</li> <li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">kadî</i></span> 'hadji (title for a man who has made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca)'</li> <li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">Kadis</i></span> 'Hadith'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_elongation">Consonant elongation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonant elongation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>. However, this process is not a form of <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> since consonant elongation in Maranao is not <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">distinctive</a> as seen in other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ilokano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano language">Ilokano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a>. Some of these are: </p> <ul><li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">tepad</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mrw-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təpːad]</span> 'get off a vehicle'</li> <li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">tekaw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mrw-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təkːaw]</span> 'startled; surprised'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hard_consonants_and_vowel_raising">Hard consonants and vowel raising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hard consonants and vowel raising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_2013_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these four "heavy" consonants being <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p’<span class="wrap"> </span>t’<span class="wrap"> </span>k’<span class="wrap"> </span>s’/</span>. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrw4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mrw4.svg/220px-Mrw4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mrw4.svg/330px-Mrw4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mrw4.svg/440px-Mrw4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The four Maranao vowels (a, ə, i, o) are raised when they follow hard consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not: </p><ol><li>Non-raising – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>m<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>r<span class="wrap"> </span>w<span class="wrap"> </span>y/</span></li> <li>Obligatory raising – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p’<span class="wrap"> </span>t’<span class="wrap"> </span>k’<span class="wrap"> </span>s’<span class="wrap"> </span>(h)/</span> <ul><li><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">Tohan</i></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mrw-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪o.hɤn]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mrw-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[to.han]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Optional raising – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>g/</span> <ul><li>Evidenced by some younger speakers writing <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">gagaan</i></span> as <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">gegaan</i></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Transparent – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔ/</span> – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.</li></ol> <p>Similar vowel raising can be also found in <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: <b>*-gp-</b> > <b>*-bp-</b>). </p><p>A study by Allison<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: <b>*bp</b> > <b>*p</b>), but preserved elsewehere. </p><p>Lobel<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-bpa-]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-pʰɤ-]</span>). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Subanon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Subanon language">Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon</a>, but without the vowel-raising. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sound changes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Greater Central Philippine </th> <th>Proto-Danao </th> <th>Maguindanaon </th> <th>Maranao </th></tr> <tr> <td>*-gp-, *-dp-, *-bp- </td> <td>*-bp- </td> <td>-bp- </td> <td>-ph- </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt- </td> <td>*-dt- </td> <td>-dt- </td> <td>-th- </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs- </td> <td>*-ds- </td> <td>-ds- </td> <td>-z- [sʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk- </td> <td>*-gk- </td> <td>-gk- </td> <td>-kh- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_markers">Case markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Case markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> which has three case markers (<span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">ang/ng/sa</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Iloko</a> which has two (<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ti/iti</i></span>), Maranao has four: (<span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">so/ko/o/sa</i></span>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Maranao Case Markers<sup id="cite_ref-Alonto_et_al._2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonto_et_al._2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Common </th> <th colspan="2">Personal </th></tr> <tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nominative</b> <p>(Subject) </p> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">so</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">i</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">si</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">siki</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ergative</b> <p>(Direct Object) </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">o</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">i</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">i kisi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Oblique/Locative</b> <p>(Benefactor/Location) </p><p><b>Genitive</b> </p><p>(Possessive) </p> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ki</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sa kisi</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Curiously, the <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sa</i></span> is <i>indefinite</i> in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Nominative <p>(free) </p> </th> <th>Nominative <p>(bound) </p> </th> <th>Genitive/Ergative <p>(bound) </p> </th> <th>Oblique <p>(free) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">saken</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">(a)ko</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">aken</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">raken</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (singular) </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">seka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">(ng)ka</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">reka</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>he/she/it </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sekaniyan</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sekaniyan</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">(n)iyan</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">rekaniyan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we (dual) </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sekta</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ta</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ta</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">rekta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we (including you) </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sektano</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">tano</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">tano</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">rektano</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we (excluding you) </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sekami</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">kami</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">(a)mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">rekami</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (plural) </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">sekano</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">kano</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">(n)iyo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">rekano</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>they </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">siran</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">siran</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">(i)ran</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">kiran</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May actually be <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">eka</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assimilates with the vowel before it, as in <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">batî ika</i></span> 'your brother-in-law', and <span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">babô oka</i></span> 'your aunt'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_words">Common words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Common words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>Tagalog </th> <th>Other PH regional language or dialect </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">na</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">kay</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">ay</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>is </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">na</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">dayon</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">tápos</i></span> </td> <td>ampa (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>then </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">nga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">na</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>that is </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">timan</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">buok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">piraso</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>piece </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">den</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">na</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">na</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kinaray-a-language text"><i lang="krj">ren</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a</a>) </td> <td>already </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">pen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">pa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">pa</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>will, soon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">di</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">dili</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">hindi</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>won't, isn't </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">da</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">wala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">hindi</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>didn't </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">da</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">wala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">wala</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>haven't </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">aden</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">adunay</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">mayroon</i></span> </td> <td>awn (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>), adda (<a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>) </td> <td>there is... </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ino</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">mao</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Central Bikol-language text"><i lang="bcl">iyo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Bikol-Naga</a>) </td> <td>it is such </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ago</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">ug</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">at</i></span> </td> <td>iban (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>and </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">atawa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">kon</i></span>, <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">o</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">o</i></span> </td> <td>atawa (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>or </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">ogaid</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">apan</i></span>, <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">pero</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">ngunit</i></span>, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">subalit</i></span>, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">pero</i></span> </td> <td>sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>however, but </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">o di</i></span> </td> <td>dili pud, dili sab </td> <td>hindi rin </td> <td> </td> <td>nor (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Maranao-language text"><i lang="mrw">langun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">tanan</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">lahat</i></span> </td> <td>katān (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>all </td></tr> <tr> <td>imanto </td> <td>karon </td> <td>ngayon </td> <td>bihaun (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>now </td></tr> <tr> <td>oway </td> <td>oo </td> <td>oo/opo </td> <td>huun (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>sabap </td> <td>tungod, kay </td> <td>dahil, kasi </td> <td>sabab, kalna' or karna' (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>because </td></tr> <tr> <td>seda </td> <td>isda </td> <td>isda </td> <td>ista' (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>fish </td></tr> <tr> <td>sapi' </td> <td>baka </td> <td>baka </td> <td>sapi' (<a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanaon</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>cow </td></tr> <tr> <td>pagari </td> <td>igsuon </td> <td>kapatid </td> <td>langgung, taymanghud (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>sibling </td></tr> <tr> <td>bago </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>bago </td> <td>bagu (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>), baro (<a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>) </td> <td>new </td></tr> <tr> <td>tahon </td> <td>tuig </td> <td>taon </td> <td>tahun (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>year </td></tr> <tr> <td>koda' </td> <td>kabayo </td> <td>kabayo </td> <td>kura' (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>horse </td></tr> <tr> <td>sorab </td> <td>suwab </td> <td>talim </td> <td>sulab (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>blade </td></tr> <tr> <td>doniya' </td> <td>kalibotan </td> <td>mundo </td> <td>duniya' (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>world </td></tr> <tr> <td>dalendeg </td> <td>dalugdog </td> <td>kulog </td> <td>dawgdug (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>thunder </td></tr> <tr> <td>sorga' </td> <td>langit </td> <td>langit </td> <td>sulga' (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>heaven </td></tr> <tr> <td>narka', diyahanam </td> <td>impyerno </td> <td>impyerno </td> <td>nalka'/narka', jahanam (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>hell </td></tr> <tr> <td>mataed </td> <td>nindot, tsada </td> <td>maganda </td> <td>malingkat (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>nice, elegant </td></tr> <tr> <td>otin </td> <td>otin </td> <td>titi, uten </td> <td>utin (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>male genitalia, penis </td></tr> <tr> <td>papanok </td> <td>langgam </td> <td>ibon </td> <td>manuk-manuk (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>bird </td></tr> <tr> <td>diyandi' </td> <td>kasabotan, saad </td> <td>kasunduuan, pangako </td> <td>janji' (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>) </td> <td>agreement, promise </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Maranao:</p><blockquote style="font-weight:600"><p><span style="color:red;">Langon a taw</span> <span style="color:orange;">na inimbawata</span> <span style="color: #880;">a ndudon so kapaar</span> <span style="color: #cc0;">ago ndatadatar</span> <span style="color:yellowgreen;">sa bantogan ago kabnar</span>. <span style="color:forestgreen;">Bigan</span> <span style="color:teal;">siran</span> <span style="color: #008;">sa kabnar ago gagaw</span> <span style="color: #80f;">na aya patot a di kapakasusurota</span> <span style="color:magenta;">o omani isa</span> <span style="color: #f08;">ko kapakiphapagariya.</span></p></blockquote><p> Cebuano:</p><blockquote style="font-weight:600"><p><span style="color:red;">Ang tanáng tawo</span> <span style="color:orange;">kay gipakatawo</span> <span style="color: #880;">nga may kagawasan</span> <span style="color: #cc0;">ug managsama</span> <span style="color:yellowgreen;">sa kaligdong</span>. <span style="color:teal;">Silá</span> <span style="color:forestgreen;">gigasahan</span> <span style="color: #008;">og pangisip ug tanlag</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ug mag-ilhanáy</span> <span style="color:magenta;">sa usá'g usá</span> <span style="color: #f08;">sa diwà managsoon.</span></p></blockquote><p> Tagalog:</p><blockquote style="font-weight:600"><p><span style="color:red;">Ang lahát ng tao'y</span> <span style="color:orange;">isinilang</span> <span style="color: #880;">na malayà</span> <span style="color: #cc0;">at pantáy-pantáy</span> <span style="color:yellowgreen;">sa karangalan at mga karapatán</span>. <span style="color:teal;">Silá'y</span> <span style="color:forestgreen;">pinagkalooban</span> <span style="color: #008;">ng katwiran at budhî</span> <span style="color: #80f;">at dapat magpalagayan</span> <span style="color:magenta;">ang isa't isá</span> <span style="color: #f08;">sa diwà ng pagkákápatiran.</span> </p></blockquote><p> English:</p><blockquote style="font-weight:600"><p><span style="color:red;">All human beings</span> <span style="color:orange;">are born</span> <span style="color: #880;">free</span> <span style="color: #cc0;">and equal</span> <span style="color:yellowgreen;">in dignity and rights</span>. <span style="color:teal;">They</span> <span style="color:forestgreen;">are endowed</span> <span style="color: #008;">with reason and conscience</span> <span style="color: #80f;">and should act</span> <span style="color:magenta;">towards one another</span> <span style="color: #f08;">in a spirit of brotherhood.</span></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_phrases">Noun phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These phrases were taken from Alonto's<sup id="cite_ref-Alonto_et_al._2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonto_et_al._2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maranao Drills.<br /> Legend: <span style="color: #f00;">topic</span>, <span style="color: #00f;">direct object</span>, <span style="color: #080;">indirect object</span>, <span style="color: #80f;">possessive</span>, <span style="color: #880;">verb</span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Topic </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so babay</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang babaye</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The woman</span> <span style="color: #880;">is buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">si Rocaya</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">si Rocaya</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">Rocaya</span> <span style="color: #880;">is buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siki Tearde</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siláng Tearde</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">Tearde and friends</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ako</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ko</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">am buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">You</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">sekaniyan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">silá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">He/she</span> <span style="color: #880;">is buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ta</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">tang duhá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">You and I</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">tano</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ta</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">We (all of us)</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">kami</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">kamí</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">We (excl. you)</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">kano</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">kitá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">We (incl. you)</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">silá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">aya</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ni siyá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">This guy</span> <span style="color: #880;">are buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ siyá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">That guy near you</span> <span style="color: #880;">is buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pephamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">oto</span> <span style="color: #00f;">sa seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gapalít</span> <span style="color: #f00;">kató siyá</span> <span style="color: #00f;">og isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">That guy over there</span> <span style="color: #880;">is buying</span> <span style="color: #00f;">fish.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Possessive </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">o maistra.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa maestra.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">The teacher's</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">i Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ni Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Akmad's</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">i kisi Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">niláng Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Akmad and co.'s</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">aken.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nakò.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">My</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">aka.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nimo.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Your</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">iyan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">niya.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">His/her</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ta.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">natong duhá.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Our (you and me)</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">tano.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">natò.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Our (all of us)</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ami.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">namò.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Our (excl. you)</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">iyo.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ninyo</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Our (incl. you)</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so bangkala</span> <span style="color: #80f;">iran.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang saninà</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nila.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #80f;">Their</span> <span style="color: #f00;">clothes</span> <span style="color: #880;">are expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f80;">a bangkala</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ini.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ni</span> <span style="color: #f80;">nga sanina.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">This</span> <span style="color: #f80;">clothing</span> <span style="color: #880;">is expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f80;">a bangkala</span> <span style="color: #f00;">a nan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ</span> <span style="color: #f80;">nga saninà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">That (with you)</span> <span style="color: #f80;">clothing</span> <span style="color: #880;">is expensive.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mala i arga</span> <span style="color: #f80;">a bangkala</span> <span style="color: #f00;">oto.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mahál</span> <span style="color: #f00;">to</span> <span style="color: #f80;">nga saninà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">That (over there)</span> <span style="color: #f80;">clothing</span> <span style="color: #880;">is expensive.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Referent </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa maistra.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa maistra.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to the teacher.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">ki Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">kang Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to Akmad.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa kisi Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">ilang Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to Akmad and family/friends.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sii raken.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa akoa.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to me.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa reka.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa imoha.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to you.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa rekaniyan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa iyaha.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to him/her.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sii rektano.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa atoa.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to us.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sii rekami.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa amoa.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to ours.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa rekiyo.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa inyoha.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to yours.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa rekiran.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa ilaha.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">to their house.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">saya.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisda</span> <span style="color: #080;">dirí/dinhí.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">here.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">san.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">dirâ/dinhâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">there (near you).</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Somiyong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so panginginseda</span> <span style="color: #080;">roo.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miadto</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mangingisdà</span> <span style="color: #080;">didto/diadto.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">The fisherman</span> <span style="color: #880;">went</span> <span style="color: #080;">there (far away).</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_and_Space">Time and Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Time and Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Time </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span style="color: #f08;">Anda</span> <span style="color: #f00;">i kiyapakaoma</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ngka</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa Marawi?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">Anus-a</span><span style="color: #f00;">'y balik</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nimo</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa Marawi?</span> <i>(Literal)</i> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">When was</span> <span style="color: #80f;">your</span> <span style="color: #f00;">arrival</span> <span style="color: #080;">in Marawi?</span> <i>(Literal)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanus-a ra ka mibalik og Marawi? <i>(Actual)</i> </td> <td>When did you arrive here in Marawi? <i>(Actual)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Isnin.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Lunes.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Monday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Salasa.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Martes.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Tuesday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Arbaa.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Mirkules.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Wednesday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Kamis.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Huybes.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Thursday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Diyamaat.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Biyernes.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Friday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Sapto.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Sabado.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Saturday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Isako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Akad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Atóng miaging</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Dominggo.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Last</span> <span style="color: #f00;">Sunday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span style="color: #f08;">Antonaa oras</span> <span style="color: #f00;">i kiyasong</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ka</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa sine?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">Unsa nga oras</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang pag-adto</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nimo</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa sinehán?</span> <i>(Literal)</i> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">What time was</span> <span style="color: #80f;">your</span> <span style="color: #f00;">travel</span> <span style="color: #080;">to the movies?</span><i>(Literal)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unsang orasa ka miadto sa sinehán? <i>(Actual)</i> </td> <td>What time did you go to the movies? <i>(Actual)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #808;">Manga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ala una i midiya .</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Mga</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ala una i midiya .</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #808;">Around</span> <span style="color: #f00;">one thirty.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span style="color: #f08;">Anda</span> <span style="color: #f00;">i kambaling</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ka</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa Amerika?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">Kanus-a</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang pagbalik</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nimo</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa Amerika?</span> <i>(Literal)</i> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">When will</span> <span style="color: #80f;">your</span> <span style="color: #f00;">return</span> <span style="color: #080;">to America</span> <span style="color: #f08;">be?</span><i>(Literal)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanus-a ka mobalik og Amerika? <i>(Actual)</i> </td> <td>When will you return to Amerika? <i>(Actual)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span style="color: #f08;">Anda</span> <span style="color: #f00;">i kiyabaling</span> <span style="color: #80f;">ka</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa Amerika</span> <span style="color: #4c0;">poon sa Saudi?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">Anus-a</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang balik</span> <span style="color: #80f;">nimo</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa Amerika</span> <span style="color: #4c0;">gikan sa Saudi?</span><i>(Literal)</i> </td> <td><span style="color: #f08;">When was</span> <span style="color: #80f;">your</span> <span style="color: #f00;">return</span> <span style="color: #4c0;">from Saudi</span> <span style="color: #080;">to America?</span><i>(Literal)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anus-a ra ka mibalik sa Amerika gikan og Saudi? <i>(Actual)</i> </td> <td>When did you return to America from Saudi? <i>(Actual)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Space </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa liwawaw</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a lamisan</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa ibabaw/taas</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa lamisa</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">on top</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the table</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa dilalem</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a lamisan</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa ilalom</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa lamisa</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">beneath</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the table</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa kilid</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a lamisan</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa kilid</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa lamisa</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">to the side</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the table</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa poro</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a lamisan</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa suok</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa lamisa</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">on the corner</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the table</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa diwang</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a lamisan</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa walá</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa lamisa</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">to the left</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the table</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa kawanan</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a lamisan</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa tuó</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa lamisa</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">to the right</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the table</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa soled</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a Masgit</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa sulód</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa Mosque</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">inside</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the Mosque</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa liyo</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a Masgit</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa gawás</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa Mosque</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">outside</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the Mosque</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa una-an</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a Masgit</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa unahan</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa Mosque</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">just past</span> <span style="color: #80f;">the Mosque</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa talikudan</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a Masgit</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa likód/luyó</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa Mosque</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">behind</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the Mosque</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa pantag</span> <span style="color: #80f;">a Masgit</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">sa atubangan</span> <span style="color: #80f;">sa Mosque</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #080;">in front</span> <span style="color: #80f;">of the Mosque</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs_and_Time">Verbs and Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verbs and Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Time </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mbaling</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran</span> <span style="color: #808;">imanto.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">are going home</span> <span style="color: #808;">now.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Phaginom</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran</span> <span style="color: #808;">oman gawii.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">drink</span> <span style="color: #808;">every day.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mitharo</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran</span> <span style="color: #808;">kagai.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">spoke</span> <span style="color: #808;">yesterday.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pelalakaw</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran</span> <span style="color: #808;">roo mapita.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">will walk</span> <span style="color: #808;">tomorrow.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miyakasong</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran</span> <span style="color: #808;">roo den.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">have gone</span> <span style="color: #808;">there already.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miyakailay</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ako</span> <span style="color: #808;">den.</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa totul.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">was able to see</span> <span style="color: #080;">the report.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Miyakailay</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ako</span> <span style="color: #080;">sa pirak</span> <span style="color: #460;">sa lalan.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">happened to see</span> <span style="color: #080;">some money</span> <span style="color: #460;">on the road.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Makapengadi</span> <span style="color: #808;">pen</span> <span style="color: #f00;">siran.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">They</span> <span style="color: #880;">can <span style="color: #808;">still</span> study.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Petero</span> <span style="color: #f00;">kano</span> <span style="color: #80c;">pasin.</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #80c;">Please</span> <span style="color: #880;">speak<span style="color: #f00;">, (you guys)</span>.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negatives">Negatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Negatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Time </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Present / Progressive </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Penggalebek</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #808;">oman gawii?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gatrabaho</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #808;">kada adlaw?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Do <span style="color: #f00;">you</span> work</span> <span style="color: #808;">every day?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Di!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Dilì!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">No, I don't!</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Mitharo</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #808;">kagiya?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Misturya</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #808;">kaganina?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Did <span style="color: #f00;">you</span> speak</span> <span style="color: #808;">a while ago?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Da!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Walâ!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">No, I didn't!</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Phatawag</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #808;">roo imanto?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Motawag</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span> <span style="color: #808;">unyâ?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Will <span style="color: #f00;">you</span> call</span> <span style="color: #808;">later on?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Di!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Dilì!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">No, I won't!</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Possessions </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Aden</span> <span style="color: #008;">a karoma</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ngka?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Aduna</span> ba <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span><span style="color: #008;">'y asawa?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Do <span style="color: #f00;">you</span> have</span> <span style="color: #808;">a wife?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Da!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Walâ!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">No, I don't have!</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qualities </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Abogado</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ka</span>besen? </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Abogado</span> ba <span style="color: #f00;">ka?</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Are <span style="color: #f00;">you</span> a lawyer?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Di!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">Dilì!</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f80;">No, I'm not!</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manga,_A,_Aden,_Da"><span id="Manga.2C_A.2C_Aden.2C_Da"></span>Manga, A, Aden, Da</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Manga, A, Aden, Da"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Time </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Piyamasa</span> <span style="color: #f00;">aken</span> <span style="color: #080;">so manga seda.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Palitón</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #080;">ang mga isdà.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">am buying</span> <span style="color: #080;">fish.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #fc0;">Mapiya</span> <span style="color: #888;">a</span> <span style="color: #f0c;">mayor</span> <span style="color: #f00;">si Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #fc0;">Maayo</span> <span style="color: #888;">nga</span> <span style="color: #f0c;">mayór</span> <span style="color: #f00;">si Akmad.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">Akmad</span> is a <span style="color: #f0c;">good</span> <span style="color: #fc0;">mayor.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span style="color: #880;">Aden a</span> <span style="color: #800;">maistro</span> <span style="color: #c0f;">aken.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Anaa</span> <span style="color: #800;">ang maistro</span> <span style="color: #c0f;">nako.</span> (Literal) </td> <td><span style="color: #c0f;">My</span> <span style="color: #800;">teacher</span> <span style="color: #880;">exists</span> (Literal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Aduna</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ko</span><span style="color: #800;">'y maistro.</span> (Actual) </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">have</span> <span style="color: #800;">a teacher.</span> (Actual) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span style="color: #880;">Da a</span> <span style="color: #800;">kwarta</span> <span style="color: #c0f;">aken.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Walâ</span> <span style="color: #800;">ang kwarta</span> <span style="color: #c0f;">nako.</span> (Literal) </td> <td><span style="color: #c0f;">My</span> <span style="color: #800;">money</span> <span style="color: #880;">does not exist.</span> (Literal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color: #880;">Walâ</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ko</span><span style="color: #800;">'y kwarta.</span> (Actual) </td> <td><span style="color: #f00;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">don't have</span> <span style="color: #800;">money.</span> (Actual) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-focus_Sentences">Object-focus Sentences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Object-focus Sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Time </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tense </th> <th>Maranao </th> <th>Cebuano </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Present </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pemasaan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">ko</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so libro.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Palitón</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang libro.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">am buying</span> <span style="color: #f00;">book.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pipesa</span> <span style="color: #00f;">ko</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so walay.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Gibaligyà</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang baláy.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">sold</span> <span style="color: #f00;">the house.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Present </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pemasaan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">aken</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so libro.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Palitón</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang libro.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">am buying</span> <span style="color: #f00;">book.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Piyamasa</span> <span style="color: #00f;">aken</span> <span style="color: #f00;">so kamays.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Palitón</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nako</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ang mais.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">bought</span> <span style="color: #f00;">the corn.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future (-en) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Barbikiun</span> <span style="color: #f00;">giya i.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Barbikyuhon</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ni.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">will barbecue</span> <span style="color: #f00;">this.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future (-en) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Kupiyaan</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ObjVerb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="color: #f00;">giya i.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Kopyahon</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ni.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">will copy</span> <span style="color: #f00;">this.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future (i-) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Ipelebeng</span> <span style="color: #00f;">aken</span> <span style="color: #f00;">anan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Ilubóng</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">will say</span> <span style="color: #f00;">that.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future (i-) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Imbegay</span> <span style="color: #00f;">aken</span> <span style="color: #f00;">anan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Ihatag</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">will barbecue</span> <span style="color: #f00;">that.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future (-an) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pembisitaan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">aken</span> <span style="color: #f00;">anan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Bisitahan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">will visit</span> <span style="color: #f00;">that.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future (-an) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Bayadan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">aken</span> <span style="color: #f00;">anan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Bayran</span> <span style="color: #00f;">nakò</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #00f;">I</span> <span style="color: #880;">will pay</span> <span style="color: #f00;">that.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Command (-a) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Pageda</span> <span style="color: #00f;">ngka</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ini.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Sakyi</span> <span style="color: #f00;">ni.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Ride</span> <span style="color: #f00;">this.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Command (-an) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Sigopan</span> <span style="color: #00f;">angka</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Suyopi</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Smoke</span> <span style="color: #f00;">that.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Command (-i) </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Galidi</span> <span style="color: #00f;">ngka</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nan.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Aniha</span> <span style="color: #f00;">nâ.</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #880;">Harvest</span> <span style="color: #f00;">that.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The /e/ was assimilated as [a] due to -a from "kupiya."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf">"2020 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%2C+Report+No.+2A+-+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+%28Non-Sample+Variables%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPHIILIPPINES_FINAL%2520PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm">"Maranao Language and Alphabet"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Maranao+Language+and+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmaranao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKomisyon_ng_Wikang_Filipino2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012055004/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Ortograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf"><i>Ortograpiyang Pambansa</i></a> [<i>National Orthography</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Filipino). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Ortograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortograpiyang+Pambansa&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Komisyon+ng+Wikang+Filipino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwf.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FOrtograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mëranaw is the spelling recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omniglot-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm">"Maranao Language and Alphabet"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Maranao+Language+and+Alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmaranao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubino" class="citation web cs1">Rubino, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloko.tripod.com/Maranao.htm">"Maranao"</a>. <i>iloko.tripod.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iloko.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Maranao&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filoko.tripod.com%2FMaranao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Maranao_Dictionary_1967_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKaughanMacaraya1967" class="citation book cs1">McKaughan, Howard P.; Macaraya, Batua A. 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University of Hawaii at Manoa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Philippine+and+North+Bornean+Languages%3A+Issues+in+Description%2C+Subgrouping%2C+and+Reconstruction&rft.inst=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lobel&rft.aufirst=Jason+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.hawaii.edu%2Fgraduate%2FDissertations%2FJasonLobelFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLobelRiwarung2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lobel, Jason William; Riwarung, Labi Hadji Sarip (2009). 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"Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch With Supporting Audio". <i>Language Documentation & Conservation</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F4487">10125/4487</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+%26+Conservation&rft.atitle=Maranao%3A+A+Preliminary+Phonological+Sketch+With+Supporting+Audio&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F4487&rft.aulast=Lobel&rft.aufirst=Jason+William&rft.au=Riwarung%2C+Labi+Hadji+Sarip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllison1979" class="citation book cs1">Allison, E. Joe (1979). "Proto-Danaw: A Comparative Study of Maranaw, Magindanaw, and Iranun". In Gallman, A.; Allison, E.; Harmon, C.; Witucki, J. (eds.). <i>Papers in Philippine Linguistics No. 10</i>. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 55. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A55.53">10.15144/PL-A55.53</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Danaw%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Maranaw%2C+Magindanaw%2C+and+Iranun&rft.btitle=Papers+in+Philippine+Linguistics+No.+10&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics+Series+A+%E2%80%93+No.+55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-A55.53&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=E.+Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alonto_et_al._2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alonto_et_al._2009_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alonto_et_al._2009_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlontoAdamZorc2009" class="citation book cs1">Alonto, Almahdi G.; Adam, Abdullah B.; Zorc, R. David (2009). Lobel, Jason (ed.). <i>Maranao Dialogs and Drills</i>. Hyattsville, Md.: Dunwoody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931546-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931546-65-2"><bdi>978-1-931546-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maranao+Dialogs+and+Drills&rft.place=Hyattsville%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-931546-65-2&rft.aulast=Alonto&rft.aufirst=Almahdi+G.&rft.au=Adam%2C+Abdullah+B.&rft.au=Zorc%2C+R.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Daniel (2010). "The Grammar of Clitics in Maranao". In Billings, Loren; Goudswaard, Nelleke (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/07/70/130770395534694674649839873268234450496/20_Kaufman_McKaughan2010.pdf"><i>Piakandatu Ami: Dr. Howard P. McKaughan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-780-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-780-026-4"><bdi>978-971-780-026-4</bdi></a> – via SIL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Grammar+of+Clitics+in+Maranao&rft.btitle=Piakandatu+Ami%3A+Dr.+Howard+P.+McKaughan&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+the+Philippines+and+SIL+Philippines&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-971-780-026-4&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Freapdata%2F13%2F07%2F70%2F130770395534694674649839873268234450496%2F20_Kaufman_McKaughan2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaranao+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maranao_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/mrw/">Bansa.org</a>, Maranao Dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm">Maranao at Omniglot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Maranao_language">Maranao at Wiktionary</a></li> <li>The files for a Maranao lexical database with English glosses are archived with <a href="/wiki/Kaipuleohone" title="Kaipuleohone">Kaipuleohone</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F40873">10125/40873</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/maranao/">SEAlang Library Maranao Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philippines.sil.org/resources/online_resources/mrw">SIL Philippines Maranao - English Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">Bilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_language" title="Teduray language">Teduray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sambalic_languages" title="Sambalic languages">Sambalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Mag-antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Mag-indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Isarog Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano †</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davawenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalogic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin" title="Kasiguranin">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a> †</small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog" title="Batangas Tagalog">Batangueño</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maranao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo–Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Binukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palawanic_languages" title="Palawanic languages">Palawanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taaw%CA%BCt_Bato_language" title="Taawʼt Bato language">Taawʼt Bato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages" title="Southern Mindoro languages">Southern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Subanon_language" title="Western Subanon language">Western Subanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicamay_Agta_language" title="Dicamay Agta language">Dicamay Agta</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley_languages" title="Cagayan Valley languages">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%CA%BCdang_language" title="Gaʼdang language">Gaʼdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Cordilleran_languages" title="Meso-Cordilleran languages">Meso-Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Cordilleran_languages" title="Central Cordilleran languages">Central Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_languages" title="Itneg languages">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cordilleran_languages" title="Southern Cordilleran languages">Southern Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manide–Alabat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Katabangan_language" title="Katabangan language">Katabangan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Philippines255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Philippines255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor%E2%80%93Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor–Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Johor–Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor Malay (page does not exist)">Johor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacca_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malacca Malay (page does not exist)">Malacca Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selangor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selangor Malay (page does not exist)">Selangor Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai 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