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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Modern scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_ancient_core_(the_mātṛkās)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ancient_core_(the_mātṛkās)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 The ancient core (the mātṛkās) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ancient_core_(the_mātṛkās)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_views" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svabhāva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Svabhāva </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svabhāva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causality_and_dependent_origination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causality_and_dependent_origination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Causality and dependent origination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causality_and_dependent_origination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Temporality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebirth_and_personal_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebirth_and_personal_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Rebirth and personal identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebirth_and_personal_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Atomism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravāda_Abhidhamma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravāda_Abhidhamma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Theravāda Abhidhamma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravāda_Abhidhamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarvāstivāda_Abhidharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarvāstivāda_Abhidharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarvāstivāda_Abhidharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Abhidharma_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Abhidharma_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other Abhidharma traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Abhidharma_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tattvasiddhi_Śāstra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattvasiddhi_Śāstra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tattvasiddhi Śāstra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattvasiddhi_Śāstra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahāyāna_Abhidharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahāyāna_Abhidharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Mahāyāna Abhidharma </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mahāyāna_Abhidharma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abhidharma</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="أبهيدارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبهيدارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="অভিধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Абидарма – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абидарма" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma" title="Abhidhamma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abhidhamma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidarmo" title="Abidarmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abidarmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma" title="Abhidhamma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abhidhamma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%AC%EB%A7%88" title="아비달마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아비달마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अभिधम्म साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिधम्म साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אבהידהמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבהידהמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="აბჰიდჰარმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბჰიდჰარმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="अभिधम्मपिटक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अभिधम्मपिटक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%93%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC" title="အဘိဓမ္မာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဘိဓမ္မာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="阿毘達磨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ابهيدا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابهيدا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidarma" title="Abidarma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abidarma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Абхидхарма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абхидхарма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="අභිධර්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අභිධර්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidarma" title="Abidarma – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Abidarma" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidhamma" title="Abhidhamma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abhidhamma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abhidharma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அபிதர்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபிதர்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Абгідгарма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абгідгарма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-t%C3%AC-%C4%91%E1%BA%A1t-ma" title="A-tì-đạt-ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="A-tì-đạt-ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿毘達磨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q612405#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Abhidharma" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of abhidhamma</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">higher teaching, meta-teaching, about dharmas [phenomena]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">अभिधर्मः</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Abhidhamma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">অভিধর্ম্ম ôbhidhôrmmô</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">အဘိဓမ္မာ (<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: əbḭdəmà)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:阿毗達磨">阿毗達磨</a>(T) / 阿毗达磨(S) (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: āpídámó)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: abidatsuma)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" class="extiw" title="km:អភិធម្ម">អភិធម្ម</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: âphĭthômm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%AC%EB%A7%88" class="extiw" title="ko:아비달마">아비달마</a> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:阿毗達磨">阿毗達磨</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: abidalma)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" class="extiw" title="si:අභිධම්ම පිටකය">අභිධර්මය</a> (abhidharmaya)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ཆོས་མངོན་པ་མཛོད།</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ᜀᜊᜑᜒᜇᜑᜀᜎᜋᜀ Abahidahaalamaa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" class="extiw" title="th:อภิธรรม">อภิธรรม</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: aphitham)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:阿毗達磨">阿毗達磨</a> <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-t%C3%AC-%C4%91%E1%BA%A1t-ma" class="extiw" title="vi:A-tì-đạt-ma">A-tì-đạt-ma</a> <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:阿毗達磨">阿毗達磨</a> Vi Diệu Pháp</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border: 1px solid #DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFE4B5;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Buddhism" title="Category:Early Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFE4B5;">Early <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg/100px-Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg/150px-Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg/200px-Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts#Texts_of_the_Early_schools" title="Buddhist texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a> (EBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikayas">Nikayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran EBTs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81timok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Prātimokṣa">Prātimokṣa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jatakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadana" title="Avadana">Avadanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahāvastu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salistamba_Sutra" title="Salistamba Sutra">Śālistamba Sūtra</a></li> <li>Tibetan EBTs in the <a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Early sangha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāriputta">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81moggall%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmoggallāna">Mahāmoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakasyapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakasyapa">Mahakasyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākātyāyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathapindika" title="Anathapindika">Anāthapiṇḍika</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Kingdom of Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputtatissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moggaliputtatissa">Moggaliputtatissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: 10em"> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekavy%C4%81vah%C4%81rika" title="Ekavyāvahārika">Ekavyāvahārika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokulika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokulika">Gokulika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahu%C5%9Brut%C4%ABya" title="Bahuśrutīya">Bahuśrutīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitika" title="Caitika">Caitika</a></li> <li>(Haimavata)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthaviras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a> <ul><li>Vātsīputrīya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83mit%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃmitīya">Saṃmitīya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> <ul><li>(Haimavata)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Kāśyapīya</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mulasarvastivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tambapaṇṇiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Kāśyapīya</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Buddhism" title="Template:Early Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Early Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Abhidharma are a collection of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> dating from the 3rd century BCE onwards, which contain detailed scholastic presentations of doctrinal material appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">canonical Buddhist scriptures and commentaries</a>. It also refers to the scholastic method itself, as well as the field of knowledge that this method is said to study. <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> calls it "an abstract and highly technical systemization of the [Buddhist] doctrine," which is "simultaneously a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, all integrated into the framework of a program for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">liberation</a>."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Harvey (Buddhism)">Peter Harvey</a>, the Abhidharma method seeks "to avoid the inexactitudes of colloquial conventional language, as is sometimes found in the Suttas, and state everything in psycho-philosophically exact language." In this sense, it is an attempt to best express the Buddhist view of "<a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">ultimate reality</a>" (paramārtha-satya).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> There are different types of Abhidharma literature. The early canonical Abhidharma works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a>, are not philosophical treatises but mainly summaries and expositions of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist doctrinal lists</a> with their accompanying explanations.<a href="#cite_note-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> These texts developed out of early Buddhist lists or matrices (mātṛkās) of key teachings. Later post-canonical Abhidharma works were written as either large treatises (<a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">śāstra</a>), as commentaries (<a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">aṭṭhakathā</a>), or as smaller introductory manuals. They are more developed philosophical works which include many innovations and doctrines not found in the canonical Abhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a> Abhidharma remains an important field of scholarship among the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The Belgian Indologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte" title="Étienne Lamotte">Étienne Lamotte</a> described the Abhidharma as "Doctrine pure and simple, without the intervention of literary development or the presentation of individuals"<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> Compared to the colloquial Buddhist sūtras, Abhidharma texts are much more technical, analytic, and systematic in content and style. The <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravādin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivādin</a> Abhidharmikas generally considered the Abhidharma to be the pure and literal (nippariyaya) description of ultimate truth (paramattha sacca) and an expression of perfect <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">spiritual wisdom</a> (prajñā), while the sutras were considered 'conventional' (sammuti) and figurative (pariyaya) teachings, given by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> to specific people, at specific times, depending on specific worldly circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> They held that Abhidharma was taught by the Buddha to his most eminent disciples, and that therefore this justified the inclusion of Abhidharma texts into their <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">scriptural canon</a>. According to Collett Cox, Abhidharma started as a systematic elaboration of the teachings of the Buddhist sūtras, but later developed independent doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The prominent Western scholar of Abhidharma, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Frauwallner" title="Erich Frauwallner">Erich Frauwallner</a>, has said that these Buddhist systems are "among the major achievements of the classical period of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Two interpretations of the term "Abhi-dharma" are common. According to Analayo, the initial meaning of Abhidharma in the earliest texts (such as the Mahāgosiṅga-sutta and its parallels) was simply a discussion concerning <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Dharma">the Dharma</a>, or talking about the Dharma. In this sense, abhi has the meaning of "about" or "concerning," and can also be seen in the parallel term abhivinaya (which just means discussions about the vinaya).<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> The other interpretation, where abhi is interpreted as meaning "higher" or "superior", and thus Abhidharma means "higher teaching", seems to have been a later development.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Some Western scholars have considered the Abhidharma to be the core of what is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a>".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Other scholars on the topic, such as <a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Lusthaus" title="Dan Lusthaus">Dan Lusthaus</a>, describe Abhidharma as a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> while Noa Ronkin and Kenneth Inada equate it with <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> writes that the system of the <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a> is "simultaneously a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, all integrated into the framework of a program for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">liberation</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Bodhi_page_3-16">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/L._S._Cousins" title="L. S. Cousins">L. S. Cousins</a>, the Buddhist sūtras deal with sequences and processes, while the Abhidharma texts describe occasions and events.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship">edit</a>]</div> Modern scholars generally believe that the canonical Abhidharma texts emerged after the time of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, in around the 3rd century BCE. Therefore, the canonical Abhidharma works are generally claimed by scholars not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">later Buddhist thinkers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008-3">[3]</a> Peter Skilling describes the Abhidharma literature as "the end-product of several centuries of intellectual endeavor".<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a>: 29  The <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> accounts on the compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Buddhist Canon</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvāṇa</a> of Gautama Buddha (c. 5th century BCE) offer various and sometimes conflicting narratives regarding the canonical status of Abhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> While the Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya does not speak of an Abhidharma apart from the Sūtra Piṭaka and the Vinaya Piṭaka, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> Vinayas all provide different accounts which mention that there was some kind of Abhidharma to be learned aside from the sūtras and Vinaya.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to Analayo, "the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya does not explicitly mention the Abhidharma, although it reports that on this occasion Mahākāśyapa recited the mātṛkā(s)."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Analayo thinks that this reflects an early stage, when what later became Abhidharma was called the mātṛkās. The term appears in some sūtras, such as the Mahāgopālaka-sutta (and its Sanskrit parallel) which says that a learned monk is one who knows the Dharma, Vinaya, and the mātṛkās.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_ancient_core_(the_mātṛkās)">The ancient core (the mātṛkās)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The ancient core (the mātṛkās)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_(9241729223).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg/220px-Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg/330px-Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg/440px-Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_013_First_Council_at_Rajagaha_%289241729223%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the First Council at <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>, a painting at the Nava Jetavana, <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a>.</figcaption></figure> Western scholars of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhist studies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Migot" title="André Migot">André Migot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Thomas" title="Edward J. Thomas">Edward J. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Frauwallner" title="Erich Frauwallner">Erich Frauwallner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Rupert Gethin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> have argued that the Abhidharma was based on early and ancient lists of doctrinal terms which are called mātikās (Sanskrit: mātṛkā).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Migot points to the mention of a "Mātṛkā Piṭaka" in the <a href="/wiki/Cullavagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullavagga">Cullavagga</a> as the precursor to the canonical Abhidharma. Migot argues that this Mātṛkā Piṭaka, said to have been recited by <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist council">First Council</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a>, likely began as a condensed version of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist doctrine</a> that was expanded over time.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Thomas and Frauwallner both argue that while the Abhidharma texts of the different schools were compiled separately and have major differences, they are based on an "ancient core" of common material.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Rupert Gethin</a> also writes that the mātikās are from an earlier date than the Abhidharma texts themselves.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-meob2-27">[27]</a> According to Frauwallner, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The oldest Buddhist tradition has no Abhidharmapitaka but only mātṛkā. What this means is that besides the small number of fundamental doctrinal statements, the Buddha's sermons also contain a quantity of doctrinal concepts. The most suitable form for collecting and preserving these concepts would have been comprehensive lists. Lists of this kind were called mātṛkā, and it was from these lists that the Abhidharma later developed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></blockquote> The extensive use of mātṛkā can be found in some <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist texts</a>, including the Saṅgīti Sutta and Dasuttara Sutta of the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">Dīgha Nikāya</a>, as well as the Saṅgīti Sūtra and Daśottara Sūtra of the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABrgha_%C4%80gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīrgha Āgama">Dīrgha Āgama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-29">[29]</a> Similar lists of numerically arranged doctrinal terms can be found in AN 10.27 and AN 10.28. Tse fu Kuan also argues that certain sūtras of the Aṅguttara Nikāya (AN 3.25, AN 4.87–90, AN 9.42–51) illustrates an Abhidharma method.<a href="#cite_note-:02-29">[29]</a> Another text which contains a similar list that acts as a doctrinal summary is the Madhyama-āgama ("Discourse on Explaining the Spheres", MĀ 86) which includes a list of thirty one topics to be taught to newly <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">ordained monastics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The last sutra of the Madhyama-āgama (MĀ 222) contains a similar doctrinal summary listing, which combines three lists into one: a list of eight activities, a list of ten mental qualities and practices, and the twelve links of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent arising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These two do not have any parallels in Pali. According to Analayo, another important doctrinal list which appears in the early texts is the "thirty seven qualities that are conducive to awakening" (<a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">bodhipākṣikā dharmāḥ</a>).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This mātṛkā appears in various sūtras, like the Pāsādika-sutta, the Sāmagāma-sutta (and their parallels), and in the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta">Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra</a>, where it is said to have been taught by the Buddha just before passing away.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Analayo notes that these various lists served a useful purpose in <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">early Buddhism</a> since they served as aids for the memorization and teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The use of lists containing doctrinal statements can similarly be seen in <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The fact that these lists were seen by the early Buddhists as a way to preserve and memorize the doctrine can be seen in the Saṅgīti Sūtra and its various parallels, which mention how the <a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Jain community became divided over doctrinal matters</a> after the death of their leader. The sutta depicts Śāriputra as reciting a list of doctrinal terms and stating that the community will remain "united, unanimous, and in unison we will not dispute" regarding the teaching and also states they will recite together the doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The close connection between the Saṅgīti Sūtra and Abhidharma can be seen in the fact that it became the basis for one of the seven canonical Abhidharma texts belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> school, the <a href="/wiki/Sangitiparyaya" title="Sangitiparyaya">Saṅgītiparyāya</a>, which is effectively a commentary on the sūtra. Frauwallner notes that basic fundamental concepts such as the 12 <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yatana" title="Āyatana">āyatanāni</a>, the 18 <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">dhatāvah</a>, and the 5 <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">skandhāh</a> often occur as a group in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist texts</a>. He also points out another such list that occurs in various texts "comprises several groups of elements of import for entanglement in the cycle of existence" and was modeled on the Oghavagga of the Samyuttanikaya.<a href="#cite_note-:1-37">[37]</a> These lists were intended as a basic way of explaining the Buddhist doctrine, and are likely to have been accompanied by oral explanations, which continued to develop and expand and were later written down.<a href="#cite_note-:1-37">[37]</a> Another related early method is called the mātṛkā ("attribute"), and refers to lists of terms divided by a dyad or triad of attributes. For example, terms could be grouped into those things that are <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">rūpa</a> (form, physical) or arūpa (formless), saṃskṛtam (constructed) or asaṃskṛtam, and the triad of kuśalam (wholesome), akuśalam (unwholesome), or avyākṛtam (indetermined).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> An early form of this method can be found in the Dasuttara Sutta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> The explanations of the various elements in these lists also dealt with how these elements were connected (saṃprayoga) with each other. Over time, the need arose for an overarching way to classify all these terms and doctrinal elements, and the first such framework was to subsume or include (saṃgraha) all main terms into the schema of the 12 āyatanāni, the 18 dhatāvah, and the 5 skandhāh.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Over time, the initial scholastic method of listing and categorizing terms was expanded in order to provide a complete and comprehensive systematization of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist doctrine</a>. According to Analayo, the beginning of Abhidharma proper was inspired by the desire "to be as comprehensive as possible, to supplement the directives given in the early discourses for progress on the path with a full picture of all aspects of the path in an attempt to provide a complete map of everything in some way related to the path."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> As Frauwallner explains, due to this scholastic impulse, lists grew in size, different mātṛkās were combined with each other to produce new ones, and new concepts and schemas were introduced, such as the differentiation of cittas and caitasikās and new ways of connecting or relating the various elements with each other.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_(Niche_V1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/220px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/330px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/440px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>Seated Buddha from the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivādin</a> monastery of <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a>, 2nd century CE<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>: 158 </figcaption></figure> According to Analayo, these various lists were also not presented alone, but included some kind of commentary and explanation which was also part of the oral tradition. Sometimes this commentary included quotations from other sutras, and traces of this can be found in the canonical Abhidharma texts. As time passed, these commentaries and their accompanying lists became inseparable from each other, and the commentaries gained canonical status.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> Thus, according to Analayo: <blockquote>just as the combination of the prātimokṣa with its commentary was central for the development of the Vinaya, so too the combination of mātṛkās with a commentary was instrumental in the development of the Abhidharma. Thus the use of a mātṛkā together with its exegesis is a characteristic common to the Abhidharma and the Vinaya, whose expositions often take the form of a commentary on a summary list.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </blockquote> Therefore, the different Buddhist Abhidharma texts were developed over time as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist monks and philosophers expanded their analytical methods</a> in different ways. Since this happened in different monastic communities located in different regions, they <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Buddhism">developed in separate doctrinal directions</a>. This divergence was perhaps enhanced by the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">various schisms in the early Buddhist community</a> and also by geographic distance. According to Frauwallner, the period of the development of the canonical Abhidharma texts is between 250 and 50 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> By the time, the different canons began to be written down, and as a result the Abhidharma texts of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a> were substantially different, as can be seen in how different the canonical Abhidharma texts are in the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivādin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravādin</a> schools. These differences are much more pronounced than among the other canonical collections (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Sūtras</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>). As such, the Abhidharma collections of the various Buddhist schools are much more unique to each sect.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The various Abhidharmic traditions grew to have very fundamental philosophical disagreements with each other (such as on the status of the person, or <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">temporal eternalism</a>). Thus, according to Frauwallner, the different Abhidharma canons contained collections of doctrines which were sometimes unrelated to each other and sometimes contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> These different Abhidharmic theories were (together with differences in <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>) some of the various causes for the splits in the monastic <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Saṃgha</a>, which resulted in the fragmented early Buddhist landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a>. However, these differences did not mean the existence of totally independent sects, as noted by Rupert Gethin, "at least some of the schools mentioned by later Buddhist tradition are likely to have been informal schools of thought in the manner of ‘Cartesians,’ ‘British Empiricists,’ or ‘Kantians’ for the history of modern philosophy."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> By the 7th-century, Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> could reportedly collect Abhidharma texts from <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Buddhism">seven different Buddhist traditions</a>. These various Abhidharma works were not accepted by all <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhist schools</a> as canonical; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> school seems not to have accepted them as part of their Buddhist canon.<a href="#cite_note-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Another school included most of the <a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Khuddaka Nikāya">Khuddaka Nikāya</a> within the Abhidhamma Piṭaka.<a href="#cite_note-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008-3">[3]</a> After the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">foundational Buddhist canons</a>, Abhidharma texts continued to be composed, but now they were either commentaries on the canonical texts (like the Pāli <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Aṭṭhakathās</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra" title="Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra">Mahāvibhāṣa</a>), or independent treatises (<a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">śāstra</a>) in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In these post-canonical texts, further doctrinal developments and innovations can be found. As Noa Ronkin writes, "post-canonical Abhidharma texts became complex philosophical treatises employing sophisticated methods of argumentation and independent investigations that resulted in doctrinal conclusions quite far removed from their canonical antecedents."<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a> As Frauwallner writes, these later works were attempts to build truly complete philosophical systems out of the various canonical Abhidharma texts.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Some of these texts surpassed the canonical Abhidharma in influence and popularity, becoming the orthodox summas of their particular schools' Abhidharma. Two exegetical texts, both from the 5th century, stand above the rest as the most influential. The works of <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> (5th century CE), particularly the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>, remains the main reference work of the Theravāda school, while the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakośa</a> (4–5th century CE) of <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> remains the primary source for Abhidharma studies in both <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the modern era, only the Abhidharma texts of the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivādins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravādins</a> have survived as complete collections, each consisting of seven books with accompanying commentarial literature. A small number of other Abhidharma texts are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Canon</a> and also in Sanskrit fragments, such as the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputr%C4%81bhidharma" title="Śāriputrābhidharma">Śāriputra Abhidharma Śāstra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> school and various texts from the <a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavāda tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thích,_Thiện_Châu_1999-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbe-54">[54]</a> These different traditions have some similarities, suggesting either interaction between groups or some common ground antedating the separation of the schools.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views">Traditional views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional views">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> tradition it was held that the Abhidhamma was not a later addition, but rather was taught in the fourth week of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>'s enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> The Theravada tradition is unique in regarding its Abhidharma as having been taught in its complete form by the Buddha as a single teaching, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Kathavatthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathavatthu">Kathavatthu</a>, which contains material relating to later disputes and was held to only have been presented as an outline.<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> According to their tradition, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> built a beautiful jeweled residence for the Buddha to the north-east of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">bodhi tree</a>, where he meditated and delivered the Abhidharma teachings to gathered deities in the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Trāyastriṃśa">Trāyastriṃśa</a> heaven, including his deceased mother <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Māyā</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> The tradition holds that the Buddha gave daily summaries of the teachings given in the heavenly realm to the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a> <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Sariputta</a>, who passed them on.<a href="#cite_note-Pine_12-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a> held that the Buddha and his disciples taught the Abhidharma, but that it was scattered throughout the canon. Only after his death was the Abhidharma compiled systematically by his elder disciples and was recited by Ananda at the first Buddhist council.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> school ('those who rely on the sutras') rejected the status of the Abhidharma as being <a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a> (word of the Buddha), they held it was the work of different monks after his death, and that this was the reason different Abhidharma schools varied widely in their doctrines. However, this school still studied and debated on Abhidharma concepts and thus did not seek to question the method of the Abhidharma in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Indeed, there were numerous Abhidharma texts written from an Abhidharma perspective. According to K.L. Dhammajoti, the commentator Yaśomitra even states that "the Sautrantikas can be said to have an abhidharma collection, i.e., as texts that are declared to be varieties of sutra in which the characteristics of factors are described."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="color: var(--color-base), #202122 ; background-color: var(--background-colour-base), #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/25px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/38px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/50px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophy" title="Category:Buddhist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SeatedBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/120px-SeatedBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/180px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/240px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1430" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma Tradition">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology#The_Dignāga-Dharmakīrti_tradition" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Pramāṇavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#Philosophical_background" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiāntāi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen/Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist logico-epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahimsa in Buddhism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Interdependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_dharma_theory">Dharma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">Svabhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Buddhist atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra#Abhidharma_Mahāvibhāṣa_Śāstra,_by_Katyāyāniputra" title="Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra">Katyāyāniputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Aryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Harivarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghabhadra" title="Saṃghabhadra">Saṃghabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Nalanda" title="Dharmapala of Nalanda">Dharmapala of Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81nagarbha" title="Jñānagarbha">Jñānagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra_(Buddhist_philosopher)" title="Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1anasrimitra" title="Jñanasrimitra">Jñanasrimitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnak%C4%ABrti" title="Ratnakīrti">Ratnakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongzom_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Zangpo" title="Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo">Rongzom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Acariya Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Kitaro Nishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Keiji Nishitani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Tanabe" title="Hajime Tanabe">Hajime Tanabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">K. N. Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukurunde_Nyanananda_Thera" title="Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera">Ñāṇananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa" title="Buddhadasa">Buddhadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Payutto" title="P. A. Payutto">P. A. Payutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Ju Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendün Chöphel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Abhidharma texts' field of inquiry extends to the entire <a href="/wiki/Buddhadharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadharma">Buddhadharma</a>, since their goal was to outline, systematize and analyze all of the teachings. Abhidharmic thought also extends beyond the sutras to cover new philosophical and psychological ground which is only implicit in sutras or not present at all. There are certain doctrines which were developed or even invented by the Abhidharmikas and these became grounds for the debates among the different <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhamma_theory">Dhamma theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dhamma theory">edit</a>]</div> The "base upon which the entire [Abhidhamma] system rests" is the 'dhamma theory' and this theory 'penetrated all the early schools'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarunadasa19967-60">[60]</a> For the Abhidharmikas, the ultimate components of existence, the elementary constituents of experience were called dhammas (Pali: dhammas). This concept has been variously translated as "factors" (Collett Cox), "psychic characteristics" (Bronkhorst),<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> "phenomena" (Nyanaponika) and "psycho-physical events" (Ronkin). The <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early Buddhist scriptures</a> give various lists of the constituents of the person such as the five skandhas, the six or 18 <a href="/wiki/Skandha#Eighteen_Dhātus_and_Four_Paramatthas" title="Skandha">dhatus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ayatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatana">twelve sense bases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarunadasa1996Ch.I-62">[62]</a> In Abhidhamma literature, these lists of dhammas systematically arranged and they were seen as the ultimate entities or momentary events which make up the fabric of people's experience of reality. The idea was to create an exhaustive list of all possible phenomena that make up the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarunadasa1996Introduction-63">[63]</a> The conventional reality of substantial objects and persons is merely a conceptual construct imputed by the mind on a flux of dhammas.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, dhammas are never seen as individually separate entities, but are always dependently conditioned by other dhammas in a stream of momentary constellations of dhammas, constantly coming into being and vanishing, always in flux. Perception and thinking is then seen as a combination of various dhammas. Cittas (awareness events) are never experienced on their own, but are always <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentional</a> and hence accompanied by various mental factors (cetasikas), in a constantly flowing stream of experience occurrences.<a href="#cite_note-Ronkin-65">[65]</a> Human experience is thus explained by a series of dynamic processes and their patterns of relationships with each other. Buddhist Abhidhamma philosophers then sought to explain all experience by creating lists and matrices (matikas) of these dhammas, which varied by school. The four categories of dhammas in the Theravada Abhidhamma are:<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">Citta</a> (Mind, Consciousness, awareness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Cetasika</a> (mental factors, mental events, associated mentality), there are 52 types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">Rūpa</a> — (physical occurrences, material form), 28 types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nibbāna</a> — (Extinction, cessation). This dhamma is unconditioned <a href="#cite_note-Bodhi_page_3-16">[16]</a> it neither arises nor ceases due to causal interaction.</li></ol> The Sarvastivada Abhidharma also used these, along with a fifth category: "factors dissociated from thought" (cittaviprayuktasaṃskāra). The Sarvastivadas also included three dharmas in the fourth "unconditioned" category instead of just one, the dharma of space and two states of cessation. The Abhidharma project was thus to provide a completely exhaustive account of every possible type of conscious experience in terms of its constituent factors and their relations. The Theravada tradition holds that there were 82 types of possible dhammas – 82 types of occurrences in the experiential world, while the general Sarvastivada tradition eventually enumerated 75 dharma types.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> For the Abhidharmikas, <a href="/wiki/Two_truths" class="mw-redirect" title="Two truths">truth was twofold</a> and there are two ways of looking at reality. One way is the way of everyday experience and of normal worldly persons. This is the category of the nominal and the conceptual (paññatti), and is termed the conventional truth (saṃvṛti-satya). However, the way of the Abhidharma, and hence the way of enlightened persons like the Buddha, who have developed the true insight (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">vipassana</a>), sees reality as the constant stream of collections of dharmas, and this way of seeing the world is ultimate truth (paramārtha-satya). As the Indian Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> writes: "Anything the idea of which does not occur upon division or upon mental analysis, such as an object like a pot, that is a 'conceptual fiction'. The ultimately real is otherwise."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> For Vasubandhu then, something is not the ultimately real if it 'disappears under analysis', but is merely conventional. The ultimate goal of the Abhidharma is <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> and hence the Abhidharmikas systematized dhammas into those which are skillful (kusala), purify the mind and lead to liberation, and those which are unskillful and do not. The Abhidharma then has a soteriological purpose, first and foremost and its goal is to support Buddhist practice and meditation. By carefully watching the coming and going of dhammas, and being able to identify which ones are wholesome and to be cultivated, and which ones are unwholesome and to be abandoned, the Buddhist meditator makes use of the Abhidharma as a schema to liberate his mind and realize that all experiences are impermanent, not-self, unsatisfactory and therefore not to be clung to. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Svabhāva">Svabhāva</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Svabhāva">edit</a>]</div> The Abhidharmikas often used the term <a href="/wiki/Svabh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhāva">svabhāva</a> (Pali: sabhāva) to explain the causal workings of dharmas. This term was used in different ways by the different Buddhist schools. This term does not appear in the sutras. The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya states: “dharma means ‘upholding,’ [namely], upholding intrinsic nature (svabhāva)” while the Theravādin commentaries holds that: “dhammas are so called because they bear their intrinsic natures, or because they are borne by causal conditions.”<a href="#cite_note-Ronkin-65">[65]</a> Dharmas were also said to be distinct from each other by their intrinsic/unique characteristics (svalaksana). The examination of these characteristics was held to be extremely important, the Sarvastivada <a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahavibhasa</a> states "Abhidharma is [precisely] the analysis of the svalaksana and samanya-laksana of dharmas".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to Peter Harvey, the Theravadin view of dharmas was that "'They are dhammas because they uphold their own nature [sabhaava]. They are dhammas because they are upheld by conditions or they are upheld according to their own nature' (Asl.39). Here 'own-nature' would mean characteristic nature, which is not something inherent in a dhamma as a separate ultimate reality, but arise due to the supporting conditions both of other dhammas and previous occurrences of that dhamma."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buddhagho%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhaghoṣa">Buddhaghosa</a>, the most influential classical Theravada treatise, states that not-self does not become apparent because it is concealed by "compactness" when one does not give attention to the various elements which make up the person.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> The Paramatthamañjusa Visuddhimaggatika of <a href="/wiki/Dhammapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammapala">Acariya Dhammapala</a>, a later Theravada commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>, refers to the fact that we often assume unity and compactness in phenomena and functions which are instead made up of various elements, but when one sees that these are merely empty dhammas, one can understand the not-self characteristic:<blockquote>"when they are seen after resolving them by means of knowledge into these elements, they disintegrate like froth subjected to compression by the hand. They are mere states (dhamma) occurring due to conditions and void. In this way the characteristic of not-self becomes more evident."<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a></blockquote>The <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvastivadins">Sarvastivadins</a> saw dharmas as the ultimately 'real entities' (sad-dravya), though they also held that dharmas were <a href="/wiki/Dependent_origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent origination">dependently originated</a>. For the Sarvastivadins, a synonym for svabhava is avayaya (a 'part'), the smallest possible unit which cannot be analyzed into smaller parts and hence it is ultimately real as opposed to only conventionally real (such as a chariot or a person).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, the Sarvastivadins did not hold that dharmas were completely independent of each other, as the <a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahavibhasa</a> states: "conditioned dharmas are weak in their intrinsic nature, they can accomplish their activities only through mutual dependence" and "they have no sovereignty (aisvarya). They are dependent on others."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Svabhava in the early Abhidhamma texts was then not a term which meant ontological independence, metaphysical essence or underlying substance, but simply referred to their characteristics, which are dependent on other conditions and qualities. According to Ronkin: "In the early Sarvāstivāda exegetical texts, then, svabhāva is used as an atemporal, invariable criterion determining what a dharma is, not necessarily that a dharma exists. The concern here is primarily with what makes categorial types of dharma unique, rather than with the ontological status of dharmas."<a href="#cite_note-Ronkin-65">[65]</a> However, in the later Sarvastivada texts, like the Mahavibhasa, the term svabhava began to be defined more ontologically as the really existing “intrinsic nature” specifying individual dharmas.<a href="#cite_note-Ronkin-65">[65]</a> The Sautrantika school accepted the doctrine of svabhāva as referring to the distinctive or main characteristic of a dharma, but rejected the view that they exist in all three times .<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a> uses the concept of svabhāva, though he interprets it as being based on causal powers. For Dharmakirti, the essential nature (or ‘nature-svabhāva’) is:<blockquote>“The arising of an effect that is inferred by way of a causal complex is characterized as a svabhāva of that causal complex, because [the capacity for] the effect’s production does not depend on anything else.” <a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote>Other <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a> did not accept the svabhava concept, instead positing a kind of <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">conceptualism</a> (prajñaptivada). This view was widespread among the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahasamghika</a> Nikaya. One school was even called "<a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivada</a>" because of their denial of the ultimate reality of all dharmas and their view that all dharmas are characterized by prajñapti (provisional designation or fictitious construction). Another school called the Vainasikas also held that all dharmas were without svabhava.<a href="#cite_note-Sarvāstivāda_Abhidharma_page_66-76">[76]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramārtha</a> (499–569), another school, the <a href="/wiki/Ekavy%C4%81vah%C4%81rika" title="Ekavyāvahārika">Ekavyavahārikas</a> held "that both the mundane and the supramundane factors [dharmas] are merely nominal (prajñapti). They therefore claimed that all factors have no real essence, and that hence the same name applies to all [dharmas]."<a href="#cite_note-:5-77">[77]</a> This helps to explain their name as “Ekavyavahārika” (those who propound the single meaning). Paramārtha also notes that the <a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a> school held "that the mundane factors have arisen from perversion (viparyāsa) and are only nominal (prajñapti)." However, in contrast to the other schools, they also held that the supramundane dharmas (nirvana etc.) were not nominal but real.<a href="#cite_note-:5-77">[77]</a> This view that dharmas are empty or void is also found in the Lokānuvartana-sūtra (‘The Sutra of Conformity with the World’, <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taisho</a> No.807) which survives in Chinese and Tibetan translation, and may have been a scripture of the Purvasailas, which was a sub-school of the <a href="/wiki/Mahasamghika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamghika">Mahasamghika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causality_and_dependent_origination">Causality and dependent origination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Causality and dependent origination">edit</a>]</div> Another important project for the Abhidharmikas was to outline a theory of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>, especially of how momentary dharmas relate to each other through causes and conditions. The Sarvastivadin analysis focused on six causes (hetu), four conditions (pratyaya) and five effects (phala). According to <a href="/wiki/K.L._Dhammajoti" class="mw-redirect" title="K.L. Dhammajoti">K.L. Dhammajoti</a>, for the Sarvastivada school, 'causal efficacy is the central criterion for the reality/existence (astitva) of a dharma' and hence they were also sometimes called the 'Hetuvada' school.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A dharma is real because it is a cause and it has effects, if it had no causal efficacy, it would not exist. The six causes outlined by the Sarvastivada are:<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <ol><li>Efficient cause (karana-hetu) – dharma A, causes dharma B</li> <li>Homogeneous cause (sabhäga-hetu) – dharma A(1) causes another dharma A(2)</li> <li>Universal cause (sarvatraga-hetu) – a homogeneous cause, pertaining only to defiled dharmas</li> <li>Retribution cause (vipäka-hetu) – leads to karmic retribution</li> <li>Co-existent cause (sahabhu-hetu) – a cause which arises from the mutuality of all dharmas, a 'simultaneous causality.'</li> <li>Conjoined cause (samprayuktaka-hetu)</li></ol> In the <a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahavibhasa</a> treatment of dependent origination, four different types are outlined:<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_Buswell_page_114-81">[81]</a> <ul><li>Momentary (ksanika) causation, as when all twelve moments of the chain are realized in a single moment of action</li> <li>Serial (sambandhika) causation, in which dependent origination is viewed in reference to the relationship between cause and effect</li> <li>Static (avasthika) causation, in which dependent origination involves twelve distinct periods of the five aggregates</li> <li>Prolonged (prakarsika) causation, in which that sequence of causation occurs over three lifetimes</li></ul> The Sarvastivada Vibhasa-sastrins accepted only static dependent origination<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_Buswell_page_114-81">[81]</a> The last book of the Pali Abhidhamma, the <a href="/wiki/Patthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Patthana">Patthana</a>, sets out the main Theravada theory on conditioned relations and causality. The Patthana is an exhaustive examination of the conditioned nature (<a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Paticcasamupada</a>) of all dhammas. The introduction begins with a detailed list of 24 specific types of conditioned relationships (paccaya) that may pertain between different factors. The majority of these conditions have counterparts in the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma. The Pali <a href="/wiki/Abhidhammatthasangaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhammatthasangaha">Abhidhammatthasangaha</a> reduces them all to four main types.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> school used a theory of 'seeds' (<a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">bīja</a>) in the mental continuum to explain causal interaction between past and present dharmas, this theory was later developed by the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> school in their theory of “storehouse consciousness” (ālayavijñāna). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporality">Temporality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temporality">edit</a>]</div> A prominent argument between the Abhidharmikas was on the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of time">Philosophy of time</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81din" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivādin">Sarvāstivādin</a> tradition held the view (expressed in the Vijñanakaya) that dharmas exist in all three times – past, present, future; hence the name of their school means "theory of all exists". The <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a> and Theravada schools argued against this <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalist</a> view in favor of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">presentism</a> (only the present moment exists). This argument was so central, that north Indian Buddhist schools were often named according to their philosophical position. According to <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>: "Those who hold 'all exists' — the past, the present and the future — belong to the Sarvāstivāda. Those, on the other hand, who hold that some exist, viz., the present and the past karma that has not given fruit but not those that have given fruit or the future, are followers of the Vibhajyaväda."<a href="#cite_note-Sarvāstivāda_Abhidharma_page_66-76">[76]</a> Vasubandhu initially wrote in favor of Sarvāstivāda, and later critiqued this position. The Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika also held an atomistic conception of time which divided time into discrete indivisible moments (kṣaṇa) and saw all events as lasting only for a minute instant (and yet also existing in all three times).<a href="#cite_note-Ronkin-65">[65]</a> Theravadins also held a theory of momentariness (Khāṇavāda), but it was less ontological than Sarvāstivāda and more focused on the psychological aspects of time. The Theravada divided every dhamma into three different instants of origination (uppādakkhaṇa), endurance (ṭhitikkhaṇa) and cessation (bhaṅgakkhaṇa). They also held that only mental events were momentary, material events could endure for longer.<a href="#cite_note-Ronkin-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebirth_and_personal_identity">Rebirth and personal identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rebirth and personal identity">edit</a>]</div> A key problem which the Abhidharmikas wished to tackle was the question of how rebirth and karma works if there is <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Buddhism)" title="Ātman (Buddhism)">no self</a> to be reborn apart from the <a href="/wiki/Five_aggregates" class="mw-redirect" title="Five aggregates">five aggregates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Patthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Patthana">Patthana</a> includes the earliest Pali canonical reference to an important answer to this question: <a href="/wiki/Bhavanga" title="Bhavanga">bhavanga</a>, or 'life-continuum'. Bhavanga, literally, "the limb on which existence occurs" is 'that substratum which maintains the continuity of the individual throughout that life.' The Sarvastivadins had a similar term, nikayasabhagata.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This concept is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> doctrine of the storehouse consciousness (alayavijnana), which was later associated with the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha nature">Buddha nature</a> doctrine. This problem was also taken up by a group of Buddhist schools termed the <a href="/wiki/Pudgalavadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudgalavadin">Pudgalavadins</a> or "Personalists" which included the Vātsīputrīya, the Dharmottarīya, the Bhadrayānīya, the <a href="/wiki/Sammitiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammitiya">Sammitiya</a> and the Shannagarika.<a href="#cite_note-Priestley-84">[84]</a> These schools posited the existence of a 'person' (pudgala) or self, which had a real existence that was not reducible to streams and collections of dharmas. They also often used other terms to refer to this real 'self', such as '<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Buddhism)" title="Ātman (Buddhism)">Atman</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a>' which are words for the immortal soul in Hinduism and Jainism respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Priestley-84">[84]</a> They seemed to have held that the 'self' was part of a fifth category of existence, the “inexpressible”. This was a radically different view than the not-self view held by the mainstream Buddhist schools and this theory was a major point of controversy and was thoroughly attacked by other Buddhist schools such as the Theravadins, Sarvastivadins and later Mahayanists. The Sarvastivadin Abhidharmikas also developed the novel idea of an <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">intermediate state</a> between death and the next rebirth. The Purvasaila, Sammitiya, Vatsiputriya, and later Mahisasaka schools accepted this view, while the Theravadins, Vibhajyavada, Mahasanghika, and the Sariputrabhidharmasastra of the Dharmaguptakas rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomism">Atomism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Atomism">edit</a>]</div> Some Abhidharmikas such as the Sarvastivadins also defended an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>. However unlike the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> school, Abhidharmic atoms (paramannu) are not permanent, but momentary. The Vaibhasika held that an atom is the smallest analyzable unit of matter (rupa), hence it is a 'conceptual atom' (prajnapti-paramanu), though this also corresponds to a real existing thing.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Mahabhivasa states: "An atom (paramänu) is the smallest rüpa. It cannot be cut, broken, penetrated; it cannot be taken up, abandoned, ridden on, stepped on, struck or dragged. It is neither long nor short, square nor round, regular nor irregular, convex nor concave. It has no smaller parts; it cannot be decomposed, cannot be seen, heard, smelled, touched. It is thus that the paramänu is said to be the finest (sarva-süksma) of all rüpas."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theravāda_Abhidhamma">Theravāda Abhidhamma</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theravāda Abhidhamma">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma">Theravāda Abhidhamma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Theravada" title="Category:Theravada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_dham_jak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra"><img alt="Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/100px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/150px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/200px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Theravāda Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthaviravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaviravada">Sthaviras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajjavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Mahāvihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tambapaṇṇiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%87aka" title="Bhāṇaka">Bhāṇaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhagho%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhaghoṣa">Buddhaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81kassapa_(12th_century)" title="Mahākassapa (12th century)">Mahākassapa (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta_(12th_century)" title="Sāriputta (12th century)">Sāriputta (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwe_Sri_Sumangala_Thera" title="Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera">Sumangala Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Vajirananavarorasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_N%C4%81rada" title="U Nārada">U Nārada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Ba_Khin" class="mw-redirect" title="U Ba Khin">U Ba Khin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_Bhuridatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mun Bhuridatta">Mun Bhuridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Ghosananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Ghosananda">Maha Ghosananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripasaran" title="Kripasaran">Kripasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauddha_Rishi_Mahapragya" title="Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya">Mahapragya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyananda_Mahasthavir" title="Pragyananda Mahasthavir">Pragyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">K. Sri Dhammananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Mahathera">Narada Mahathera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_Weeraratna" title="Asoka Weeraratna">Asoka Weeraratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula_Thero" title="Walpola Rahula Thero">Walpola Rahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Dhammaloka" title="U Dhammaloka">U Dhammaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu">Nanamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Brahm" title="Ajahn Brahm">Ajahn Brahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Analayo">Analayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanggana_Vanavichayen" title="Varanggana Vanavichayen">Varanggana Vanavichayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammananda_Bhikkhuni" title="Dhammananda Bhikkhuni">Dhammananda Bhikkhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Tathaaloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayya Tathaaloka">Ayya Tathaaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Khema" title="Ayya Khema">Ayya Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kee_Nanayon" title="Kee Nanayon">Kee Nanayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipa_Ma" title="Dipa Ma">Dipa Ma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Tipiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravāda)">Paracanonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">Sub-commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimuttimagga" title="Vimuttimagga">Vimuttimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamm%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Abhidhammāvatāra">Abhidhammāvatāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81vacara%27s_manual" title="Yogāvacara's manual">Yogāvacara's manual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Orders</a> (Nikāya)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Nikaya" title="Maha Nikaya">Mahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thudhamma_Nikaya" title="Thudhamma Nikaya">Thudhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwegyin_Nikaya" title="Shwegyin Nikaya">Shwegyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Mahādvāra Nikāya">Mahādvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C5%ABladv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mūladvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Mūladvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%E1%B8%B7uvana_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veḷuvana Nikāya (page does not exist)">Veḷuvana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaukchaung-dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaukchaung-dvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Anaukchaung-dvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hngettwin_Nikaya" title="Hngettwin Nikaya">Hngettwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga%E1%B9%87avimutti_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaṇavimutti Nikāya (page does not exist)">Gaṇavimutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarapura%E2%80%93R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya">Amarapura–Rāmañña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Nikaya" title="Siam Nikaya">Siam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangharaj_Nikaya" title="Sangharaj Nikaya">Saṅgharāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthabir_Nikaya" title="Mahasthabir Nikaya">Mahāsthabir</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADipatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADivedha" title="Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha">Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Abhidhamma" title="Theravada Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pav%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Pavāraṇā">Pavāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Forest_Tradition" title="Sri Lankan Forest Tradition">Sri Lankan Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Southern Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_tradition" title="Dhammakaya tradition">Dhammakaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesākha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Āsāḷha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%ADhina" title="Kaṭhina">Kaṭhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Day" title="Abhidhamma Day">Abhidhamma Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Higher education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamakut_Buddhist_University" title="Mahamakut Buddhist University">MBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya_University" title="Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University">MCRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Buddhist_College" title="International Buddhist College">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhist_Missionary_University" title="International Theravāda Buddhist Missionary University">ITBMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Pariyatti_Sasana_University,_Mandalay" title="State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay">SPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_and_Pali_University_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka">BPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Sihanouk_Raja_Buddhist_University" title="Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University">Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preah_Sihamoni_Raja_Buddhist_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preah Sihamoni Raja Buddhist University (page does not exist)">Sihamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champasak_Sangha_College" title="Champasak Sangha College">CSC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha College (page does not exist)">Sangha College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kertarajasa_Buddhist_College" title="Kertarajasa Buddhist College">Kertarajasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syailendra_Buddhist_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syailendra Buddhist College (page does not exist)">Syailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Institute" title="Nalanda Institute">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Dipa_International_Buddhist_University" title="Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University">DDIBU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Template:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a> is the third pitaka, or basket, of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Tipitaka</a> (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka), the canon of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> school. It consists of seven sections or books. There are also three Abhidhamma type texts which are found in the <a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Khuddaka Nikāya">Khuddaka Nikāya</a> (‘Minor Collection’): <a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%ADisambhid%C4%81magga" title="Paṭisambhidāmagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nettipakara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nettipakaraṇa">Nettipakaraṇa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pe%E1%B9%ADakopadesa" title="Peṭakopadesa">Peṭakopadesa</a>. The Abhidhamma Piṭaka, like the rest of the Theravāda <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tipiṭaka</a>, was orally transmitted until the 1st century BCE. Due to famines and constant wars, the monks responsible for recording the oral tradition felt that there was a risk of portions of the canon being lost so the Abhidhamma was written down for the first time along with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> in the first century BCE. The books of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka were translated into English in the 20th century and published by the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pāli Text Society</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg/220px-Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg/330px-Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg/440px-Buddhaghosa_with_three_copies_of_Visuddhimagga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> (c. 5th century), the most important Abhidhamma scholar of <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a>, presenting three copies of the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to the canonical Abhidharma, <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a> includes a variety of Abhidhamma commentaries and introductory manuals written after the compilation of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka. These post-canonical texts attempted to expand and further clarify the analysis presented in the Abhidhamma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998205-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The most influential of these commentaries are those of <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> (c. 5th century) a South Indian exegete and philosopher who moved to Sri Lanka and wrote various commentaries and treatises in Pali. His <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a> ("Path of Purification") is a comprehensive manual of Buddhist practice that also contains an overview of the Abhidhamma. This text remains one of the most popular Abhidhamma influenced texts in <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada</a>. Sri Lankan Theravādins also composed shorter introductory manuals to the Abhidhamma. The most popular and widely used of these remains the <a href="/wiki/Abhidhammatthasangaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhammatthasangaha">Abhidhammatthasangaha</a> (Compendium of the Topics of the Abhidharma) by <a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a> (circa 8th to 12th century). A further period of medieval Sri Lankan scholarship also produced a series of texts called the <a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">sub-commentaries</a> (which are commentaries to the commentaries). Abhidhamma remains a living tradition in Theravāda nations today and modern Abhidhamma works continue to be written in modern languages such as <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>. Abhidhamma studies are particularly stressed in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, where it has been the primary subject of study since around the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> One of the most important figures in modern <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a> (1846–1923), was well known for his writings on Abhidhamma (especially his commentary on the Abhidhammatthasangaha, called the Paramatthadipanitika).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarvāstivāda_Abhidharma">Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></div> The most influential Indian Abhidharma tradition was that of the <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a> school, which was dominant in North India, especially <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. This is the Abhidharma tradition that is studied in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93">[93]</a> Like the Theravada Abhidharma, the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Pitaka also consists of seven texts, but they are quite different works, unlike the Sarvāstivāda <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Agamas</a>, which are very close, often identical, to the suttas of the Theravada Sutta Pitaka. According to Frauwallner however, the two Abhidharma collections share an "ancient core", which is basically an early doctrinal list of dharmas.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The core canonical work of this school, the <a href="/wiki/Jnanaprasthana" title="Jnanaprasthana">Jñānaprasthāna</a> ('Foundation of Knowledge'), also known as Aṣṭaskandha or Aṣṭagrantha, was said to be composed by master <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81ty%C4%81yan%C4%ABputra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kātyāyanīputra (page does not exist)">Kātyāyanīputra</a>. This became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra</a> ("Great Commentary"), an encyclopedic work which became the central text of the Vaibhāṣika tradition who became the Kasmiri Sarvāstivāda Orthodoxy under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushan empire">Kushan empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Despite numerous variations and doctrinal disagreements within the tradition, most Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣikas were united in their acceptance of the doctrine of "sarvāstitva" (all exists), which says that all phenomena in the three times (past, present and future) can be said to exist.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Another defining Vaibhāṣika doctrine was that of simultaneous causation (sahabhū-hetu).<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasubandhu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasubandhu.JPG/220px-Vasubandhu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasubandhu.JPG/330px-Vasubandhu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Vasubandhu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośabhāsya is a major source in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism.</figcaption></figure> In addition to the core Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma literature, a variety of expository texts or treatises were written to serve as overviews and introductions to the Abhidharma. The oldest one of these was the Abhidharma-hṛdaya-sastra (The Heart of Abhidharma), by the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a> Dharmasresthin, (c. 1st. century B.C.). This text became the model for most of the later treatises.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93">[93]</a> The most influential of these treatises however, is certainly the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakośabhāsya</a> (Treasury of Higher Knowledge, 5th century), a series of verses and accompanying commentary by <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>. It often critiques <a href="/wiki/Vaibhashika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaibhashika">Vaibhāṣika</a> views from a <a href="/wiki/Sautrantika" class="mw-redirect" title="Sautrantika">Sautrantika</a> perspective. The Sautrantikas were a dissent group within the <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> tradition that rejected many of the core <a href="/wiki/Vaibhashika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaibhashika">Vaibhāṣika</a> views. This text remains the main source for Abhidharma in Indo-Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism. The most mature and refined form of Vaibhāṣika philosophy can be seen in the work of master <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghabhadra" title="Saṃghabhadra">Saṃghabhadra</a> (ca fifth century CE), "undoubtedly one of the most brilliant Abhidharma masters in India".<a href="#cite_note-:43-97">[97]</a> His two main works, the *Nyāyānusāra (Shun zhengli lun 順正理論) and the *Abhidharmasamayapradīpikā (Apidamo xian zong lun 阿毘達磨顯宗論), are key sources of late Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-:43-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Abhidharma_traditions">Other Abhidharma traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other Abhidharma traditions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputr%C4%81bhidharma" title="Śāriputrābhidharma">Śāriputra Abhidharma Śāstra</a> (舍利弗阿毘曇論 Shèlìfú Āpítán Lùn) (T. 1548) is a complete abhidharma text that is thought to come from the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> sect. The only complete edition of this text is that in Chinese. Sanskrit fragments from this text have been found in <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and are now part of the <a href="/wiki/Schoyen_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoyen Collection">Schøyen Collection</a> (MS 2375/08). The manuscripts at this find are thought to have been part of a monastery library of the Mahāsāṃghika <a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a> sect. Several <a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a> Abhidharma type texts also survive in Chinese, such as the Traidharmakasastra (Taisho no. 1506 pp. 15c-30a) and the Sammatiyanikayasastra. These texts contain traditional Abhidharma type lists and doctrines, but they also attempt to expound and defend the unique Pudgalavada doctrine of the "person" (pudgala).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thích,_Thiện_Châu_1999-53">[53]</a> Many Abhidharma texts have been lost—likely more than have survived.<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> This includes texts brought from India by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> belonging to a variety of Indian schools that were never translated into Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> Many Abhidharma <a href="/wiki/Sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sastra">sastras</a> discovered among the <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhist_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharan Buddhist texts">Gandharan Buddhist texts</a> have no parallel in existing Indic languages or Chinese or Tibetan translation, suggesting the former breadth of Abhidharma literature.<a href="#cite_note-Skilling-6">[6]</a> According to some sources, abhidharma was not accepted as canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Theravādin <a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a>, for example, records that the Mahāsāṃghikas had no abhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213-100">[100]</a> However, other sources indicate that there were such collections of abhidharma. During the early 5th century, the Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> is said to have found a Mahāsāṃghika Abhidharma at a monastery in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaliputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāṭaliputra">Pāṭaliputra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213-100">[100]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Dhanyakataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanyakataka">Dhānyakaṭaka</a>, he wrote that the monks of this region were Mahāsāṃghikas, and mentions the Pūrvaśailas specifically.<a href="#cite_note-Baruah,_Bibhuti_2008._p._437-101">[101]</a> Near Dhānyakaṭaka, he met two Mahāsāṃghika <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikṣus</a> and studied Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma with them for several months, during which time they also studied various Mahāyāna <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">śāstras</a> together under Xuanzang's direction.<a href="#cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baruah,_Bibhuti_2008._p._437-101">[101]</a> On the basis of textual evidence as well as inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nāgārjunakoṇḍā</a>, Joseph Walser concludes that at least some Mahāsāṃghika sects probably had an abhidharma collection, and that it likely contained five or six books.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tattvasiddhi_Śāstra">Tattvasiddhi Śāstra</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tattvasiddhi Śāstra">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Tattvasiddhi Śāstra</a> ("the treatise that accomplishes reality"; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 成實論, Chéngshílun), is an extant Abhidharma text which was popular in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>. This Abhidharma is now contained in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a>, in sixteen fascicles (<a href="/wiki/Taisho_Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Tripitaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> 1646).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Its authorship is attributed to Harivarman, a third-century monk from central India. This work may belong to the Mahāsāṃghika <a href="/wiki/Bahu%C5%9Brut%C4%ABya" title="Bahuśrutīya">Bahuśrutīya</a> school or to the <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramārtha</a> cites this Bahuśrutīya abhidharma as containing a combination of Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna doctrines, and Joseph Walser agrees that this assessment is correct.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Ian Charles Harris also characterizes the text as a synthesis of Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna, and notes that its doctrines are very close to those in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81dhyamaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> works.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The Satyasiddhi Śāstra maintained great popularity in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and even lead to the formation of its own school of Buddhism in China, the Chéngshí school (成實宗), which was founded in 412 CE.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated91-108">[108]</a> As summarized by <a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated90-109">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Various Buddhist schools sprang to life, such as the school based on the three Mādhyamaka śāstras, the school based on the Abhidharmakośa, and the school based on the Satyasiddhi Śāstra. These all vied with each other, producing many wondrous offshoots, each giving rise to its own theoretical system.</blockquote> The Chéngshí School taught a progression of twenty-seven stations for cultivating realization, based upon the teachings of this text. They took Harivarman as its founder in India, and <a href="/wiki/Kumarajiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarajiva">Kumārajīva</a> as the school's founder in China.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated91-108">[108]</a> The Chéngshí School is counted among the ten schools of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated90-109">[109]</a> From China, the Chéngshí School was transmitted to Japan in 625 CE, where it was known as Jōjitsu-shu (成實宗). This school is known as one of the six great schools of Japanese Buddhism in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710–794 CE).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahāyāna_Abhidharma">Mahāyāna Abhidharma</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mahāyāna Abhidharma">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg/220px-Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg/330px-Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg/440px-Xuan_Zang_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Xuanzang, the Chinese monk who brought and translated many <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> Abhidharma texts to China.</figcaption></figure> Another complete system of Abhidharma thought is elaborated in certain works of the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> tradition (which mainly evolved out of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma). This <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> Abhidharma can be found in the works of figures like <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Nalanda" title="Dharmapala of Nalanda">Dharmapāla</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABlabhadra" title="Śīlabhadra">Śīlabhadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (Hsüan-tsang), and Vinītadeva.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> Abhidharmikas discussed many concepts not widely found in non-Mahāyāna Abhidharma, such as the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">eight consciousnesses</a> (aṣṭa vijñānakāyāḥ) which includes the novel <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">ālayavijñāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">the three natures (trisvabhāva)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">mere cognizance (vijñapti-mātra)</a>, the fundamental revolution of the basis (āśraya-parāvṛtti), the Mahāyāna buddhology of the three bodies of the Buddha, the ten <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">pāramitā</a> and the ten <a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">bhūmi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brunnholzl,_Karl_2019-112">[112]</a> Main <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> Abhidharma works include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998207-113">[113]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacarabhumi-sastra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a> (Treatise on the Foundation for Yoga Practitioners). A compendium of doctrine and Buddhist meditation, with a strong influence from the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma-samuccaya" title="Abhidharma-samuccaya">Abhidharma-samuccaya</a> ("Compendium of Abhidharma") by <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>. It mainly discusses traditional Abhidharma concepts, with a few Mahāyāna elements added. According to Frauwallner, this text is based on the Abhidharma of the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Abhidharma-samuccaya-bhasyam, a commentary on the work above, possibly by Sthiramati.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Abhidharmamahāyānasūtra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81nasa%E1%B9%83graha" title="Mahāyānasaṃgraha">Mahāyānasaṃgraha</a>. This is a true compendium of Mahāyāna (Yogācāra) Abhidharma by Asanga. Its main sources are the Abhidharmamahāyānasūtra, and the Yogācārabhūmi.<a href="#cite_note-Brunnholzl,_Karl_2019-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Mahāyānasaṃgraha-bhāṣya, by Vasubandhu, a commentary on the work above.</li> <li>Vijñapti-mātratā-siddhi, Ch. <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Weishi_Lun" title="Cheng Weishi Lun">Cheng Weishi Lun</a> ("Discourse on the Perfection of Consciousness-only") by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> – a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bik%C4%81-vij%C3%B1aptim%C4%81trat%C4%81" title="Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā">Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā</a> ("Thirty Verses")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_weishi_lun_shuji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng weishi lun shuji (page does not exist)">Cheng weishi lun shuji</a>, a commentary on the above, by Xuanzang's student <a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a>.</li></ul> While this Yogācārin Abhidharma is based on the Sarvāstivādin system, it also incorporates aspects of other Abhidharma systems and present a complete Abhidharma in accordance with a Mahāyāna Yogācāra view that thought (vijñapti) alone is ultimately "real."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998207-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> Abhidharma texts served as the foundations of the East Asian <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">"Consciousness Only school" (Wéishí-zōng).</a> Yogācārins developed an Abhidharma literature set within a Mahāyāna framework.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> John Keenan, who has translated the <a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra">Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</a> into English, writes:<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Yogācāra masters inherited the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> approach of the <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñāpāramitā">Prajñāpāramitā</a> texts. However, they did not reject the validity of theoretical Abhidharma. Rather they attempted to construct a critical understanding of the consciousness that underlies all meaning, both mystical and theoretical. Their focus was on doctrine, but as it flowed from the practice of meditative centering (yoga), rather than as it was understood in acts of conceptual apprehension.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prajñāpāramitā_texts">Prajñāpāramitā texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prajñāpāramitā texts">edit</a>]</div> The Prajñāpāramitā sutras and associated literature are influenced by Abhidharma. These texts make use of Abhidharma categories (like the dharma theory), and adopt them or critique them in different ways. Thus, according to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Aṣṭasāhasrikā_Prajñāpāramitā" title="Prajnaparamita">Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā</a>, "only makes sense against the historical background of the Abhidharma."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Conze" title="Edward Conze">Edward Conze</a>, the Prajñāpāramitā sutras were meant to be a criticism of the view held by some of the Abhidharmikas which saw dharmas as real.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Conze also notes that the later Prajñāpāramitā sutras have been expanded by the insertion of various doctrinal Abhidharma lists.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> There is also plenty of Abhidharma material (mainly Sarvāstivāda) in the <a href="/wiki/Da_zhidu_lun" class="mw-redirect" title="Da zhidu lun">Dà zhìdù lùn</a> (The Treatise on the Great <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 大智度論, Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa* <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> no. 1509). The Dà zhìdù lùn was translated into Chinese by <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> (344–413 CE) and his student <a href="/wiki/Sengrui" title="Sengrui">Sengrui</a>. The work claims it is written by <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāgārjuna">Nāgārjuna</a> (c. 2nd century), but various scholars such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte" title="Étienne Lamotte">Étienne Lamotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Demi%C3%A9ville" title="Paul Demiéville">Paul Demiéville</a>, have questioned this, holding that the author was instead a <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> monk learned in Abhidharma who became a <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyānist</a> and wrote this text.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> It is a very influential text in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abhisamayalankara" title="Abhisamayalankara">Abhisamayālaṅkāra</a> ("Ornament of/for Realization[s]") also includes numerous Abhidharma type listings, and according to Karl Brunnholzl, "may be considered as a kind of highly formalized mahāyāna abhidharma presentation of the path and realization (similar to chapters five to eight of the Abhidharmakosa, which are frequently quoted in the AA commentaries)."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>Buddhist texts</dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Pitaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Buddhist concepts</dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratitya-samutpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratitya-samutpada">Pratitya-samutpada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDhammaBodhi2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rewata_Dhamma" title="Rewata Dhamma">Dhamma, U Rewata</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (2000). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-02-9"><bdi>1-928706-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Manual+of+Abhidhamma&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-928706-02-9&rft.aulast=Dhamma&rft.aufirst=U+Rewata&rft.au=Bodhi%2C+Bhikkhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Harvey, Peter (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, p. 90. Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhidhamma_Pitaka_2008_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopedia_Britannica2008" class="citation book cs1">The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). "Abhidhamma Pitaka". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abhidhamma-Pitaka">Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite</a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abhidhamma+Pitaka&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+Ultimate+Reference+Suite&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAbhidhamma-Pitaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," pp. 79–83. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1">b</a> Ronkin, Noa, "Abhidharma", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/abhidharma/">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skilling-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skilling_6-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkilling2010" class="citation journal cs1">Skilling, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44362554">"Scriptural Authenticity and the Śrāvaka Schools: An Essay towards an Indian Perspective"</a>. The Eastern Buddhist. 41 (2): 1–47. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44362554">44362554</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=Scriptural+Authenticity+and+the+%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka+Schools%3A+An+Essay+towards+an+Indian+Perspective&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-47&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44362554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skilling&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44362554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Cox 2003, pp. 1–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Sophie Francis Kidd, translator; Ernst Steinkellner, editor; Erich Frauwallner; Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1">b</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," pp. 70–71. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> See, for instance, Rhys Davids (1900), Trungpa (1975), and Goleman (2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Nyanaponika, Abhidhamma studies, page 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Lusthaus, Dan; Buddhist Phenomenology – A philosophical investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the cheng wei-shih lun, page 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Ronkin, Noa; Early Buddhist metaphysics </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Inada, Kenneth K; The metaphysics of Buddhist experience and the Whiteheadian encounter, Philosophy East and West Vol. 25/1975.10 P.465-487 (C) by the University of Hawaii Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhi_page_3-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_page_3_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_page_3_16-1">b</a> Bodhi, A comprehensive manual of Abhidhamma, page 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "Pali oral literature", in Buddhist Studies, ed Denwood and Piatigorski, Curzon, London, 1982/3 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," pp. 16–17. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," pp. 17–19. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 20. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 21. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigot1954" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Migot, André (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607">"XV. Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sâriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma"</a>. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in French). 46 (2): 524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1954.5607">10.3406/befeo.1954.5607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0336-1519">0336-1519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=XV.+Un+grand+disciple+du+Buddha%3A+S%C3%A2riputra.+Son+r%C3%B4le+dans+l%27histoire+du+bouddhisme+et+dans+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27Abhidharma&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=524&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1954.5607&rft.issn=0336-1519&rft.aulast=Migot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigot1954" class="citation journal cs1">Migot, André (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607">"XV. Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sâriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma"</a>. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 46 (2): 524–524, 537–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1954.5607">10.3406/befeo.1954.5607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=XV.+Un+grand+disciple+du+Buddha%3A+S%C3%A2riputra.+Son+r%C3%B4le+dans+l%27histoire+du+bouddhisme+et+dans+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27Abhidharma&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=524-524%2C+537-540&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1954.5607&rft.aulast=Migot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1953" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Edward J. 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Abhidhamma Interpretations of “Persons” (puggala): with Particular Reference to the Aṅguttara Nikāya. J Indian Philos (2015) 43:31–60 DOI 10.1007/s10781-014-9228-5 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 41. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 48. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 15. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 49. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 24. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 27. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 31. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1">b</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Anālayo (2014) "The Dawn of Abhidharma," p. 168. Hamburg University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanleene2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vanleene, Alexandra (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Geography%20of%20Gandharan%20Art%20published%20files/10_32028-9781789691863P143-163.pdf">"Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)"</a> (PDF). The Geography of Gandhara Art. 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SUNY Press. p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gethin, Rupert, 1998: The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Dutt 1978, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "several schools rejected the authority of Abhidharma and claimed that Abhidharma treatises were composed by fallible, human teachers." Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004), page 2. (A similar statement can be found on pages 112 and 756.) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Gethin, Rupert (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism, p. 55. Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Gethin, Rupert (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism, pp. 55 – 56. Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thích,_Thiện_Châu_1999-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thích,_Thiện_Châu_1999_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thích,_Thiện_Châu_1999_53-1">b</a> Thích, Thiện Châu, Boin-Webb, Sara (1999). 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Dhammajoti</a>, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_77-1">b</a> Dessein, Bart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267922206.pdf">The Mahāsāṃghikas and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism: Evidence Provided in the *Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣāśāstra.</a> The Eastern Buddhist 40/1&2: 25–61. The Eastern Buddhist Society. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Guang Xing. The Lokānuvartana-sūtra Taisho No.807 (T17,751b12-753c23) Translated into Chinese by Lokaksema. Journal of Buddhist Studies, VolI V, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Dhammajoti, K.L. Sarvastivada Abhidharma, page 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Dhammajoti, K.L. Sarvastivada Abhidharma, page 189-. </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_Buswell_page_114-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_Buswell_page_114_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_Buswell_page_114_81-1">b</a> Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Priestley-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Priestley_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priestley_84-1">b</a> Priestley, Leonard; Pudgalavada Buddhist Philosophy; Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/pudgalav/">http://www.iep.utm.edu/pudgalav/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/K._L._Dhammajoti" title="K. L. Dhammajoti">K. L. Dhammajoti</a>, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/K._L._Dhammajoti" title="K. L. Dhammajoti">K. L. Dhammajoti</a>, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Kalupahana, David; A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities, page 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998205-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998205_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> ANKUR BARUA, THE LITERATURE OF THERAVADA ABHIDHAMMA, The Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Braun, Erik (2013). The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw, p. 63. University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Braun, Erik (2013). The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw, pp. 50–63. University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-1">b</a> Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor). Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, page XII </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Dhammajoti (2009) p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_97-1">b</a> KL Dhammajoti. The Contribution of Saṃghabhadra to Our Understanding of Abhidharma Doctrines, in Bart Dessein and Weijen Teng (ed) "Text, History, and Philosophy Abhidharma across Buddhist Scholastic Traditions." </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Williams, Paul (2005). Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2, p. 86. Taylor & Francis. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> "Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._213_100-2">c</a> Walser, Joseph. Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. 2005. p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baruah,_Bibhuti_2008._p._437-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baruah,_Bibhuti_2008._p._437_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baruah,_Bibhuti_2008._p._437_101-1">b</a> Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Walser, Joseph. Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. 2005. pp. 212–213 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0966.html">The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (K 966)</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Buddhist+Canon%3A+A+Descriptive+Catalog+%28K+966%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmuller.net%2Fdescriptive_catalogue%2Ffiles%2Fk0966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Lin, Qian. Mind in Dispute: The Section on Mind in Harivarman’s *Tattvasiddhi, p. 23, University of Washington </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Walser, Joseph. Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. 2005. p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Harris, Ian Charles. The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism. 1991. p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated91-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated91_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated91_108-1">b</a> Nan, Huai-Chin. Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 1997. p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated90-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated90_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated90_109-1">b</a> Nan, Huai-Chin. Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 1997. p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Nan, Huai-Chin. Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 1997. p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Lusthaus, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/articles/intro.html">What is and isn't Yogacara.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunnholzl,_Karl_2019-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunnholzl,_Karl_2019_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunnholzl,_Karl_2019_112-1">b</a> Brunnholzl, Karl (2019) trans., A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries (Tsadra), Volume 1, Translator's Introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Snow Lion. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998207-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998207_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998207_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor), The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1 Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Prahlad Pradhan, "A Note on Abhidharma-samuccaya-bhasya and its Author (Sthiramati?)," J Bihar Res. Society, XXXV, 1949, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Peter Harvey, "An Introduction to Buddhism." Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Keenan, John P. (tr). The Scripture on the Explication of the Underlying Meaning. 2000. p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Bronkhorst Johannes, 2018. Abhidharma in early Mahāyāna, pp. 119–140 dans Harrison Paul (eds.) Setting Out on the Great Way. Essays on Early Mahāyāna Buddhism, Equinox Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Mäll, Linnart (2005). Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and Other Essays. p. 30. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Conze, Edward (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/sutras/02Prajnaparamita/Astasahasrika.pdf">The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines & Its Verse Summary</a>, Preface. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna – Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, Vol. III Chapters XXXI–XLII, 2001, pp. 876–877. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Brunnholzl, Karl (2011). Gone Beyond (Volume 1): The Prajnaparamita Sutras, The Ornament of Clear Realization, and Its Commentaries in the Tibetan Kagyu Tradition, p. 94. Shambhala Publications. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cox, Collett (2003). "Abidharma", in: Buswell, Robert E. ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028657187" title="Special:BookSources/0028657187">0028657187</a>; pp. 1–7.</li> <li>Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978). Buddhist Sects in India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation cs2">Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goleman" title="Daniel Goleman">Goleman, Daniel</a> (2004). Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama. NY: Bantam Dell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-38105-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-38105-9">0-553-38105-9</a>.</li> <li>Horner, I.B. (1963). The book of discipline Vol. V (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p3sacredbooksofb20londuoft">Cullavagga</a>), London Luzac.</li> <li>Red Pine (2004). The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas, Shoemaker 7 Hoard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59376-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59376-009-4">1-59376-009-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarunadasa1996" class="citation web cs1">Karunadasa, Y. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh412_Karunadasa_Dhamma-Theory--Philosophical-Cornerstone-of-Abhidhamma.pdf">"The Dhamma Theory Philosophical Cornerstone of the Abhidhamma"</a> (PDF). bps.lk. Buddhist Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bps.lk&rft.atitle=The+Dhamma+Theory+Philosophical+Cornerstone+of+the+Abhidhamma&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Karunadasa&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.lk%2Folib%2Fwh%2Fwh412_Karunadasa_Dhamma-Theory--Philosophical-Cornerstone-of-Abhidhamma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_Foley_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F.</a> ([1900], 2003). Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original Pāli, of the First Book of the Abhidhamma-Piṭaka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena). Kessinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4702-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4702-9">0-7661-4702-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ABuddhistManualOfPhychologicalEthicsOfTheFourthCenturyBC">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F. (1914). Buddhist Psychology: An Inquiry into the Analysis and Theory of Mind in Pali Literature, London: G. Bell and Sons.</li> <li>Takakusu, J. (1905). "On the Abhidhamma books of the Sarvastivadins", Journal of the Pali Text Society, pp. 67–146</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogyam_Trungpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chogyam Trungpa">Trungpa, Chogyam</a> (1975, 2001). Glimpses of Abhidharma: From a Seminar on Buddhist Psychology. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-764-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-764-9">1-57062-764-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Anālayo, Bhikkhu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112200847/http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2014/145/pdf/HamburgUP_HBS2_Analayo_Abhidharma.pdf">The Dawn of Abhidharma</a>, Hamburg Buddhist Studies 2, Hamburg: Hamburg University Press, 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongtrulDorje2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Kongtrul, Jamgon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gyurme_Dorje" title="Gyurme Dorje">Dorje, Gyurme</a> (2013). Indo-Tibetan Classical Learning and Buddhist Phenomenology. The Treasury of Knowledge (book six, parts 1 and 2). Ithaca: Snow Lion. pp. 441–613, 849–874. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559393898" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559393898"><bdi>978-1559393898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Tibetan+Classical+Learning+and+Buddhist+Phenomenology&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.series=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge+%28book+six%2C+parts+1+and+2%29&rft.pages=441-613%2C+849-874&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1559393898&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rft.au=Dorje%2C+Gyurme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abhidhamma" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonkin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ronkin, Noa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abhidharma/">"Abhidharma"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abhidharma&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Ronkin&rft.aufirst=Noa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fabhidharma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbhidharma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inphoproject.org/idea/5386">Abhidharma</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/dhammasangani/index.html">Readable online HTML book of the Dhammasangani (first book of the Abhidhamma)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abhidhamma.org/">www.abhidhamma.org – Numerous books and articles on Abhidhamma by Sujin Boriharnwanaket and others</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abhidhamma.com/">www.abhidhamma.com – Abhidhamma the Buddhist Philosophy and Psychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/abhidham.htm">BuddhaNet – description of the Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/abhidh01.htm">BuddhaNet – Abhidhamma articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305112108/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/abhidhamma/index.html">Access to Insight – description of the Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/abhiman.html">Online excerpt of a well-known book about the Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=abhidhamma">Books results for Abdhidhamma search on Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sayalaysusila.net/pages/abhidhamma-book">Unravelling the Mysteries of Mind and Body through Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Comprehensive-Abhidhamma-Vipassana-Meditation-Teachings/dp/1928706029/ref=pd_sim_b_4">A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma</a> (Amazon book link)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and 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href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" 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