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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origination and history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origination_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origination and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origination_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kushan era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarim_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarim_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tarim Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarim_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sub-schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaibhāṣika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaibhāṣika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vaibhāṣika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaibhāṣika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dārṣṭāntika_and_Sautrāntika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dārṣṭāntika_and_Sautrāntika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dārṣṭāntika and Sautrāntika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dārṣṭāntika_and_Sautrāntika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mūlasarvāstivādins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mūlasarvāstivādins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mūlasarvāstivādins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mūlasarvāstivādins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vinaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vinaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Āgamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Āgamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Āgamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Āgamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abhidharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abhidharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Abhidharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abhidharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Abhidharma_manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Abhidharma_manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Later Abhidharma manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Abhidharma_manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appearance and language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance_and_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appearance and language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sarvastivada</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সর্বাস্তিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সর্বাস্তিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivaada" title="Sarvastivaada – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sarvastivaada" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سرواستیواده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرواستیواده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81din" title="Sarvāstivādin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarvāstivādin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A4%EC%9D%BC%EC%B2%B4%EC%9C%A0%EB%B6%80" title="설일체유부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="설일체유부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सर्वास्तिवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वास्तिवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" title="Sarvāstivāda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarvāstivāda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" title="Sarvāstivāda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarvāstivāda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сарвастивада – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сарвастивада" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarv%C3%A1sztiv%C3%A1da" title="Szarvásztiváda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarvásztiváda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" title="説一切有部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="説一切有部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" title="Sarvāstivāda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sarvāstivāda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сарвастивада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарвастивада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C3%A1stiv%C3%A1da" title="Sarvástiváda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sarvástiváda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarvastivada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சர்வாஸ்திவாத பௌத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சர்வாஸ்திவாத பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97" title="สรวาสติวาท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สรวาสติวาท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сарвастівада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарвастівада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A5t_thi%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%AFu_b%E1%BB%99" title="Nhất thiết hữu bộ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhất thiết hữu bộ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/220px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/330px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/440px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>Seated Buddha from the Sarvāstivādin monastery of <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a>, 2nd century CE<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158">: 158 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Sarvāstivāda</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <span lang="pi">𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Sabbatthivāda</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">說一切有部</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shuōyīqièyǒu Bù</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">せついっさいうぶ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">설일체유부</span>;<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">สรวาสติวาท</span>) was one of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a> established around the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (third century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was particularly known as an <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> tradition, with a unique set of seven canonical Abhidharma texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sarvāstivādins were one of the most influential Buddhist monastic groups, flourishing throughout <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, until the 7th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orthodox Kashmiri branch of the school composed the large and encyclopedic <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra" title="Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra">Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra</a></i> around the time of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> (c. 127–150 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, orthodox Sarvāstivādins who upheld the doctrines in the <i>Mahāvibhāṣa</i> were called <i><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣikas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravādin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></i>, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the older <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a> school, but the <i>Śāriputraparipṛcchā</i> and the <i>Samayabhedoparacanacakra</i> state that the Mahīśāsaka emerged from the Sarvāstivāda.<sup id="cite_ref-Baruah_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baruah-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sarvāstivādins are believed to have given rise to the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> schools, although the relationship between these groups 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title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg/100px-Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg/150px-Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg/200px-Ashoka_Chakra_Y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts#Texts_of_the_Early_schools" title="Buddhist texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a> (EBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikayas">Nikayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran EBTs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81timok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Prātimokṣa">Prātimokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jatakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadana" title="Avadana">Avadanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahāvastu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salistamba_Sutra" title="Salistamba Sutra">Śālistamba Sūtra</a></li> <li>Tibetan EBTs in the <a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Early sangha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāriputta">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81moggall%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmoggallāna">Mahāmoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakasyapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakasyapa">Mahakasyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākātyāyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathapindika" title="Anathapindika">Anāthapiṇḍika</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Kingdom of Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputtatissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moggaliputtatissa">Moggaliputtatissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: 10em"> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekavy%C4%81vah%C4%81rika" title="Ekavyāvahārika">Ekavyāvahārika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokulika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokulika">Gokulika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahu%C5%9Brut%C4%ABya" title="Bahuśrutīya">Bahuśrutīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitika" title="Caitika">Caitika</a></li> <li>(Haimavata)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthaviras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a> <ul><li>Vātsīputrīya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83mit%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃmitīya">Saṃmitīya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarvāstivāda</a> <ul><li>(Haimavata)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Kāśyapīya</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mulasarvastivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tambapaṇṇiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Kāśyapīya</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;background:#FFE4B5;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikaya_Buddhism" title="Nikaya Buddhism">Nikāya Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">Śrāvakayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvay%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattvayāna">Bodhisattvayāna</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Buddhism" title="Template:Early Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Early Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Sarvāstivāda</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term that can be glossed as: "the theory of all that exists". The Sarvāstivāda argued that all <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharmas</a> (phenomena) exist in the past, present and future, the "three times". <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Ba-bh%C4%81sya" title="Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya">Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya</a></i> states, "He who affirms the existence of the dharmas of the three time periods [past, present and future] is held to be a Sarvāstivādin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasubandhude_La_Vallée-Poussin1990807_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasubandhude_La_Vallée-Poussin1990807-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is some dispute over how the word "Sarvāstivāda" is to be analyzed, the general consensus is that it is to be <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsed</a> into three parts: <i>sarva</i> "all" or "every" + <i>asti</i> "exist" + <i>vada</i> "speak", "say" or "theory". This equates perfectly with the Chinese term, <i>Shuōyīqièyǒu bù</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">說一切有部</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is literally "the sect that speaks of the existence of everything," as used by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> and other translators. </p><p>The Sarvāstivāda was also known by other names, particularly <i>hetuvada</i> and <i>yuktivada</i>. Hetuvada comes from hetu – 'cause', which indicates their emphasis on causation and conditionality. Yuktivada comes from yukti – 'reason' or even 'logic', which echoes their use of rational argument and <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origination_and_history">Origination and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origination and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg/220px-Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg/330px-Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg/440px-Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "<a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Kshatrapa</a> lady" named Naṃda (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg/70px-Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg/105px-Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg/140px-Mathura_Katra_fragment_A-66_inscription_%27Namdaye_Kshatrapa%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="235" /></a></span> <i>Naṃdaye Kshatrapa</i>), from the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PDM122_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDM122-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mathura_Inscriptions_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathura_Inscriptions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stele is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> "for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the Sarvastivadas". <a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Northern Satraps</a> period, 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-PDM122_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDM122-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mathura_Inscriptions_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathura_Inscriptions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg/220px-Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg/330px-Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg/440px-Kalawan_copper-plate_inscription_of_the_year_134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Copper-plate inscription mentioning the Sarvastivadas, in the year 134 of the <a href="/wiki/Azes_era" title="Azes era">Azes era</a>, i.e. 84 CE, <a href="/wiki/Kalawan" title="Kalawan">Kalawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Charles Prebish, "there is a great deal of mystery surrounding the rise and early development of the Sarvāstivādin school."<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dhammajoti, "its presence, as well as that of its rival — the <a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a> lineage — in the time of Emperor Aśoka is beyond doubt. Since Aśoka's reign is around 268–232 B.C.E., this means that at least by the middle of the 3rd century B.C.E., it had already developed into a distinct school."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Central Asia, several Buddhist monastic groups were historically prevalent. According to some accounts, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthavira nikāya</a>, a small group of conservatives, who split from the reformist majority Mahāsāṃghikas at the Second Buddhist council. According to this account, they were expelled from Magadha, and moved to northwestern India where they developed into the Sarvāstivādin school.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of scholars have identified three distinct major phases of missionary activity seen in the history of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a>, which are associated with respectively the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>, Sarvāstivāda, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the origins of the Sarvāstivāda have also been related to <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> sending <a href="/wiki/Majjhantika" title="Majjhantika">Majjhantika</a> (Sanskrit: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhy%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyāntika (page does not exist)">Madhyāntika</a>) on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, which had an early presence of the Sarvāstivāda.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sarvāstivādins in turn are believed to have given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> sect, although the relationship between these two groups has not yet been fully determined. According to Prebish, "this episode corresponds well with one Sarvāstivādin tradition stating that Madhyantika converted the city of Kasmir, which seems to have close ties with Gandhara."<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third tradition says that a community of Sarvāstivādin monks was established at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> by the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Upagupta" title="Upagupta">Upagupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sarvāstivādin tradition <a href="/wiki/Upagupta" title="Upagupta">Upagupta</a> is said to have been the fifth patriarch after Mahākaśyapa, Ānanda, Madhyāntika, and Śāṇakavāsin, and in the Ch'an tradition he is regarded as the fourth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_era">Kushan era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kushan era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg/220px-Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg/330px-Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg/440px-Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>A Kushan era votive <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mohra_Muradu" title="Mohra Muradu">Mohra Muradu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, where Sarvāstivāda groups are known to have lived by the end of the first century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sarvāstivāda enjoyed the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> (c. 127–150 CE) emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, during which time they were greatly strengthened, and became one of the dominant sects of Buddhism in north India for centuries, flourishing throughout Northwest India, North India, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p><p>When the Sarvāstivāda school held a synod in Kashmir during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a> (c. 158–176), the most important Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma text, the <i>Astagrantha</i> of Katyayaniputra was rewritten and revised in Sanskrit. This revised text was now known as <a href="/wiki/Jnanaprasthana" title="Jnanaprasthana"><i>Jñānaprasthāna</i></a> ("Course of Knowledge"). Though the Gandharan <i>Astagrantha</i> had many vibhaṣas (commentaries), the new <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> <i>Jñānaprasthāna</i> had a Sanskrit <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahāvibhaṣa</a>,</i> compiled by the Kashmir Sarvāstivāda synod.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Jñānaprasthāna</i> and its Mahāvibhaṣa, were then declared to be the new orthodoxy by Kashmiris, who called themselves Vaibhāṣikas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmarajika_stupa,Taxila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dharmarajika_stupa%2CTaxila.jpg/220px-Dharmarajika_stupa%2CTaxila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dharmarajika_stupa%2CTaxila.jpg/330px-Dharmarajika_stupa%2CTaxila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dharmarajika_stupa%2CTaxila.jpg/440px-Dharmarajika_stupa%2CTaxila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="2493" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dharmarajika_Stupa" title="Dharmarajika Stupa">Dharmarajika Stupa</a> and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, one of the capitals of the Kushan empire</figcaption></figure> <p>This new Vaibhāṣika orthodoxy, however, was not readily accepted by all Sarvāstivādins. Some "Western masters" from Gandhara and Bactria had divergent views which disagreed with the new Kashmiri orthodoxy. These disagreements can be seen in post-<i>Mahāvibhaṣa</i> works, such as the *<a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi"><i>Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra</i></a> (成實論), the *<i>Abhidharmahṛday</i>a (T no. 1550) and its commentaries (T no. 1551, no. 1552), the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakośakārikā</a></i> of Vasubandhu and its commentaries (who critiqued some orthodox views), and the *<i>Nyāyānusāra</i> (Ny) of master <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghabhadra" title="Saṃghabhadra">Saṃghabhadra</a> (ca fifth century CE) who formulated the most robust Vaibhāṣika response to the new criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarim_Basin">Tarim Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tarim Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in 630 CE, he received the favours of Suvarṇadeva, the son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Suvarnapushpa" title="Suvarnapushpa">Suvarṇapuṣpa</a>, the non-<a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist king of Kucha.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanzang described in many details the characteristics of Kucha, and probably visited the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the religion of the people of Kucha, he says that they were Sarvastivadins:<sup id="cite_ref-SB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are about one hundred convents (saṅghārāmas) in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Little Vehicle</a> of the school of the Sarvāstivādas (Shwo-yih-tsai-yu-po). Their doctrine (teaching of Sūtras) and their rules of discipline (principles of the Vinaya) are like those of India, and those who read them use the same (originals).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Xuanzang, on the religion of Kucha.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-schools">Sub-schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sub-schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Sarvāstivāda was a widespread group, and there were different sub-schools or sects throughout its history, the most influential ones being the <a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> schools. According to Cox, Willemen and Dessein: </p><blockquote><p>we have, basically, to differentiate the original Sarvāstivādins originating from <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kaśmīri</a> Vaibhāṣikas, the Western Masters of <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> (the Dārṣṭāntika-Sautrāntika Masters) who were also referred to as Bahirdesaka, Aparāntaka and Pāścāttya, and the Mūlasarvāstivādins. As the various groups influenced one another, even these sub-schools do very often not form homogeneous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaibhāṣika"><span id="Vaibh.C4.81.E1.B9.A3ika"></span>Vaibhāṣika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vaibhāṣika"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="color: var(--color-base), #202122 ; background-color: var(--background-colour-base), #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/25px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/38px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/50px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophy" title="Category:Buddhist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeatedBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/120px-SeatedBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/180px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/240px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma Tradition">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology#The_Dignāga-Dharmakīrti_tradition" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Pramāṇavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#Philosophical_background" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiāntāi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen/Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist logico-epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahimsa in Buddhism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Interdependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma#The_dharma_theory" title="Abhidharma">Dharma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">Svabhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Buddhist atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra#Abhidharma_Mahāvibhāṣa_Śāstra,_by_Katyāyāniputra" title="Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra">Katyāyāniputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Aryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Harivarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghabhadra" title="Saṃghabhadra">Saṃghabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Nalanda" title="Dharmapala of Nalanda">Dharmapala of Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> 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title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Acariya Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Kitaro Nishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Keiji Nishitani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Tanabe" title="Hajime Tanabe">Hajime Tanabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">K. N. Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukurunde_Nyanananda_Thera" title="Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera">Ñāṇananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa" title="Buddhadasa">Buddhadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Payutto" title="P. A. Payutto">P. A. Payutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Ju Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendün Chöphel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Vaibhāṣika was formed by adherents of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra</a></i> (MVŚ) during the council of Kashmir. Since then, it comprised the orthodox or mainstream branch of the Sarvāstivāda school based in Kāśmīra (though not exclusive to this region). The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda, which had by far the most "comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics" of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was widely influential in India and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted by KL Dhammajoti, "It is important to realize that not all of them necessarily subscribed to each and every view sanctioned by the MVŚ compilers. Moreover, the evolving nature of the Vaibhāṣika views must be recognized as well."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivādins are sometimes referred to in the MVŚ as "the Ābhidharmikas", "the Sarvāstivāda theoreticians" and "the masters of Kāśmīra."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various texts, they also referred to their tradition as <i>Yuktavāda</i> (the doctrine of logic), as well as <i>Hetuvāda</i> (the doctrine of causes).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vaibhāṣika school saw itself as the orthodox Sarvāstivāda tradition, and they were united in their doctrinal defense of the theory of "all exists" (<i>sarvām asti</i>). This is the doctrine which held that <a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">dharmas</a>, past present and future, all exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalist theory of time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Vaibhāṣikas held that dharmas of the three times all exist, they held that only present dharmas have "efficacy" (<i>karitra</i>), thus they were able to explain how the present seems to function differently than the past or future.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the different Sarvāstivāda thinkers, there were different ideas on how this theory was to be understood.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences were accepted as long as they did not contradict the doctrine of "all exists" and can be seen in the MVŚ, which outlines the four different interpretations of this doctrine by the ‘four great Ābhidharmikas of the Sarvāstivāda’: Dharmatrāta, Buddhadeva, Vasumitra and Ghoṣaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrines of Sarvāstivāda were not confined to 'all exists', but also include the theory of momentariness (<i>ksanika</i>), conjoining (<i>samprayukta</i>) and causal simultaneity (<i>sahabhu</i>), conditionality (<i>hetu</i> and <i>pratyaya</i>), a unique presentation of the spiritual path (<i>marga</i>), and others. These doctrines are all inter-connected and it is the principle of 'all exists' that is the axial doctrine holding the larger movement together when the precise details of other doctrines are at stake. </p><p>In order to explain how it is possible for a dharma to remain the same and yet also undergo change as it moves through the three times, the Vaibhāṣika held that dharmas have a constant essence (<i><a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">svabhāva</a></i>) which persists through the three times.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also identified as a unique mark or own characteristic (<i>svalaksana</i>) that differentiated a dharma and remained unchangeable throughout its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vaibhāṣikas, <i>svabhavas</i> are those things that exist substantially (<i>dravyasat</i>) as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (<i>prajñaptisat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dārṣṭāntika_and_Sautrāntika"><span id="D.C4.81r.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.AD.C4.81ntika_and_Sautr.C4.81ntika"></span>Dārṣṭāntika and Sautrāntika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dārṣṭāntika and Sautrāntika"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> ("those who uphold the sūtras"), also known as Dārṣṭāntika (who may or may not have been a separate but related group), did not uphold the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra</a></i> but rather emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist sūtras</a> as being authoritative.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Already by the time of the MVŚ, the early Dārṣṭāntika monks such as Dharmatrāta and Buddhadeva, existed as a school of thought within the fold of the Sarvāstivāda who disagreed with the orthodox views.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups were also called "the western masters" (<i>pāścātya</i>) or "the foreign masters" (<i>bahirdeśaka</i>; also called ‘the masters outside Kaśmīra’, and the ‘Gāndhārian masters’).<sup id="cite_ref-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They studied the same Abhidharma texts as the other Sarvāstivādins, but in a more critical way. According to K. L. Dhammajoti, they eventually came to repudiate the Sarvāstivāda doctrine that "all exists".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is this group, i.e. those who rejected the most important Sarvāstivāda doctrine (along with numerous other key Vaibhāṣika views), which came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> ("those who rely on the sūtras").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Sautrāntikas did not reject the Abhidharma method; in fact, they were the authors of several Abhidharma manuals, such as the <i>Abhidharmahṛdaya</i>. The later Buddhist tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">pramāṇa</a></i>, founded by the Buddhist monks <a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%ABrti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakīrti">Dharmakīrti</a>, is also associated with the Sautrāntika school. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg/220px-Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg/330px-Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg/440px-Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>Vasubandhu: wood, 186 cm height, about 1208, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kofukuji Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most important Sautrāntika was <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> (ca. 350–430), a native from <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Purusapura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. He is famous for being the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakośa</a></i> (4–5th century CE), a very influential Abhidharma work, with an auto-commentary that defends the Sautrāntika views. He famously later converted to the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a>, a tradition that itself developed out of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma. </p><p>Vasubandhu's <i>Kośa</i> led to a vigorous reaction from his contemporary, the brilliant Vaibhāṣika master Saṃghabhadra, who is said to have spent 12 years composing the <i>Nyāyānusāra</i>, a commentary to Vasubandhu's verses to refute his views and those of other Sautrāntika monks, such as Sthavira Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kośa</i> was so influential that it became the Abhidharma text <i>par excellence</i> in both <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, and remains the primary source for Abhidharma studies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mūlasarvāstivādins"><span id="M.C5.ABlasarv.C4.81stiv.C4.81dins"></span>Mūlasarvāstivādins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mūlasarvāstivādins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mulasarvastivada</a></div> <p>There is much uncertainty as to the relationship of the Mūlasarvāstivāda (meaning root or original Sarvāstivāda) school and the others. They were certainly influential in spreading their Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, as it remains the monastic rule used in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism today. Also, they seem to have been influential in Indonesia by the 7th century, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of theories have been posited by academics as to how the two are related including:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Frauwallner holds that Mūlasarvāstivāda was the community of <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, which was an independent group from the Sarvāstivādins of Kaśmir. According to Bhikkhu Sujato, this theory has "stood the test of time".</li> <li>Lamotte thought that the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya was a late compilation from Kaśmīr.</li> <li>Warder suggests that the Mūlasarvāstivādins was a late group who compiled a Vinaya and the <i>Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra.</i></li> <li>Enomoto holds that the Sarvāstivādin and Mūlasarvāstivādin were the same.</li> <li>Willemen, Dessein, and Cox hold that this group is really the Sautrāntika school who renamed themselves in the later years of the Sarvāstivāda school history.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinaya">Vinaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vinaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> are known to have rejected the authority of the Sarvāstivāda <a href="/wiki/Pratimoksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratimoksha">pratimokṣa</a> rules on the grounds that the original teachings of the Buddha had been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complete Sarvāstivāda Vinaya is extant in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a>. In its early history, the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was the most common vinaya tradition in China. However, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> later settled on the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> Vinaya. In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> (the region around <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Yangzi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi River">Yangzi River</a> area and further south.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as Yijing and Dao'an (654–717). In the early 8th century, Daoan gained the support of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhongzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhongzong of Tang">Emperor Zhongzong of Tang</a>, and an imperial edict was issued that the saṃgha in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya for ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Āgamas"><span id=".C4.80gamas"></span>Āgamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Āgamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars at present have "a nearly complete collection of sūtras from the Sarvāstivāda school"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanks to a recent discovery in Afghanistan of roughly two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Dirgha_Agama" title="Dirgha Agama">Dīrgha Āgama</a> in Sanskrit. The <a href="/wiki/Madhyama_%C4%80gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyama Āgama">Madhyama Āgama</a> (T26, Chinese trans. Gotama Saṅghadeva) and Saṃyukta Āgama (T99, Chinese trans. Guṇabhadra) have long been available in Chinese translation. The Sarvāstivāda is therefore the only early school besides the Theravada for which we have a roughly complete sutra collection, although unlike the Theravada it has not all been preserved in the original language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abhidharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first century, the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma primarily consisted of the <i>Abhidharmahrdaya</i> authored by Dharmashresthin, a native from <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, and the <i>Ashtagrantha</i> authored/compiled by Katyayaniputra. Both texts were translated by Samghadeva in 391 AD and in 183 AD. respectively, but they were not completed until 390 in Southern China. </p><p>The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma consists of seven texts: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jnanaprasthana" title="Jnanaprasthana">Jñānaprasthāna</a></i> ("Foundation of Knowledge") (T. 1543–1544)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prakaranapada" title="Prakaranapada">Prakaraṇapāda</a></i> ("Exposition") (T. 1541–1542)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vijnanakaya" title="Vijnanakaya">Vijñānakāya</a></i> ("Body of Consciousness") (T. 1539)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmaskandha" title="Dharmaskandha">Dharmaskandha</a></i> ("Aggregation of Dharmas") (T. 1537)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaptisastra" title="Prajnaptisastra">Prajñaptiśāstra</a></i> ("Treatise on Designations") (T. 1538)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhatukaya" title="Dhatukaya">Dhātukāya</a></i> ("Body of Elements") (T. 1540)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangitiparyaya" title="Sangitiparyaya">Saṅgītiparyāya</a></i> ("Discourses on Gathering Together") (T. 1536)</li></ul> <p>Following these, are the texts that became the authority of the Vaibhāṣika: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Mahāvibhāṣā</a></i> ("Great Commentary" on the <i>Jñānaprasthāna</i>) (T. 1545)</li></ul> <p>All of these works have been translated into Chinese, and are now part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a>. In the Chinese context, the word <i>abhidharma</i> refers to the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma, although at a minimum the Dharmaguptaka, <a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> also had abhidharmas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Abhidharma_manuals">Later Abhidharma manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later Abhidharma manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various other Abhidharma works were written by Sarvāstivāda masters, some are more concise manuals of abhidharma, others critiqued the orthodox Vaibhāṣika views or provided a defense of the orthodoxy. Dhammajoti provides the following list of such later abhidharma works that are extant in Chinese: 108 109 </p> <ul><li><i>*Abhidharmāmṛta(-rasa)-śāstra</i> (T no. 1553), by Ghoṣaka, 2 fasc., translator unknown. 2.</li> <li><i>*Abhidharmahṛdaya</i> (T no. 1550) by Dharmaśrī, 4 fasc., tr. by Saṅghadeva et al. 3.</li> <li><i>*Abhidharmahṛdaya-sūtra</i> (? T no. 1551) by Upaśānta, 2 fasc., tr. by Narendrayaśas.</li> <li><i>*Abhidharmahṛdayavyākhyā</i> (? T no. 1552), by Dharmatrāta, 11 fasc., tr. by Sanghabhūti.</li> <li><i>Abhidharmakośa-mūla-kārikā</i> (T no. 1560) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang. 6.</li> <li><i>Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam</i> (T no. 1558) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang; (there is also an earlier translation by Paramārtha: T no. 1559).</li> <li><i>*Abhidharmakośaśāstra-tattvārthā-ṭīkā</i> (T no. 1561) by Sthiramati, 2 fasc., translator unknown.</li> <li><i>*Abhidharma-nyāyānusāra</i> (T no. 1562) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.</li> <li><i>*Abhidharma-samayapradīpikā</i> (T no. 1563) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.</li> <li><i>*Abhidharmāvatāra</i> (T no. 1554) by Skandhila, 2 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_language">Appearance and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appearance and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 148 and 170 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> monk <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a> came to China and translated a work which described the color of monastic robes (Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">kāṣāya</a></i>) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called <i>Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi</i> (大比丘三千威儀).<sup id="cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another text translated at a later date, the <i>Śāriputraparipṛcchā</i>, contains a very similar passage with nearly the same information.<sup id="cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earlier source, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing dark red robes, while the <a href="/wiki/Dharmagupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmagupta">Dharmaguptas</a> are described as wearing black robes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the corresponding passage found in the later <i>Śāriputraparipṛcchā</i>, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing black robes and the Dharmaguptas as wearing dark red robes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditions of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, which follow the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of their tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first century BCE, in the Gandharan cultural area (consisting of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthaviriyas</a> used the <a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gāndhārī language</a> to write their literature using the <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a>. </p><p>The Tibetan historian <a href="/wiki/Buton_Rinchen_Drub" title="Buton Rinchen Drub">Buton Rinchen Drub</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghikas</a> used Prākrit, the Sarvāstivādins used Sanskrit, the Sthavira nikāya used <a href="/wiki/Pai%C5%9B%C4%81c%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paiśācī">Paiśācī</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83mit%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃmitīya">Saṃmitīya</a> used <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao20129_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao20129-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sarvāstivādins of <a href="/wiki/Kasmira_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasmira Kingdom">Kāśmīra</a> held the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra</i></span></i> as authoritative, and thus were given the moniker of being Vaibhāṣikas. The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahāvibhāṣā</i></span></i> is thought to have been authored around 150 CE, around the time of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kaniṣka</a> (127–151) of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This massive treatise of Abhidharma (200 fascicles in Chinese) contains a great deal of material with what appear to be strong affinities to <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahāvibhāṣā</i></span></i> is also said to illustrate the accommodations reached between the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna traditions, as well as the means by which Mahāyāna doctrines would become accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahāvibhāṣā</i></span></i> also defines the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a> and the role in their Buddhist canon. Here they are described as <i>Vaipulya</i> doctrines, with "Vaipulya" being a commonly used synonym for Mahāyāna. The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahāvibhāṣā</i></span></i> reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is the Vaipulya? It is said to be all the sūtras corresponding to elaborations on the meanings of the exceedingly profound dharmas.<sup id="cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to a number of scholars, Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished during the time of the Kuṣāṇa Empire, and this is illustrated in the form of Mahāyāna influence on the <i>Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa</i> also records that Kaniṣka presided over the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a> doctrines in the northwest of India.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte" title="Étienne Lamotte">Étienne Lamotte</a> has also pointed out that a Sarvāstivāda master is known to have stated that the Mahāyāna Prajñā sūtras were to be found amongst their Vaipulya sūtras.<sup id="cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul Williams, the similarly massive <i><a href="/wiki/Da_zhidu_lun" class="mw-redirect" title="Da zhidu lun">Da zhidu lun</a></i> also has a clear association with the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vaibhāṣika and Sautrāntika subschools are both classified in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism#Philosophy" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan tenets system</a> as the two tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a>, ignoring other early Indian Buddhist schools, which were not known to the Tibetans. </p><p>Sarvāstivādin meditation teachers also worked on the <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras" title="Dhyāna sutras">dhyāna sutras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">禪經</span>), a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which were translated into Chinese and became influential in the development of Chinese Buddhist meditation methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVanleene2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vanleene, Alexandra (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Geography%20of%20Gandharan%20Art%20published%20files/10_32028-9781789691863P143-163.pdf">"Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Geography of Gandhara Art</i>. Archaeopress Archaeology: 143–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-186-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-186-3"><bdi>978-1-78969-186-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geography+of+Gandhara+Art&rft.atitle=Differences+and+similarities+in+Gandh%C4%81ran+art+production%3A+the+case+of+the+modelling+school+of+Ha%E1%B8%8D%E1%B8%8Da+%28Afghanistan%29&rft.pages=143-163&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-186-3&rft.aulast=Vanleene&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beazley.ox.ac.uk%2FPublicFiles%2Fmedia%2FGeography%2520of%2520Gandharan%2520Art%2520published%2520files%2F10_32028-9781789691863P143-163.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baruah-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baruah_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruah2000" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC"><i>Buddhist sects and sectarianism</i></a> (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176251525" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176251525"><bdi>978-8176251525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+sects+and+sectarianism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8176251525&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Bibhuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013), <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasubandhude_La_Vallée-Poussin1990807-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasubandhude_La_Vallée-Poussin1990807_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasubandhude_La_Vallée-Poussin1990">Vasubandhu & de La Vallée-Poussin 1990</a>, p. 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taisho 27, n1545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDM122-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDM122_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDM122_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyer1986" class="citation journal cs1">Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 111–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249969">10.2307/3249969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648">0004-3648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249969">3249969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Bodhisattvas+and+Buddhas%3A+Early+Buddhist+Images+from+Mathur%C4%81&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-113&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0004-3648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249969&rft.aulast=Myer&rft.aufirst=Prudence+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a modern image see Figure 9 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyer1986" class="citation journal cs1">Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 121–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249969">10.2307/3249969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648">0004-3648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249969">3249969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Bodhisattvas+and+Buddhas%3A+Early+Buddhist+Images+from+Mathur%C4%81&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-123&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0004-3648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249969&rft.aulast=Myer&rft.aufirst=Prudence+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathura_Inscriptions-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathura_Inscriptions_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathura_Inscriptions_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüders1960" class="citation book cs1">Lüders, Heinrich (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369"><i>Mathura Inscriptions</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369/page/n37">31</a>–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathura+Inscriptions&rft.pages=31-32&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCders&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1931" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Hirananda (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580"><i>Epigraphia Indica vol.21</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580/page/n365">259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+vol.21&rft.pages=259&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Hirananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.9580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_1975._pg_42-432_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Buddhism: A Modern Perspective</i>. Charles S. Prebish. Penn State Press: 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01195-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01195-5">0-271-01195-5</a> pg 42-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCW-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCW_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh" class="citation web cs1">Waugh, Daniel (Historian, University of Washington). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/buddhism/tarim/kizil.html">"Kizil"</a>. <i>depts.washington.edu</i>. Washington University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Kizil&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+%28Historian%2C+University+of+Washington%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Fexhibit%2Freligion%2Fbuddhism%2Ftarim%2Fkizil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SB_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2000" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Samuel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmISY_Z7bEgC&pg=PA19"><i>Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629)</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24469-5"><bdi>978-0-415-24469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Si-yu-ki%3A+Buddhist+Records+of+the+Western+World+%3A+Translated+from+the+Chinese+of+Hiuen+Tsiang+%28A.D.+629%29&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24469-5&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmISY_Z7bEgC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span>, also available in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220147.html#note-e-86576">"Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2]"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i>. 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+K%27iu-chi+%28Kucha+or+Kuche%29+%5BChapter+2%5D&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fsouth-asia%2Fbook%2Fbuddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang%2Fd%2Fdoc220147.html%23note-e-86576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"one does not find anywhere else a body of doctrine as organized or as complete as theirs" . . ."Indeed, no other competing schools have ever come close to building up such a comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics as the Vaibhāśika." <i>The Sautrantika theory of seeds (bija ) revisited: With special reference to the ideological continuity between Vasubandhu's theory of seeds and its Srilata/Darstantika precedents</i> by Park, Changhwan, PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2007 pg 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Study of the Abhidharmahṛdaya: The Historical Development of the Concept of Karma in the Sarvāstivāda Thought</i>. PhD thesis by Wataru S. Ryose. University of Wisconsin-Madison: 1987 pg 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 56, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalupahana, David. <i>A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities</i>, page 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poussin; Pruden, <i>Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu</i>, Vol 3, 1991, p. 808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhammajoti_2009,_p._75_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westerhoff, Jan, <i>The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,</i> Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998). <i>Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism</i>, p. 109. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin, Rupert (1998). <i>The Foundations of Buddhism</i>, pp. 55 – 56. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coedes, George. <i>The Indianized States of South-East Asia.</i> 1968. p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujato2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Sujato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Sujato">Sujato, Bhikkhu</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Sects__Sectarianism_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf"><i>Sects & Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist Schools</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Santipada. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sects+%26+Sectarianism%3A+The+origins+of+Buddhist+Schools&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Santipada&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sujato&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantifm.org%2Fsantipada%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FSects__Sectarianism_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baruah, Bibhuti. <i>Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism</i>. 2008. p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa. <i>Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.</i> 2010. p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. <i>The Spread of Buddhism</i>. 2007. pp. 194-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujato" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhante_Sujato" title="Bhante Sujato">Sujato, Bhikkhu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://budsas.net/ebud/ebdha346.htm">"What the Buddha really taught: The Pali Nikāyas and Chinese Āgamas"</a>. <i>BuddhaSasana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuddhaSasana&rft.atitle=What+the+Buddha+really+taught%3A+The+Pali+Nik%C4%81yas+and+Chinese+%C4%80gamas&rft.aulast=Sujato&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbudsas.net%2Febud%2Febdha346.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._p._55_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hino, Shoun. <i>Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.</i> 2004. p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hino,_Shoun_2004._pp._55-56_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hino, Shoun. <i>Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.</i> 2004. pp. 55-56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa. <i>Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.</i> 2010. p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao20129-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao20129_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao2012">Yao 2012</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, Karl. <i>Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.</i> 1998. p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, Karl. <i>Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.</i> 1998. p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, Karl. <i>Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.</i> 1998. p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walser,_Joseph_2005._p._156_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walser, Joseph. <i>Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.</i> 2005. p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett. <i>Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism</i>. 1997. p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, Reginald. <i>Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.</i> 1999. p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Paul, and Tribe, Anthony. <i>Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.</i> 2000. p. 100</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Cox, Collett; Dessein, Bart; Willemen, Charles (1998). <i>Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism</i>. BRILL, Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Leiden, New York, Koln. ISBN 9004102310.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhammajoti2009" class="citation book cs1">Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK4PSQAACAAJ&q=Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da+Abhidharma"><i>Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma</i></a>. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-99296-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-99296-5-7"><bdi>978-988-99296-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da+Abhidharma&rft.pub=Centre+of+Buddhist+Studies%2C+The+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-988-99296-5-7&rft.aulast=Dhammajoti&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK4PSQAACAAJ%26q%3DSarv%25C4%2581stiv%25C4%2581da%2BAbhidharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana, David</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_FJcRDXhfQC"><i>Buddhist Thought and Ritual</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1773-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought+and+Ritual&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1773-9&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_FJcRDXhfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana, David</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ"><i>Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</i></a>. University Press of Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Nakamura, Hajime</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC"><i>Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0272-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism%3A+A+Survey+with+Bibliographical+Notes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0272-8&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Hajime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0A7y4TCeVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasubandhude_La_Vallée-Poussin1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_La_Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin" title="Louis de La Vallée-Poussin">de La Vallée-Poussin, Louis</a> (1 June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWpiNAEACAAJ"><i>Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam</i></a>. Asian Humanities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-913-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-913-0"><bdi>978-0-89581-913-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abhidharmako%C5%9Babh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3yam&rft.pub=Asian+Humanities+Press&rft.date=1990-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-913-0&rft.au=Vasubandhu&rft.au=de+La+Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWpiNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXing2005" class="citation book cs1">Xing, Guang (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTWZLMGFFgkC"><i>The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33344-3"><bdi>978-0-415-33344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+Buddha%3A+Its+Evolution+from+Early+Buddhism+to+the+Trik%C4%81ya+Theory&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33344-3&rft.aulast=Xing&rft.aufirst=Guang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTWZLMGFFgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2012" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Zhihua (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uYR4sSsoSIC"><i>The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28745-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28745-1"><bdi>978-1-134-28745-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Theory+of+Self-Cognition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-28745-1&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Zhihua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uYR4sSsoSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarvastivada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For a critical examination of the Sarvāstivādin interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Samyuktagama</a>, see <a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a>, <i>Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.</i></li> <li>For a Sautrantika refutation of the Sarvāstivādin use of the Samyuktagama, see Theodore Stcherbatsky, <i>The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma.</i>, Asian Educational Services, 2003, page 76. This is a reprint of a much earlier work and the analysis is now quite dated; the first appendix however contains translations of polemical materials.</li> <li>Bart Dessein, <i>The Vaibhasika Impact.</i> in Buddhis Studies Review, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/14486/16702">Vol 17,2</a>, 2000, pages 151-166.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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