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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spectrum of viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spectrum_of_viewpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spectrum of viewpoints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spectrum_of_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Christian_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Christian_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Contemporary Christian denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Christian_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Methodist_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Methodist_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>United Methodist Church</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span>Roman Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Deism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Day_and_night_of_Brahma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_and_night_of_Brahma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Day and night of Brahma</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proponents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proponents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proponents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_biologists_who_were_also_theists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_biologists_who_were_also_theists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Evolutionary biologists who were also theists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_biologists_who_were_also_theists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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style="display:none">General review of religious attitudes towards evolution</div> <p>Although biological <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">vocally opposed</a> by some religious groups, many other groups accept the scientific position, sometimes with additions to allow for theological considerations. The positions of such groups are described by terms including "<a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>", "theistic evolutionism" or "<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary creation">evolutionary creation</a>". Of all the religious groups included on the chart, Buddhists are the most accepting of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theistic evolutionists believe that <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">there is a God</a>, that God is <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">the creator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">material</a> universe and (by consequence) all life within, and that biological evolution is a <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural process</a> within that creation. Evolution, according to this view, is simply a tool that God employed to develop <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human life</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" title="American Scientific Affiliation">American Scientific Affiliation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> organization of scientists: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A theory of theistic evolution (TE) — also called evolutionary creation — proposes that God's method of creation was to cleverly design a universe in which everything would naturally evolve. Usually the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution — astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to form the earth's geology) plus chemical evolution (to form the first life) and biological evolution (for the development of life) — but it can refer only to biological evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a>, Director of the US <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>, "In one form or another, Theistic Evolutionism is the view of creation taught at the majority of mainline Protestant <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a>, and it is the official position of the Catholic church".<sup id="cite_ref-Scott,_271_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott,_271-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theistic evolution is not a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>, but a particular view about how the science of evolution relates to religious belief and interpretation. Theistic evolution supporters can be seen as one of the groups who reject the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">conflict thesis</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">relationship between religion and science</a> – that is, they hold that religious teachings about creation and scientific theories of evolution need not contradict, what evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> called <a href="/wiki/Non-overlapping_magisteria" title="Non-overlapping magisteria">non-overlapping magisteria</a>. Christian proponents of this view are sometimes described as Christian <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EvC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acceptance">Acceptance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This view is generally accepted by major <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a>, and some other <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (Protestant)">mainline Protestant</a> denominations;<sup id="cite_ref-Scott,_271_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott,_271-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> virtually all <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> denominations; and other religious groups that lack a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalist</a> stance concerning some holy <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a>. Various biblical literalists have accepted or noted openness to this stance, including theologian <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Breckinridge_Warfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield">B.B. Warfield</a> and evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>. A 2007 poll showed that acceptance among American Buddhists, Hindus and Jews was higher than among any Christian groups (graph below). One recent survey, conducted by physicist <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a>, on "of how different US faith communities view origins science, particularly evolution and Big Bang cosmology". Although "<a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> reports that 46% of Americans believe that God created humans in their present form less than 10,000 years ago", it found "only 11% belong to religions openly rejecting evolution."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this approach toward evolution, scriptural creation stories are typically interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> in nature. Both Jews and Christians had considered the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Genesis creation history as an allegory</a> (rather than as an historical description) long before the development of Darwin's theory. An example in Christianity would be the earlier writings by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> (4th century),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he later rejected allegory in favor of literal interpretation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By this Augustine meant that in Genesis 1 the terms "light", "day", and "morning" hold a spiritual, rather than physical, meaning, and that this spiritual morning is just as literal as physical morning. Augustine recognizes that the creation of a spiritual morning is as much a historical event as the creation of physical light.<sup id="cite_ref-PSCF3-88Young.html_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSCF3-88Young.html-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [In later work, Augustine said that "there are some who think that only the world was made by God and that everything else is made by the world according to his ordination and command, but that God Himself makes nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] Three noted Jewish examples are that of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> (1st century),<sup id="cite_ref-book2.html_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2.html-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (12th century) and <a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a> (13th century).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theistic evolutionists argue that it is inappropriate to use <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> as a scientific text, since it was written in a pre-scientific age and originally intended for religious instruction; as such, seemingly chronological aspects of the creation accounts should be thought of in terms of a <a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">literary framework</a>. Theistic evolutionists may believe that creation is not literally a week-long process but a process beginning in the time of Genesis and continuing through all of time, including today. This view affirms that God created the world and was the primary causation of our being, while scientific changes such as evolution are part of "creatio continua" or continuing creation which is still occurring in the never ending process of creation. This is one possible way of interpreting biblical scriptures, such as Genesis, that seem otherwise to be in opposition to scientific theories, such as evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:450px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religious Differences on the Question of Evolution (United States, 2007)<br /><small>Percentage who agree that evolution is the best explanation for the origin of human life on earth</small> <br />Source: <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:200px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Buddhist</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:81%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">81%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hindu</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:80%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">80%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Jewish</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:77%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">77%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:72%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">72%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Catholic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:58%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">58%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Orthodox</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mainline Protestant</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">51%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Muslim</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:45%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">45%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hist. Black Protest.</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:38%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">38%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Evang. Protestant</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mormon</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Jehovah's Witnesses</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Total U.S. population</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectrum_of_viewpoints">Spectrum of viewpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spectrum of viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many religious organizations accept evolutionary theory, though their related theological interpretations vary. Additionally, individuals or movements within such organizations may not accept evolution, and stances on evolution may have adapted (or evolved) throughout history. There is considerable variance in overall acceptance of evolution between different countries, with studies showing that acceptance of evolution is lower in the United States than in Europe or Japan (only <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> had a lower rate in the 34 countries sampled),<sup id="cite_ref-miller-et-al_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-et-al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attitudes within religious groups may differ somewhat between countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Acceptance of evolution by religious groups">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buddhism is generally accepting of modern scientific theories about evolution, and more broadly <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">the formation of the universe</a>. This can be argued either from the standpoint that it simply does not matter, or from an interpretation of the Agañña Sutta favoring the notion that it describes the basic concept of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Agga%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Sutta" title="Aggañña Sutta">Aggañña Sutta</a>, the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection that can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, the Buddha gives a highly detailed answer to this question of evolution. The Buddha, speaking to the monk Vasettha, a former <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, states the following, an allegory for the Buddha's teaching that one's social class does not make them better than any other: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>‘There comes a time, Vasetha, when, sooner or later after a long period this world contracts. At a time of contraction, beings are mostly born in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#Ābhāsvara_worlds_(second_dhyana)" title="Buddhist cosmology">Abhasara Brahma world</a>. And there they dwell, mind-made, feeding on delight, self luminous, moving through the space, glorious—and they stay like that for a very long time. But sooner or later, after a very long period, this world begins to expand again. At a time of expansion, the beings from the Abhasara Brahma world, having passed away from there, are mostly reborn in this world. Here they dwell, mind-made, feeding on delight, self-luminous, moving through the air, glorious— and they stay like that for a very long time. At that period, Vasetha, there was just one mass of water, and all was darkness, blinding darkness. Neither moon nor sun appeared, no constellations or stars appeared, night and day were not yet distinguished, nor months and fortnights, nor years and seasons; there was no male and female, beings being reckoned just as beings. And sooner or later, after a very long period of time, savory earth spread itself over the waters where those beings were. It looked just like the skin that forms itself over hot milk as it cools. It was endowed with color, smell, and taste. It was the color of fine ghee or butter and it was very sweet, like pure wild honey.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The idea of evolution is consonant with the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> and is quite acceptable to the Buddhist; the findings of science fit in and do not contradict the fundamentals of his religion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No major principles of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> contradict it, many Buddhists tacitly accept the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">theory of evolution</a>. Questions about the eternity or infinity of the universe at large are counted among the <a href="/wiki/14_unanswerable_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="14 unanswerable questions">14 unanswered questions</a> which the Buddha maintained were counterproductive areas of speculation. As such, many Buddhists do not think about these kinds of questions as meaningful for the Buddhist goal of relieving oneself and others from suffering. In his book titled, "<i>The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science And Spirituality"</i> the Dalai Lama dismisses the element of randomness in the theory of evolution based on natural selection:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> From the Buddhist's perspective, the idea of these mutations being random events is deeply unsatisfying for a theory that purports to explain the origin of life. </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Donald S. Lopez</a>, a renowned <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Professor of Buddhist and Tibetan studies explains in his book "<i>Buddhism and Science: a Guide for the Perplexed"</i> that in Buddhism, the process of <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a> (into any of a multitude of states of being including a human, any kind of animal and several types of supernatural being) is conditioned by karma (action of consciousness), which explains Dalai Lama's view. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Low" title="Albert Low">Albert Low</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a> and author of <i>The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution</i>, (2008) opposes <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">neo-Darwinism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Selfish_gene_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfish gene theory">selfish gene theory</a> as he claims they are <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a>. He also opposes <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> for being dogmatic and instead advocates <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">spiritual evolution</a>. The Buddhist writer <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> even once stated that "the theory of evolution was one of the ancient teachings of the Buddha." However, it has long been taught that indifference to certain matters regarding life and its origins should be practised. This <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the arrow">Parable of the arrow</a> has often been used to illustrate the Buddha's teachings that "practitioners who concern themselves with the origins of the universe and other topics are missing the point of their religious practice." </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Suppose someone was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Poisoned_arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisoned arrow">poisoned arrow</a> and his friends and relatives found a doctor able to remove the arrow. If this man were to say, 'I will not have this arrow taken out until I know whether the person who had shot it was a priest, a prince or a merchant, his name and his family. I will not have it taken out until I know what kind of bow was used and whether the arrowhead was an ordinary one or an iron one.' That person would die before all these things are ever known to him."<sup id="cite_ref-buddhanet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddhanet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_T._Asma" title="Stephen T. Asma">Stephen T. Asma</a> has noted that the Buddha himself largely avoided answering questions about the origins of the universe. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But the historical Buddha shunned metaphysical speculations. He refrained from spooky conjectures generally, and thought that origin-stories about how the universe started were avyakata (unanswerable), given our empirical constraints. Most Buddhists take all this as an invitation to embrace the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-asma_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation (Genesis)</a></div> <p>Evolution contradicts a literalistic interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>; however, according to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and most contemporary <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalism</a> in the creation account is not mandatory. Christians have considered allegorical interpretations of Genesis since long before the development of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s theory of evolution, or <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a>'s principle of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarianism (science)">uniformitarianism</a>. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> (4th century), who, in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Genesi_ad_litteram" title="De Genesi ad litteram">De Genesi ad litteram</a></i> (<i>On the Literal Meaning of Genesis</i>), argued that everything in the universe was created by God in the same instant, and not in six days as a plain reading of Genesis would require.<sup id="cite_ref-PSCF3-88Young.html_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSCF3-88Young.html-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, Augustine argues that "know [the days of creation] are different from the ordinary day of which we are familiar".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then goes on to describe what could be called an early form of <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bio-evo-pre_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-evo-pre-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The things [God] had potentially created... [came] forth in the course of time on different days according to their different kinds... [and] the rest of the earth [was] filled with its various kinds of creatures, [which] produced their appropriate forms in due time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, would follow Augustine's logic, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the day on which God created the heaven and the earth, He created also every plant of the field, not, indeed, actually, but 'before it sprung up in the earth,' that is, potentially... All things were not distinguished and adorned together, not from a want of power on God's part, as requiring time in which to work, but that due order might be observed in the instituting of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-bio-evo-pre_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-evo-pre-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_Christian_denominations">Contemporary Christian denominations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary Christian denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> support or accept theistic evolution. For example, on 12 February 2006, the 197th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s birth was commemorated by "<a href="/wiki/Evolution_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution Sunday">Evolution Sunday</a>" where the message that followers of Christ do not have to choose between biblical stories of creation and evolution was taught in classes and sermons at many <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and community churches.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> United States has issued a teaching resource to "assist people of faith who experience no conflict between science and their faith and who embrace science as one way of appreciating the beauty and complexity of God's creation." This resource cites the Episcopal Church, according to whom the stories of creation in Genesis "should not be understood as historical and scientific accounts of origins but as proclamations of basic theological truths about creation."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The positions of particular denominations are discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and others) believe that the Bible "contains all things necessary to salvation," while believing that "science and Christian theology can complement one another in the quest for truth and understanding." Specifically on the subject of creation/evolution, some Anglicans view "Big Bang cosmology" as being "in tune with both the concepts of creation out of nothing and continuous creation." Their position is clearly set out in the <i>Catechism of Creation Part II: Creation and Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a March 2006 interview, the then <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> Dr <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> expressed his thought that "creationism is, in a sense, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">category mistake</a>, as if the Bible were a theory like other theories. Whatever the biblical account of creation is, it's not a theory alongside theories... My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His view is that creationism should not be taught in schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Methodist_Church">United Methodist Church</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Methodist Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> affirms a Creator God and supports the scientific study of evolution. </p> <blockquote><p> "We recognize science as a legitimate interpretation of God's natural world. We affirm the validity of the claims of science in describing the natural world and in determining what is scientific. We preclude science from making authoritative claims about theological issues and theology from making authoritative claims about scientific issues. We find that science's descriptions of cosmological, geological, and biological evolution are not in conflict with theology."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Church_of_the_Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church of the Nazarene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Christian denomination, sees "knowledge acquired by science and human inquiry equal to that acquired by divine revelation," and, while the church "'believes in the Biblical account of creation' and holds that God is the sole creator, it allows latitude 'regarding the "how" of creation.'"<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Colling" title="Richard G. Colling">Richard G. Colling</a>, author of <i>Random Designer</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and professor at <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Nazarene_University" title="Olivet Nazarene University">Olivet Nazarene University</a>, received criticism from elements within the denomination in 2007 for his book (published in 2004),<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Darrel_R._Falk" title="Darrel R. Falk">Darrel R. Falk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Point_Loma_Nazarene" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Loma Nazarene">Point Loma Nazarene</a> published a similar book in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Giberson" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Giberson">Karl Giberson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nazarene" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nazarene">Eastern Nazarene</a>, the first Nazarene scholar to publish with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, has published four books since 1993 on the tensions between science and religion,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including his most recently published <i>Saving Darwin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologians of note in the denomination whose work on science and religion shows the promise of cooperation include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jay_Oord" title="Thomas Jay Oord">Thomas Jay Oord</a> (<i>Science of Love</i>, <i>The Altruism Reader</i>, <i>Defining Love</i>), Michael Lodahl (<i>God of Nature and of Grace</i>), and Samuel M. Powell (<i>Participating in God</i>). These theologians see no major problem reconciling theology with the general theory of evolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Nazarene <i>Manual</i>, a document crafted to provide Biblical guidance and denominational expression for Church members, states: "The Church of the Nazarene believes in the biblical account of creation ("In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . . ."—Genesis 1:1). We oppose any godless interpretation of the origin of the universe and of humankind. However, the church accepts as valid all scientifically verifiable discoveries in geology and other natural phenomena, for we firmly believe that God is the Creator. (Articles I.1., V. 5.1, VII.) (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> includes two large categories which might be labeled as compatibilism and dualism. </p><p>On the one hand, compatibilists hold that evolutionary science and theology are compatible and view them as complementary revelations of God. As God is the source of both his specific revelation of himself in the Christian faith and the source of the general revelation of himself in nature, the findings of science and theology cannot really contradict; the contradictions must be merely apparent and a resolution possible which is faithful to the truth of God's revelation. Nicozisin (Father George) is a compatibilist.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Men" title="Alexander Men">Alexander Men</a>' (1935-1990), a popular but sometimes heterodox advocate of Eastern Orthodoxy, wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>According to the Christian understanding, evolution is not simply a movement forward, but also a <i>return</i> of the created order to the ways originally set out by the Creator. It reveals the purpose of the evolutionary development aimed at creating humanity whose calling is to <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritualize</a> the world, opening it to new creative acts of God. This is the meaning of true progress from the point of view of faith. Science, on the other hand, can only study the forms and stages of nature's formation, and as such, it is still a long way from unravelling the entirety of factors governing evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>On the other hand, dualists hold that evolution can be incompatible with faith. They usually argue either that evolutionary science is philosophically based on a kind of naturalism or that God's specific revelation is infallible and therefore trumps the findings of human reason in the case of any conflict between faith and science. This is often based on a suspicion of human reason to arrive at reliable conclusions in the first place. Their stance is somewhat similar to <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a>, in that there is one truth, but it can be arrived at through (at least) two different paths, namely philosophy and religion. Bufeev, S. V, is a dualist, preferring to see the spiritual level above the mechanical, physico-chemical, or biological levels; he attributes discrepancies between spiritual matters and scientific matters to be because of the purely naturalistic views of evolutionists.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Roman_Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church">Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church</a></div> <p>The position of the Roman Catholic Church on the theory of evolution has changed over the last two centuries from a large period of no official mention, to a statement of neutrality in the early-1950s, to limited guarded acceptance in recent years, rejecting the materialistic and reductionist philosophies behind it, and insisting that the human soul was immediately infused by God, and the reality of a common descent for all humanity (commonly called <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenism</a>). The Church does not argue with scientists on matters such as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> and the authenticity of the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>, seeing such matters as outside its area of expertise. Papal pronouncements, along with commentaries by cardinals, indicate that the Church is aware of the general findings of scientists on the gradual appearance of life. Indeed, Belgian priest <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a>, astronomer and physics professor at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Louvain</a>, was the first to propose the theory of <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a>, often incorrectly credited to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>. In the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani generis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> confirmed that there is no intrinsic conflict between Christianity and the theory of evolution, provided that Christians believe that the individual <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> is a direct creation by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> and not the product of purely material forces.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, many members of the Church support <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>, also known as <i>evolutionary creation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberta_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberta-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Joseph Ratzinger</a>, the International Theological Commission published a paper accepting the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">big bang</a> of 15 billion years ago and the evolution of all life including humans from the microorganisms that formed approximately 4 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> has no official teaching on this matter except for the <a href="/wiki/Special_creation" title="Special creation">special creation</a> of the human soul.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a> issued a decree ratified by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> on June 30, 1909, stating that special creation applies to humans and not other species.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism">Deism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> is belief in a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> or <a href="/wiki/First_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="First cause">first cause</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, rather than on <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. Most deists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that God does not interfere with the world or create <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>. Some deists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that a <a href="/wiki/Divine_Creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Creator">Divine Creator</a> initiated a universe in which evolution occurred, by designing the system and the natural laws, although many deists believe that God also created life itself, before allowing it to be subject to evolution. They find it to be undignified and unwieldy for a deity to make constant adjustments rather than letting evolution elegantly adapt organisms to changing environments. </p><p>One recent convert to deism was philosopher and professor <a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a>, who became a deist in December 2004. Professor Flew, a former <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, later argued that recent research into the origins of life supports the theory that some form of intelligence was involved. Whilst accepting subsequent Darwinian evolution, Flew argued that this cannot explain the complexities of the origins of life. He also stated that the investigation of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> "has shown, by the almost unbelievable complexity of the arrangements which are needed to produce [life], that intelligence must have been involved."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently clarified this statement in an interview with Joan Bakewell for BBC Radio 4 in March 2005: "What I was converted to was the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian God</a>, and Aristotle's God had no interest in human affairs at all."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (March 2012)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu views on evolution</a></div> <p>Hindu views on evolution include a range of viewpoints with regard to <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a> within the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The accounts of the emergence of life within the universe vary, but classically tell of the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> called <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> of three deities also including <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, performing the act of "creation", or more specifically of "propagating life within the universe". with the other two deities responsible for "preservation" and "destruction" (of the universe) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindu schools<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> do not treat the scriptural <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth#Hindu" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a> literally and often the creation stories themselves do not go into specific detail, thus leaving open the possibility of incorporating at least some theories in support of evolution. Some Hindus<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> find support for, or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">scriptures</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_and_night_of_Brahma">Day and night of Brahma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Day and night of Brahma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science writers <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a> have pointed out similarities between the latest scientific understanding of the age of the universe, and the Hindu concept of a "day and night of Brahma", which is much closer to the current known age of the universe than other creation myths. The days and nights of Brahma posit a view of the universe that is divinely created, and is not strictly evolutionary, but an ongoing cycle of birth, death, and rebirth of the universe. According to Sagan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Hindu religion is the only one of the world's great faiths dedicated to the idea that the Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite, number of deaths and rebirths. It is the only religion in which time scales correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion years long, longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big Bang.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Capra, in his popular book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tao_of_Physics" title="The Tao of Physics">The Tao of Physics</a></i>, wrote that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This idea of a periodically expanding and contracting universe, which involves a scale of time and space of vast proportions, has arisen not only in modern cosmology, but also in ancient Indian mythology. Experiencing the universe as an organic and rhythmically moving cosmos, the Hindus were able to develop evolutionary cosmologies which come very close to our modern scientific models.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daśāvatāras_and_evolution"><span id="Da.C5.9B.C4.81vat.C4.81ras_and_evolution"></span>Daśāvatāras and evolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Daśāvatāras and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British geneticist and evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/J_B_S_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="J B S Haldane">J B S Haldane</a> observed that the Dasavataras (ten principal avatars of Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) provide a true sequential depiction of the great unfolding of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. The avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> show an uncanny similarity to the biological theory of evolution of life on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Avatars </th> <th>Explanation </th> <th>Evolution </th></tr> <tr> <td>Matsya. </td> <td>First avatar is a <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, one which is creature living in water. </td> <td>If we compare it with biological evolution on different Geological Time Scale first developed life was also in the form of fish which originated during <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kurma </td> <td>Second avatar was in the form of Tortoise (reptiles). </td> <td>In geology also first reptiles comes as second important evolution which originated in <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian age</a> just after <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">Amphibians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Varaha </td> <td>Third avatar was in the form of Boar. </td> <td>Evolution of the amphibian to the land animal. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Narasimha </td> <td>The Man-Lion (Nara= man, simha=lion) was the fourth avatar. </td> <td>But in geology no such evidences are mentioned. It may have been related with Ape Man The term may sometimes refer to extinct early human ancestors. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vamana </td> <td>Fifth Avatar is the dwarf man. </td> <td>It may be related with the first man originated during <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. It may be related with <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a>. Neanderthals were generally only 12 to 14 cm (4½–5½ in) shorter than modern humans, contrary to a common view of them as "very short" or "just over 5 feet". </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parashurama, </td> <td>The man with an axe was the sixth avatar. </td> <td>It has the similarities with the first modern man originated during <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> period or the man of Iron Age. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lord Rama, Lord Krishna and Lord Buddha were the seventh, eighth and ninth other avatars of Lord Vishnu. It indicates the physical and mental changes and evolution in the man from its time of appearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Islamic views on evolution</a></div> <p>Although non-human evolution is not so controversial and a great amount of Muslims accept it, still a notable portion of Muslims disbelieve in origin of species from a common ancestor by evolution. Human evolution still stays quite controversial due to linking of modern humans with other non-human life forms which a lot of people argue that it goes against the special creation account of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> as stated in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>. A scholar of Indian subcontinent <a href="/wiki/Israr_Ahmed" title="Israr Ahmed">Dr. Israr Ahmed</a> and most of his followers accept the theory of evolution because according to them, Quran itself has references of <a href="/wiki/Primordial_soup" title="Primordial soup">Primordial soup</a> spanning in various chapters and the event of prostration to Adam does not nullify evolution rather it reinforces it. Amongst who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God. For example, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a>, an American Muslim and specialist in Islamic law has argued in <i>Islam and Evolution</i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a belief in <a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">macroevolution</a> is not incompatible with Islam, as long as it is accepted that "Allah is the Creator of everything" (Qur'an 13:16) and that Allah specifically created humanity (in the person of Adam; Qur'an 38:71-76). Shaikh Keller states in his conclusion however: </p> <blockquote> <p>"As for claim that man has evolved from a non-human species, this is unbelief (kufr) no matter if we ascribe the process to Allah or to "nature," because it negates the truth of Adam's special creation that Allah has revealed in the Qur'an. Man is of special origin, attested to not only by revelation, but also by the divine secret within him, the capacity for ma'rifa or knowledge of the Divine that he alone of all things possesses. By his God-given nature, man stands before a door opening onto infinitude that no other creature in the universe can aspire to. Man is something else." </p> </blockquote><p>David Solomon Jalajel, an Islamic author, proclaims an Adamic exceptionalism view of evolution which encourages the theological use of <i>tawaqquf</i>; a <i>tawaqquf</i> is to make no argument for or against a matter to which scripture possesses no declarations for.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <i>tawaqquf</i>, Jalajel believes that Adam's creation does not necessarily signal the beginning of humanity as the Quran makes no declaration as to whether or not human beings were on Earth before Adam had descended.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Jalajel invokes <i>tawaqquf</i> which insinuates that it is possible for humans to exist or not exist before the appearance of Adam on earth with either belief being possible due to the Quran, and that it is possible that an intermingling of Adam's descendants and other humans may or may not have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the existence of Adam is a miracle since the Quran directly states it to be, but it does not assert there being no humans who could have existed at the time of Adam's appearance on earth and who could have came about as a result of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This viewpoint stands in contrast to creationism and human exceptionalism, ultimately declaring that evolution could be viewed without conflict with Islam and that Muslims could either accept or reject "human evolution on its scientific merits without reference to the story of Adam".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plenty of Muslims view that the <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">theory of human evolution</a> can be made compatible with the Islamic faith if the <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">homo</a></i> species which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopiths</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. Habilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">Rudolfensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Erectus</a>,</i> etc.) are viewed as mere <i>'pseudo-humans'</i> while Adam was the first <i>'true-human'</i> or just human in general. Thus, it can be viewed that Allah created the first humans (true humans) who were Adam and Hawa through a miracle or special creation, while pseudo-humans were evolutionary creations of Allah. Biologically similar or close living organisms can mate in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a>. Usually, the genetic similarities which allow hybridization is caused by having a very close <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common ancestor</a>. However, since Adam and Hawa were special creations of Allah, that problem can be bypassed entirely because Allah can just create them with similar genetics. Then, later descendants of Adam and Hawa (not even great grandchildren probably, but much later) met with the <i>pseudo-humans</i> and then hybridized with them. The <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> of such a parent (a pre-hybridization true human and a pseudo-human) would be both a descendant of Adam and Hawa, as well as <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a> and all the other common ancestors in between; and the offspring would also be a true human. So, if such an event happened, all the human beings which came afterwards (including <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">modern human beings</a>) are simultaneously descendants of Adam and Hawa, as well as other common ancestors which evolutionary biologists theorize. </p><p>So, this view recognizes that Adam was the first human being and a special creation of Allah who did not have any ancestors, all while recognizing that modern humans have common ancestors with other living organisms all while retaining the view that humans are unique creations of Allah and other living organisms are still creations of Allah, all while recognizing that some <i>homo</i> species like the <i>Habilis</i> (<i>pseudo-humans</i>) were created by Allah through evolution as a mechanism from the Australopiths. Adam and Hawa and their pre-hybridization descendants are considered as some kind of unknown human species whose fossils have not been found yet and thus, separate from the standard theory of evolution. This retains the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus's</a> view on how human evolution went (Erectus to Heidelbergensis, Heidelbergensis to Sapiens, etc.) without altering the already existing views while simply just considering one of the species among it were products of two species, not just one. This also gives theological reasoning for the mention of Adam and Hawa, as Allah might have only mentioned him in the Quran simply because it would be impossible for humans to find out about them and empirically prove them; and since he was a special creation of Allah who lived in the heavens initially who was the first prophet and first Muslim or servant of Allah, there's more importance behind him besides just being the father of humanity. This views science and religion as two independent sources of truth providing truths in their own fields which can be simultaneously compatible and believed in. So, there's no need for a conflict to exist. Further evolution as planned by Allah may have happened after the hybridization and before hybridization among the descendants of Adam in such a way that they still stay true humans. </p><p>This view is similar to Adamic exceptionalism. However, it has some theological differences which solves conflicts regarding Adam's identity as he is considered to be the first human. This view explains how Adam could've been the first human and the father of humanity even with some homo species being evolutionary products from other <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genuses</a>. This also explains how Adam's descendants were able to survive extreme <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">genetic bottlenecking</a> as hybridization would bring enough genetic varieties for survival with plenty of Muslims arguing that "Allah created the <i>pseudo-humans</i> through evolution only because of that. So, both true and pseudo humans serve or served a purpose". This would also mean that Adam and Hawa and their descendants played a crucial role in shaping human evolution as hybridization would drastically change the future generations. So, human evolution would've gone into a completely different direction without them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Ahmadiyya views on evolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">universally accept</a> the scientific principle of the process of evolution, with divine guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">Mirza Tahir Ahmad</a>, the (late) leader of the Ahmadiyya movement, elaborated this by explaining the complex mechanism of evolution as having been played more like strategic game of chess rather than a random game of dice.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and evolution">Judaism and evolution</a></div> <p>In general, three of the four major <a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">denominations</a> of American <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>) accept theistic evolution. Within <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodoxy</a>, there is much debate about the issue. Most <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> groups accept theistic evolution and most <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Ultra-Orthodox</a> groups do not. This disagreement was most vociferous in the <a href="/wiki/Natan_Slifkin#Controversy" title="Natan Slifkin">Natan Slifkin controversy</a> which arose when a number of prominent Ultra-Orthodox Rabbis banned books written by Rabbi Natan Slifkin which explored the idea of theistic evolution within Jewish tradition. These Rabbis forming part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_opposition_to_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish opposition to evolution">Jewish opposition to evolution</a> considered that his books were <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> as they indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> is not necessarily correct about scientific matters such as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>. </p><p>Advocates of theistic evolution within Judaism follow two general approaches. Either the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">creation account</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> is not to be taken as a literal text, but rather as a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> work, or, alternatively, that the 'days' do not refer to 24-hour periods. The latter view, called <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">day-age creationism</a>, is justified by how the first day in the biblical account actually precedes the creation of the sun and earth by which 24-hour days are reckoned and by how the seventh day of rest has no evening and morning. In the day-age view, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">scholars</a> point out how the order of creation in Genesis corresponds to the scientific description of the development of life on Earth—the sun, then earth, then oceans, then oceanic plant life, fish preceding land-based life, with mammals and finally humans last—and in no way specifies the method of creation in a manner prohibitive of evolution. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> is a Jewish a movement which is distinct in that they do not accept the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (a series of Rabbinic commentaries) as law and follow the Hebrew scriptures as they are written. Karaites are currently divided on the question of evolution with many or most Karaite Jews leaning in favor of Theistic Evolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Samaritanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, a divergent branch of the Israelites (the other being the Jews), generally accept Theistic Evolution. Samaritans do not consider themselves to be Jewish, but hold similar beliefs. The Jews, however, hold the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>) as canonical scripture in conjunction with the Oral Law as compiled in the Talmud, while the Samaritan's canonical scriptures consists only of the Torah (a slightly differing Pentateuch, i.e. the Five Books of Moses), but exclude both Nevi'im and Ketuvim, as well as excluding the Talmud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pantheism">Pantheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pantheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheists</a> (for instance in <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_Pantheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalistic Pantheism">Naturalistic Pantheism</a>) may view natural processes, including evolution, as work or emanations from the impersonal, non-anthropomorphic deity.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deity_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deity-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proponents">Proponents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_biologists_who_were_also_theists">Evolutionary biologists who were also theists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Evolutionary biologists who were also theists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologists">evolutionary biologists</a> have often been <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>), from the outset many have had a belief in some form of theism. These have included <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, who in a joint paper with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1858, proposed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. Wallace, in his later years, was effectively a <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a> who believed that "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded to create life as well as consciousness in animals and separately in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin had a longstanding close friendship with the American botanist <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> who was a leading supporter of Darwin's theory, and a devout Presbyterian.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray wrote a series of essays on the relationship of natural selection to religious belief and <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>, and supported the views of theologians who said that design through evolution was inherent in all forms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayreviews_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayreviews-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin had Gray and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> in mind when he wrote that "It seems to me absurd to doubt that a man may be an ardent theist & an evolutionist".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early example of this kind of approach came from computing pioneer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> who published his unofficial <i>Ninth <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Treatise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater Treatise">Bridgewater Treatise</a></i> in 1837, putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with <i>ad hoc</i> miracles each time a new species was required. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> (1881–1955) was a noted geologist and paleontologist as well as a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> Priest who wrote extensively on the subject of incorporating evolution into a new understanding of Christianity. Initially suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, his theological work has had considerable influence and is widely taught in Catholic and most <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (Protestant)">mainline Protestant</a> seminaries. </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1890–1962) and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> (1900–1975), were Christians and architects of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern evolutionary synthesis</a>. Dobzhansky, a Russian Orthodox, wrote a famous 1973 essay entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_in_Biology_Makes_Sense_Except_in_the_Light_of_Evolution" title="Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution">Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution</a></i> espousing evolutionary creationism: </p> <dl><dd>"I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God's, or Nature's, method of creation. Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 BC; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way... Does the evolutionary doctrine clash with religious faith? It does not. It is a blunder to mistake the Holy Scriptures for elementary textbooks of astronomy, geology, biology, and anthropology. Only if symbols are construed to mean what they are not intended to mean can there arise imaginary, insoluble conflicts... the blunder leads to blasphemy: the Creator is accused of systematic deceitfulness."</dd></dl> <p>In the realm of biology and theology, the saying coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jay_Oord" title="Thomas Jay Oord">Thomas Jay Oord</a> is perhaps appropriate: "The Bible tells us how to find abundant life, not the details of how life became abundant." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Evolution">Evolution portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/28px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/42px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/56px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Ahmadiyya views on evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" title="American Scientific Affiliation">American Scientific Affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioLogos" class="mw-redirect" title="BioLogos">BioLogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Evolution">Epic of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution#Support_for_evolution_by_religious_bodies" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support for evolution § Support for evolution by religious bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Mormon views on evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Naturalism">Religious Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Challenge_of_Creation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Challenge of Creation">The Challenge of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Big Bang">Timeline of the Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_epochs" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of cosmological epochs">Timeline of cosmological epochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMowe2011" class="citation web cs1">Mowe, Sam (2011-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/buddhists-and-evolution/">"Buddhists and Evolution"</a>. <i>Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tricycle%3A+The+Buddhist+Review&rft.atitle=Buddhists+and+Evolution&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.aulast=Mowe&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Ftrikedaily%2Fbuddhists-and-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Rusbult,_Ph.D.1998" class="citation web cs1">Craig Rusbult, Ph.D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/te2-cr.htm">"Evolutionary Creation"</a>. American Scientific Affiliation. <q>A theory of theistic evolution (TE) — also called evolutionary creation * — proposes that God's method of creation was to cleverly design a universe in which everything would naturally evolve. Usually the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution — astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to form the earth's geology) plus chemical evolution (to form the first life) and biological evolution (for the development of life) — but it can refer only to biological evolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Creation&rft.pub=American+Scientific+Affiliation&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Craig+Rusbult%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2Feducation%2Forigins%2Fte2-cr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott,_271-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott,_271_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott,_271_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_C._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenie C. Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952523">Antievolution and Creationism in the United States</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology" title="Annual Review of Anthropology">Annual Review of Anthropology</a></i>, Vol. 26, (1997), pp. 263–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Numbers, Ronald</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creationists" title="The Creationists">The Creationists</a>: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02339-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02339-0"><bdi>0-674-02339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creationists%3A+From+Scientific+Creationism+to+Intelligent+Design%2C+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-02339-0&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 34–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_C._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenie C. Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a> <i>Evolution Vs. Creationism</i>, Location?: Niles Eldredge, pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Tegmark, Eugena Lee, and Meia Chita-Tegmark, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/survey/survey.pdf">The MIT Survey on Science, Religion and Origins: the Belief Gap"</a>, Feb. 11, 2013, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgD_jwEACAAJ"><i>The Literal Meaning of Genesis</i></a>, written by Augustine in 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSCF3-88Young.html-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSCF3-88Young.html_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSCF3-88Young.html_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/aSA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html">Davis A. Young, "The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine's View of Creation" from <i>Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</i> 40.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, JH (trans) (1982) "St. Augustine. The Literal Meaning of Genesis", Paulist Press, New York, p171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book2.html-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book2.html_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book2.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Allegorical Interpretation, I" from <i>The Works of Philo Judaeus</i>, translated by C.D. Yonge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515164341/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Allegorical+Interpretation%2C+I%22+from+The+Works+of+Philo+Judaeus%2C+translated+by+C.D.+Yonge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fyonge%2Fbook2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> 2:17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Jewish_Philosophy_after_Maimonides" title="Jewish philosophy">Milchamot Hashem</a></i> 6:8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Can You Believe in God and Evolution</i>, Ted Peters and Matrinez Hewlett</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=392">Religious Groups: Opinions of Evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> (conducted in 2007, released in 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-et-al-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller-et-al_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerScottOkamoto2006" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, J.D.; Scott, EC; Okamoto, S (2006). "SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: Public Acceptance of Evolution". <i>Science</i>. <b>313</b> (5788): 765–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1126746">10.1126/science.1126746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16902112">16902112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152990938">152990938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=SCIENCE+COMMUNICATION%3A+Public+Acceptance+of+Evolution&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5788&rft.pages=765-6&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152990938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16902112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1126746&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft.au=Scott%2C+EC&rft.au=Okamoto%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMLtQoMJcC&q=Agga%C3%B1%C3%B1a+Sutta+evolution&pg=PA102"><i>Buddhism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33228-1"><bdi>0-415-33228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-33228-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuoMLtQoMJcC%26q%3DAgga%25C3%25B1%25C3%25B1a%2BSutta%2Bevolution%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/pdf/AggannaSutta.pdf">Aggañña Sutta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhivihara.org/buddhism-and-darwins-theory-of-evolution/">"Buddhism and Darwin's Theory of Evolution | Buddhivihara.org"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Darwin%27s+Theory+of+Evolution+%7C+Buddhivihara.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhivihara.org%2Fbuddhism-and-darwins-theory-of-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddhanet-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buddhanet_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bs-s16.htm">"Buddhist Studies (Secondary) The Buddha's Wisdom and Compassion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Studies+%28Secondary%29+The+Buddha%27s+Wisdom+and+Compassion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fbuddhism%2Fbs-s16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asma-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asma_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsma" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_T._Asma" title="Stephen T. Asma">Asma, Stephen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/religion_theseeker/2011/03/evolution-doesnt-bother-buddhists-.html">"Evolution doesn't bother Buddhists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+doesn%27t+bother+Buddhists&rft.pub=Chicago+Tribune&rft.aulast=Asma&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsblogs.chicagotribune.com%2Freligion_theseeker%2F2011%2F03%2Fevolution-doesnt-bother-buddhists-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustine1982">Augustine 1982</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-evo-pre-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio-evo-pre_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio-evo-pre_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologos.org/common-questions/how-was-the-genesis-account-of-creation-interpreted-before-darwin/">"How was the Genesis account of creation interpreted before Darwin? – Common-questions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BioLogos" class="mw-redirect" title="BioLogos">BioLogos</a></i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BioLogos&rft.atitle=How+was+the+Genesis+account+of+creation+interpreted+before+Darwin%3F+%E2%80%93+Common-questions&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologos.org%2Fcommon-questions%2Fhow-was-the-genesis-account-of-creation-interpreted-before-darwin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Works of St. Augustine of Hippo". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <q>An admirable application of this well-ordered liberty appears in his thesis on the simultaneous creation of the universe, and the gradual development of the world under the action of the natural forces which were placed in it. ... Is Augustine, therefore, an Evolutionist?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Works+of+St.+Augustine+of+Hippo&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustine1982">Augustine 1982</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/content/news_syndication/article_060220creationism.shtml">Churches urged to challenge Intelligent Design -20/02/06</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncccusa.org/pdfs/evolutionbrochurefinal.html">Science, Religion, and the Teaching of Evolution in Public School Science Classes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819203651/http://www.ncccusa.org/pdfs/evolutionbrochurefinal.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf), The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> Committee on Public Education and Literacy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncccusa.org/news/060330evolution.html">Teaching Evolution</a>, March 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222213843/http://episcopalscience.org/creation-science/">"Catechism of Creation Part II: Creation and Science"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+Creation+Part+II%3A+Creation+and+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepiscopalscience.org%2Fcreation-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,,1735404,00.html"><i>The Guardian</i>, March 21, 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=3082929&ct=6715227">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607070533/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=3082929&ct=6715227">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church – 2008, The United Methodist Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915141141/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20657204/site/newsweek/">"Can God Love Darwin, Too?" by Sharon Begley, <i>Newsweek</i>, Sept. 17, 2007 issue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Random Designer: Created from Chaos to Connect with the Creator</i>, Browning Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9753904-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9753904-0-6">0-9753904-0-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology</i>, InterVarsity Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2742-0">0-8308-2742-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Worlds Apart: The Unholy War between Religion and Science</i>, Beacon Hill Press, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8341-1504-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8341-1504-2">0-8341-1504-2</a><br />With <a href="/wiki/Donald_Yerxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Yerxa">Donald Yerxa</a>, <i>Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story</i>, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0764-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0764-5">0-7425-0764-5</a><br />With <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Artigas" title="Mariano Artigas">Mariano Artigas</a>, <i>The Oracles of Science: Celebrity Scientist Versus God and Religion</i>, Oxford University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-531072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-531072-1">0-19-531072-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.premierstudios.com/nazarene/docs/Manual2005_09.pdf">Manual, p.371</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302214359/http://media.premierstudios.com/nazarene/docs/Manual2005_09.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/nicozisin_creationism.htm">"Orthodox Research Institute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org%2Farticles%2Fdogmatics%2Fnicozisin_creationism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMen'2021" class="citation 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"Man in the Universe: Creation, evolution, humanity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgB8EAAAQBAJ"><i>History of Religion: In Search of the Way, the Truth, and the Life</i></a>. Translated by Bazarov, Ivan. Nestyazhateli Press. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Man+in+the+Universe%3A+Creation%2C+evolution%2C+humanity&rft.btitle=History+of+Religion%3A+In+Search+of+the+Way%2C+the+Truth%2C+and+the+Life&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Nestyazhateli+Press&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Men%27&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Vladimirovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgB8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creatio.orthodoxy.ru/sbornik/sbufeev_whynot_english.html">"S.V.Bufeev. Why an Orthodox Christian cannot be an evolutionist"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.V.Bufeev.+Why+an+Orthodox+Christian+cannot+be+an+evolutionist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creatio.orthodoxy.ru%2Fsbornik%2Fsbufeev_whynot_english.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2010" class="citation news cs1">Farrell, John (August 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703846604575447493644515142">"Catholics and the Evolving Cosmos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Catholics+and+the+Evolving+Cosmos&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703846604575447493644515142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberta-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberta_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastseminary.com/genesis-modern-science/Evolutionary%20Creation.pdf">"Evolutionary Creation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>. <q>Evolutionary creation best describes the official position of the Roman Catholic Church, though it is often referred to in this tradition as 'theistic evolution.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Creation&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastseminary.com%2Fgenesis-modern-science%2FEvolutionary%2520Creation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God." Vatican: The Holy See. International Theological Commission, 2002. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. ch.3 p.63 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html">https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html">"Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God"</a>. <i>International Theological Commission</i>. La Civilità Cattolica. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Similarities+in+concept+of+evolution+of+life+on+earth+in+Dashavatar+and+modern+Geology.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchronicle.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F101713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/evolve.htm">Evolution and Islam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik2021">Malik 2021</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik2021">Malik 2021</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itl-usa.org/ahmadi/ahmadi13.html">Jesus and the Indian Messiah – 13. Every Wind of Doctrine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509033003/http://www.itl-usa.org/ahmadi/ahmadi13.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_5_section_10.html">Part V, Section 10: A Game of Chess or a Game of Chance!</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New Oxford Dictionary Of English</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. p. 1341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861263-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861263-X"><bdi>0-19-861263-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Dictionary+Of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1341&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-861263-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deity-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deity_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, H. P. <i>Concepts of Deity</i>. London: Macmillan, 1971, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Fichman, (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2E293wQ63AC">An elusive Victorian: the evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace</a></i>. p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504201014/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/religion-historical-resources">"Historical Resources"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/religion-historical-resources">the original</a> on 2012-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Resources&rft.pub=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Freligion-historical-resources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayreviews-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grayreviews_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070259/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/essays-reviews-by-asa-gray">"Essays & reviews by Asa Gray"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/essays-reviews-by-asa-gray">the original</a> on 2010-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essays+%26+reviews+by+Asa+Gray&rft.pub=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fessays-reviews-by-asa-gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsa_Gray1874" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> (January 15, 1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070628/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/gray-essay-evolution-theology">"Essay: Evolution & theology"</a>. <i>Darwin Correspondence Project</i>. The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/gray-essay-evolution-theology">the original</a> on October 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Essay%3A+Evolution+%26+theology&rft.date=1874-01-15&rft.au=Asa+Gray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fgray-essay-evolution-theology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140618112333/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-12041">"Letter 12041 — Darwin, C. R. to Fordyce, John, 7 May 1879"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-12041">the original</a> on 2014-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+12041+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Fordyce%2C+John%2C+7+May+1879&rft.pub=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fentry-12041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Augustine (1982). Quasten, Johannes; Burghardt, Walter J.; Lawler, Thomas Comerford (eds.). <i>The Literal Meaning of Genesis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Christian_Writers" title="Ancient Christian Writers">Ancient Christian Writers</a>. Vol. 1: Book 1-6. <a href="/wiki/Mahwah,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahwah, NJ">Mahwah, NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literal+Meaning+of+Genesis&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.series=Ancient+Christian+Writers&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ronan" title="Colin Ronan">Ronan, Colin A.</a> (1995) [Originally published 1980]. <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China" title="Science and Civilisation in China"><i>The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement by Colin A. Ronan of Joseph Needham's Original Text</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29286-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29286-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29286-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77082513">77082513</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3345021">3345021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+An+Abridgement+by+Colin+A.+Ronan+of+Joseph+Needham%27s+Original+Text&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3345021&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77082513&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29286-3&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Colin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2021" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Shoaib Ahmed (2021). <i>Islam and Evolution: al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429345753">10.4324/9780429345753</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429345753" title="Special:BookSources/9780429345753"><bdi>9780429345753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Evolution%3A+al-Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB+and+the+Modern+Evolutionary+Paradigm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429345753&rft.isbn=9780429345753&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Shoaib+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcceptance+of+evolution+by+religious+groups" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Numbers, Ronald, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creationists" title="The Creationists">The Creationists</a>: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design</i>, Expanded Edition, 2006, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674023390" title="Special:BookSources/0674023390">0674023390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_C._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenie C. Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a>, "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States", <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>, Vol. 26, (1997), pp. 263–289, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952523">JSTOR</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Collins, Francis</a>; (2006) <i>The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8639-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8639-1">0-7432-8639-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dowd" title="Michael Dowd">Michael Dowd</a> (2009) <i>Thank God for Evolution: How the Marriage of Science and Religion Will Transform Your Life and Our World</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-29534-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-29534-3">0-452-29534-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrel_Falk" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrel Falk">Falk, Darrel</a>; (2004) <i>Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2742-0">0-8308-2742-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_R._Miller" title="Kenneth R. Miller">Miller, Kenneth R.</a>; (1999) <i>Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093049-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093049-7">0-06-093049-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_B._Miller" title="Keith B. Miller">Miller, Keith B.</a>; (2003) <i>Perspectives on an Evolving Creation</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0512-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0512-4">0-8028-0512-4</a></li> <li>Corrado Ghinamo; (2013) <i>The Beautiful Scientist: a Spiritual Approach to Science</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1621474623" title="Special:BookSources/1621474623">1621474623</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621474623" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621474623">978-1621474623</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&oldid=1239132151#Buddhism">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups&oldid=1239132151#Buddhism</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_belief_and_doctrine" title="Category:Religious belief and doctrine">Religious belief and doctrine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution_and_religion" title="Category:Evolution and 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