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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>British Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence on English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinook_Jargon_words_used_by_English-language_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinook_Jargon_words_used_by_English-language_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Chinook Jargon words used by English-language speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinook_Jargon_words_used_by_English-language_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_non-natives_known_to_speak_Chinook_Jargon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_non-natives_known_to_speak_Chinook_Jargon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Notable non-natives known to speak Chinook Jargon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_non-natives_known_to_speak_Chinook_Jargon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_e-books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_e-books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Free e-books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_e-books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries_online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries_online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Dictionaries online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries_online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_and_newsletters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_and_newsletters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>News and newsletters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_and_newsletters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Other links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86" title="الشينوك جارجون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشينوك جارجون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чынук вава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чынук вава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Wawa" title="Chinook Wawa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Chinook Wawa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argot_chinook" title="Argot chinook – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Argot chinook" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Wawa" title="Chinook Wawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinook Wawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inuka_pi%C4%9Dino" title="Ĉinuka piĝino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinuka piĝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon_chinook" title="Jargon chinook – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jargon chinook" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerga_chinook" title="Xerga chinook – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xerga chinook" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EB%88%84%ED%81%AC_%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%A4" title="치누크 자곤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치누크 자곤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinuk_Wawa" title="Chinuk Wawa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chinuk Wawa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jergo_xinuc" title="Jergo xinuc – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jergo xinuc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinook Jargon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3" title="チヌーク・ジャーゴン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チヌーク・ジャーゴン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_jargon" title="Chinook jargon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chinook jargon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_chinook_wawa" title="Lenga chinook wawa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga chinook wawa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarg%C3%A3o_chinook" title="Jargão chinook – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jargão chinook" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чинукский жаргон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чинукский жаргон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinook Jargon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook-jargon" title="Chinook-jargon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chinook-jargon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35173#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pidgin trade language from the Pacific Northwest</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Chinook Jargon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><i lang="chn-Latn">chinuk wawa, wawa, chinook lelang, lelang, chinook</i></span><br /><span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><span lang="chn-Dupl">𛰣𛱇‌𛰚𛱛𛰅 𛱜‌𛱜</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Canada, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Pacific Northwest (Interior and Coast): Alaska, The Yukon, British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Northern California</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-apics-online_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apics-online-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Mainly <a href="/wiki/Wakashan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakashan">Wakashan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nootka_Jargon" title="Nootka Jargon">Nootka Jargon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chinookan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinookan">Chinookan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De facto</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>,<br />historically <a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a>;<br />currently standardized <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>-based orthography</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De facto</i></span> in Pacific Northwest until about 1920</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=87">chn</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/chn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:chn">chn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pidg1254">pidg1254</a></code>  (pidgin)<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chin1272">chin1272</a></code>  (creole)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4167">Chinook Wawa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Chinook Jargon is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chinook Jargon</b> (<i><span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><i lang="chn">Chinuk Wawa</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><i lang="chn">Chinook Wawa</i></span></i>, also known simply as <i>Chinook</i> or <i>Jargon</i>) is a language originating as a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">pidgin trade language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. It spread during the 19th century from the lower <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, first to other areas in modern <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. It sometimes took on the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contact language Chinook Jargon should not be confused with the Indigenous language <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dene_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting its origins in early trade transactions, approximately 15 percent of its lexicon is French. It also makes use of English loan words and those of other language systems. Its entire written form is in the <a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> developed by French priest Émile Duployé. </p><p>Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> and British Columbia. It has been described as part of a multicultural heritage shared by the modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons is in the hundreds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a simple grammatical system. In Chinook Jargon, the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is rare. Such English and French loan words as <i>rice</i> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">merci</i></span>, for instance, have changed after being adopted to the Jargon, to <i><span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><i lang="chn">lays</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><i lang="chn">mahsi</i></span></i>, respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most books written in English still use the term Chinook Jargon, but some linguists working with the preservation of a <a href="/wiki/Creolized" class="mw-redirect" title="Creolized">creolized</a> form of the language used in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ronde,_Oregon" title="Grand Ronde, Oregon">Grand Ronde, Oregon</a>, prefer the term <i>Chinuk Wawa</i> (with the spelling 'Chinuk' instead of 'Chinook'). Historical speakers did not use the name <i>Chinook Wawa</i>, but rather <i>"the Wawa"</i> or <i>"Lelang"</i> (from Fr. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la langue</i></span>, the language, or tongue).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Wawa</i> also means speech or words; "have a wawa" means "hold a parley", even in modern idiomatic English,<sup id="cite_ref-lillard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lelang</i> also means the physical bodypart, the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name for the Jargon varied throughout the territory in which it was used. For example: <i>skokum hiyu</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Bar,_British_Columbia" title="Boston Bar, British Columbia">Boston Bar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lytton,_British_Columbia" title="Lytton, British Columbia">Lytton</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a>. In many areas it was simply "the old trade language" or "the Hudson Bay language". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg/220px-Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg/330px-Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg/440px-Gill%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Chinook_Jargon_01B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cover, <i><a href="/wiki/J._K._Gill_Company" title="J. K. Gill Company">Gill</a>'s Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon</i>, 13th Edition, 1891. Photographed at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_House_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Log House Museum (page does not exist)">Log House Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether Jargon was a post-contact or pre-contact language has been the subject of debate among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, linguist John Lyon studied the word lists collected by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and his crew on the 1579 voyage that took them to the Oregon coast. Lyon compared the seven words and phrases found on the Native vocabulary list recorded by Drake and his men with the vocabularies of Native languages on the west coast (Lyon 2016).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the five single words on the list, Lyon found that the word <i>petáh,</i> which was the Native word for a root that can be eaten raw or made into cakes called <i>cheepe</i>, were meaning matches for the Jargon words 'wapato' (a root that tastes like a potato) and 'chaplill', the word for the bread cakes made from this root (Lyon 2016:41). The word recorded for 'king' by Drake was 'hióh' (recorded also as 'hioghe'). Lyon thought it was a match for the Wawa word hi-yú, meaning a gathering, or much, plenty. Lyon was not able to conclude whether Drake encountered people of the Northwest Coast. </p><p>In 2021, Melissa Darby studied the ethnographic records and the records left by Francis Drake's expedition. She found new evidence that the people Drake met were speaking some Jargon words to Drake and his men.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-contact hypothesis states that the language developed prior to European settlement as an intra-indigenous <a href="/wiki/Contact_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact language">contact language</a> in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. It eventually expanded to incorporate elements of European languages, with approximately 15 percent of its lexicon derived from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jargon also acquired <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> loanwords, and its written form is entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> created by French priest <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Duploy%C3%A9" title="Émile Duployé">Émile Duployé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lillard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-contact hypothesis suggests the language originated in Nootka Sound after the arrival of Russian and Spanish traders as a means of communicating between them and indigenous peoples. It eventually spread further south due to commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> linguist David Lang has argued for this conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-lanngg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanngg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguist Barbara Harris suggests a dual genesis, positing that both origins probably have some legitimacy and that the two varieties eventually blended together.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1840, Chinook Jargon had <a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">creolized</a> into a native language for some speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use">Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawatest2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wawatest2.jpg/220px-Wawatest2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wawatest2.jpg/330px-Wawatest2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wawatest2.jpg/440px-Wawatest2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>An example of the shorthand "Chinuk Pipa" writing system used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Wawa" title="Kamloops Wawa">Kamloops Wawa</a></i> newspaper</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kamloops" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamloops">Diocese of Kamloops</a>, British Columbia, hundreds of speakers learned to read and write the Jargon using <a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> via the publication <i><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Wawa" title="Kamloops Wawa">Kamloops Wawa</a></i>. As a result, the Jargon had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scripture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical works</a>, some local and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)#Diocesan_bishops_or_eparchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">episcopal</a> news, community gossip and events, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal journal">diaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holton_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marah_Ellis_Ryan" title="Marah Ellis Ryan">Marah Ellis Ryan</a> (c. 1860–1934), an early Native American activist and novelist, used Chinook words and phrases in her writing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, Chinook Jargon was widely used by natives, trappers, traders, employees of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s to the 1870s. In <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>'s first half century (1840s–1890s), there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation. Jones estimates that in pioneer times in the 1860s<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as a result of widespread deaths from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tyee_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tyee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As late as the 1940s, native children were born in <a href="/wiki/Tiller,_Oregon" title="Tiller, Oregon">Tiller, Oregon</a>, who grew up speaking Chinook Jargon as their first language.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But by 1962, the <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a> (SIL) estimated that only 100 speakers were left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Lane_Community_College" title="Lane Community College">Lane Community College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>, started a three-semester university program teaching Chinook Jargon.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, it was reported that there was one native speaker of Chinook Jargon (specifically the Grand Ronde variety). An estimated 1,000 people had oral or written knowledge of Chinook Jargon as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-apics-online_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apics-online-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> estimated based on the self-reported <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> that around 45 people (with a margin of error of 25) spoke Chinook Jargon at home in the period 2009–2013.<sup id="cite_ref-US-census_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-census-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nard_Jones" title="Nard Jones">Nard Jones</a>, Chinook Jargon was still in use in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> until roughly the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, especially among the members of the Arctic Club. Seattle was the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, Jones remarked that "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Broderick_(realtor)" title="Henry Broderick (realtor)">Henry Broderick</a>, the realtor, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Green_(seaman_and_banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Green (seaman and banker)">Joshua Green</a>, the banker."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some controversy about the origin of the Jargon, but the consensus is that the pidgin peaked in use during the 19th century. During this era, many dictionaries were published to help settlers interact with the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people living in the Pacific Northwest. Local settler families exchanged communiqués that were stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook." Many residents of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> spoke Chinook Jargon as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>, even using it at home in preference to English. Among the first Europeans to use Chinook Jargon were <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">traders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trappers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureurs des bois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic missionaries">Catholic missionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Jargon was a pidgin, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. It had sentence-initial negation, which is atypical of regional languages, and also didn't have typical <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">complex morphology</a>. It had an <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">SVO structure</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a> were VSO. However, local <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a> were SOV, so this was probably a result of contact — a cross-language compromise. Only later did Chinook Jargon acquire significant English and French lexical items. </p><p>The Jargon is influenced by individuals' accents and terms from their native languages; as <a href="/wiki/Kanakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakas">Kanakas</a> married into First Nations and non-native families, their particular mode of the Jargon is believed to have contained <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> words or Hawaiian styles of pronunciation. In some areas, the adoption of further non-aboriginal words has been observed. During the <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a>, Chinook Jargon was used in British Columbia at first by gold prospectors and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers,_Columbia_Detachment" title="Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment">Royal Engineers</a>; as industry developed, Chinook Jargon was often used by cannery workers, hop pickers, loggers, fishermen, and ranchers. It is possible that, at one point, the population of British Columbia spoke Chinook Jargon more than any other language, even English.<sup id="cite_ref-Barman_1991_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barman_1991-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Jane Barman wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Barman_1991_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barman_1991-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The persistence of everyday relationships between Natives and Europeans is embodied in Chinook. Emerging out of early contact and the fur trade, the Chinook jargon possesses at most 700 words derived in approximately equal proportions from the powerful Chinook Indians of the lower Columbia, from the Nootka people of Vancouver Island, and from French and English... jargon provided 'an important vehicle of communication for trading & ordinary purposes.' ... </p><p>Chinook was the language of instruction in the school for Indian children that Hills established near Victoria in 1860. ... Chinook entered the mainstream. ... It was only after mid-century, when almost all Indian adults had learned basic English in school, that everyday use of Chinook died out in British Columbia.</p></blockquote> <p>A heavily creolized form of Chinook Jargon is still spoken as a first language by some residents of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, much as the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> language <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Much as in? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hence, Chinuk Wawa, as it is known in Oregon, is now a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>, distinct from the varied pronunciation of the Chinook Jargon. There is evidence that in some communities (e.g., around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a>) the Jargon had become creolized by the early 19th century, and that would have been among the mixed French/Métis, Algonkian, Scots and Hawaiian populations, as well as among the natives around the Fort. At Grand Ronde, the resettlement of tribes from all over Oregon in a multi-tribal agency led to the use of Chinuk Wawa as a common tongue among the linguistically diverse population. These circumstances led to the creolization of Chinuk Wawa at Grand Ronde.<sup id="cite_ref-zenk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zenk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that creolization occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Siletz_Indians" title="Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians">Confederated Tribes of Siletz</a> reservation paralleling Grand Ronde,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although, due to language revitalization efforts being focused on the <a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa language</a>, Chinuk fell out of use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>No studies of British Columbia versions of the Jargon have demonstrated creolization. The range of varying usages and vocabulary in different regions suggests that localization did occur—although not on the pattern of Grand Ronde where Wasco, Klickitat and other peoples adopted and added to the version of the Jargon that developed there. First-language speakers of the Chinook Jargon were common in BC (native and non-native), until the mid-20th century. After 1850, the Wawa was still used in the United States portion of the Chinook-speaking world, especially in wilderness areas and work environments.<sup id="cite_ref-lillard_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local creolization's probably did occur in British Columbia, but recorded materials have not been studied as they were made due to the focus on the traditional aboriginal languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a belief that something similar to the Jargon existed before European contact—without European words in its vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence for a Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Jewitt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jewitt">John Jewitt</a> and in what is known as the Barclay Sound word-list, from the area of <a href="/wiki/Ucluelet" title="Ucluelet">Ucluelet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Alberni" title="Port Alberni">Alberni</a>. Others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the Jargon was formed during contact.<sup id="cite_ref-holton_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current scholarly opinion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> holds that a trade language probably existed before European contact, which began "morphing" into the more familiar Chinook Jargon in the late 1790s, notably at a dinner party at Nootka Sound where Capts <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Bodega y Quadra</a> were entertained by Chief Maquinna and his brother Callicum performing a theatrical using mock English and <a href="/wiki/Mock_Spanish" title="Mock Spanish">mock Spanish</a> words and mimicry of European dress and mannerisms. There evidently was Jargon in use in Queen Charlotte, but this "<a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">Jargon</a>" is not known to have shared anything in common with Chinook Jargon or with the Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", which is its main foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthographies">Orthographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orthographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few main spelling variations of Chinook Jargon but each individual writer also had their own spelling variations. </p> <ol><li>English, French and German-based spelling – In a general sense, when words were derived from English or French, the original English/French spellings were used. Words not derived from English/French were written in an approximate spelling based on mainstream English, French or German spelling. This would mean, for example, "kloochman" (from <a href="/wiki/Nootka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootka language">Nootka</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%82uucmaa#Nootka" class="extiw" title="wikt:łuucmaa">łuucmaa</a></i>) for "woman, wife", "house" (English origin) for "house", and "le clou" (French origin) for "nail, claw". This spelling doesn't take into account the actual mainstream pronunciation of the words in Chinook Jargon.</li> <li>Approximate sound-based spelling – With every writer having their own variation of a fairly standardized spelling based on their own dialect, the same examples above could be "tlotchmin, haws, leklo".</li> <li>IPA-based spelling for use on smartphones and early computers – This was used on the Chinook Jargon Listserve in the 1990s and other places where it was difficult or impossible to type using actual IPA symbols. Compare <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a>, another <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> transcription of IPA.</li> <li>IPA-based Grand Ronde spelling – This is only used by speakers of the Grand Ronde dialect in Oregon.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Spelling variations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Listserv symbol<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Grand Ronde variations </th> <th>Other variations </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">?</span>, <span class="texhtml">7</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td>uh<u> Ɂ</u>oh (<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">!</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> (comes <i>after</i> the ejective consonant) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">h</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ʰ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> (comes <i>after</i> the aspirated consonant) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">V̹</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a> (comes <i>after</i> the vowel/consonant to be rounded) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">a</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td> <td>f<u>a</u>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">ay</span>, <span class="texhtml">ai</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ</span> </td> <td>sk<u>y</u>, b<u>i</u>te </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">aw</span>, <span class="texhtml">ow</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʊ</span> </td> <td>c<u>ow</u>, m<u>ou</u>th </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">b</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><u>b</u>ill </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">c</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">ts</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td>po<u>ts</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">ch</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">tj</span>, <span class="texhtml">ty</span>, <span class="texhtml">sh</span>, <span class="texhtml">s</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><u>ch</u>urch </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">e</span>, <span class="texhtml">eh</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td>b<u>e</u>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">E</span>, <span class="texhtml">V</span>, <span class="texhtml">v</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">u</span>, <span class="texhtml">o</span>, <span class="texhtml">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> </td> <td>b<u>u</u>t, m<u>u</u>tt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">ey</span>, <span class="texhtml">ei</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eɪ</span> </td> <td>s<u>ay</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">d</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><u>d</u>og </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">f</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><u> f </u>a t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">g</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td><u> g </u>e t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">h</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td><u>h</u>appy </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">I</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td>b<u> i </u>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">iː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">ee</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td>b<u>e</u>at </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">k</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><u>c</u>ow, an<u>c</u>hor (<a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">kw</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><u>qu</u>een (<a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><u>l</u>ove </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">L</span>, <span class="texhtml">hl</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td>c<u>l</u>ock (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral fricative">lateral fricative</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">tl</span>, <span class="texhtml">thl</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lateral_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral affricate">lateral affricate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">m</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><u>m</u>om </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><u>n</u>o (note that in some native languages and thus CJ dialects, "n" and "l" were pronounced so similarly they would switch between one and the other) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">o</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʊ</span> </td> <td>n<u>o</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">p</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td>s<u>p</u>it (<a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">q</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a></span> </td> <td>deep "<u>qu</u>een" (<a href="/wiki/Uvular" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular">uvular</a> "k" with lips rounded) (<a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td><u>r</u>ob (note that most northern dialects pronounce "l" <br />in place of "r": e.g. "rob" and "lob" are said the same) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><u>s</u>ink </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">sh</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><u>sh</u>oot </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">t</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td>s<u>t</u>yle (<a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">uw</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">oo</span>, <span class="texhtml">u</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td> <td>m<u>oo</u>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">u</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">ê</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td> <td>b<u>oo</u>k, p<u>u</u>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">uy</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uɪ</span> </td> <td>b<u>uoy</u> (depending on dialect) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><u>w</u>ater </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">x</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_fricative" title="Velar fricative">velar fricative</a> (Scottish English "lo<u>ch</u>") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">X</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular fricative">uvular fricative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">y</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="texhtml">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><u>y</u>ear </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Jargon Chinook Alphabet (Grande Ronde):<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></p><div class="hlist"><ul><li>a</li><li>ch</li><li>c’h</li><li>ə</li><li>h</li><li>i</li><li>k</li><li>kʰ</li><li>kw</li><li>kʰw</li><li>k’</li><li>k’w</li><li>l</li><li>ɬ</li><li>m</li><li>n</li><li>p</li><li>pʰ</li><li>p’</li><li>q</li><li>qʰ</li><li>qw</li><li>qʰw</li><li>q’</li><li>q’w</li><li>s</li><li>sh</li><li>t</li><li>tʰ</li><li>t’</li><li>tɬ</li><li>t’ɬ</li><li>ts</li><li>t’s</li><li>u</li><li>w</li><li>x</li><li>xw</li><li>x̣</li><li>x̣w</li><li>y</li><li>ʔ</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_status">Contemporary status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinook_Jargon_place_names" title="List of Chinook Jargon place names">List of Chinook Jargon place names</a></div> <p>Many words are still used throughout Oregon, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, British Columbia, the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, and Alaska. It was the working language in canneries on the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia Coast</a>. Place names throughout this region bear Jargon names and words that are preserved in various rural industries such as logging and fishing. Linguist David Douglas Robertson and others have described Chinook Jargon as part of the shared cultural heritage of modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lanngg_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanngg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Grand_Ronde_Community_of_Oregon" title="Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon">Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon</a> was taking steps to preserve Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool that was conducted in Chinuk Wawa.<sup id="cite_ref-hhs_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-register_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland.<sup id="cite_ref-signals_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signals-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Lane Community College offers two years of Chinuk Wawa study that satisfy the second-language graduation requirements of Oregon public universities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2012, the tribe published a Chinuk Wawa dictionary through <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At her swearing-in as lieutenant governor in 2001, <a href="/wiki/Iona_Campagnolo" title="Iona Campagnolo">Iona Campagnolo</a> concluded her speech in Chinook, saying "<span title="Chinook jargon-language text"><i lang="chn">konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie</i></span>" – Chinook for "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country [British Columbia]", <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">All people go together they make this strange new land</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tyee_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tyee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An art installation featuring Chinook Jargon, "Welcome to the Land of Light" by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tsang_(artist)" title="Henry Tsang (artist)">Henry Tsang</a>, can be viewed on the <a href="/wiki/Seawall_(Vancouver)" title="Seawall (Vancouver)">Seawall</a> along <a href="/wiki/False_Creek" title="False Creek">False Creek</a> in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, between Davie and Drake streets.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translation into Chinook Jargon was done by <a href="/wiki/Duane_Pasco" title="Duane Pasco">Duane Pasco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A short film using Chinook Jargon, <i>Small Pleasures</i> by <a href="/wiki/Karin_Lee" title="Karin Lee">Karin Lee</a>, explores intercultural dialogue between three women of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in 1890s <a href="/wiki/Barkerville" title="Barkerville">Barkerville</a> in northern British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revitalization_attempt">Revitalization attempt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revitalization attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Ronde">Grand Ronde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grand Ronde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, the Grand Ronde reservation in Northern Oregon hired <a href="/wiki/Tony_Johnson_(Chinook)" title="Tony Johnson (Chinook)">Tony Johnson</a>, a Chinook linguist, to head its language program. Chinuk Wawa was chosen due to its strong connection to native identity on the reservation as well as being the only indigenous language still spoken at Grand Ronde.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, there were formal Chinuk Wawa classes taught by Eula Holmes from 1978 until her death in 1986. Eula Holmes' sister, Ila, held informal and sporadic classes to teach the language to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Zenk was brought onto the project in 1998 after having previous experience with the language, documenting it in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Community classes were started in the summer of 1998, and a dictionary was released in 2012. This dictionary was compiled from the Chinuk Wawa of Grand Ronde elders, chiefly from the Hudson, Wacheno and Riggs families.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dictionary features a section on Chinuk Wawa recorded by natives of the lower Columbia but not used by the elders at Grand Ronde.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the tribe made an app spanning traditional and modern vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Native_Americans" title="Administration for Native Americans">Administration for Native Americans</a>, the tribe started an immersion preschool.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A kindergarten was started in 2004 by Kathy Cole, a tribal member and certified teacher, which has since expanded to a half-day immersion K–4 with slots for 25 students at Willamina Elementary School.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cole also started Chinuk Wawa elective classes at <a href="/wiki/Willamina_High_School" title="Willamina High School">Willamina High School</a> in 2011. Students there and at Willamina Middle School can earn high school and college credit for completion of the course.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lane_Community_College" title="Lane Community College">Lane Community College</a> also teaches a two-year course of Chinuk Wawa.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Columbia">British Columbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2012, it was discovered that there was only one person left in British Columbia who had learned Chinook Jargon from Elders. That person was Jay Powell,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> anthropological linguist who had dedicated himself to the revitalization of Indigenous languages. A small group led by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Sullivan" title="Sam Sullivan">Sam Sullivan</a> formed around him, organizing learning sessions and starting the BC Chinook Jargon initiative website.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sullivan's efforts to expand public awareness of Chinook Jargon have included an interview with Powell conducted entirely in that language. The interview was organized through Kumtuks, a British Columbia focused educational video series whose name comes from the Chinook word for knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The online magazine <i>Kaltash Wawa</i> was founded in November 2020 using BC Chinook Jargon and written in Chinuk Pipa, the alphabet based on Dupoyan shorthand.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_English">Influence on English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence on English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Columbian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbian English">British Columbian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a> have several words still in current use which are loanwords from the Chinook Jargon,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the 20th century. These word tend to strongly index a local settler identity.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some words used to be shared with the Yukon, Alberta, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinook_Jargon_words_used_by_English-language_speakers">Chinook Jargon words used by English-language speakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chinook Jargon words used by English-language speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinook_Jargon_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinook Jargon placenames">List of Chinook Jargon placenames</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chinook_Jargon" title="Special:EditPage/Chinook Jargon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Cheechako</b> – 'newcomer'; the word is formed from <i>chee</i> ('new') + <i>chako</i> ('come') and was used to refer to non-native people.</li> <li><b>Chuck</b> – 'water'; and thus <i>saltchuck</i> 'salt water'. <a href="/wiki/Colchuck_Peak" title="Colchuck Peak">Colchuck Peak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colchuck_Glacier" title="Colchuck Glacier">Colchuck Glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Lakes_Wilderness" title="Alpine Lakes Wilderness">Alpine Lakes Wilderness</a> take their name from <a href="/wiki/Colchuck_Lake" title="Colchuck Lake">Colchuck Lake</a>, 'cold water'.<sup id="cite_ref-bright_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Skookumchuck" title="Skookumchuck">Skookum-chuck</a> river means 'strong-water', 'rapids'.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cultus</b> – 'bad, worthless, useless', 'ordinary', or 'evil, taboo'. <i>Cultus iktus</i> means 'worthless junk'.</li> <li><b>Hiyu</b> – less common nowadays, but still heard in some places to mean 'party' or 'gathering'. From the Chinook for 'many, several, lots of'. The Big Hiyu (also known as "The July") was a week-long joint celebration of the July 1 <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Day" title="Dominion Day">Dominion Day</a> and July 4 <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> holidays in the Fraser Canyon town of <a href="/wiki/Lillooet,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillooet, British Columbia">Lillooet</a>, featuring horse races, gambling, a rodeo and other festivities. A <i>tenas hiyu</i> ('small gathering') was on a much smaller scale. The community of <a href="/wiki/West_Seattle" title="West Seattle">West Seattle</a> has celebrated the month of July for more than 75 years with the HiYu Summer Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Iktus</b> – 'stuff'; also pronounced <i>itkus</i> with <i>t</i> and <i>k</i> reversed.</li> <li><b>Klootchman</b> or <b>klootch</b> – in the Jargon meaning simply 'a woman' or 'female" (of anything) – <i>klootchman kiuatan</i> ('mare'), <i>klootchman lecosho</i> ('sow'), <i>tenas klootchman</i> or <i>klootchman tenas</i> ('girl, female child'). Still in use in English in some areas and with people of an older background to mean a First Nations woman, or to refer to the wives/women attached to a certain group in a joking way e.g. "we sent all the klootchman to the kitchen while we played cards". Unlike its male equivalent <i>siwash</i>, <i>klootchman</i> does not generally have a derisive tone nowadays (when used).</li> <li><b>Masi</b> – 'thank you'. In northern British Columbia and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, and used in broadcast English in those areas, the Chinook Jargon adaption of the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">merci</i></span> remains common, i.e. <i>mahsi</i> or <i>masi</i>, with the accent on the first syllable (unlike in French).</li> <li>It is possible that the slang term <a href="/wiki/Slang_terms_for_money" title="Slang terms for money"><i>moolah</i></a>, meaning 'money' in American slang, comes from the Jargon word <i>moolah</i> meaning 'mill' in Chinook (lumber mills were a source of wealth in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific North West">PNW</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mucky muck</b> or <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muckamuck" class="extiw" title="wikt:muckamuck">muckamuck</a></b> – in the Jargon means 'plenty of food' and came to connote one who lived well, thus in colloquial English an important or officious person. On long-distance journeys such as for trade the "muckamuck" of the expedition referred to an experienced trustworthy person (but not necessarily wealthy) chosen to lead the expedition and among other duties was tasked with portioning out and protecting the food supply. Related to this is <i>high muckety muck</i>, or Chinook <i>hyas muckamuck</i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></b> – in Chinook Jargon is a ceremony among certain tribes involving food and exchange of gifts, nowadays sometimes used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Potluck_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Potluck dinner">potluck dinner</a> or sometimes the giving away of personal items to friends.<sup id="cite_ref-bright_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 396">: 396 </span></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quiggly" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiggly">Quiggly, quiggly hole</a></b> – refers to the remains of an old Indian pit-house, or underground house, from <i>kickwillie</i> or <i>kekuli</i>, which in the Jargon means 'down' or 'underneath, beneath'.</li> <li><b>Siwash</b> – (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-wahsh</i></a>) properly a First Nations man, but sometimes used for women as well. The origins and meaning may be considered pejorative and derogatory French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sauvage</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bright_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 452">: 452 </span></sup> When pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sə-<span style="font-size:90%">WAHSH</span></i></a>, with the rhythm of the original French, it is used by modern speakers of the Chinook Jargon in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ronde,_Oregon" title="Grand Ronde, Oregon">Grand Ronde, Oregon</a>, with the context of meaning a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, or as an adjective connoting connection thereto, such as in <a href="/wiki/Siwash_Rock" title="Siwash Rock">Siwash Rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cowichan_knitting" title="Cowichan knitting">Siwash Sweaters</a>. The <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> pronunciation is considered offensive in Grand Ronde.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skookum" title="Skookum">Skookum</a></b> – The most versatile is <i>skookum</i>, which was used in the Jargon either as a verb auxiliary for 'to be able' or an adjective for 'able, strong, big', 'genuine', 'reliable' – which sums up its use in British Columbian English, although there is a wide range of possible usages: <i>skookum house</i> is 'jail', prison' (<i>house</i> in the Jargon could mean anything from a building to a room). "He's a skookum guy" means that the person is solid and reliable, while "we need somebody who's skookum" means that a strong and large person is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A carpenter, after banging a stud into place, might check it and decide, "Yeah, that's skookum". Asking for affirmation, someone might say "is that skookum" or "is that skookum with you?" <i>Skookum</i> can also be translated simply as 'O.K.', but it means something a bit more emphatic.</li> <li><b>Tenas</b> – 'small'.</li> <li><b>Tillicum</b> – 'people/person', 'family', and 'people'.</li> <li><b>Tolo</b> – used in Western Washington to mean a semi-formal dance, analogous to the homecoming ball, to which girls ask boys. From the Chinook for 'to win'.</li> <li><b>Tyee</b> – 'leader, chief, boss'. Also <i>Big Tyee</i> in the context of 'boss' or well-known person. In Campbell River and in the sport-fishing business, a really big chinook salmon is a Tyee. In the Jargon <i>Tyee</i> meant chief, and could also be an adjective denoting 'big', as with <i>tyee salmon</i> or <i>tyee lamel</i> ('boss mule'). A <i>hyas tyee</i> means 'important/big ruler/leader', and is also sometimes used in English in the same way as <i>Big Tyee</i>. e.g. "He was the undisputed hyas tyee of all the country between the <a href="/wiki/Johnstone_Strait" title="Johnstone Strait">Johnstone Strait</a> and Comox". This was also the common title used for the famous chiefs of the early era, such as Maquinna, for whom it was applied by Captain Vancouver and others in the context of 'king'. The <i>Hyas Klootchman Tyee</i> – 'Great Woman Ruler', roughly 'Her Majesty' – was the historical term for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. The word <i>tyee</i> was commonly used and still occurs in some local English usages meaning 'boss' or 'someone in charge'. Business and local political and community figures of a certain stature from some areas are sometimes referred to in the British Columbia papers and histories by the old chiefly name worn by <a href="/wiki/Maquinna" title="Maquinna">Maquinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comcomly" title="Comcomly">Concomly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_(Okanagan_leader)" title="Nicola (Okanagan leader)">Nicola</a>. A man called <i>hyas tyee</i> would have been a senator, a longtime MP or MLA, or a business magnate with a strong local powerbase, long-time connections, and wealth from and because of the area. There is a popular British Columbia news site named <i>The Tyee</i>. Beginning in 1900, <i>Tyee</i> was also the title of the University of Washington yearbook.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_non-natives_known_to_speak_Chinook_Jargon">Notable non-natives known to speak Chinook Jargon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable non-natives known to speak Chinook Jargon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jones_Barnard" title="Francis Jones Barnard">Francis Jones Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Stillman_Barnard" title="Francis Stillman Barnard">Francis Stillman Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Baillie_Begbie" title="Matthew Baillie Begbie">Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">Sir James Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Green_(businessman)" title="Joshua Green (businessman)">Joshua Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Judson" title="Phoebe Judson">Phoebe Goodell Judson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie-Rapha%C3%ABl_Le_Jeune" title="Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune">Father Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_McBride" title="Richard McBride">Sir Richard McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLoughlin" title="John McLoughlin">John McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morley_Roberts" title="Morley Roberts">Morley Roberts</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Service">Robert William Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sullivan" title="Sam Sullivan">Sam Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Winthrop" title="Theodore Winthrop">Theodore Winthrop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinook_Jargon_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinook Jargon placenames">List of Chinook Jargon placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Pidgin_English" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indian Pidgin English">American Indian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">Maritime fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medny_Aleut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medny Aleut language">Medny Aleut language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Jargon" title="Nootka Jargon">Nootka Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_noun#Chinook_Jargon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit noun">Tlingit noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wobbly_lingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wobbly lingo">Wobbly lingo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-apics-online-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apics-online_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apics-online_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrant2013" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Anthony (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apics-online.info/contributions/74">"Chinuk Wawa structure dataset"</a>. <i>Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online</i>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114140553/https://apics-online.info/contributions/74">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Language+Structures+Online&rft.atitle=Chinuk+Wawa+structure+dataset&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapics-online.info%2Fcontributions%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lang_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2008" class="citation book cs1">Lang, George (2008). <i>Making Wawa: The Genesis of Chinook Jargon</i>. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 127–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774815260" title="Special:BookSources/9780774815260"><bdi>9780774815260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Wawa%3A+The+Genesis+of+Chinook+Jargon&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780774815260&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dene-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dene_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ydli.org/bcother/chinook.htm">"Chinook Jargon"</a>. Yinka Dene Language Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinook+Jargon&rft.pub=Yinka+Dene+Language+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ydli.org%2Fbcother%2Fchinook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1863" class="citation web cs1">Gibbs, George (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904223643/http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf">"Dictionary of the Chinook Language, or, Trade Language of Oregon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Abridged ed.). New York: Cramoisy Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2012</span> – via University of Washington Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Chinook+Language%2C+or%2C+Trade+Language+of+Oregon&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Cramoisy+Press&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.washington.edu%2Fcurriculumpackets%2Ftreaties%2FChinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lillard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lillard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lillard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lillard_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillardGlavin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lillard" title="Charles Lillard">Lillard, Charles</a>; Glavin, Terry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicegreatwithin0000lill"><i>A Voice Great Within Us</i></a>. Vancouver: New Star Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0921586566" title="Special:BookSources/0921586566"><bdi>0921586566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voice+Great+Within+Us&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=New+Star+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0921586566&rft.aulast=Lillard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Glavin%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicegreatwithin0000lill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinuk_wawa_dictionary_project_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chinuk Wawa / kakwa nsayka ulman-tili̩xam ɬaska munk-kəmtəks nsayka / As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak It</i>. Chinuk Wawa Dictionary Project / University of Washington Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295991863" title="Special:BookSources/9780295991863"><bdi>9780295991863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinuk+Wawa+%2F+kakwa+nsayka+ulman-tili%CC%A9xam+%C9%ACaska+munk-k%C9%99mt%C9%99ks+nsayka+%2F+As+Our+Elders+Teach+Us+to+Speak+It&rft.pub=Chinuk+Wawa+Dictionary+Project+%2F+University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780295991863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harris_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1994" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Barbara (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1316345">"Chinook Jargon: Arguments for a Pre-Contact Origin"</a>. <i>Pacific Coast Philology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 28–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1316345">10.2307/1316345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1316345">1316345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Coast+Philology&rft.atitle=Chinook+Jargon%3A+Arguments+for+a+Pre-Contact+Origin&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-36&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1316345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1316345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1316345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Francis Drake's 1579 Voyage: Assessing Linguistic Evidence for an Oregon Landing", <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i> 58, no. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melissa Darby, "New Light on the Antiquity of Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa) from Francis Drake's Exploration of the Northwest Coast", <i>Journal of Northwest Anthropology</i>, Fall 2021, Vol. 55 No. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenk" class="citation web cs1">Zenk, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/chinook_jargon/#.YEWynZ1KhPY">"Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa)"</a>. <i>Oregon Encyclopedia</i>. Oregon Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Chinook+Jargon+%28Chinuk+Wawa%29&rft.aulast=Zenk&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fchinook_jargon%2F%23.YEWynZ1KhPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holton_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holton_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holton_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1999" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Jim (1999). <i>Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinook+Jargon%3A+The+Hidden+Language+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1936" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kaltash+Wawa&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaltashwawa.ca%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20181002-north-americas-nearly-forgotten-language">"North America's Nearly Forgotten Language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=North+America%27s+Nearly+Forgotten+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20181002-north-americas-nearly-forgotten-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dollinger, Stefan and Alexandra Doherty. 2023. 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University of Oklahoma Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806135980" title="Special:BookSources/0806135980"><bdi>0806135980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Placenames+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0806135980&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XfxzCm1qa4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1913" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Walter Shelley (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjBOAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Skookum%22&pg=PA86"><i>The Chinook Book: A descriptive analysis of the Chinook Jargon in plain words, giving instructions for pronunciation, construction, expression, and proper speaking of Chinook with all the various shaded meanings of the words</i></a>. Seattle: R. L. Davis Printing Co. pp. 86–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinook+Book%3A+A+descriptive+analysis+of+the+Chinook+Jargon+in+plain+words%2C+giving+instructions+for+pronunciation%2C+construction%2C+expression%2C+and+proper+speaking+of+Chinook+with+all+the+various+shaded+meanings+of+the+words&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=R.+L.+Davis+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjBOAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3D%2522Skookum%2522%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiyu.com">"[Homepage]"</a>. <i>HiYu.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HiYu.com&rft.atitle=%5BHomepage%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiyu.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805211632/http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/money.html#engl">"Cayoosh"</a>. <i>cayoosh.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/money.html#engl">the original</a> on August 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cayoosh.net&rft.atitle=Cayoosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cayoosh.net%2Fhiyu%2Fmoney.html%23engl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirght2004" class="citation book cs1">Birght, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C"><i>Native American Placenames of the United States</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806135980" title="Special:BookSources/0806135980"><bdi>0806135980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Placenames+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0806135980&rft.aulast=Birght&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XfxzCm1qa4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.lib.washington.edu/uwdocsweb/index.html">"University of Washington Yearbooks and Documents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Washington+Yearbooks+and+Documents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.washington.edu%2Fuwdocsweb%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1999" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Douglas (1999). <i>Franz Boas: The Early Years 1858–1906</i>. Vancouver, Toronto, Seattle, and London: Douglas & McIntyre / University of Washington Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295979038" title="Special:BookSources/0295979038"><bdi>0295979038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Boas%3A+The+Early+Years+1858%E2%80%931906&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+Toronto%2C+Seattle%2C+and+London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre+%2F+University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0295979038&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1906" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Morley (1906). <i>The Prey of the Strongest</i>. London: Hurst and Blackett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prey+of+the+Strongest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Morley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/chn" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/chn">Chinook Jargon test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Chinook Jargon, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Chinook_Jargon_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Chinook Jargon language"><i><b>Chinook Jargon language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Note:</b> The Incubator link at right will take you to the Chinuk Wawa test-Wikipedia, which is written in a variation of the standardized orthography of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde which differs significantly from the orthographies used by early linguists and diarists recording other versions of the Jargon: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215011841/http://archon.archives.pdx.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=52&q=chinook">Portland State University Chinook Jargon Collection</a>—dictionaries, books, & journal articles documenting the etymology, grammar, history, origins, and use of the Chinook Jargon trade language collected by Donald W. Bushaw.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjholton.com/cj/">Selected references for students and scholars</a>—including study guides and four dictionaries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929044825/http://timetemple.com/index.php?id=4">British Columbia Time Temple Archive</a> Excellent resource compiling public domain texts written about and in the Chinook Wawa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090839/http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/kamloops.html">Kamloops Wawa page, Chinook Jargon Information Superhighway site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/nw/chinook/index.htm"><i>Chinook Texts</i> by Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422074336/http://www.grandronde.org/ikanum/index.html"><i>ntsayka ikanum (Our Story)</i> Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Culture website</a>—written and spoken examples of elder wawa from Grand Ronde as well as information on the history of the tribe and language.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv14669?q=Thomas%20Wickham%20Prosch%20papers">Thomas Wickham Prosch papers</a>. 1775–1915. 1 linear foot (3 boxes). Includes dictionary of Chinook jargon. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/">University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_e-books">Free e-books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Free e-books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas, Franz</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinookanillust00boasgoog"><i>Chinook: An Illustrative Sketch</i></a>. US Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinook%3A+An+Illustrative+Sketch&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinookanillust00boasgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas, Franz</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinooktexts01boasgoog"><i>Chinook texts</i></a>. US Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinook+texts&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinooktexts01boasgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1890" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Horatio (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:rosettaproject.org:rosettaproject_chn_morsyn-1"><i>An International Idiom: A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or "Chinook Jargon"</i></a>. London: Whittaker & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Idiom%3A+A+Manual+of+the+Oregon+Trade+Language+or+%22Chinook+Jargon%22&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Whittaker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Horatio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.language-archives.org%2Fitem%2Foai%3Arosettaproject.org%3Arosettaproject_chn_morsyn-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1913" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Walter Shelley (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjBOAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Chinook Book: A Descriptive Analysis of the Chinook Jargon in Plain Words, Giving Instructions for Pronunciation, Construction, Expression and Proper Speaking of Chinook with All the Various Shaded Meanings of the Words</i></a>. R. L. Davis Printing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinook+Book%3A+A+Descriptive+Analysis+of+the+Chinook+Jargon+in+Plain+Words%2C+Giving+Instructions+for+Pronunciation%2C+Construction%2C+Expression+and+Proper+Speaking+of+Chinook+with+All+the+Various+Shaded+Meanings+of+the+Words&rft.pub=R.+L.+Davis+Printing+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjBOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatec._1889" class="citation book cs1">Tate, Charles Montgomery (c. 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.16237/3"><i>Chinook as spoken by the Indians of Washington Territory, British Columbia and Alaska for the use of traders, tourists and others who have business intercourse with the Indians: Chinook-English, English-Chinook</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: M. W. Waitt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinook+as+spoken+by+the+Indians+of+Washington+Territory%2C+British+Columbia+and+Alaska+for+the+use+of+traders%2C+tourists+and+others+who+have+business+intercourse+with+the+Indians%3A+Chinook-English%2C+English-Chinook&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=M.+W.+Waitt&rft.aulast=Tate&rft.aufirst=Charles+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiana.ca%2Fview%2Foocihm.16237%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilling1893" class="citation book cs1">Pilling, James Constantine (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibliographychi00ethngoog"><i>Bibliography of the Chinookan Languages (Including the Chinook Jargon)</i></a>. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution / US Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+the+Chinookan+Languages+%28Including+the+Chinook+Jargon%29&rft.pub=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology%2C+Smithsonian+Institution+%2F+US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Pilling&rft.aufirst=James+Constantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibliographychi00ethngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries_online">Dictionaries online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dictionaries online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjholton.com/cj/dictnote.htm">Directory to on-line Jargon dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904223643/http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf">Abridged Chinook Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514063549/http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/">Chinook Jargon history, dictionary and phrasebook</a>—includes annotated version of Shaw's dictionary, augmented by content from other word lists.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1863" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, George (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarychin00gibbgoog"><i>A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: Or, the Trade Language of Oregon</i></a>. Cramoisy Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Chinook+Jargon%3A+Or%2C+the+Trade+Language+of+Oregon&rft.pub=Cramoisy+Press&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarychin00gibbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gillsdictionary01goog"><i>Gill's Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: With examples of use in conversation and notes upon tribes and tongues</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/J._K._Gill_Company" title="J. K. Gill Company">J. K. Gill Company</a>. 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gill%27s+Dictionary+of+the+Chinook+Jargon%3A+With+examples+of+use+in+conversation+and+notes+upon+tribes+and+tongues&rft.pub=J.+K.+Gill+Company&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgillsdictionary01goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1890" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Horatio (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_RLAAAAMAAJ"><i>An International Idiom: A manual of the Oregon trade language, or "Chinock jargon"</i></a>. Whittaker & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Idiom%3A+A+manual+of+the+Oregon+trade+language%2C+or+%22Chinock+jargon%22&rft.pub=Whittaker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Horatio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_RLAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1909" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, George Coombs (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027107899"><i>The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It: A complete and exhaustive lexicon of the oldest trade language of the American continent</i></a>. Rainier Printing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinook+Jargon+and+How+to+Use+It%3A+A+complete+and+exhaustive+lexicon+of+the+oldest+trade+language+of+the+American+continent&rft.pub=Rainier+Printing+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Coombs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027107899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_and_newsletters">News and newsletters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: News and newsletters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duanepasco.com/tw/">Tenas Wawa</a>—Archive of early 1990s newsletter about Chinook Jargon, also includes audio of a song in the Jargon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetyee.ca/Life/2006/01/10/StillSpeakChinook/">Can We Still Speak Chinook?</a> from B.C.'s <i>The Tyee</i>, January 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706030017/http://blog.whereareyourkeys.org/2011/11/23/status-report-chinuk-wawa-language-nights-in-portland/">"Status Report: Chinuk Wawa Language Nights in Portland"</a>. <i>The Where Are Your Keys? LLC blog</i>. November 23, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.whereareyourkeys.org/2011/11/23/status-report-chinuk-wawa-language-nights-in-portland/">the original</a> on July 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Where+Are+Your+Keys%3F+LLC+blog&rft.atitle=Status+Report%3A+Chinuk+Wawa+Language+Nights+in+Portland&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.whereareyourkeys.org%2F2011%2F11%2F23%2Fstatus-report-chinuk-wawa-language-nights-in-portland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinook+Jargon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinook_Jargon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First People's Language Map: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228080137/http://maps.fpcc.ca/node/1503">Chinuk Wawa</a></li> <li>First People's Language Map: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050551/http://maps.fpcc.ca/node/1503/resources">Chinuk Wawa Resources Resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metis" title="Template talk:Metis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/24px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/36px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/48px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> people <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/24px-Metis_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/36px-Metis_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/48px-Metis_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_British_Columbia" title="Métis Nation British Columbia">Métis Nation British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Alberta" title="Métis Nation of Alberta">Métis Nation of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation%E2%80%94Saskatchewan" title="Métis Nation—Saskatchewan">Métis Nation—Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Ontario" title="Métis Nation of Ontario">Métis Nation of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Manitoba Métis Federation">Manitoba Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory_M%C3%A9tis_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Territory Métis Nation (page does not exist)">Northwest Territory Métis Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians">Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis Settlements General Council</a> <small>(Alberta)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia</a> (1870) <small>(Red River Colony)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_St._Laurent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of St. Laurent (page does not exist)">Council of St. Laurent</a> (1873–1878) <small>(Southbranch Settlement)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exovedate" title="Exovedate">Exovedate</a> (1885) <small>(Southbranch Settlement)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_National_Council" title="Métis National Council">Métis National Council</a> <small>(Canada-wide)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Slave_M%C3%A9tis_Alliance" title="North Slave Métis Alliance">North Slave Métis Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a> <small>(Canada-wide)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Alberta Métis Federation">Alberta Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_M%C3%A9tis_Community_Association" title="Vancouver Métis Community Association">Vancouver Métis Community Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_nationale_m%C3%A9tisse_Saint-Joseph_du_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba (page does not exist)">Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Indian trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Indian_trade" title="Scottish Indian trade">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%27%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage 'à la façon du pays'">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_Proclamation" title="Pemmican Proclamation">Pemmican Proclamation</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Committee_of_the_M%C3%A9tis" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Committee of the Métis">The National Committee of the Métis</a> (est. 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbranch_Settlement" title="Southbranch Settlement">Southbranch Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breed_Tract" title="Half-Breed Tract">Half-Breed Tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v._Powley" class="mw-redirect" title="R v. Powley">Powley ruling</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_v_Canada_(Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development)" title="Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)">Daniels ruling</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Canadian Métis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">in Alberta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">US Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s" title="Bois-Brûlés">Bois-Brûlés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="List of Métis people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Population_Betterment_Act" title="Métis Population Betterment Act">Métis Population Betterment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Métis_settlements" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of settlements in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metis_Child_and_Family_Services_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metis Child and Family Services Society (page does not exist)">Metis Child and Family Services Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute" title="Gabriel Dumont Institute">Gabriel Dumont Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivernants" title="Hivernants">Hivernants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag" title="Métis flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis buffalo hunt">Métis buffalo hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Jig" title="Red River Jig">Red River Jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of British Columbia">Languages of British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scw%27exmx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scw'exmx">Scw'exmx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">Sinixt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt language">Sechelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk_dialect" title="Heiltsuk dialect">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oowekyala" title="Oowekyala">Oowekyala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liq%CA%BCwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqʼwala">Liqʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Yukon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Template:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Template talk:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Yukon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Language demographics of Yukon">Languages of Yukon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Dene Zágéʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Häł gołan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Neeʼaandeegnʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tā̀gish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Languages in <i>italics</i> are extinct.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_of_American_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England Englishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yooper_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper English">Upper Michigan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Mormon_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Mormon English">Utah Mormon English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mahican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Pamlico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Refaluwasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook"> Tsinúk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–<br />Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Tututni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenrohronon language">Wenrohronon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cochiti Pueblo</li> <li>San Felipe–Santo Domingo</li> <li>Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos</li> <li>Western Keres</li> <li>Acoma Pueblo</li> <li>Laguna Pueblo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa_language" title="Hidatsa language">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_language" title="Biloxi language">Biloxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catawba_language" title="Catawba language">Catawba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchigamea_language" title="Mitchigamea language">Mitchigamea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moneton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneton language">Moneton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutelo_language" title="Tutelo language">Tutelo-Saponi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woccon_language" title="Woccon language">Woccon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taos dialect">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Piro_Pueblo_language" title="Piro Pueblo language">Piro Pueblo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Ivilyuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Ute-Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yuk-Utian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sierra Miwok language">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palewyami language">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–<br />Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed or trade<br />Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Blackfoot Sign Language</li> <li>Cheyenne Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li> <li>Navajo Sign Language</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i> <ul><li>Ktunaxa Sign Language</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a> <ul><li>Creole Hawai'i Sign Language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Family Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oral settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages<br />(number of speakers<br />in 2021 in millions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a> (41.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (3.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language in the United States">Tagalog</a> (1.7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">Vietnamese</a> (1.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a> (1.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a> (1.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans#Languages" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> (1.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language in the United States">Portuguese</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian</a> (0.9)</li> <li>Hindi (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish language in the United States">Polish</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> (0.5)</li> <li>Urdu (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in the United States">Persian</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu language in the United States">Telugu</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali American">Bengali</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi American">Punjabi</a> (0.3)</li> <li>Serbo-Croatian (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language in the United States">Armenian</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language in the United States">Greek</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong language in the United States">Hmong</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Hebrew</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Khmer</a> (0.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oregon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oregon" title="Template:Languages of Oregon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oregon" title="Template talk:Languages of Oregon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oregon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oregon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oregon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oregon">Languages of Oregon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alsean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsean languages">Alsean</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea (Alséya)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Lower Rogue River (Tututni, Upper Coquille)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galice_language" title="Galice language">Upper Rogue River (Galice-Applegate)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language#Siletz_Dee-ni_language_revitalization" title="Tolowa language">Siletz Dee-ni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinook Jargon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook">Lower Chinook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Chinook">Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanis_language" title="Hanis language">Hanis (Coos)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miluk_language" title="Miluk language">Miluk (Lower Coquille)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya (Santiam)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati))</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell))</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Penutian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Coast Penutian languages">Oregon Coast Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umatilla_language" title="Umatilla language">Umatilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">French Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li></ul> 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalog language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninilchik_Russian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninilchik Russian dialect">Ninilchik dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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