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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sign_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sign production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sign variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>History and implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stigma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fingerspelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fingerspelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Fingerspelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fingerspelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Iconicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American Sign Language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة الإشارة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الإشارة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_de_signos_americana" title="Llingua de signos americana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua de signos americana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آمریکا ایشاره دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا ایشاره دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Амэрыканская жэставая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амэрыканская жэставая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_ar_Sino%C3%B9_Amerikanek" title="Yezh ar Sinoù Amerikanek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh ar Sinoù Amerikanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_de_signes_estatunidenca" title="Llengua de signes estatunidenca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua de signes estatunidenca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Амслен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Амслен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_di_i_cenni_americana" title="Lingua di i cenni americana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua di i cenni americana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_Arwyddion_America" title="Iaith Arwyddion America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith Arwyddion America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL" title="ASL – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ASL" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Sign Language" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91" title="Νοηματική γλώσσα ΗΠΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοηματική γλώσσα ΗΠΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ngva_di_s%C3%A8gn_americ%C3%A0na" title="Lèngva di sègn americàna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lèngva di sègn americàna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_de_signos_estadounidense" title="Lengua de signos estadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua de signos estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_signolingvo" title="Usona signolingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona signolingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikar_keinu_hizkuntza" title="Amerikar keinu hizkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amerikar keinu hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان اشاره آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اشاره آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="American Sign Language" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_des_signes_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Langue des signes américaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue des signes américaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_dai_signse_americane" title="Lenghe dai signse americane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe dai signse americane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengey_Chowree_Americaanagh" title="Çhengey Chowree Americaanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengey Chowree Americaanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_de_sinais_americana" title="Lingua de sinais americana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua de sinais americana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%88%98%ED%99%94" title="미국 수화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 수화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ամերիկյան ժեստերի լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկյան ժեստերի լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_znakovni_jezik" title="Američki znakovni jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki znakovni jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Amerika" title="Bahasa Isyarat Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Isyarat Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dei_segni_americana" title="Lingua dei segni americana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua dei segni americana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפת הסימנים האמריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת הסימנים האמריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gesticulatoria_Americana" title="Lingua gesticulatoria Americana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua gesticulatoria Americana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerik%C4%81%C5%86u_z%C4%ABmju_valoda" title="Amerikāņu zīmju valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikāņu zīmju valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_di_Segni_American-a" title="Lengua di Segni American-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua di Segni American-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ngua_dei_s%C3%A8gn_americ%C3%A0na" title="Lèngua dei sègn americàna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lèngua dei sègn americàna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_tas-Sinjali_Amerikana" title="Lingwa tas-Sinjali Amerikana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa tas-Sinjali Amerikana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_tangan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Abjad tangan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad tangan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_Gebarentaal" title="Amerikaanse Gebarentaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse Gebarentaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" title="アメリカ手話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ手話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaggio_d%22e_signe_mmerecano" title="Lenguaggio d"e signe mmerecano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lenguaggio d"e signe mmerecano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_tegnspr%C3%A5k" title="Amerikansk tegnspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikansk tegnspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_dij_segn_american-a" title="Lenga dij segn american-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga dij segn american-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_de_sinais_americana" title="Língua de sinais americana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua de sinais americana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_da_segns_americana" title="Lingua da segns americana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua da segns americana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Амслен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амслен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_de_sos_sinnos_americana" title="Limba de sos sinnos americana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba de sos sinnos americana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Leid" title="American Sign Leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="American Sign Leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_d%C3%AE_Signa_Miricana" title="Lingua dî Signa Miricana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua dî Signa Miricana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Sign Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آمريڪي علامتي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آمريڪي علامتي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikkalainen_viittomakieli" title="Amerikkalainen viittomakieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikkalainen viittomakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanskt_teckenspr%C3%A5k" title="Amerikanskt teckenspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikanskt teckenspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_de_le_signe_americhene" title="Lenghe de le signe americhene – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lenghe de le signe americhene" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_%C4%B0%C5%9Faret_Dili" title="Amerikan İşaret Dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan İşaret Dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Американська жестова мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська жестова мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امریکی اشاراتی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امریکی اشاراتی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngoa_dei_s%C3%A9gni_m%C3%A8ricana" title="Łéngoa dei ségni mèricana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngoa dei ségni mèricana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_k%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87u_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Mỹ" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sign language used predominantly in the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ASL" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ASL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ASL (disambiguation)">ASL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Canadian Sign Language" redirects here. For French Canadian Sign Language, see <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a>. For the sign language specific to Canada's Atlantic provinces, see <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: silver;">American Sign Language</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;">Visual American Sign Language</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg/250px-American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg/375px-American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg/500px-American_Sign_Language_ASL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Signers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Native signers: 730,000 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> signers: 130,000 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">French Sign</a>-based (possibly a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> with <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a>) <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>American Sign Language</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Varieties of American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None are widely accepted <br /> <a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a> (ASLwrite), <a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a>, <a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">none</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">through legislation: <a href="/wiki/Accessible_Canada_Act" title="Accessible Canada Act">Canada (federal)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Accessible_Saskatchewan_Act" title="Accessible Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan (provincial)</a>; Ontario (provincial) only in domains of: legislation, education and judiciary proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through resolutions: Alberta, Manitoba.<br />45 US states and DC formally recognize ASL in state law; Five states recognize ASL for educational foreign language requirements, but have not formally recognized ASL as a language in their legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ase" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ase">ase</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/asli1244">asli1244</a></code>  ASL family<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/amer1248">amer1248</a></code>  ASL proper</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ASL_map_(world).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ASL_map_%28world%29.svg/320px-ASL_map_%28world%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ASL_map_%28world%29.svg/480px-ASL_map_%28world%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ASL_map_%28world%29.svg/640px-ASL_map_%28world%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1E88E5; color:black;"> </span> Areas where ASL or a dialect/derivative thereof is the national sign language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FB8C00; color:black;"> </span> Areas where ASL is in significant use alongside another sign language</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>American Sign Language</b> (<b>ASL</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that serves as the predominant <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deaf_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf communities">Deaf communities</a> in the United States and most of <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone Canadians">Anglophone Canada</a>. ASL is a complete and organized <a href="/wiki/Visual_language" title="Visual language">visual language</a> that is expressed by employing both manual and <a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">nonmanual features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides North America, dialects of ASL and ASL-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> are used in many countries around the world, including much of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. ASL is also widely learned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. ASL is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (LSF). It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF, although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative morphology</a>. </p><p>ASL originated in the early 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a> (ASD) in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, from a situation of <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>. Since then, ASL use has been propagated widely by schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations. Despite its wide use, no accurate count of ASL users has been taken. Reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250,000 to 500,000 persons, including a number of <a href="/wiki/Children_of_deaf_adults" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of deaf adults">children of deaf adults</a>(CODA) and other hearing individuals. </p><p>Signs in ASL have a number of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> components, such as movement of the face, the torso, and the hands. ASL is not a form of <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">pantomime</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a> plays a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages. English <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> are often borrowed through <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>, although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English. ASL has verbal <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspectual</a> marking and has a productive system of forming agglutinative <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a>. Many linguists believe ASL to be a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> language. However, there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv/220px--American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv/American_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAmerican_Sign_Language_demo_-_Travis_Dougherty.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Travis Dougherty explains and demonstrates the ASL alphabet. Voice-over interpretation by Gilbert G. Lensbower.</figcaption></figure> <p>ASL emerged as a language in the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a> (ASD), founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a> in 1817,<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> which brought together <a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a> systems. ASL was created in that situation by <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>The influence of French Sign Language (LSF) on ASL is readily apparent; for example, it has been found that about 58% of signs in modern ASL are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to Old French Sign Language signs.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> However, that is far less than the standard 80% measure used to determine whether related languages are actually <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> That suggests nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students although the school's original director, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a>, taught in LSF.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> In fact, Clerc reported that he often learned the students' signs rather than conveying LSF:<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I see, however, and I say it with regret, that any efforts that we have made or may still be making, to do better than, we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l'Épée. Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils, instead of learning them from well instructed and experienced teachers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Clerc, 1852, from Woodward 1978:336</cite></div></blockquote> <p>It has been proposed that ASL is a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> in which LSF is the <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a> language and the native village sign languages are <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (linguistics)">substrate</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-kegl_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kegl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 493">: 493 </span></sup> However, more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages.<sup id="cite_ref-kegl_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kegl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 501">: 501 </span></sup> ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time, but it is also possible that it was never a creole-type language.<sup id="cite_ref-kegl_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kegl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 501">: 501 </span></sup> There are modality-specific reasons that signed languages tend towards <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>, such as the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face, head, torso, and other body parts. That might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Isolating_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolating morphology">isolating morphology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kegl_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kegl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 502">: 502 </span></sup> Additionally, Clerc and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet</a> may have used an artificially constructed form of <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">manually coded language</a> in instruction rather than true LSF.<sup id="cite_ref-kegl_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kegl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 497">: 497 </span></sup> </p><p>Although the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia share English as a common oral and written language, ASL is not mutually intelligible with either <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL) or <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English, but that alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> It has been found that a relatively high percentage (37–44%) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan, which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> However, that does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan, and it is likely that the resemblance is caused by the higher degree of <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a> in sign languages in general as well as contact with English.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>American Sign Language is growing in popularity in many states. Many high school and university students desire to take it as a foreign language, but until recently, it was usually not considered a creditable foreign language elective. ASL users, however, have a very distinct culture, and they interact very differently when they talk. Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are communicating. They also have their own sentence structure, which sets the language apart.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American Sign Language is now being accepted by many colleges as a language eligible for foreign language course credit;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many states are making it mandatory to accept it as such.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some states however, this is only true with regard to high school coursework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_interpreter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="signing man sitting in the foreground, with a speaker standing at a podium in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sign_language_interpreter.jpg/170px-Sign_language_interpreter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sign_language_interpreter.jpg/255px-Sign_language_interpreter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sign_language_interpreter.jpg/340px-Sign_language_interpreter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A sign language interpreter at a presentation</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the birth of ASL, sign language had been used by various communities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> In the United States, as elsewhere in the world, hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a>, which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> As early as 1541 at first contact by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</a>, there were reports that the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains</a> widely spoke <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">a sign language</a> to communicate across vast national and linguistic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, a "triangle" of <a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign languages</a> developed in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>: one in <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>, Massachusetts; one in <a href="/wiki/Henniker,_New_Hampshire" title="Henniker, New Hampshire">Henniker, New Hampshire</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley,_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy River Valley, Maine">Sandy River Valley, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_Pillard_French_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_Pillard_French-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a> (MVSL), which was particularly important for the history of ASL, was used mainly in <a href="/wiki/Chilmark,_Massachusetts" title="Chilmark, Massachusetts">Chilmark, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s, and the <a href="/wiki/Recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive">recessive</a> nature of genetic deafness, Chilmark had a high 4% rate of genetic deafness.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present,<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> and also in some situations where spoken language would be ineffective or inappropriate, such as during church sermons or between boats at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Groce1985_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groce1985-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ASL is thought to have originated in the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a> (ASD), founded in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Originally known as <i>The American Asylum, At Hartford, For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb</i>, the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asd_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asd-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dhm_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallaudet, inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cogswell" title="Alice Cogswell">Alice Cogswell</a>, traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-asd_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asd-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_Jeunes_Sourds_de_Paris" title="Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris">Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris</a>, and convinced <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a>, an assistant to the school's founder <a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Charles-Michel de l'Épée</a>, to accompany him back to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-asd_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asd-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return, Gallaudet founded the ASD on April 15, 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-asd_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asd-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha's Vineyard, and they brought MVSL with them.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> There were also 44 students from around Henniker, New Hampshire, and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine, each of which had their own village sign language.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Laurent Clerc, the first teacher at ASD, taught using <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (LSF), which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> From that situation of <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>, a new language emerged, now known as ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASL_convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="man standing on a stage in the foreground addressing a seated crowd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ASL_convention.jpg/220px-ASL_convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ASL_convention.jpg/330px-ASL_convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ASL_convention.jpg/440px-ASL_convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>American Sign Language Convention of March 2008 in Austin, Texas</figcaption></figure> <p>More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD, and knowledge of ASL spread to those schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> In addition, the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Societies such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_the_Deaf_(United_States)" title="National Association of the Deaf (United States)">National Association of the Deaf</a> and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> All of that contributed to ASL's wide use over a large geographical area, atypical of a sign language.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Oralism" title="Oralism">oralism</a>, an approach to educating deaf students focusing on oral language, had previously been used in American schools, the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Congress">Milan Congress</a> made it dominant and effectively banned the use of sign languages at schools in the United States and Europe. However, the efforts of Deaf advocates and educators, more lenient enforcement of the Congress's mandate, and the use of ASL in religious education and proselytism ensured greater use and documentation compared to European sign languages, albeit more influenced by fingerspelled loanwords and borrowed idioms from English as students were societally pressured to achieve fluency in spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawDelaporte2015xii-xiv_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawDelaporte2015xii-xiv-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, oralism remained the predominant method of deaf education up to the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-stokoe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists did not consider sign language to be true "language" but as something inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-stokoe_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by <a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a>, a linguist who arrived at <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a> in 1955 when that was still the dominant assumption.<sup id="cite_ref-stokoe_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aided by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="1960s in the United States">1960s</a>, Stokoe argued for <a href="/wiki/Manualism" title="Manualism">manualism</a>, the use of sign language in deaf education.<sup id="cite_ref-stokoe_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication, and even devised a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> system for ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-stokoe_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-stokoe_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, ASL was sometimes referred to as "Ameslan", but that term is now considered obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing; in fact, the name "ASL" was not yet in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL users in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> That accounts for currently-cited estimations that are greater than 500,000; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1, 21">: 1, 21 </span></sup> A 100,000-person lower bound has been cited for ASL users; the source of that figure is unclear, but it may be an estimate of <a href="/wiki/Prelingual_deafness" title="Prelingual deafness">prelingual deafness</a>, which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15, 22">: 15, 22 </span></sup> Those figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population "requiring an interpreter in court".<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15, 22">: 15, 22 </span></sup> Although that would make ASL the third-most used language among <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolinguals</a> other than English, it does not imply that it is the fourth-most-spoken language in the United States since speakers of other languages may also speak English.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASL is used throughout <a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo-America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> That contrasts with Europe, where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf, wherein ASL originated, and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf.<sup id="cite_ref-padden_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–14">: 12–14 </span></sup> </p><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, ASL-based sign languages are signed by educated Deaf adults.<sup id="cite_ref-nyst_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyst-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 410">: 410 </span></sup> Such languages, imported by boarding schools, are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries and are named accordingly, such as <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyst_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyst-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 410">: 410 </span></sup> Such signing systems are found in <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyst_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyst-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 406">: 406 </span></sup> Due to lack of data, it is still an open question how similar those sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America.<sup id="cite_ref-nyst_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyst-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 411">: 411 </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to the aforementioned West African countries, ASL is reported to be used as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (alongside <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian Sign Language</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASL is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> throughout the deaf world, widely learned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_production">Sign production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sign production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sign production can often vary according to location. Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease. Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively quicker and sharper. Sign production of native Californian signers has also been reported as being fast. Research on that phenomenon often concludes that the fast-paced production for signers from the coasts could be due to the fast-paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas. That conclusion also supports how the ease with which Southerners sign could be caused by the easygoing environment of the South in comparison to that of the coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sign production can also vary depending on age and native language. For example, sign production of letters may vary in older signers. Slight differences in finger spelling production can be a signal of age. Additionally, signers who learned American Sign Language as a second language vary in production. For Deaf signers who learned a different sign language before learning American Sign Language, qualities of their native language may show in their ASL production. Some examples of that varied production include fingerspelling towards the body, instead of away from it, and signing certain movement from bottom to top, instead of top to bottom. Hearing people who learn American Sign Language also have noticeable differences in signing production. The most notable production difference of hearing people learning American Sign Language is their rhythm and arm posture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_variants">Sign variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sign variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most popularly, there are variants of the signs for English words such as "birthday", "pizza", "Halloween", "early", and "soon", just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variants based on regional change. The sign for "school" is commonly varied between black and white signers; the variants used by black signers are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_84_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social variation is also found between citation forms and forms used by Deaf gay men for words such as "pain" and "protest".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_implications">History and implications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History and implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prevalence of residential Deaf schools can account for much of the regional variance of signs and sign productions across the United States. Deaf schools often serve students of the state in which the school resides. That limited access to signers from other regions, combined with the residential quality of Deaf Schools promoted specific use of certain sign variants. Native signers did not have much access to signers from other regions during the beginning years of their education. It is hypothesized that because of that seclusion, certain variants of a sign prevailed over others due to the choice of variant used by the student of the school/signers in the community. </p><p>However, American Sign Language does not appear to be vastly varied in comparison to other signed languages. That is because when Deaf education was beginning in the United States, many educators flocked to the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, whose central location for the first generation of educators in Deaf education to learn American Sign Language allows ASL to be more standardized than its variant.<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_84_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Varieties of American Sign Language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Variants of ABOUT in Canadian ASL</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/About-_General_sign.ogv/200px--About-_General_sign.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="About-_General_sign.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/About-_General_sign.ogv/About-_General_sign.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/About-_General_sign.ogv/About-_General_sign.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/About-_General_sign.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/About-_General_sign.ogv/About-_General_sign.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/About-_General_sign.ogv/About-_General_sign.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">About – General sign (Canadian ASL)<sup id="cite_ref-about_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv/200px--About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv/About-_Atlantic_Variation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">About – Atlantic Variation (Canadian ASL)<sup id="cite_ref-about_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv/200px--About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv/About-_Ontario_Variation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">About – Ontario Variation (Canadian ASL)<sup id="cite_ref-about_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Varieties of ASL are found throughout the <a href="#Geographic_distribution">world</a>. There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Just as there are accents in speech, there are regional accents in sign. People from the South sign slower than people in the North—even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker1987" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Lou Ann (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lossforwordsstor00walk/page/31"><i>A Loss for Words: The Story of Deafness in a Family</i></a>. New York: HarperPerennial. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lossforwordsstor00walk/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091425-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091425-7"><bdi>978-0-06-091425-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Loss+for+Words%3A+The+Story+of+Deafness+in+a+Family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-091425-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Lou+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flossforwordsstor00walk%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a> among those ASL varieties is high, and the variation is primarily <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">lexical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there are three different words for English <i>about</i> in Canadian ASL; the standard way, and two regional variations (Atlantic and Ontario).<sup id="cite_ref-about_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variation may also be <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a>, meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region. For example, an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes /1/, /L/, and /5/ in signs with one handshape.<sup id="cite_ref-lbv36_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbv36-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a> evolved as a result of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States#Education" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racially segregated schools</a> in some states, which included the residential schools for the deaf.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary, phonology, and some grammatical structure.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-solomon_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> While <a href="/wiki/African_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American English">African American English</a> (AAE) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English, Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL, preserving older forms of many signs.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Black sign language speakers use more two-handed signs than in mainstream ASL, are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead (e.g. KNOW) and use a wider signing space.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE; for instance, the AAE idiom "I feel you" is <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> into Black ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>ASL is used internationally as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in those imported ASL varieties. <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a> is reported to be a dialect of ASL, no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages. For example, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a>, which has ASL origins, is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some imported ASL varieties, such as those used in West Africa, it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-nyst_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyst-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 411">: 411 </span></sup> </p><p>When communicating with hearing English speakers, ASL-speakers often use what is commonly called <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Signed_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Signed English">Pidgin Signed English</a> (PSE) or 'contact signing', a blend of English structure with ASL vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deaflib_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deaflib-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various types of PSE exist, ranging from highly English-influenced PSE (practically <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexified</a> English) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically, but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-deaflib_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deaflib-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxv_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been some <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed sign languages</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Manually Coded English">Manually Coded English</a> (MCE), which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs; those systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deaflib_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deaflib-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tactile_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactile ASL">Tactile ASL</a> (TASL) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the <a href="/wiki/Deaf-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf-blind">deaf-blind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly common among those with <a href="/wiki/Usher%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher's syndrome">Usher's syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life; consequently, those with Usher's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL, and later transition to TASL.<sup id="cite_ref-usher_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usher-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms, and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of <a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_signing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmanual signing">nonmanual signing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ASL changes over time and from generation to generation. The sign for telephone has changed as the shape of phones and the manner of holding them have changed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of telephones with screens has also changed ASL, encouraging the use of signs that can be seen on small screens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stigma">Stigma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stigma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37,000 signatures to <i>officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools</i>. The response is titled "there shouldn't be any stigma about American Sign Language" and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing. Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children's lives when they can access languages most effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Beth_S._Benedict" title="Beth S. Benedict">Beth S. Benedict</a> advocate not only for <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> (using ASL and English training) but also for <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_intervention" title="Early childhood intervention">early childhood intervention</a> for children who are deaf. York University psychologist <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Bialystok" title="Ellen Bialystok">Ellen Bialystok</a> has also campaigned for bilingualism, arguing that those who are bilingual acquire cognitive skills that may help to prevent dementia later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most children born to deaf parents are hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-bh_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> Known as <a href="/wiki/Child_of_deaf_adult" title="Child of deaf adult">CODAs</a> ("Children of Deaf Adults"), they are often more <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">culturally Deaf</a> than deaf children, most of whom are born to hearing parents.<sup id="cite_ref-bh_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> Unlike many deaf children, CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth.<sup id="cite_ref-bh_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being "slow learners" or as having "language difficulties" because of preferential attitudes towards spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-bh_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195">: 195 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASL_in_Stokoe_notation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="text written in Stokoe notation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ASL_in_Stokoe_notation.png/220px-ASL_in_Stokoe_notation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/ASL_in_Stokoe_notation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="59" /></a><figcaption>The ASL phrase "American Sign Language", written in <a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although there is no well-established writing system for ASL,<sup id="cite_ref-sup_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sup-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written sign language dates back almost two centuries. The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of <a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Auguste_B%C3%A9bian" title="Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian">Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian</a>, developed in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup> However, written sign language remained marginal among the public.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> In the 1960s, linguist William Stokoe created <a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a> specifically for ASL. It is alphabetic, with a letter or <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> for every <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> (distinctive) hand shape, orientation, motion, and position, though it lacks any representation of facial expression, and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong,_David_F._2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong,_David_F._2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stokoe used that system for his 1965 <i>A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ase-AMERICAN_SIGN_LANGUAGE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="text written in Sutton SignWriting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Ase-AMERICAN_SIGN_LANGUAGE.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>The ASL phrase "American Sign Language", written in <a href="/wiki/Sutton_SignWriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton SignWriting">Sutton SignWriting</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a>, proposed in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode Standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EversonUnicode_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EversonUnicode-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs/glyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> Currently, it is in use in many schools for the Deaf, particularly in Brazil, and has been used in <a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a> forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries, including Brazil, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Tunisia, and the United States. Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere that oral languages are written (personal letters, newspapers, and media, academic research). The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet (ISWA) as an equivalent usage structure to the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> for spoken languages has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some researchers, SignWriting is not a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a> and does not have a one-to-one map from phonological forms to written forms.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> That assertion has been disputed, and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic/morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc. Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elsewhere involving SignWriting. The ASL Wikipedia request was marked as eligible in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the test ASL Wikipedia has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting. </p><p>The most widely used <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> system among academics is <a href="/wiki/HamNoSys" class="mw-redirect" title="HamNoSys">HamNoSys</a>, developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> Based on Stokoe Notation, HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols, though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> </p><p>Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=SignFont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SignFont (page does not exist)">SignFont</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">Si5s</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brief_Comparison_of_ASL_Writing_Systems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brief_Comparison_of_ASL_Writing_Systems.jpg/450px-Brief_Comparison_of_ASL_Writing_Systems.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Brief_Comparison_of_ASL_Writing_Systems.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="134" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of ASL writing systems: Sutton SignWriting, Si5s, Stokoe notation, SignFont, and ASLphabet</figcaption></figure> <p>For English-speaking audiences, ASL is often <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">glossed</a> using English words. Such glosses are typically all-capitalized and are arranged in ASL order. For example, the ASL sentence <i>DOG NOW CHASE>IX=3 CAT</i>, meaning "the dog is chasing the cat", uses NOW to mark ASL <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive aspect</a> and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person (<i>>IX=3</i>). However, glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-sup_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sup-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language phonology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">Distinctive features</a> in ASL</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V@InForward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ASL sign for the number 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/V%40InForward.jpg/150px-V%40InForward.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/V%40InForward.jpg/225px-V%40InForward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/V%40InForward.jpg/300px-V%40InForward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Phonemic handshape /2/<br />[+ closed thumb]<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3@InForward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ASL sign for the number 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/3%40InForward.jpg/150px-3%40InForward.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/3%40InForward.jpg/225px-3%40InForward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/3%40InForward.jpg/300px-3%40InForward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Phonemic handshape /3/<br />[− closed thumb]<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components, generally referred to as parameters. A sign may use one hand or both. All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages, which are <a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">handshape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">palm orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">location</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmanual marker">nonmanual markers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages, those parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changing any one of them may change the meaning of a sign, as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>THINK<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Handshape </th> <td>Closed fist with index finger extended </td></tr> <tr> <th>Orientation </th> <td>Facing signer's body </td></tr> <tr> <th>Location </th> <td>Tip of finger in contact with forehead </td></tr> <tr> <th>Movement </th> <td>Unidirectional single contacting movement </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>DISAPPOINTED<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Handshape </th> <td>(as for THINK) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Orientation </th> <td>(as for THINK) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Location </th> <td>Tip of finger in contact with chin </td></tr> <tr> <th>Movement </th> <td>(as for THINK) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are also meaningful <a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmanual signals">nonmanual signals</a> in ASL,<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> which may include movement of the eyebrows, the cheeks, the nose, the head, the torso, and the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a> proposed that such components are analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of spoken languages.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 601:15">: 601:15 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been a proposal that they are analogous to classes like <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vhc_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 601:15">: 601:15 </span></sup> As in spoken languages, those phonological units can be split into <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">distinctive features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> For instance, the handshapes /2/ and /3/ are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature [± closed thumb], as illustrated to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> ASL has processes of <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonotactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonotactic">phonotactic</a> restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12, 19">: 12, 19 </span></sup> There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> in spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American Sign Language grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASL_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two men and a woman signing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ASL_family.jpg/220px-ASL_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ASL_family.jpg/330px-ASL_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ASL_family.jpg/440px-ASL_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Two men and a woman signing</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASL has a rich system of verbal <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, which involves both <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">grammatical aspect</a>: how the action of verbs flows in time—and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> marking.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–28">: 27–28 </span></sup> Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb; for example, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous aspect">continuous aspect</a> is marked by incorporating rhythmic, circular movement, while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–28">: 27–28 </span></sup> Verbs may agree with both the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">subject</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical object">object</a>, and are marked for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> and reciprocity.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> Reciprocity is indicated by using two one-handed signs; for example, the sign SHOOT, made with an L-shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb, inflects to SHOOT<sub>[reciprocal]</sub>, articulated by having two L-shaped hands "shooting" at each other.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>ASL has a productive system of <a href="/wiki/Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages" title="Classifier constructions in sign languages">classifiers</a>, which are used to classify objects and their movement in space.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> For example, a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill-directed path; if the rabbit is hopping, the path is executed with a bouncy manner.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> In general, classifiers are composed of a "classifier handshape" <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound</a> to a "movement root".<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole, incorporating such attributes as surface, depth, and shape, and is usually very iconic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement root consists of a path, a direction and a manner.<sup id="cite_ref-bahan_7-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>In linguistics, there are two primary ways of changing the form of a word: derivation and inflection. Derivation involves creating new words by adding something to an existing word, while inflection involves changing the form of a word to convey grammatical information without altering its fundamental meaning or category. </p><p>For example, adding the suffix "-ship" to the noun "friend" creates the new word "friendship", which has a different meaning than the original word. Inflection, on the other hand, involves modifying a word's form to indicate grammatical features such as tense, number, gender, person, case, and degree of comparison. </p><p>In American Sign Language (ASL), inflection is conveyed through facial expressions, body movements, and other non-manual markers. For instance, to indicate past tense in ASL, one might sign the present tense of a verb (such as "walk"), and then add a facial expression and head tilt to signify that the action occurred in the past (i.e., "walked"). </p><p>According to the book Linguistics of American Sign Language, ASL signs have two main components: hold segments and movement segments. Hold segments consist of hand-shape, location, orientation, and non-manual features, while movement segments possess similar features. </p><p>Morphology is the study of how languages form words by using smaller units to construct larger units. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is known as a "morpheme", with some morphemes able to stand alone as independent units (free morphemes), while others must occur with other morphemes (bound morphemes). </p><p>For example, the plural "-s" and third person "-s" in English are bound morphemes. In ASL, the 3 handshape in signs like THREE-WEEKS and THREE-MONTHS are also bound morphemes. </p><p>Affixes, which are morphemes added to words to create new words or modify their meanings, are part of the derivational process. For example, in English, prefixes like "re-" and suffixes like "-able" are affixes. In ASL, affixation can be used to modify the sign for CHAIR to indicate different types of chairs. The inflectional process, on the other hand, adds grammatical information to existing units. </p><p>By studying morphemes and how they can be combined or modified, linguists gain insight into the underlying structure of language and the creative ways in which it can be used to express meaning. Understanding morphology is essential to understanding how languages are built and how new signs or words can be formed. </p><p>Furthermore, understanding morphology has practical applications in language learning and teaching. For example, teaching students the basic morphological structures of a language can help them to better understand the language's grammar and syntax, and can also aid in their acquisition of new vocabulary. </p><p>In summary, morphology is an essential component of language and provides valuable insights into the structure and function of languages. By understanding the morphological processes involved in language formation, we can gain a deeper understanding of how languages work and how they can be effectively taught and learned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fingerspelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="chart of letters in the American manual alphabet, with Latin script equivalents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg/240px-Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg/360px-Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg/480px-Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>The American manual alphabet and numbers</figcaption></figure> <p>American Sign Language possesses a set of 26 signs known as the <a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American manual alphabet</a>, which can be used to spell out words from the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxiv_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxiv-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is rather a representation of the English alphabet, and not a unique alphabet of ASL, although commonly labeled as the "ASL alphabet".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is borrowed from French Sign Language (LSF), as much of ASL is derived from LSF.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL. For example, the signs for 'p' and 'k' use the same handshape but different orientations. A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling; although such a method (<a href="/wiki/Rochester_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester Method">Rochester Method</a>) has been used, it is not ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxv_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fingerspelling is a form of <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowing</a>, a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxv_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ASL, fingerspelling is used for <a href="/wiki/Proper_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper nouns">proper nouns</a> and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxv_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled, either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words, e.g. <i>O-N</i> from English 'on', and <i>A-P-T</i> from English 'apartment'.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxv_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxv_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASL is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO) language, but various phenomena affect that basic word order.<sup id="cite_ref-Neidle_2000_59_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neidle_2000_59-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses:<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_84_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">FATHER</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">LOVE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">CHILD</p></div><p style="display: none;">FATHER LOVE CHILD</p><p style="clear: left;">"The father loves the child."<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_84_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, other word orders may also occur since ASL allows the <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a> of a sentence to be moved to sentence-initial position, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">topicalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">object–subject–verb</a> (OSV) sentences, the object is topicalized, marked by a forward head-tilt and a pause:<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_86_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_86-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">CHILD<sup>topic</sup>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">FATHER</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">LOVE</p></div><p style="display: none;">CHILD<sup>topic</sup>, FATHER LOVE</p><p style="clear: left;">"The father loves the child."<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_86_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_86-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Besides, word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy in which the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence, accompanied by head nodding for clarification or emphasis:<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_84_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">FATHER</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">LOVE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">CHILD</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">FATHER<sup>copy</sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">FATHER LOVE CHILD FATHER<sup>copy</sup></p><p style="clear: left;">"The father loves the child."<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_84_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>ASL also allows <a href="/wiki/Null_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Null subject">null subject</a> sentences whose subject is implied, rather than stated explicitly. Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence, and the subject is then omitted from its original position, yielding a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">verb–object–subject</a> (VOS) construction:<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_86_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_86-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">LOVE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">CHILD</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">FATHER<sup>copy</sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">LOVE CHILD FATHER<sup>copy</sup></p><p style="clear: left;">"The father loves the child."<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_86_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_86-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Topicalization, accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy, can produce yet another word order, <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">object–verb–subject</a> (OVS). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">CHILD<sup>topic</sup>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">LOVE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ase" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">FATHER<sup>copy</sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">CHILD<sup>topic</sup>, LOVE FATHER<sup>copy</sup></p><p style="clear: left;">"The father loves the child."<sup id="cite_ref-Valli_2005_86_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valli_2005_86-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Those properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders, leading many to question which is the true, underlying, "basic" order. There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL. One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a> structure whose words are ordered by their importance in the sentence, rather than by their syntactic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits <a href="/wiki/Free_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Free word order">free word order</a>, in which syntax is not encoded in word order but can be encoded by other means such as head nods, eyebrow movement, and body position.<sup id="cite_ref-Neidle_2000_59_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neidle_2000_59-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconicity">Iconicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iconicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common misconceptions are that signs are iconically self-explanatory, that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean, or even that they are <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxiii_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxiii-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, many signs bear no resemblance to their referent because they were originally arbitrary symbols, or their iconicity has been obscured over time.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxiii_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxiii-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, in ASL <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a> plays a significant role; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-l60_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l60-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That may be because the medium of sign, three-dimensional space, naturally allows more iconicity than oral language.<sup id="cite_ref-cxxiii_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxxiii-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the era of the influential linguist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary.<sup id="cite_ref-l60_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l60-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> is a clear exception, since words like "choo-choo" bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic, the Saussurean approach was to treat them as marginal exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASL, with its significant inventory of iconic signs, directly challenges that theory.<sup id="cite_ref-l62_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l62-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when they interpret their meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun "you", the iconicity of the point (at the child) is often confused, being treated more like a name.<sup id="cite_ref-petitto_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petitto-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition. It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly-iconic signs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American Sign Language grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">American Sign Language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a>, of which ASL has been one attempted mode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirisles" title="Inspirisles">Inspirisles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing" title="Pointing">Pointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL_interpreting" title="ASL interpreting">ASL interpreting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular, <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a> were brought to the school by students. They, in turn, appear to have been influenced by early <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> and did not involve input from indigenous Native American sign systems. See <a href="#CITEREFPadden2010">Padden (2010</a>:11), <a href="#CITEREFLanePillardFrench2000">Lane, Pillard & French (2000</a>:17), and <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonSchembri2007">Johnson & Schembri (2007</a>:68).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">Abbé</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Charles-Michel de l'Épée</a>, founder of the Parisian school <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_Jeunes_Sourds_de_Paris" title="Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris">Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris</a>, was the first to acknowledge that sign language could be used to educate the deaf. An oft-repeated folk tale states that while visiting a parishioner, Épee met two deaf daughters conversing with each other using LSF. The mother explained that her daughters were being educated privately by means of pictures. Épée is said to have been inspired by those deaf children when he established the first educational institution for the deaf.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whereas deafness was genetically recessive on Martha's Vineyard, it was dominant in Henniker. On the one hand, this dominance likely aided the development of sign language in Henniker since families would be more likely to have the critical mass of deaf people necessary for the propagation of signing. On the other hand, in Martha's Vineyard the deaf were more likely to have more hearing relatives, which may have fostered a sense of shared identity that led to more inter-group communication than in Henniker.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although some surveys of smaller scope measure ASL use, such as the California Department of Education recording ASL use in the home when children begin school, ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. See <a href="#CITEREFMitchellYoungBachledaKarchmer2006">Mitchell et al. (2006</a>:1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokoe himself termed them <a href="/wiki/Chereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chereme">cheremes</a>, but other linguists have referred to them as phonemes. See <a href="#CITEREFBahan1996">Bahan (1996</a>:11).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ase">American Sign Language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvince_of_Ontario2007" class="citation news cs1">Province of Ontario (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224411/https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-38/session-2/bill-213">"Bill 213: An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1619&isCurrent=false&BillStagePrintId=">the original</a> on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bill+213%3A+An+Act+to+recognize+sign+language+as+an+official+language+in+Ontario&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Province+of+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontla.on.ca%2Fweb%2Fbills%2Fbills_detail.do%3Flocale%3Den%26BillID%3D1619%26isCurrent%3Dfalse%26BillStagePrintId%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEducation_Policy_Counsel_at_National_Association_of_the_Deaf" class="citation web cs1">Education Policy Counsel at National Association of the Deaf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nad.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/List_States_Recognizing_ASL.pdf">"States that Recognize American Sign Language as a Foreign Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nad.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/List_States_Recognizing_ASL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=States+that+Recognize+American+Sign+Language+as+a+Foreign+Language&rft.au=Education+Policy+Counsel+at+National+Association+of+the+Deaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nad.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2FList_States_Recognizing_ASL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/laws/14-50">"D.C. Law 14-50. American Sign Language Recognition Act of 2001"</a>. <i>code.dccouncil.gov</i>. Council of the District of Columbia. 2001-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=code.dccouncil.gov&rft.atitle=D.C.+Law+14-50.+American+Sign+Language+Recognition+Act+of+2001.&rft.date=2001-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.dccouncil.gov%2Fus%2Fdc%2Fcouncil%2Flaws%2F14-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deaflibrary.org/asl.html">About American Sign Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519230633/http://www.deaflibrary.org/asl.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Deaf Research Library</i>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Nakamura" title="Karen Nakamura">Karen Nakamura</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/american-sign-language">"American Sign Language"</a>. <i>NIDCD</i>. 2015-08-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115163913/https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/american-sign-language">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIDCD&rft.atitle=American+Sign+Language&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidcd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Famerican-sign-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bahan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahan_7-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahan1996">Bahan (1996)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padden-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padden_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadden2010">Padden (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kegl-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kegl_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kegl_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kegl_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kegl_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kegl_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKegl2008">Kegl (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonSchembri2007">Johnson & Schembri (2007)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~wilcox/UNM/facts.html">"ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>www.unm.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927114808/http://www.unm.edu/~wilcox/UNM/facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unm.edu&rft.atitle=ASL+as+a+Foreign+Language+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F~wilcox%2FUNM%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox_Phd2016" class="citation web cs1">Wilcox Phd, Sherman (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~wilcox/UNM/univlist.html">"Universities That Accept ASL In Fulfillment Of Foreign Language Requirements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024103845/http://www.unm.edu/~wilcox/UNM/univlist.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universities+That+Accept+ASL+In+Fulfillment+Of+Foreign+Language+Requirements.&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Wilcox+Phd&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F~wilcox%2FUNM%2Funivlist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Sheila (April 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011051745/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/tennessee/articles/2017-04-26/tennessee-passes-sign-language-bill">"Bill Passes Requiring Sign Language Students Receive Credit"</a>. <i>US News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/tennessee/articles/2017-04-26/tennessee-passes-sign-language-bill">the original</a> on 2017-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=Bill+Passes+Requiring+Sign+Language+Students+Receive+Credit&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Ftennessee%2Farticles%2F2017-04-26%2Ftennessee-passes-sign-language-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceil Lucas, 1995, <i>The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane_Pillard_French-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lane_Pillard_French_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanePillardFrench2000">Lane, Pillard & French (2000</a>:17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groce1985-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groce1985_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroce1985" class="citation book cs1">Groce, Nora Ellen (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everyoneherespok00groc_0"><i>Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha's Vineyard</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-27041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-27041-1"><bdi>978-0-674-27041-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2010</span>. <q>everyone here sign.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyone+Here+Spoke+Sign+Language%3A+Hereditary+Deafness+on+Martha%27s+Vineyard&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-27041-1&rft.aulast=Groce&rft.aufirst=Nora+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feveryoneherespok00groc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asd-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asd_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asd_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asd_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asd_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301084033/http://www.asd-1817.org/page.cfm?p=429">"A Brief History of ASD"</a>. American School for the Deaf. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asd-1817.org/page.cfm?p=429">the original</a> on March 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+ASD&rft.pub=American+School+for+the+Deaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asd-1817.org%2Fpage.cfm%3Fp%3D429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhm-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhm_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=1371">"A Brief History Of The American Asylum, At Hartford, For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb"</a>. 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905215220/http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=1371">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+Of+The+American+Asylum%2C+At+Hartford%2C+For+The+Education+And+Instruction+Of+The+Deaf+And+Dumb&rft.date=1893&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disabilitymuseum.org%2Fdhm%2Flib%2Fdetail.html%3Fid%3D1371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuben2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ruben, Robert J. (2005). "Sign language: Its history and contribution to the understanding of the biological nature of language". <i>Acta Oto-Laryngologica</i>. <b>125</b> (5): 464–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00016480510026287">10.1080/00016480510026287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16092534">16092534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1704351">1704351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Oto-Laryngologica&rft.atitle=Sign+language%3A+Its+history+and+contribution+to+the+understanding+of+the+biological+nature+of+language&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=464-7&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1704351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16092534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00016480510026287&rft.aulast=Ruben&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadden2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Padden" title="Carol Padden">Padden, Carol A.</a> (2001). <i>Folk Explanation in Language Survival in: Deaf World: A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook, Lois Bragg, Ed</i>. New York: New York University Press. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9853-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-9853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Explanation+in+Language+Survival+in%3A+Deaf+World%3A+A+Historical+Reader+and+Primary+Sourcebook%2C+Lois+Bragg%2C+Ed.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9853-9&rft.aulast=Padden&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFLanePillardFrench2000">Lane, Pillard & French (2000</a>:39).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawDelaporte2015xii-xiv-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawDelaporte2015xii-xiv_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawDelaporte2015">Shaw & Delaporte 2015</a>, p. xii-xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokoe-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stokoe_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokoe_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokoe_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokoe_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokoe_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokoe_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrongKarchmer2002">Armstrong & Karchmer (2002)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokoe, William C. 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saveourdeafschools.org/stokoe_1960.pdf">Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224634/http://saveourdeafschools.org/stokoe_1960.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8)</i>. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605213919/http://www.handspeak.com/byte/a/index.php?byte=ameslan">"American Sign Language, ASL or Ameslan"</a>. Handspeak.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handspeak.com/byte/a/index.php?byte=ameslan">the original</a> on 2013-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"On the autonomy of language and gesture: Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American sign language". <i>Cognition</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 1–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-0277%2887%2990034-5">10.1016/0010-0277(87)90034-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3691016">3691016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31570908">31570908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=On+the+autonomy+of+language+and+gesture%3A+Evidence+from+the+acquisition+of+personal+pronouns+in+American+sign+language&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-52&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31570908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3691016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-0277%2887%2990034-5&rft.aulast=Petitto&rft.aufirst=Laura+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlimaBellugi1979">Klima & Bellugi (1979</a>:27)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongKarchmer2002" class="citation cs2">Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael (2002), "William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages", in Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael; Van Cleve, John (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc-Rcg2-L0UC&q=William+C.+Stokoe+and+the+Study+of+Signed+Languages"><i>The Study of Signed Languages</i></a>, Gallaudet University, pp. xi–xix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-123-3"><bdi>978-1-56368-123-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+C.+Stokoe+and+the+Study+of+Signed+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Signed+Languages&rft.pages=xi-xix&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56368-123-3&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Karchmer%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPc-Rcg2-L0UC%26q%3DWilliam%2BC.%2BStokoe%2Band%2Bthe%2BStudy%2Bof%2BSigned%2BLanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahan1996" class="citation book cs1">Bahan, Benjamin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://louis-xiv.bu.edu/pub/asl/disserts/Bahan96.pdf"><i>Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boston University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011051748/ftp://louis-xiv.bu.edu/pub/asl/disserts/Bahan96.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Edmonton, AB: The University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0888643001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0888643001"><bdi>978-0888643001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+dictionary+of+ASL&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+AB&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0888643001&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Dolby%2C+Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadiandictiona00bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishopHicks2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bishop, Michele; Hicks, Sherry (2005). 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Union Institute & University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adverbial+Morphemes+in+Tactile+American+Sign+Language&rft.pub=Union+Institute+%26+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2008" class="citation book cs1">Costello, Elaine (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/randomhousewebst00elai_0"><i>American Sign Language Dictionary</i></a></span>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375426162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375426162"><bdi>978-0375426162</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521540568" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521540568"><bdi>978-0521540568</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319153227/https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxDgCvEnJoC&q=asl+bsl+mutually+intelligible&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Kouwenberg, Silvia; Singler, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyFK3L-U_PIC&q=ASL+creole&pg=PA493"><i>The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521540568" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521540568"><bdi>978-0521540568</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319153222/https://books.google.com/books?id=AyFK3L-U_PIC&q=ASL+creole&pg=PA493">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80796-9"><bdi>978-0-674-80796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+signs+of+language&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-674-80796-9&rft.aulast=Klima&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft.au=Bellugi%2C+Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsignsoflanguage00klim_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanePillardFrench2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, Harlan; Pillard, Richard; French, Mary (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsls.2000.0003">"Origins of the American Deaf-World"</a>. <i>Sign Language Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 17–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsls.2000.0003">10.1353/sls.2000.0003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sign+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+American+Deaf-World&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-44&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsls.2000.0003&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft.au=Pillard%2C+Richard&rft.au=French%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fsls.2000.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell2002" class="citation cs2">Liddell, Scott (2002), "Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas", in Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael; Van Cleve, John (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc-Rcg2-L0UC&q=William+C.+Stokoe+and+the+Study+of+Signed+Languages"><i>The Study of Signed Languages</i></a>, Gallaudet University, pp. xi–xix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-123-3"><bdi>978-1-56368-123-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modality+Effects+and+Conflicting+Agendas&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Signed+Languages&rft.pages=xi-xix&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56368-123-3&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPc-Rcg2-L0UC%26q%3DWilliam%2BC.%2BStokoe%2Band%2Bthe%2BStudy%2Bof%2BSigned%2BLanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasBayleyValli2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ceil_Lucas" title="Ceil Lucas">Lucas, Ceil</a>; Bayley, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Valli" title="Clayton Valli">Valli, Clayton</a> (2003). <i>What's your sign for pizza?: An introduction to variation in American Sign Language</i>. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563681448" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563681448"><bdi>978-1563681448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+your+sign+for+pizza%3F%3A+An+introduction+to+variation+in+American+Sign+Language&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1563681448&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Ceil&rft.au=Bayley%2C+Robert&rft.au=Valli%2C+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellYoungBachledaKarchmer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Ross; Young, Travas; Bachleda, Bellamie; Karchmer, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.gallaudet.edu/Publications/ASL_Users.pdf">"How Many People Use ASL in the United States?: Why Estimates Need Updating"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sign Language Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0302-1475">0302-1475</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://research.gallaudet.edu/Publications/ASL_Users.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-622-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-622-1"><bdi>978-1-56368-622-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915119757">915119757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+historical+and+etymological+dictionary+of+American+Sign+Language+%3A+the+origin+and+evolution+of+more+than+500+signs&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915119757&rft.isbn=978-1-56368-622-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Delaporte%2C+Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F915119757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2010" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Andrea (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403073832/http://repository.cmu.edu/hsshonors/62/"><i>Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community</i></a> (Honors Thesis). Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.cmu.edu/hsshonors/62/">the original</a> on April 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Sociolinguistic+Features+of+the+Black+Deaf+Community&rft.pub=Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.cmu.edu%2Fhsshonors%2F62%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupallaCripps2011" class="citation journal cs1">Supalla, Samuel; Cripps, Jody (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towson.edu/asld/documents/SupallaCripps_FNL_000.pdf">"Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bilingual Basics</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.towson.edu/asld/documents/SupallaCripps_FNL_000.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bilingual+Basics&rft.atitle=Toward+Universal+Design+in+Reading+Instruction&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Supalla&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Cripps%2C+Jody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.towson.edu%2Fasld%2Fdocuments%2FSupallaCripps_FNL_000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValliLucas2000" class="citation book cs1">Valli, Clayton; Lucas, Ceil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfS3GlTLAUMC"><i>Linguistics of American Sign Language</i></a>. Gallaudet University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-097-7"><bdi>978-1-56368-097-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88370-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88370-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notation+systems&rft.btitle=Sign+Languages&rft.pages=151-172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88370-2&rft.aulast=van+der+Hulst&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Channon%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ase" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/ase">American Sign Language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>American Sign Language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:American_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:American Sign Language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:American_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="c:category:American Sign Language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="b:American Sign Language">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759" class="extiw" title="d:Q14759">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spreadthesign.com">Accessible American Sign Language vocabulary site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signlanguageforum.com/asl/">American Sign Language discussion forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handspeak.com/">One-stop resource American Sign Language and video dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/american-sign-language">National Institute of Deafness ASL section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nad.org/issues/american-sign-language">National Association of the Deaf ASL information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeprint.com/">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/asllrp/">The American Sign Language Linguistics Research Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/aslweb/browser.htm">Video Dictionary of ASL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.signasl.org">American Sign Language Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Languages in <i>italics</i> are extinct.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_of_American_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England Englishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yooper_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper English">Upper Michigan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Mormon_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Mormon English">Utah Mormon English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mahican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Pamlico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Refaluwasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook"> Tsinúk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–<br />Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Tututni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenrohronon language">Wenrohronon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cochiti Pueblo</li> <li>San Felipe–Santo Domingo</li> <li>Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos</li> <li>Western Keres</li> <li>Acoma Pueblo</li> <li>Laguna Pueblo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa_language" title="Hidatsa language">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_language" title="Biloxi language">Biloxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catawba_language" title="Catawba language">Catawba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchigamea_language" title="Mitchigamea language">Mitchigamea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moneton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneton language">Moneton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutelo_language" title="Tutelo language">Tutelo-Saponi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woccon_language" title="Woccon language">Woccon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taos dialect">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Piro_Pueblo_language" title="Piro Pueblo language">Piro Pueblo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Ivilyuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Ute-Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yuk-Utian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sierra Miwok language">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palewyami language">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–<br />Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed or trade<br />Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Blackfoot Sign Language</li> <li>Cheyenne Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li> <li>Navajo Sign Language</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i> <ul><li>Ktunaxa Sign Language</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a> <ul><li>Creole Hawai'i Sign Language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Family Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oral settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages<br />(number of speakers<br />in 2021 in millions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a> (41.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (3.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language in the United States">Tagalog</a> (1.7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">Vietnamese</a> (1.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a> (1.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a> (1.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans#Languages" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> (1.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language in the United States">Portuguese</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian</a> (0.9)</li> <li>Hindi (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish language in the United States">Polish</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> (0.5)</li> <li>Urdu (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in the United States">Persian</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu language in the United States">Telugu</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali American">Bengali</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi American">Punjabi</a> (0.3)</li> <li>Serbo-Croatian (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language in the United States">Armenian</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language in the United States">Greek</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong language in the United States">Hmong</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Hebrew</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Khmer</a> (0.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_California" title="Template talk:Languages of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño language">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achomawi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi language">Yahi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath-Modoc language">Klamath-Modoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_Yokuts" title="Palewyami Yokuts">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tule%E2%80%93Kaweah_Yokuts" title="Tule–Kaweah Yokuts">Tule–Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_languages" title="Miwok languages">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Southern Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint language">Panamint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Patwin language">Southern Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yukian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukian languages">Yukian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates <br /> and unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Montana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montana" title="Template:Languages of Montana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montana" title="Template talk:Languages of Montana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Montana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Montana">Languages of Montana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Montana" title="Indigenous languages of Montana">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Montana Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Siouan_languages" title="Western Siouan languages">Western Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Montana (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="German language in Montana">German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language in Montana (page does not exist)">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Montana" title="Category:Languages of Montana">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oklahoma">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Delaware</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Languages of Oklahoma">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Alaska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Template:Languages of Alaska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Template talk:Languages of Alaska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Alaska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Alaska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Languages of Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yupik language">Central Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalog language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninilchik_Russian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninilchik Russian dialect">Ninilchik dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Category:Languages of Alaska">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Hawaii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Hawaii" title="Template:Languages of Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Hawaii" title="Template talk:Languages of Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Hawaii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Languages of Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Hawaiian" title="Pidgin Hawaiian">Pidgin Hawaiian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi Sign Language (HSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Hawaii" title="Category:Languages of Hawaii">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Quebec" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Template:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Template talk:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Quebec" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Quebec">Languages of Quebec</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Míkmaq</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin <br /> (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Wôbanakiôdwawôgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Anicinâbemowin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu-aimun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-Tactile_American_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-Tactile American Sign Language (page does not exist)">Pro-Tactile American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of British Columbia">Languages of British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scw%27exmx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scw'exmx">Scw'exmx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">Sinixt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt language">Sechelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk_dialect" title="Heiltsuk dialect">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oowekyala" title="Oowekyala">Oowekyala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liq%CA%BCwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqʼwala">Liqʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Yukon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Template:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Template talk:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Yukon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Language demographics of Yukon">Languages of Yukon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Dene Zágéʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Häł gołan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Neeʼaandeegnʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tā̀gish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nunavut" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nunavut" title="Template:Languages of Nunavut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nunavut" title="Template talk:Languages of Nunavut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nunavut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nunavut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nunavut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li> <li>Inuit Language <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënesųłiné (ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aivilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivilik dialect">Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiryuarmiutun" title="Kangiryuarmiutun">Kangiryuarmiutun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivallirmiutut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsilik dialect">Nattiliŋmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utkuhiksalik" title="Utkuhiksalik">Utkuhiksalingmiutitut (ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut<br />(ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aivilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivilik dialect">Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivallirmiutut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inuit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Uukturausingit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settler-colonial<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francosign_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francosign_languages" title="Template:Francosign languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francosign_languages" title="Template talk:Francosign languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francosign_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francosign languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francosign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Proto-LSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_African_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone African Sign Language">Francophone African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Sign Language">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean Sign Language">Sierra Leonean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Libras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rican Sign Language">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Sign Language">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Sign Language">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Sign Language">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur Sign Language">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Sign_Language" title="Singapore Sign Language">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BIM" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BIM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">BIM</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BISINDO" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian sign languages">BISINDO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br />Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslav</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catalan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sign_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template talk:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sign_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br />families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br /> Aboriginal</a><br /> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li> <li>Yan-nhaŋu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br /> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jordanian</li> <li>Lebanese</li> <li>Palestinian</li> <li>Syrian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fijian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a> <ul><li>Shanghai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a> <ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br /> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American (ASL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a> <ul><li>Yangon</li> <li>Mandalay</li></ul></li> <li>Cambodian</li> <li>Costa Rican</li> <li>Dominican</li> <li>Jamaican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li> <li>Oneida (OSL)</li> <li>Panamanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li> <li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br />(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ethiopian</li> <li>Chadian</li> <li>Ghanaian</li> <li>Guinean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li> <li>Moroccan</li> <li>Nigerian</li> <li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br /> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li> <li>Kosovar</li> <li>Serbian</li> <li>Slovenian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li> <li>Teknmál</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon_Sign_Language" title="Saigon Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br /> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li> <li>Beluchistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li> <li>Bombay</li> <li>Calcutta</li> <li>Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li> <li>North West Frontier Province</li> <li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li> <li><i>Chilmark</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan (Meemul Tziij)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Highland Maya</li> <li>Yucatec <ul><li>Chicán</li> <li>Nohkop</li> <li>Nohya</li> <li>Trascorral</li> <li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe</li> <li>Apsáalooke</li> <li>Arikara</li> <li>Chaticks si Chaticks</li> <li>Cheyenne</li> <li>Coahuilteco</li> <li>Dane-zaa</li> <li>Diné</li> <li>Hinono'eino</li> <li>Hiraacá</li> <li>Icāk</li> <li>Karankawa</li> <li>Liksiyu</li> <li>Maagiadawa</li> <li>Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk</li> <li>Nakota</li> <li>Ni Mii Puu</li> <li>Niimíipuu</li> <li>Niitsítapi</li> <li>Nųmą́khų́·ki</li> <li>Nʉmʉnʉʉ</li> <li>Omaha</li> <li>Palus</li> <li>Piipaash</li> <li>Ppáⁿkka</li> <li>Schitsu'umsh</li> <li>Shiwinna</li> <li>Sioux</li> <li>Taos</li> <li>Tickanwa•tic</li> <li>Tháumgá</li> <li>Tsuu T'ina</li> <li>Umatilla</li> <li>Wazhazhe</li> <li>Wichita</li> <li>Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e</li> <li>Wyandot</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A'aninin</li> <li>Kalispel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</a></li> <li>Nesilextcl'n</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuswap Sign Language (page does not exist)">Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</a></li> <li>Sqeliz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br /> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a> <ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li> <li>Inuit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li> <li>Kisindo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">M'bour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Naga_Sign_Language" title="Angami Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li> <li>West African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li> <li>Mofu-Gudur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Algeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dt>Cameroon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd> <dt>Ghana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd> <dt>Ivory Coast</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd> <dt>Mali</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd> <dt>Nigeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd> <dt>Senegal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd> <dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd> <dt>Tanzania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd> <dt>Uganda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd> <dt>Zambia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bengal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dt>Cambodia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd> <dt>Hong Kong</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a></dd> <dt>India</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naga_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></dd> <dt>Indonesia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd> <dt>Iran</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></dd> <dt>Iraq</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd> <dt>Israel</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd> <dt>Korea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd> <dt>Kazakhstan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd> <dt>Laos</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd> <dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd> <dt>Maldives</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd> <dt>Mongolia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd> <dt>Nepal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd> <dt>Saudi Arabia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd> <dt>Sri Lanka</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd> <dt>Taiwan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd> <dt>Tajikistan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Tibet</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd> <dt>Thailand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></dd> <dt>Vietnam</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Armenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd> <dt>Austria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd> <dt>Azerbaijan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd> <dt>Belgium</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd> <dt>Croatia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd> <dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Sign Language (page does not exist)">Faroese (Teknmál)</a></dd> <dt>Estonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd> <dt>Finland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd> <dt>France</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd> <dt>Germany</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd> <dt>Greece</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd> <dt>Hungary</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd> <dt>Iceland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd> <dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd> <dt>Kosovo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd> <dt>Latvia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd> <dt>Lithuania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd> <dt>Moldova</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd> <dt>North Macedonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd> <dt>Northern Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd> <dt>Norway</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd> <dt>Poland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd> <dt>Russia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Slovenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd> <dt>Spain</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd> <dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd> <dt>Switzerland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd> <dt>Turkey</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd> <dt>Ukraine</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br />Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></dd> <dt>Belize</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></dd> <dt>Canada</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfoot</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd> <dt>Cayman</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd> <dt>Costa Rica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd> <dt>Cuba</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd> <dt>Greenland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd> <dt>Guatemala</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dt>Haiti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd> <dt>Honduras</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd> <dt>Mexico</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd> <dt>Nicaragua</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a></dd> <dt>Panama</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd> <dt>El Salvador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Salvadoran_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Salvadoran Sign Language (page does not exist)">Old Salvadoran</a></dd> <dt>United States</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfeet</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Cheyenne</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd> <dd>Navajo</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo Family</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland Indigenous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd> <dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd> <dt>New Zealand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd> <dt>Papua New Guinea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd> <dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd> <dt>Bolivia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></dd> <dt>Chile</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd> <dt>Colombia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd> <dt>Ecuador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd> <dt>Paraguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd> <dt>Peru</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd> <dt>Venezuela</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br /> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chilmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">Home sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASLwrite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/60px-ASLwrite.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/90px-ASLwrite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/120px-ASLwrite.png 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br /> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br /> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign-language_films" title="Category:Sign-language films">Films (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language_television_shows" title="Category:Sign language television shows">Television shows (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Aron_Borg" title="Pär Aron Borg">Pär Aron Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Abbé de l'Épée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac_(horse_racing)" title="Tic-tac (horse racing)">Tic-tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ASL</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>. <p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. </p> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4436159-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91002945">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558642505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061614378">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&oldid=1253119058">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&oldid=1253119058</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Sign_Language" title="Category:American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Sign_Language_family" title="Category:American Sign Language family">American Sign Language family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaf_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaf culture in the United States">Deaf culture in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Sign_Language_family" title="Category:French Sign Language family">French Sign Language family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fusional_languages" title="Category:Fusional languages">Fusional languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Barbados" title="Category:Languages of Barbados">Languages of Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Belize" title="Category:Languages of Belize">Languages of Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Category:Languages of Botswana">Languages of Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Burundi" title="Category:Languages of Burundi">Languages of Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_languages_of_Canada" title="Category:Sign languages of Canada">Sign languages of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Grenada" title="Category:Languages of Grenada">Languages of Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Guyana" title="Category:Languages of Guyana">Languages of Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Haiti" title="Category:Languages of Haiti">Languages of Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Category:Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Category:Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Category:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands">Languages of the United States Virgin Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_languages_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Sign languages of the United States">Sign languages of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages of Zimbabwe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Subject–verb–object languages">Subject–verb–object languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1817_introductions" title="Category:1817 introductions">1817 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_19th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 19th century">Languages attested from the 19th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Canada" title="Category:Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_25" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 25">Language articles citing Ethnologue 25</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">CS1 maint: year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ill-formatted_infobox-language_images" 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