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<li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oscan_and_Roman_Cumae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscan_and_Roman_Cumae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Oscan and Roman Cumae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscan_and_Roman_Cumae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diocese_of_Cuma(e)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diocese_of_Cuma(e)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Diocese of Cuma(e)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diocese_of_Cuma(e)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resident_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Resident bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titular_see" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titular_see"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Titular see</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titular_see-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_ancient_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_ancient_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development of the ancient city</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_the_ancient_city-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of the ancient city subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_ancient_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surviving_ancient_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_ancient_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Surviving ancient monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_ancient_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arco_Felice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arco_Felice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Arco Felice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arco_Felice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crypta_Romana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crypta_Romana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Crypta Romana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crypta_Romana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cumae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%9C_(%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95)" title="ኩሜ (ጣልያን) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩሜ (ጣልያን)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="كوماي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوماي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB_(%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Քիմի (Մեծ Յունաստան) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քիմի (Մեծ Յունաստան)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Кумы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кумы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Куме – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Куме" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumes" title="Cumes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cumes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyme" title="Kyme – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kyme" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B7_(%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1)" title="Κύμη (Μεγάλη Ελλάδα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύμη (Μεγάλη Ελλάδα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumas" title="Cumas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cumas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo" title="Kumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumas" title="Kumas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kumas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کومای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کومای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumes" title="Cumes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cumes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumas" title="Cumas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cumas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A7%88%EC%97%90" title="쿠마에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠마에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumai" title="Kumai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kumai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuma" title="Cuma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cuma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="קימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="კუმე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუმე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABmas" title="Kūmas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kūmas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumai" title="Kumai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kumai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuma" title="Cuma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cuma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%89" title="كوماى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوماى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A8" title="クーマエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クーマエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumma" title="Cumma – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cumma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumae" title="Kumae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kumae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuma" title="Cuma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cuma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumas" title="Cumas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cumas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Кумы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кумы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuma" title="Cuma – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAmy" title="Kúmy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kúmy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5)" title="Кума (насеље) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кума (насеље)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma_(polis)" title="Kuma (polis) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuma (polis)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cumae" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyme" title="Kyme – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kyme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumas" title="Cumas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cumas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Куми – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Куми" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="کومئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کومئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cumae&params=40_50_55_N_14_3_13_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°50′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°3′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.84861°N 14.05361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.84861; 14.05361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman city near Naples, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Cuma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cuma (disambiguation)">Cuma</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cumae</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κύμη / Κύμαι / Κύμα</span></span><br />Cuma</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg/250px-Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg/375px-Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg/500px-Parco_archeologico_Cuma_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The terrace of the Temple of Apollo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cumae is located in Italy"><img alt="Cumae is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.144%;left:61.356%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cumae"><img alt="Cumae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Italy</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Campania_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cumae is located in Campania"><img alt="Cumae is located in Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Italy_Campania_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Campania_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Italy_Campania_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Campania_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Italy_Campania_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Campania_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="564" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.742%;left:15.882%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cumae"><img alt="Cumae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Cumae (Campania)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Campania</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Cuma, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Metropolitan City of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cumae&params=40_50_55_N_14_3_13_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°50′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°3′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.84861°N 14.05361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.84861; 14.05361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonists from <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">8th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1207 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greek</a> to <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Medieval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Blossius" title="Gaius Blossius">Gaius Blossius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Direzione Regionale per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici della Campania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306071747/http://cir.campania.beniculturali.it/archeocuma">Sito Archeologico di Cuma</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cumae</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κύμη</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">(Kumē)</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κύμαι</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>(Kumai)</i></i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κύμα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>(Kuma)</i></i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Cuma</i>) was the first ancient Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> on the mainland of Italy and was founded by settlers from <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> in the 8th century BCE. It became a rich Roman city, the remains of which lie near the modern village of Cuma, a <i><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">frazione</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bacoli" title="Bacoli">Bacoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Metropolitan City of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Italy. </p><p>The archaeological museum of the Campi Flegrei in the Aragonese castle contains many finds from Cumae. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG/220px-Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG/330px-Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG/440px-Cumae_lower_city_seen_from_acropolis_AvL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The lower city of Cumae seen from the acropolis</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest archaeological finds by Emil Stevens in 1896 date to 900–850 BC<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recent excavations have revealed a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> settlement of the ‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pit-culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pit-culture (page does not exist)">pit-culture</a>’ people, and later dwellings of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Italic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic people">Italic</a> peoples whom the Greeks referred to by the names <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opici" title="Opici">Opici</a> (whose land was called <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opicia" class="extiw" title="it:Opicia">Opicia</a>). </p><p>The Greek settlement was founded in the 8th century BCE by emigrants from cities of <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, next to an <a href="/wiki/Opici" title="Opici">Opician settlement</a>. The Greeks were already established at nearby <a href="/wiki/Pithecusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecusae">Pithecusae</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were led to Cumae by the joint <i><a href="/wiki/Oecist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecist">oecists</a></i> (founders): Megasthenes of Chalcis and <a href="/wiki/Hippocles_of_Cyme" title="Hippocles of Cyme">Hippocles of Cyme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site chosen was on the hill and later acropolis of Monte di Cuma surrounded on one side by the sea, and on the other by particularly fertile ground on the edge of the Campanian plain. While continuing their maritime and commercial traditions, the settlers of Cumae strengthened their political and economic power by exploitation of the land and extended their territory at the expense of neighbouring peoples. </p><p>The colony thrived and in the 8th century BCE it was already strong enough to send Perieres to found <a href="/wiki/Zancle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zancle">Zancle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another group to found <a href="/wiki/Tritaea_(Achaea)" title="Tritaea (Achaea)">Tritaea</a> in Achaea, Pausanias was told.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuma established its dominance over almost the entire Campanian coast up to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punta_Campanella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punta Campanella (page does not exist)">Punta Campanella</a> over the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, gaining sway over <a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>. </p><p>The colony spread Greek culture in Italy and introduced a dialect of Greek, and the <a href="/wiki/Euboean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean alphabet">Euboean alphabet</a>, a variant of which was adapted and modified by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> and then re‑adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, still used worldwide today. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cumae was at that time celebrated throughout all Italy for its riches, power, and all the other advantages, as it possessed the most fertile part of the Campanian plain and was mistress of the most convenient havens round about Misenum.</p></blockquote> <p>The growing power of the Cumaean Greeks led many indigenous tribes of the region to organise against them, notably the <a href="/wiki/Dauni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauni">Dauni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurunci" title="Aurunci">Aurunci</a> with the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capuan</a> <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>. This coalition was defeated by the Cumaeans in 524 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the first Battle of Cumae under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Cumae" title="Aristodemus of Cumae">Aristodemus</a>. The glorious victories of the colony increased its prestige, so much so that according to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, it was usual to associate the whole region of the <a href="/wiki/Phlegraean_Fields" title="Phlegraean Fields">Phlegraean Fields</a> with Cumaean territory. </p><p>At this time the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Roman senate</a> sent agents to Cumae to purchase grain in anticipation of a siege of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 505 BCE <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Cumae" title="Aristodemus of Cumae">Aristodemus</a> led a Cumaean contingent to assist the <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Aricia</a> in defeating the Etruscan forces of <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/War_between_Clusium_and_Aricia" title="War between Clusium and Aricia">War between Clusium and Aricia</a>) and having attained the people's favour he overthrew the aristocratic faction and became a tyrant himself. It was probably at this point that Cumae founded <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolis</a> (“new city”) in the late 6th century BCE. </p><p>Further contact between the Romans and the Cumaeans occurred during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Cumae" title="Aristodemus of Cumae">Aristodemus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquinius</a>, the last of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">Kings of Rome</a>, lived his life in exile with Aristodemus at Cumae after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Battle of Lake Regillus</a> and died there in 495 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> records that Aristodemus became the heir of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquinius</a>, and in 492 BCE when Roman envoys travelled to Cumae to purchase grain, Aristodemus seized the envoys' vessels on account of the property of Tarquinius which had been seized at the time of Tarquinius' exile.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the dispossessed nobles and their sons were able to take over Cumae in 490 BCE, and executed <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Cumae" title="Aristodemus of Cumae">Aristodemus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combined fleets of Cumae and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> (on Sicily) defeated the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae</a> in 474 BCE. </p><p>The temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> sent the revered <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a> to Rome in the 5th c. BCE. Also Rome obtained its priestesses who administered the important cult of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> from the temple of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> in Cumae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oscan_and_Roman_Cumae">Oscan and Roman Cumae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oscan and Roman Cumae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG/220px-Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG/330px-Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG/440px-Cumae_Cave_of_the_Sibyl_AvL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl%27s_Cave" title="Sibyl's Cave">Cave of the Sibyl</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG/220px-Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG/330px-Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG/440px-Cumae_Temple_of_Jupiter_back_AvL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> at Cumae was converted into a paleochristian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal font</a> can still be seen in the back of the building.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_(2018)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_%282018%29_02.jpg/220px-Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_%282018%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_%282018%29_02.jpg/330px-Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_%282018%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_%282018%29_02.jpg/440px-Grotta_di_Cocceio_-_uscita_via_Arco_Felice_Vecchio_%282018%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek period at Cumae came to an end in 421 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Oscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscans">Oscans</a> allied to the Samnites broke down the walls and took the city, ravaging the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some survivors fled to Neapolis. </p><p>The walls on the acropolis were rebuilt from 343 BCE. Cumae came under Roman rule with <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> and in 338 BCE was granted partial citizenship, a <i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas sine suffragio</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, in spite of temptations to revolt from Roman authority,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumae withstood <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s siege, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_215_and_213_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 and 213 BC)">Tib. Sempronius Gracchus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city prospered in the Roman period from the 1st c. BCE along with all the cities of Campania and especially the bay of Naples as it became a desirable area for wealthy Romans who built large villas along the coast. The "central baths" and the amphitheatre are built. </p><p>During the civil wars Cumae was one of the strongholds that <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> used to defend against <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> extensive public building works and roads were begun and in or near Cumae several road tunnels were dug: one through the Monte di Cumae linking the forum with the port, the <a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a> 1 km long to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a> and a third, the "Crypta Romana", 180m long between Lake Lucrino and Lake Averno. The temples of Apollo and Demeter were restored. </p><p>The proximity to <a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a>, the commercial port of Rome and to <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>, the naval fleet base, also helped the region to prosper. </p><p>Another very important innovation was the construction of the great Serino aqueduct, the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a> supplying many of the cities in the area from about 20 BC. <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Via_Domitiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Domitiana">via Domitiana</a> provided an important highway to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">via Appia</a> and thence to Rome from 95 AD. </p><p>The early presence of Christianity in Cumae is shown by the 2nd-century AD work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i>, in which the author tells of a vision of a woman, identified with the church, who entrusts him with a text to read to the presbyters of the community in Cuma. At the end of the 4th century, the temple of Zeus at Cumae was transformed into a Christian basilica. </p><p>The first historically documented bishop of Cumae was Adeodatus, a member of a synod convoked by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Pope Hilarius</a> in Rome in 465. Another was Misenus, who was one of the two legates that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Pope Felix III</a> sent to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and who were imprisoned and forced to receive <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> with <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Acacius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople">Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople</a> in a celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mongus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Mongus">Peter Mongus</a> and other Miaphysites were named in the <a href="/wiki/Diptych#Ecclesiastical" title="Diptych">diptychs</a>, an event that led to the <a href="/wiki/Acacian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacian Schism">Acacian Schism</a>. Misenus was excommunicated on his return but was later rehabilitated and took part as bishop of Cumae in two synods of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Pope Symmachus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Pope Gregory the Great</a> entrusted the administration of the diocese of Cumae to the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>. Later, both Misenum and Cumae ceased to be residential <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">sees</a> and the territory of Cumae became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aversa" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aversa">diocese of Aversa</a> after the destruction of Cumae in 1207.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Cumae is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Roman rule, so-called "quiet Cumae"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was peaceful until the disasters of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic Wars</a> (535–554), when it was repeatedly attacked, as the only fortified city in Campania aside from Neapolis: <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> took it in 536, <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> held it, and when <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a> gained possession of Cumae, he found he had won the whole treasury of the Goths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diocese_of_Cuma(e)"><span id="Diocese_of_Cuma.28e.29"></span>Diocese of Cuma(e)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diocese of Cuma(e)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cuma_(Aeolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuma (Aeolis)">Cuma (Aeolis)</a> in Asia Minor.</div> <p>A bishopric was established around 450 AD. In 700 it gained territory from the suppressed Diocese of <a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a>. </p><p>In 1207 it was suppressed when forces from Naples, acting for the boy-<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a>, destroyed the city and its walls, as the stronghold of a nest of bandits. Its territory was divided and merged into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aversa" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aversa">Roman Catholic Diocese of Aversa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pozzuoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pozzuoli">Roman Catholic Diocese of Pozzuoli</a>. Some of the citizens from Cumae, including the clergy and the cathedral capitular, took shelter in <a href="/wiki/Giugliano_in_Campania" title="Giugliano in Campania">Giugliano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resident_bishops">Resident bishops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resident bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Saint Massenzio (300? – ?)</li> <li>Rainaldo (1073? – 1078?)</li> <li>Giovanni (1134? – 1141?)</li> <li>Gregorio (1187? – ?)</li> <li>Leone (1207? – ?)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Titular_see">Titular see</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Titular see"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, the diocese was nominally restored as a Latin <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>. The title has been held by: </p> <ul><li>Bishop Louis-Marie-Joseph de Courrèges d’Ustou (1970.09.02 – 1970.12.10)</li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Pecoraio" title="Edoardo Pecoraio">Edoardo Pecoraio</a> (1971.12.28 – 1986.08.09)</li> <li>Bishop Julio María Elías Montoya, <a href="/wiki/Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars Minor">O.F.M.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the abandonment of the area of Cumae due to the formation of marshes, the memory of the ancient city remained alive. The ruins, although in a state of neglect, were later visited by many artists and with the repopulation of the area due to land reclamation, short excavation campaigns were made. The first excavations date to 1606 when thirteen statues and two marble bas-reliefs were found; later finds included the large statue of Jupiter from the Masseria del Gigante exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. However, after the discovery of the Vesuvian sites the attention of the Bourbon explorers was diverted there and the Cumae area was abandoned and plundered of numerous finds which were then sold to private individuals. A first campaign of systematic excavations took place between 1852 and 1857 under Prince Leopoldo, brother of Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the area of the Masseria del Gigante and some necropoles were explored. Later Emilio Stevens was given the concession and worked at Cumae between 1878 and 1893, completing the excavation of the necropolis, even though news of the various finds led to a continuous looting of the area. </p><p>A disaster occurred between 1910 and 1922 when draining of Lake Licola caused part of the necropolis to be destroyed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleria_Crypta_Romana,_Cuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Galleria_Crypta_Romana%2C_Cuma.jpg/220px-Galleria_Crypta_Romana%2C_Cuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Galleria_Crypta_Romana%2C_Cuma.jpg/330px-Galleria_Crypta_Romana%2C_Cuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Galleria_Crypta_Romana%2C_Cuma.jpg/440px-Galleria_Crypta_Romana%2C_Cuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Crypta Romana</figcaption></figure> <p>The explorations of the acropolis started in 1911, bringing to light the Temple of Apollo. Between 1924 and 1934 Amedeo Maiuri and Vittorio Spinazzola investigated the Temple of Jupiter, the Cave of the Sibyl and the Crypta Romana, while between 1938 and 1953 the lower city was explored. A chance discovery occurred in 1992 when during the construction of a gas pipeline near the beach a temple of Isis was discovered. In 1994 the "Kyme" project was activated for the restoration of the site. Excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Tholos_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholos tomb">tholos tomb</a> was completed, first partly explored in 1902. In the area of the forum a basilica-shaped building, the Aula Sillana, was discovered, while along the coastline three maritime villas were found. </p><p>Since 2001 the CNRS has been excavating a necropolis dating from 6th to 1st c. BCE outside the Porta mediana.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018 a painted tomb dating to the 2nd century BCE and depicting a banquet scene was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_ancient_city">Development of the ancient city</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development of the ancient city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_from_Cumae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Athena_from_Cumae.jpg/220px-Athena_from_Cumae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Athena_from_Cumae.jpg/330px-Athena_from_Cumae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Athena_from_Cumae.jpg/440px-Athena_from_Cumae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Athena terracotta antefix 6th c. BC</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg/250px-Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg/375px-Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg/500px-Doric_frieze_temple_340_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Doric frieze from temple ~340 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient city was divided into two zones, namely the acropolis and the lower part on the plains and the coast. The acropolis was accessible only from the south side and it was on this area that the first nucleus of the city developed crossed by a road called Via Sacra leading to the main temples. The road began with two towers, one of which collapsed with part of the hill and the other was restored in the Byzantine era and is still visible. The lower city developed from the Samnite period and to a greater extent during the Roman age. </p><p>The lower city was defended by walls and during the Greek age the acropolis had probably the same type of defences, even if the remains today dating back to the 6th century BCE are only on the southeastern part of the hill perhaps also used as retaining walls of the ridge. </p><p>In the 6th c. BCE temples were built in tufa, wood and terracotta. Columns, cornices and capitals were made of yellow tufa, roofs and architraves of wood and to protect the overhang, terracotta tiles and elaborate antefix decorations. The city and acropolis walls were built from 505 BC, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl%27s_Cave" title="Sibyl's Cave">Sibyl's cave</a>. </p><p>When the city was allied with the Romans in 338 BCE a new temple was built with exceptional painted friezes and ornamentation which have been discovered though the temple was destroyed after a few decades by fire. </p><p>Between the Punic Wars and the adoption of Latin as the official trading language (180 BC) the city walls were restored and a large <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a> built west of the Porta mediana. The central baths were built and major work was done on the acropolis temples. From the end of the 2nd c. BCE Cumae's architecture became increasingly romanised. </p><p>The Augustan age saw many fine new buildings in the city such as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> or "Sullan Aula" south of the forum, decorated with polychrome marble. Water supply to the town was increased by an extension to the town of the great Serino aqueduct, the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a>, after 20 BCE and paid for by local benefactors, the Lucceii family, <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetors</a> of the city, who also built an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a> in the forum as well as several other monuments and buildings. </p><p>In the 1st c. AD the "Temple of the Giant" was built, so-called because the famous giant bust of Jupiter (now in Naples Archaeological Museum) was discovered in its ruins; the walls of the temple are incorporated into a later farmhouse. </p><p>After Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, survivors from <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> came to Cumae and it became a well prosperous town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_ancient_monuments">Surviving ancient monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Surviving ancient monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thermae_of_the_Forum,_Cumae,_Italy_(9042635234).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Thermae_of_the_Forum%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289042635234%29.jpg/220px-The_Thermae_of_the_Forum%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289042635234%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Thermae_of_the_Forum%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289042635234%29.jpg/330px-The_Thermae_of_the_Forum%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289042635234%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Thermae_of_the_Forum%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289042635234%29.jpg/440px-The_Thermae_of_the_Forum%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289042635234%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The Thermae of the Forum</figcaption></figure> <p>The visible monuments include: </p> <ul><li>Temple of Diana</li> <li>Capitoline temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva</li> <li>Temple of Isis</li> <li>Temple of Demeter</li> <li>Temple of Apollo, built in the 6th or 5th century BC, renewed in the late 4th century BC and again under Augustus, transformed into a church around 500 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Acropolis</li> <li>Arco Felice</li> <li>The Forum</li> <li>Grotta di Cocceio</li> <li>Crypta Romana</li> <li>Masseria del Gigante</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arco_Felice">Arco Felice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arco Felice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg/170px-S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg/255px-S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg/340px-S04_172_Arco_Felice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Arco Felice and via Domitiana in use today</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arco Felice was a 20 m high monumental entrance to the city built in a cut through Monte Grillo which <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> made in 95 AD to avoid the long detour imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">via Appia</a>, and allow easier access to Cumae along what was later called the <a href="/wiki/Via_Domitiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Domitiana">via Domitiana</a> while the bridge also carried a road along the ridge of the hill. It was built of brick and tiled in marble, and surmounted by two rows of arches of lighter concrete covered with brick. The piers had three niches on both sides where statues were placed. </p><p>The via Domitiana, whose paving is still perfectly preserved and is in continuous use today, connected to the via Appia, the artery of communication with Rome, as well as with Pozzuoli and Naples. </p><p>The arch probably replaced a smaller gate from Greek times and in a higher position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crypta_Romana">Crypta Romana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crypta Romana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crypta Romana is a tunnel dug into the tufa under the Cuma hill, crossing the acropolis in an east-west direction, giving an easier route from the city to the sea. Its construction is part of the set of military enhancement works built by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> for Augustus and designed by Lucius <a href="/wiki/Cocceius_Auctus" title="Cocceius Auctus">Cocceius Auctus</a> in 37 BC, including the construction of the new Portus Iulius and its connection with the port of Cumae through the so-called Grotta di Cocceio and the Crypta Romana itself. </p><p>With the displacement of the fleet from Portus Iulius to the port of Miseno in 12 BCE and the end of the Civil War between Octavian and Mark Antony in 31 BCE the tunnel lost its strategic value. The forum entrance was made monumental with 4 statue niches in 95 AD at the same time as the Arco Felice was built.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An avalanche closed the sea entrance in the 3rd c. After 397 it was reopened. In the Christian age it was used as a cemetery area; in the 6th c. the Byzantine general Narsete tried to use it to reach the city during the siege of Cumae, but weakened the structure and a large section of the vault collapsed. </p><p>It was brought to light between 1925 and 1931 by the archaeologist Amedeus Maiuri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 75.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 73.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psyche_Eros(Augustan)_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Psyche and Eros, forum 1-2c AD"><img alt="Psyche and Eros, forum 1-2c AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Psyche_Eros%28Augustan%29_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg/110px-Psyche_Eros%28Augustan%29_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Psyche_Eros%28Augustan%29_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg/166px-Psyche_Eros%28Augustan%29_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Psyche_Eros%28Augustan%29_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg/221px-Psyche_Eros%28Augustan%29_Forum_1-2cAD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Psyche and Eros, forum 1-2c AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 70.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 68.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC06949_diana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diana"><img alt="Diana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/DSC06949_diana.jpg/103px-DSC06949_diana.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/DSC06949_diana.jpg/155px-DSC06949_diana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/DSC06949_diana.jpg/207px-DSC06949_diana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="1503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe,_400_ac_ca.,_da_cuma.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Votive relief 400 BCE (Antikensammlung Berlin)"><img alt="Votive relief 400 BCE (Antikensammlung Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe%2C_400_ac_ca.%2C_da_cuma.JPG/271px-Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe%2C_400_ac_ca.%2C_da_cuma.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe%2C_400_ac_ca.%2C_da_cuma.JPG/407px-Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe%2C_400_ac_ca.%2C_da_cuma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe%2C_400_ac_ca.%2C_da_cuma.JPG/542px-Rilievo_votivo_con_eroe%2C_400_ac_ca.%2C_da_cuma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Votive relief 400 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nymph"><img alt="Nymph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg/161px-DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg/241px-DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg/322px-DSC06945_nymph_invitation_to_the_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nymph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Colossal Jupiter statue (Naples museum)"><img alt="Colossal Jupiter statue (Naples museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG/120px-Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG/180px-Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG/240px-Cumas_J%C3%BApiter._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colossal Jupiter statue (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">Naples museum</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a></div> <p>Cumae is perhaps most famous as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>. Her sanctuary is now open to the public. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, there is an entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">underworld</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Avernus" title="Avernus">Avernus</a>, a crater lake near Cumae, and was the route <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> used to descend to the Underworld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The walls of the acropolis"><img alt="The walls of the acropolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG/120px-Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG/180px-Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG/240px-Cumae_acropolis_wall_AvL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The walls of the acropolis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Apollo,_Cumae,_Italy_(9040313141).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple of Apollo"><img alt="The Temple of Apollo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289040313141%29.jpg/120px-Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289040313141%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289040313141%29.jpg/180px-Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289040313141%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289040313141%29.jpg/240px-Temple_of_Apollo%2C_Cumae%2C_Italy_%289040313141%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuma_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street in Cumae"><img alt="Street in Cumae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cuma_1.jpg/120px-Cuma_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cuma_1.jpg/180px-Cuma_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cuma_1.jpg/240px-Cuma_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street in Cumae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple of Diana"><img alt="The Temple of Diana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG/120px-Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG/180px-Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG/240px-Cumae_Temple_of_Diana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Temple of <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Acropolis seen from west"><img alt="Acropolis seen from west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG/120px-Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG/180px-Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG/240px-Cumae_northern_side_of_acropolis_seen_from_west_AvL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Acropolis seen from west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphitheater"><img alt="Amphitheater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg/120px-Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg/180px-Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg/240px-Parco_archeologico_Cuma_54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphitheater</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graecians" title="Graecians">Graecians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusaro_Lake" title="Fusaro Lake">Fusaro Lake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> placed Cumae's Greek foundation at 1050 BCE; modern archaeology has not yet found the first settlers' graves, but fragments of Greek pottery <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 750-740 BCE</span> have been excavated near the city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-2008-Travelling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2008-Travelling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 140">: 140 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-2008-Travelling_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2008-Travelling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 140">: 140 </span></sup> notes that whether the Euboeans were from the <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischian</a> colony or freshly arrived is a moot question.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0072:entry=*ku/ma">"William J. Slater, Lexicon to Pindar, Κύ̂μα"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=William+J.+Slater%2C+Lexicon+to+Pindar%2C+%CE%9A%CF%8D%CC%82%CE%BC%CE%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3D%2Aku%2Fma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaputo1996" class="citation book cs1">Caputo, Paolo (1996). <i>Cuma e il suo Parco Archeologico. Un territorio e le sue testimonianze</i>. Roma, IT: Bardi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuma+e+il+suo+Parco+Archeologico.+Un+territorio+e+le+sue+testimonianze&rft.place=Roma%2C+IT&rft.pub=Bardi&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Caputo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-2008-Travelling-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox-2008-Travelling_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox-2008-Travelling_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Fox, R.L.</a> (2008). <i>Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+Heroes+in+the+Epic+Age+of+Homer&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i>[no title cited]</i>. v.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bno+title+cited%5D&rft.pages=v.4&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThucydides" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. <i>[no title cited]</i>. 4, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bno+title+cited%5D&rft.pages=4%2C+4&rft.au=Thucydides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. <i>Description of Greece</i>. vii.22.6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.pages=vii.22.6&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>. <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. VII, 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.pages=VII%2C+2&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeriklis_Deligiannis_(Περικλής_Δεληγιάννης)2014" class="citation news cs1">Periklis Deligiannis (<span class="texhtml">Περικλής Δεληγιάννης</span>) (4 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com/2014/06/04/the-battle-of-cumae-italy-524-bc/">"The Battle of Cumae, Italy (524 BC)"</a>. <i>Delving into History ® _ Periklis Deligiannis</i> (personal website).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delving+into+History+%C2%AE+_+Periklis+Deligiannis&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Cumae%2C+Italy+%28524+BC%29&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft.au=Periklis+Deligiannis+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+%22+%3E%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82%3C%2Fspan%3E%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F06%2F04%2Fthe-battle-of-cumae-italy-524-bc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>. 2.9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+urbe+condita&rft.pages=2.9&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>. ii.21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+urbe+condita&rft.pages=ii.21&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Disputations" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculan Disputations">Tusculan Disputations</a></i>. iii.27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tusculan+Disputations&rft.pages=iii.27&rft.au=Cicero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>. 2:34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+urbe+condita&rft.pages=2%3A34&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>. <i>[no title cited]</i>. vii.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bno+title+cited%5D&rft.pages=vii.3&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>De mulierum virturibus</i> [<i>Regarding virtuous women</i>]. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+mulierum+virturibus&rft.pages=26&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span> tells the story of Xenocrite, the girl who roused the Cumaeans against <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Cumae" title="Aristodemus of Cumae">Aristodemus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, iv.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, xii. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10907/10907-h/10907-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History of Rome; Books Nine to Twenty-Six, by Titus Livius"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+The+History+of+Rome%3B+Books+Nine+to+Twenty-Six%2C+by+Titus+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10907%2F10907-h%2F10907-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, xxiii.35-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camillo Minieri Riccio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DpxSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Cenni storici sulla distrutta città di Cuma</i></a>, Napoli 1846, pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Cappelletti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdUCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA526"><i>Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni</i></a>, vol. XIX, Venezia 1864, pp. 526–535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Lanzoni, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MN5017ucmf_0#page/n227/mode/2up">Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604)</a></i>, vol. I, Faenza 1927, pp. 206–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 877</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juvenal, Satire III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo Caputo u. a.: Cuma e il suo Parco Archeologico. Un territorio e le sue testimonianze. Bardi, Roma 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centrejeanberard.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article34&lang=fr">"Cumes - Centre Jean Bérard"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumes+-+Centre+Jean+B%C3%A9rard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentrejeanberard.cnrs.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle34%26lang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/3154.htm">"Painted tomb discovered in Cumae (Italy) : A banquet frozen in time"</a>. <i>CNRS</i>. 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNRS&rft.atitle=Painted+tomb+discovered+in+Cumae+%28Italy%29+%3A+A+banquet+frozen+in+time&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cnrs.fr%2Fen%2F3154.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Markus (2023). <i>Hellenistische Heiligtümer in Kampanien. Sakralarchitektur im Grenzgebiet zwischen Großgriechenland und Rom</i> [Hellenistic sanctuaries in Campania. Sacred architecture in the border region between Greater Greece and Rome]. DAI Rom Sonderschriften, vol. 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11940-5">978-3-447-11940-5</a>, pp. 15-34, plates 23-62 and inserts 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41587083">"McKAY, A. (1997). THE MONUMENTS OF CUMAE. Vergilius, 43, 78-88"</a>. <i>www.jstor.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41587083">41587083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.jstor.org&rft.atitle=McKAY%2C+A.+%281997%29.+THE+MONUMENTS+OF+CUMAE.+Vergilius%2C+43%2C+78-88.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41587083%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41587083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumae" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/120px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/160px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2303" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/80px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/120px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/160px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/80px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/120px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/160px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/80px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/120px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/160px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Benevento)" title="Arch of Trajan (Benevento)">Arch of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre,_Benevento" title="Roman Theatre, Benevento">Roman Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudium" title="Caudium">Caudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures_Baebiani" title="Ligures Baebiani">Ligures Baebiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saticula" title="Saticula">Saticula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Province of Caserta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allifae" title="Allifae">Allifae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausona_(ancient_city)" title="Ausona (ancient city)">Ausona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calatia" title="Calatia">Calatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales" title="Cales">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Capua)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Capua)">Arch of Hadrian (Capua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Capua" title="Amphitheatre of Capua">Amphitheatre of Capua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casilinum" title="Casilinum">Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_in_Formis" title="Sant'Angelo in Formis">Sant'Angelo in Formis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuessa" title="Sinuessa">Sinuessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebula_Balliensis" title="Trebula Balliensis">Trebula Balliensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescia" title="Vescia">Vescia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atella" title="Atella">Atella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cumae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_Mirabilis" title="Piscina Mirabilis">Piscina Mirabilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Tunnel" title="Bourbon Tunnel">Bourbon Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gaudioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of San Gaudioso">Catacombs of San Gaudioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro" title="Catacombs of San Gennaro">Catacombs of San Gennaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypta_Neapolitana" title="Crypta Neapolitana">Crypta Neapolitana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Naples" title="Macellum of Naples">Macellum of Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Amphitheater_(Pozzuoli)" title="Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)">Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrinus_Lacus" title="Lucrinus Lacus">Lucrinus Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum of Pozzuoli">Macellum of Pozzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Julius" title="Portus Julius">Portus Julius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Barbarossa" title="Castello Barbarossa">Castello Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pruno" title="Monte Pruno">Monte Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_the_mouth_of_the_Sele" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraion at the mouth of the Sele">Heraion at the mouth of the Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Paestum)" title="Temple of Athena (Paestum)">Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertosa_Caves" title="Pertosa Caves">Pertosa Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana,_Minori" title="Villa Romana, Minori">Villa Romana of Minori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Cathedral" title="Amalfi Cathedral">Amalfi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Ancient remains of Capua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caserta_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserta Palace">Caserta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraglioni" title="Faraglioni">Faraglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia, Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solfatara_(volcano)" title="Solfatara (volcano)">Solfatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrento Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava" title="La Trinità della Cava">Trinità della Cava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243456#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315531502">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010764-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12077087g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12077087g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556164405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/432808">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumae&oldid=1260111261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumae&oldid=1260111261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cumae_(ancient_city)" title="Category:Cumae (ancient city)">Cumae (ancient city)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bacoli" title="Category:Bacoli">Bacoli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pozzuoli" 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BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Campania" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Campania">Tourist attractions in Campania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_disestablished_in_the_13th_century" title="Category:Populated places disestablished in the 13th century">Populated places disestablished in the 13th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_establishments_in_Italy" title="Category:8th-century establishments in Italy">8th-century establishments in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1207_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1207 disestablishments in Europe">1207 disestablishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_disestablishments_in_Italy" title="Category:13th-century disestablishments in Italy">13th-century disestablishments in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_museums_of_Italy" title="Category:National museums of Italy">National museums of Italy</a></li><li><a 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