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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Late antiquity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basilica_of_Maxentius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilica_of_Maxentius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Basilica of Maxentius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilica_of_Maxentius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantinian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantinian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Constantinian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantinian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentinianic–Theodosian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentinianic–Theodosian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Valentinianic–Theodosian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentinianic–Theodosian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leonid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leonid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Leonid period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leonid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justinianic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justinianic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Justinianic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justinianic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palace_basilicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palace_basilicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Palace basilicas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palace_basilicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_adoption_of_the_basilica_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_adoption_of_the_basilica_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Christian adoption of the basilica form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_adoption_of_the_basilica_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_basilicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_basilicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Catholic basilicas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_basilicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Basilica</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بازيليكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بازيليكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Basilica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базіліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Базіліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базыліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Базыліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica" title="Basílica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basílica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika_(Bautyp)" title="Basilika (Bautyp) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basilika (Bautyp)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiilika" title="Basiilika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basiilika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_(%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Βασιλική (αρχιτεκτονική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασιλική (αρχιτεκτονική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica" title="Basílica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basílica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baziliko" title="Baziliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baziliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بازیلیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازیلیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_%C3%A0_plan_basilical" title="Église à plan basilical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église à plan basilical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilyk_(boufoarm)" title="Basilyk (boufoarm) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Basilyk (boufoarm)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisleac" title="Baisleac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baisleac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0islig" title="Bàislig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bàislig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica" title="Basílica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Basílica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="바실리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바실리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Բազիլիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազիլիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baziliko" title="Baziliko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Baziliko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Basilica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_(architettura_cristiana)" title="Basilica (architettura cristiana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basilica (architettura cristiana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="בזיליקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזיליקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბაზილიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაზილიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Basilica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliek_(boewkunde)" title="Basiliek (boewkunde) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Basiliek (boewkunde)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilega" title="Basilega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Basilega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بازيليكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بازيليكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliek" title="Basiliek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basiliek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="バシリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バシリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basouque" title="Basouque – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Basouque" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%AClica" title="Basìlica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Basìlica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazylika" title="Bazylika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazylika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica" title="Basílica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Basílica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilic%C4%83" title="Bazilică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bazilică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basilica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_(zgradba)" title="Bazilika (zgradba) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazilika (zgradba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika_(arkkitehtuuri)" title="Basilika (arkkitehtuuri) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Basilika (arkkitehtuuri)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika_(arkitektur)" title="Basilika (arkitektur) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basilika (arkitektur)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basilika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="பசிலிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசிலிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базилика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Базилика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika" title="Bazilika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bazilika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Базиліка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Базиліка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C3%A9%C5%82ega" title="Bazéłega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bazéłega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilicoale_kerke" title="Basilicoale kerke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Basilicoale kerke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1" title="巴西利卡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴西利卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%BA%A7%E8%81%96%E6%AE%BF" title="宗座聖殿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宗座聖殿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1" title="巴西利卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴西利卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a form of building. For the designation "basilica" in canon law, see <a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">Basilicas in the Catholic Church</a>. For the Byzantine code of law, see <a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a>. For the genus of moth, see <a href="/wiki/Basilica_(moth)" title="Basilica (moth)">Basilica (moth)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Basilica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Basilica (disambiguation)">Basilica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg/220px-BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg/330px-BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg/440px-BasilicaSemproniaReconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Digital reconstruction of the 2nd century BC <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Sempronia" title="Basilica Sempronia">Basilica Sempronia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum Romanum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg/220px-Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg/330px-Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg/440px-Basilica_Ulpia_J_Guadet_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>19th century reconstruction of the 2nd century AD <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg/220px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg/330px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg/440px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Yererouk" title="Yererouk">Yererouk</a> basilica 4th–5th century AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg/220px-Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg/330px-Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg/440px-Byzantine_church_of_Mushraba_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the late 5th century AD basilica at Mushabbak, Syria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png/220px-Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png/330px-Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png/440px-Vitruvius_the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture_Basilica_at_Fano.png 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="2081" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the basilica at <a href="/wiki/Fano" title="Fano">Fano</a> from a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ten_Books_on_Architecture/Book_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ten Books on Architecture/Book V">description</a> by its architect <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a>, a basilica (Greek Basiliké) was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a>. The basilica was in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin West">Latin West</a> equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">stoa</a> in the Greek East. The building gave its name to the basilica <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural form</a>. Originally, a basilica was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">ancient Roman</a> public building, where courts were held, as well as serving other official and public functions. Basilicas are typically rectangular buildings with a central <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> flanked by two or more longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a>, with the roof at two levels, being higher in the centre over the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> to admit a <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> and lower over the side-aisles. An <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> at one end, or less frequently at both ends or on the side, usually contained the raised <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(architecture)" title="Tribune (architecture)">tribunal</a> occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Roman magistrates</a>. The basilica was centrally located in every Roman town, usually adjacent to the forum and often opposite a temple in imperial-era forums.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Basilicas were also built in private residences and imperial palaces and were known as "palace basilicas". In <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church buildings</a> were typically constructed either as <a href="/wiki/Martyrium" title="Martyrium">martyria</a>, or with a basilica's architectural plan. A number of monumental Christian basilicas were constructed during the latter reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">post Nicene</a> period, basilicas became a standard model for Christian spaces for congregational <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. From the early 4th century, Christian basilicas, along with their associated <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a>, were used for <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> of the dead. By extension, the name was later applied to Christian <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> that adopted the same basic plan. It continues to be used in an architectural sense to describe rectangular buildings with a central <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aisle#Church_architecture" title="Aisle">aisles</a>, and usually a raised platform at the end opposite the door. In Europe and the Americas, the basilica remained the most common architectural style for churches of all Christian denominations, though this building plan has become less dominant in buildings constructed since the late 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has come to use <a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">the term</a> to refer to its especially historic churches, without reference to the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural form</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilika_(Pompeji).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Basilika_%28Pompeji%29.jpg/220px-Basilika_%28Pompeji%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Basilika_%28Pompeji%29.jpg/330px-Basilika_%28Pompeji%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Basilika_%28Pompeji%29.jpg/440px-Basilika_%28Pompeji%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the Basilica of Pompeii, interior (120 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompei_(28968934492).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pompei_%2828968934492%29.jpg/220px-Pompei_%2828968934492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pompei_%2828968934492%29.jpg/330px-Pompei_%2828968934492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pompei_%2828968934492%29.jpg/440px-Pompei_%2828968934492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Basilica of Pompeii, tribunal</figcaption></figure> The Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basilica#latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:basilica">basilica</a> derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: βασιλικὴ στοά, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: basilikḗ stoá, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'royal stoa'. The first known basilica—the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Porcia" title="Basilica Porcia">Basilica Porcia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>—was constructed in 184 BC by <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Marcus Porcius Cato (the Elder)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> After the construction of Cato the Elder's basilica, the term came to be applied to any large covered hall, whether it was used for domestic purposes, was a commercial space, a military structure, or religious building.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The plays of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> suggest that basilica buildings may have existed prior to Cato's building. The plays were composed between 210 and 184 BC and refer to a building that might be identified with the Atrium Regium.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> Another early example is the basilica at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> (late 2nd century BC). Inspiration may have come from prototypes like <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stoa_Basileios" title="Stoa Basileios">Stoa Basileios</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> hall on <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural form</a> is most derived from the audience halls in the royal palaces of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. These rooms were typically a high nave flanked by colonnades.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> These basilicas were rectangular, typically with central nave and aisles, usually with a slightly raised platform and an apse at each of the two ends, adorned with a statue perhaps of the emperor, while the entrances were from the long sides.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Roman basilica was a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. As early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, a public basilica for transacting business had been part of any settlement that considered itself a city, used in the same way as the covered market houses of late medieval northern Europe, where the meeting room, for lack of urban space, was set above the arcades, however.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an apse at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised <a href="/wiki/Dais" title="Dais">dais</a>. The central aisle – the nave – tended to be wider and taller than the flanking aisles, so that light could penetrate through the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the late Republican era, basilicas were increasingly monumental; <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> replaced the Basilica Sempronia with his own <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a>, dedicated in 46 BC, while the Basilica Aemilia was rebuilt around 54 BC in so spectacular a fashion that <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote that it was among the most beautiful buildings in the world (it was simultaneously renamed the Basilica Paulli). Thereafter until the 4th century AD, monumental basilicas were routinely constructed at Rome by both private citizens and the emperors. These basilicas were reception halls and grand spaces in which élite persons could impress guests and visitors, and could be attached to a large country <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> or an urban <a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a>. They were simpler and smaller than were civic basilicas, and can be identified by inscriptions or their position in the archaeological context. <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> constructed a basilica on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> for his imperial residential complex around 92 AD, and a palatine basilica was typical in imperial palaces throughout the imperial period.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Republic">Roman Republic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman Republic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg/220px-Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg/330px-Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg/440px-Giuliano_da_Sangallo_Rilievo_della_Basilica_Emilia_1480.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the 2nd century BC Basilica Aemilia by <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a> in the 15th century AD</figcaption></figure> Long, rectangular basilicas with internal <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> became a quintessential element of Roman <a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">urbanism</a>, often forming the architectural background to the city forum and used for diverse purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[6]</a> Beginning with Cato in the early second century BC, politicians of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> competed with one another by building basilicas bearing their names in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum Romanum</a>, the centre of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">ancient Rome</a>. Outside the city, basilicas symbolised the influence of Rome and became a ubiquitous fixture of Roman <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">coloniae</a> of the late Republic from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BC. The earliest surviving basilica is the basilica of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, built 120 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[6]</a> Basilicas were the administrative and commercial centres of major Roman settlements: the "quintessential architectural expression of Roman administration".<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> Adjoining it there were normally various offices and rooms housing the curia and a shrine for the <a href="/wiki/Tutela" title="Tutela">tutela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman public baths</a>, basilicas were commonly used as venues for the display of honorific statues and other sculptures, complementing the outdoor public spaces and thoroughfares.<a href="#cite_note-:242-9">[9]</a> Beside the Basilica Porcia on the Forum Romanum, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Aemilia" title="Basilica Aemilia">Basilica Aemilia</a> was built in 179 BC, and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Sempronia" title="Basilica Sempronia">Basilica Sempronia</a> in 169 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> In the Republic two types of basilica were built across Italy in the mid-2nd to early 1st centuries BC: either they were nearly square as at <a href="/wiki/Fanum_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanum Fortunae">Fanum Fortunae</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosa" title="Cosa">Cosa</a>, with a 3:4 width-length ratio; or else they were more rectangular, as Pompeii's basilica, whose ratio is 3:7.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> The basilica at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> is typical of the basilicas in the Roman East, which usually have a very elongated footprint and a ratio between 1:5 and 1:9, with open porticoes facing the <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a> (the Hellenic forum); this design was influenced by the existing tradition of long stoae in Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> Provinces in the west lacked this tradition, and the basilicas the Romans commissioned there were more typically Italian, with the central nave divided from the side-aisles by an internal colonnade in regular proportions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efes_(Ephesos)_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Efes_%28Ephesos%29_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_%287%29.jpg/220px-Efes_%28Ephesos%29_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Efes_%28Ephesos%29_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_%287%29.jpg/330px-Efes_%28Ephesos%29_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Efes_%28Ephesos%29_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_%287%29.jpg/440px-Efes_%28Ephesos%29_-_panoramio_-_Ya%C4%9Fmur_Ayd%C4%B1n_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Basilica-stoa at Ephesus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg/220px-Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg/330px-Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg/440px-Tunis_Carthage_Mus%C3%A9e_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Model of the Antonine basilica on Brysa Hill, Carthage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg/220px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg/330px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg/440px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Baelo_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Trajanic basilica at <a href="/wiki/Baelo_Claudia" title="Baelo Claudia">Baelo Claudia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna,_Al-Khums,_Libya_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Leptis_Magna%2C_Al-Khums%2C_Libya_4.jpg/220px-Leptis_Magna%2C_Al-Khums%2C_Libya_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Leptis_Magna%2C_Al-Khums%2C_Libya_4.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna%2C_Al-Khums%2C_Libya_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Leptis_Magna%2C_Al-Khums%2C_Libya_4.jpg/440px-Leptis_Magna%2C_Al-Khums%2C_Libya_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Severan basilica at <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1040656_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1040656_%283%29.jpg/220px-P1040656_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1040656_%283%29.jpg/330px-P1040656_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1040656_%283%29.jpg/440px-P1040656_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the basilica at <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a>, 217/'8. (After <a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">anastylosis</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Empire">Early Empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Empire">edit</a>]</div> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a> (Latin: forum Iulium) at the end of the Roman Republic, the centre of Rome was embellished with a series of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">imperial fora</a> typified by a large open space surrounded by a peristyle, honorific statues of the imperial family (<a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a>), and a basilica, often accompanied by other facilities like a <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_halls" class="mw-redirect" title="Market halls">market halls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public libraries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[6]</a> In the imperial period, statues of the emperors with inscribed dedications were often installed near the basilicas' tribunals, as Vitruvius recommended. Examples of such dedicatory inscriptions are known from basilicas at <a href="/wiki/Lucus_Feroniae" title="Lucus Feroniae">Lucus Feroniae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veleia_(Italy)" title="Veleia (Italy)">Veleia</a> in Italy and at <a href="/wiki/Cuicul" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuicul">Cuicul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsolaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsolaris">Africa Proconsolaris</a>, and inscriptions of all kinds were visible in and around basilicas.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> At Ephesus the basilica-stoa had two storeys and three aisles and extended the length of the civic agora's north side, complete with colossal statues of the emperor Augustus and his imperial family.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> The remains of a large subterranean <a href="/wiki/Neopythagorean" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopythagorean">Neopythagorean</a> basilica dating from the 1st century AD were found near the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Porta Maggiore</a> in Rome in 1917, and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After its destruction in 60 AD, <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>) was endowed with its first forum and basilica under the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-13">[13]</a> The basilica delimited the northern edge of the forum with typical nave, aisles, and a tribunal, but with an atypical semi-basement at the western side.<a href="#cite_note-:16-13">[13]</a> Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, basilica-forum complexes in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> did not usually include a temple; instead a shrine was usually inside the basilica itself.<a href="#cite_note-:16-13">[13]</a> At Londinium however, there was probably no temple at all attached to the original basilica, but instead a contemporary temple was constructed nearby.<a href="#cite_note-:16-13">[13]</a> Later, in 79 AD, an inscription commemorated the completion of the 385 by 120 foot (117 m × 37 m) basilica at <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> (<a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>) under the governor <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a>; by contrast the first basilica at Londinium was only 148 by 75 feet (45 m × 23 m).<a href="#cite_note-:16-13">[13]</a> The smallest known basilica in Britain was built by the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a> and measured 180 by 100 feet (55 m × 30 m).<a href="#cite_note-:16-13">[13]</a> When Londinium became a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>, the whole city was re-planned and a new great forum-basilica complex erected, larger than any in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-:24-14">[14]</a> Londinium's basilica, more than 500 feet (150 m) long, was the largest north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and a similar length to the modern <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-14">[14]</a> Only the later basilica-forum complex at <a href="/wiki/Treverorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Treverorum">Treverorum</a> was larger, while at Rome only the 525 foot (160 m) Basilica Ulpia exceeded London's in size.<a href="#cite_note-:24-14">[14]</a> It probably had arcaded, rather than <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">trabeate</a>, aisles, and a double row of square offices on the northern side, serving as the administrative centre of the colonia, and its size and splendour probably indicate an imperial decision to change the administrative capital of Britannia to Londinium from <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>), as all provincial capitals were designated coloniae.<a href="#cite_note-:24-14">[14]</a> In 300 Londinium's basilica was destroyed as a result of the rebellion led by the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> of the break-away <a href="/wiki/Britannic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannic Empire">Britannic Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Remains of the great basilica and its arches were discovered during the construction of <a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Market" title="Leadenhall Market">Leadenhall Market</a> in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-:24-14">[14]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> in the 1st century AD, a new basilica was constructed in on the east side of the forum.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> It was possibly inside the basilica that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">Acts 18:12–17</a>) was investigated and found innocent by the <a href="/wiki/Suffect_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffect Consul">Suffect Consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus</a>, the brother of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, after charges were brought against him by members of the local <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> Modern tradition instead associates the incident with an open-air inscribed <a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a> in the forum itself.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> constructed his own imperial forum in Rome accompanied by his <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a> dedicated in 112.<a href="#cite_note-:30-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a> (Latin: forum Traiani) was separated from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Trajan" title="Temple of Trajan">Temple of Trajan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulpian_Library" title="Ulpian Library">Ulpian Library</a>, and his famous <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Column</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a> by the Basilica.<a href="#cite_note-:30-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> It was an especially grand example whose particular symmetrical arrangement with an apse at both ends was repeated in the provinces as a characteristic form.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> To improve the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Roman concrete</a> used in the Basilica Ulpia, volcanic <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Naples">Bay of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> were imported which, though heavier, was stronger than the <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> available closer to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> The Bailica Ulpia is probably an early example of <a href="/wiki/Tie_rod" title="Tie rod">tie bars</a> to restrain the lateral thrust of the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vault</a> resting on a colonnade; both tie-bars and scoria were used in contemporary work at the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a> and later the Hadrianic domed vault of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> In early 123, the <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> and widow of the emperor Trajan, <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a> died. <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, successor to Trajan, <a href="/wiki/Deified_Roman_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deified Roman emperor">deified</a> her and had a basilica constructed in her honour in southern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Hilariana" title="Basilica Hilariana">Basilica Hilariana</a> (built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 145–155) was designed for the use of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> The largest basilica built outside Rome was that built under the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine dynasty">Antonine dynasty</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Byrsa" title="Byrsa">Byrsa</a> hill in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a> The basilica was built together with a forum of enormous size and was contemporary with a great complex of public baths and a new aqueduct system running for 82 miles (132 km), then the longest in the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a> The basilica at <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> a century later in about 216 is a notable 3rd century AD example of the traditional type, most notable among the works influenced by the Basilica Ulpia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> The basilica at Leptis was built mainly of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a>, but the apses at either end were only limestone in the outer sections and built largely of <a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">rubble masonry</a> faced with brick, with a number of decorative panels in <a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The basilica stood in a new forum and was accompanied by a programme of Severan works at Leptis including thermae, a new harbour, and a public fountain.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[6]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a>, principal city of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>, a basilica modelled on Leptis Magna's was completed during the short reign of <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basilicas_in_the_Roman_Forum">Basilicas in the Roman Forum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basilicas in the Roman Forum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg/220px-Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg/330px-Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg/440px-Defaced_bust_of_Augustus_-_Ephesus_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> from the basilica-stoa of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, defaced with a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a><a href="#cite_note-:242-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Basilica Porcia: first basilica built in Rome (184 BC), erected on the personal initiative and financing of the censor Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder) as an official building for the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Aemilia" title="Basilica Aemilia">Basilica Aemilia</a>, built by the censor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_187_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)">Aemilius Lepidus</a> in 179 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Sempronia" title="Basilica Sempronia">Basilica Sempronia</a>, built by the censor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_177_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 BC)">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a> in 169 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Opimia" title="Basilica Opimia">Basilica Opimia</a>, erected probably by the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Opimius" title="Lucius Opimius">Lucius Opimius</a> in 121 BC, at the same time that he restored the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concord" title="Temple of Concord">temple of Concord</a> (Platner, Ashby 1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a>, initially dedicated in 46 BC by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and completed by Augustus 27 BC to AD 14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a>, erected under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, emperor from AD 98 to 117</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius_and_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine">Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine</a> (built between AD 308 and 312)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg/220px-DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg/330px-DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg/440px-DSC_0272_Eufrazijeva_bazilika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica" title="Euphrasian Basilica">Euphrasian Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pore%C4%8D" title="Poreč">Poreč</a>, mid-6th century</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg/222px-Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg/333px-Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg/444px-Thessiloniki_--_Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Church of the Acheiropoietos's arcaded single side aisles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg/220px-Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg/330px-Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg/440px-Bethlehem-Nativity-132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Church of the Nativity's trabeate doubled side aisles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP08546_(7831627328).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RP08546_%287831627328%29.jpg/220px-RP08546_%287831627328%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RP08546_%287831627328%29.jpg/330px-RP08546_%287831627328%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RP08546_%287831627328%29.jpg/440px-RP08546_%287831627328%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3533" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the domestic basilica at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, 4th century</figcaption></figure> The aisled-hall plan of the basilica was adopted by a number of religious cults in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sardis_Synagogue" title="Sardis Synagogue">monumental basilica</a> housed the city's <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, serving the local <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> New religions like Christianity required space for congregational worship, and the basilica was adapted by the early Church for worship.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> Because they were able to hold large number of people, basilicas were adopted for Christian liturgical use after <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. The early churches of Rome were basilicas with an apsidal tribunal and used the same construction techniques of columns and timber roofing.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> At the start of the 4th century at Rome there was a change in burial and <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerary</a> practice, moving away from earlier preferences for inhumation in cemeteries – popular from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD – to the newer practice of burial in <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">catacombs</a> and inhumation inside Christian basilicas themselves.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Conversely, new basilicas often were erected on the site of existing early Christian cemeteries and martyria, related to the belief in <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Bodily Resurrection</a>, and the cult of the sacred dead became monumentalised in basilica form.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> Traditional civic basilicas and <a href="/wiki/Bouleuterion" title="Bouleuterion">bouleuteria</a> declined in use with the weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Curial_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Curial class">curial class</a> (Latin: curiales) in the 4th and 5th centuries, while their structures were well suited to the requirements of congregational liturgies.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> The conversion of these types of buildings into Christian basilicas was also of symbolic significance, asserting the dominance of Christianity and supplanting the old political function of public space and the city-centre with an emphatic Christian social statement.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> Traditional monumental civic amenities like <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestrae</a>, and thermae were also falling into disuse, and became favoured sites for the construction of new churches, including basilicas.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> Under Constantine, the basilica became the most prestigious style of church building, was "normative" for church buildings by the end of the 4th century, and were ubiquitous in western Asia, North Africa, and most of Europe by the close of the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Christians also continued to hold services in synagogues, houses, and gardens, and continued practising <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> in rivers, ponds, and Roman bathhouses.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> The development of Christian basilicas began even before Constantine's reign: a 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mud-brick</a> house at <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a> had become a Christian church and was rebuilt as a basilica.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Within was a rectangular assembly hall with <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> and at the east end an <a href="/wiki/Ambon_(liturgy)" title="Ambon (liturgy)">ambo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>, and an altar.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Also within the church were a catecumenon (for <a href="/wiki/Catechumens" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumens">catechumens</a>), a baptistery, a <a href="/wiki/Diaconicon" title="Diaconicon">diaconicon</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(altar)" title="Prothesis (altar)">prothesis</a>: all features typical of later 4th century basilica churches.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> A Christian structure which included the prototype of the triumphal arch at the east end of later Constantinian basilicas.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Known as the <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_church_(Israel)" title="Megiddo church (Israel)">Megiddo church</a>, it was built at Kefar 'Othnay in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, possibly c. 230, for or by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> stationed at <a href="/wiki/Legio" title="Legio">Legio</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Lajjun" title="Lajjun">Lajjun</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Its dedicatory inscriptions include the names of women who contributed to the building and were its major patrons, as well as men's names.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> A number of buildings previously believed to have been Constantinian or 4th century have been reassessed as dating to later periods, and certain examples of 4th century basilicas are not distributed throughout the Mediterranean world at all evenly.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> Christian basilicas and martyria attributable to the 4th century are rare on the Greek mainland and on the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, while the Christian basilicas of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus (island)">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> are nearly all of later date.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> The basilica at Ephesus's Magnesian Gate, the episcopal church at <a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea on the Lycus</a>, and two extramural churches at <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> have all been considered 4th century constructions, but on weak evidence.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> Development of <a href="/wiki/Pottery#Archaeology" title="Pottery">pottery chronologies</a> for Late Antiquity had helped resolve questions of dating basilicas of the period.<a href="#cite_note-:21-28">[28]</a> Three examples of a basilica discoperta or "<a href="/wiki/Hypaethral" title="Hypaethral">hypaethral</a> basilica" with no roof above the nave are inferred to have existed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> The 6th century <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pilgrim_of_Piacenza" title="Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza">Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza</a> described a "basilica built with a <a href="/wiki/Quadriporticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriporticus">quadriporticus</a>, with the middle atrium uncovered" at <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, while at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> two ruined 5th buildings of debated interpretation might have been either roofless basilica churches or simply courtyards with an <a href="/wiki/Exedra" title="Exedra">exedra</a> at the end.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> An old theory by <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Dyggve" title="Ejnar Dyggve">Ejnar Dyggve</a> that these were the architectural intermediary between the Christian <a href="/wiki/Martyrium_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrium (architecture)">martyrium</a> and the classical <a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">heröon</a> is no longer credited.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> The magnificence of early Christian basilicas reflected the patronage of the emperor and recalled his imperial palaces and reflected the royal associations of the basilica with the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Kingdoms">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a> and even earlier monarchies like that of <a href="/wiki/Pharaonic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic Egypt">Pharaonic Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Similarly, the name and association resounded with the Christian claims of the royalty of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> – according to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> the earliest Christians had gathered at the royal Stoa of Solomon in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to assert Jesus's royal heritage.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> For early Christians, the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> supplied evidence that the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon's palace">Solomon's palace</a> were both <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> halls and somewhat resembled basilicas.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Hypostyle synagogues, often built with apses in Palestine by the 6th century, share a common origin with the Christian basilicas in the civic basilicas and in the pre-Roman style of hypostyle halls in the Mediterranean Basin, particularly in Egypt, where pre-classical hypostyles continued to be built in the imperial period and were themselves converted into churches in the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Other influences on the evolution of Christian basilicas may have come from elements of domestic and palatial architecture during the pre-Constantinian period of Christianity, including the reception hall or aula (Ancient Greek: αὐλή, romanized: aulḗ, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'courtyard') and the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(domus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrium (domus)">atria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinia</a> of élite Roman dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> The versatility of the basilica form and its variability in size and ornament recommended itself to the early <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>: basilicas could be grandiose as the Basilica of Maxentius in the Forum Romanum or more practical like the so-called Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Bahira" title="Bahira">Bahira</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>, while the Basilica Constantiniana on the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Hill">Lateran Hill</a> was of intermediate scale.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> This basilica, begun in 313, was the first imperial Christian basilica.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Imperial basilicas were first constructed for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> in the reign of Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> Basilica churches were not economically inactive. Like non-Christian or civic basilicas, basilica churches had a commercial function integral to their local trade routes and economies. <a href="/wiki/Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphorae">Amphorae</a> discovered at basilicas attest their economic uses and can reveal their position in wider networks of exchange.<a href="#cite_note-:21-28">[28]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, now an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Park_of_Dion" title="Archaeological Park of Dion">Archaeological Park</a>, the latter 5th century Cemetery Basilica, a small church, was replete with <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">potsherds</a> from all over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>, evidencing extensive economic activity took place there.<a href="#cite_note-:21-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Likewise at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maroni_Petrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maroni Petrera (page does not exist)">Maroni Petrera</a> on Cyprus, the amphorae unearthed by archaeologists in the 5th century basilica church had been imported from North Africa, Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean basin">Aegean basin</a>, as well as from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus">Vegetius</a>, writing c. 390, basilicas were convenient for <a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">drilling</a> soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a> during inclement weather.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basilica_of_Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basilica of Maxentius">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG/220px-RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG/330px-RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG/440px-RomaBasilicaMassenzioDaPalatino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a> and Constantine in Rome. The building's northern aisle is all that remains.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg/220px-Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg/330px-Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg/440px-Dehio_6_Basilica_of_Maxentius_Floor_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Floor plan of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG/220px-Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG/330px-Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG/440px-Konstantinbasilika_Trier_Innen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>The 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Basilica of Constantine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> was a palatine basilica, used for receiving Constantine's political <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">clients</a>. The apse windows are in fact smaller than the side windows, producing an optical illusion of still greater size and distance.</figcaption></figure> The 4th century <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a>, begun by <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> between 306 and 312 and according to <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>'s De Caesaribus completed by Constantine I, was an innovation.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Earlier basilicas had mostly had wooden roofs, but this basilica dispensed with timber trusses and used instead <a href="/wiki/Cross-vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-vault">cross-vaults</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman bricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">concrete</a> to create one of the ancient world's largest covered spaces: 80 m long, 25 m wide, and 35 m high.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertices</a> of the cross-vaults, the largest Roman examples, were 35 m.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> The vault was supported on <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> monolithic columns 14.5 m tall.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> The foundations are as much as 8 m deep.<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> The vault was supported by brick latticework ribs (Latin: bipedalis) forming lattice ribbing, an early form of <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a>, and distributing the load evenly across the vault's span.<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> Similar brick ribs were employed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Maxentius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baths of Maxentius (page does not exist)">Baths of Maxentius</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, where they supported walls on top of the vault.<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> Also known as the Basilica Constantiniana, 'Basilica of Constantine' or Basilica Nova, 'New Basilica', it chanced to be the last civic basilica built in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> Inside the basilica the central nave was accessed by five doors opening from an entrance hall on the eastern side and terminated in an apse at the western end.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> Another, shallower apse with niches for statues was added to the centre of the north wall in a second campaign of building, while the western apse housed a colossal <a href="/wiki/Acrolith" title="Acrolith">acrolithic</a> statue of the emperor Constantine enthroned.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> Fragments of this statue are now in the courtyard of the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>. Opposite the northern apse on the southern wall, another monumental entrance was added and elaborated with a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> columns.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> One of the remaining marble interior columns was removed in 1613 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> and set up as an honorific column outside <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:29-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantinian_period">Constantinian period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constantinian period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg/220px-20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg/330px-20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg/440px-20140819-20140819-_HLB9362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Aula Palatina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>'s basilica at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, c. 310</figcaption></figure> In the early 4th century <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> used the word basilica (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: βασιλική, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: basilikḗ) to refer to Christian churches; in subsequent centuries as before, the word basilica referred in Greek to the civic, non-ecclesiastical buildings, and only in rare exceptions to churches.<a href="#cite_note-:3-34">[34]</a> Churches were nonetheless basilican in form, with an apse or tribunal at the end of a nave with two or more aisles typical.<a href="#cite_note-:3-34">[34]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> (sometimes with an exonarthex) or <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a> could be added to the entrance, together with an <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>, and the interior might have <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pastophorion" title="Pastophorion">pastophorion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallery_(theatre)" title="Gallery (theatre)">galleries</a>, but the basic scheme with clerestory windows and a wooden <a href="/wiki/Truss_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Truss roof">truss roof</a> remained the most typical church type until the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-:3-34">[34]</a> The nave would be kept clear for liturgical processions by the clergy, with the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> in the galleries and aisles to either side.<a href="#cite_note-:3-34">[34]</a> The function of Christian churches was similar to that of the civic basilicas but very different from temples in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman polytheism">Graeco-Roman polytheism</a>: while pagan temples were entered mainly by priests and thus had their splendour visible from without, within Christian basilicas the main ornamentation was visible to the congregants admitted inside.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Christian priests did not interact with attendees during the rituals which took place at determined intervals, whereas pagan priests were required to perform individuals' sacrifices in the more chaotic environment of the temple precinct, with the temple's façade as backdrop.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> In basilicas constructed for Christian uses, the interior was often decorated with <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, but these buildings' wooden roof often decayed and failed to preserve the fragile frescoes within.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> Thus was lost an important part of the early history of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Christian art</a>, which would have sought to communicate early Christian ideas to the mainly illiterate Late Antique society.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> On the exterior, basilica church complexes included cemeteries, baptisteries, and <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">fonts</a> which "defined ritual and liturgical access to the sacred", elevated the social status of the Church hierarchy, and which complemented the development of a Christian historical landscape; Constantine and his mother <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena</a> were patrons of basilicas in important Christian sites in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> and Rome, and at Milan and Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> Around 310, while still a self-proclaimed augustus unrecognised at Rome, Constantine began the construction of the Basilica Constantiniana or <a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Aula Palatina</a>, 'palatine hall', as a reception hall for his imperial seat at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trier#Roman_Empire" title="History of Trier">Augusta Treverorum</a>), capital of <a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica Prima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> On the exterior, Constantine's palatine basilica was plain and utilitarian, but inside was very grandly decorated.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the reign of Constantine I, a basilica was constructed for the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Nova_equitum_singularium" title="Castra Nova equitum singularium">former barracks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Equites_singulares_Augusti" title="Equites singulares Augusti">Equites singulares Augusti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> arm of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-36">[36]</a> (Constantine had disbanded the Praetorian guard after his defeat of their emperor Maxentius and replaced them with another bodyguard, the <a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-:12-36">[36]</a> In 313 Constantine began construction of the Basilica Constantiniana on the Lateran Hill.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> This basilica became Rome's <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> church, known as <a href="/wiki/St_John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="St John Lateran">St John Lateran</a>, and was more richly decorated and larger than any previous Christian structure.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> However, because of its remote position from the Forum Romanum on the city's edge, it did not connect with the older imperial basilicas in the fora of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Outside the basilica was the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a>, a rare example of an Antique statue that has never been underground.<a href="#cite_note-:242-9">[9]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a>, Constantine was also responsible for the rich interior decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Baptistery" title="Lateran Baptistery">Lateran Baptistery</a> constructed under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a> (r. 314–335), sited about 50 metres (160 ft).<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> The Lateran Baptistery was the first monumental free-standing baptistery, and in subsequent centuries Christian basilica churches were often endowed with such baptisteries.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a>, a Christian basilica erected by Constantine was taken over by his opponents, the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-36">[36]</a> After Constantine's failure to resolve the Donatist controversy by coercion between 317 and 321, he allowed the Donatists, who dominated <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, to retain the basilica and constructed a new one for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-36">[36]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular churches</a> of Rome were those which had been private residences and which were donated to be converted to places of Christian worship.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Above an originally 1st century AD villa and its later adjoining <a href="/wiki/Horreum" title="Horreum">warehouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a>, a large basilica church had been erected by 350, subsuming the earlier structures beneath it as a crypt.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> The basilica was the first church of <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">San Clemente al Laterano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Similarly, at <a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio</a>, an entire ancient <a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">city block</a> – a 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Insula_(building)" title="Insula (building)">insula</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a> – was buried beneath a 4th-century basilica.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> The site was already venerated as the martyrium of three early Christian burials beforehand, and part of the insula had been decorated in the style favoured by Christian communities frequenting the early <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> By 350 in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sofia" title="History of Sofia">Serdica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), a monumental basilica – the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church,_Sofia" title="Saint Sophia Church, Sofia">Church of Saint Sophia</a> – was erected, covering earlier structures including a Christian chapel, an oratory, and a cemetery dated to c. 310.<a href="#cite_note-:172-25">[25]</a> Other major basilica from this period, in this part of Europe, is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basilica,_Plovdiv" title="Great Basilica, Plovdiv">Great Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, Bulgaria) from the 4th century AD. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valentinianic–Theodosian_period">Valentinianic–Theodosian period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Valentinianic–Theodosian period">edit</a>]</div> In the late 4th century the dispute between <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Christianity">Arian Christianity</a> came to head at <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>), where <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> was bishop.<a href="#cite_note-:22-37">[37]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> in 386 the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> party, preferred by the <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a>, sought to wrest the use of the basilica from the Nicene partisan Ambrose.<a href="#cite_note-:22-37">[37]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, the dispute resulted in Ambrose organising an 'orthodox' <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> at the basilica and arranged the miraculous invention and translation of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>, whose hidden remains had been revealed in a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-37">[37]</a> During the sit-in, Augustine credits Ambrose with the introduction from the "eastern regions" of <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphonal</a> chanting, to give heart to the orthodox congregation, though in fact music was likely part of Christian ritual since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-37">[37]</a> The arrival and reburial of the martyrs' uncorrupted remains in the basilica in time for the Easter celebrations was seen as powerful step towards divine approval.<a href="#cite_note-:22-37">[37]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, the market adjoining the 1st-century forum was demolished and replaced with a Christian basilica.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> Civic basilicas throughout Asia Minor became Christian places of worship; examples are known at Ephesus, <a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> The Great Basilica in <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a> is a rare securely dated 4th century Christian basilica and was the city's cathedral church.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> The mosaics of the floor credit Optimus, the bishop, with its dedication.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> Optimus was a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a> and corresponded with him c. 377.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> Optimus was the city's delegate at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381, so the 70 m-long single-apsed basilica near the city walls must have been constructed around that time.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a> had a number of Christian basilicas constructed in Late Antiquity, particularly in former bouleuteria, as at <a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pednelissus" title="Pednelissus">Pednelissus</a>, while a civic basilica was converted for Christians' use in <a href="/wiki/Cremna" title="Cremna">Cremna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, opposite Constantinople on the Bosporus, the relics of <a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a> – a supposed Christian martyr of the Diocletianic Persecution – were housed in a martyrium accompanied by a basilica.<a href="#cite_note-:27-39">[39]</a> The basilica already existed when <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> passed through Chalcedon in 384, and in 436 <a href="/wiki/Melania_the_Younger" title="Melania the Younger">Melania the Younger</a> visited the church on her own journey to the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-:27-39">[39]</a> From the description of <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a> the church is identifiable as an aisled basilica attached to the martyrium and preceded by an atrium.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (8–31 October 451) was held in the basilica, which must have been large enough to accommodate the more than two hundred bishops that attended its third session, together with their translators and servants; around 350 bishops attended the Council in all.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Ekphrasis" title="Ekphrasis">ekphrasis</a> in his eleventh <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asterius_of_Amasea" title="Asterius of Amasea">Asterius of Amasea</a> described an icon in the church depicting Euphemia's martyrdom.<a href="#cite_note-:27-39">[39]</a> The church was restored under the patronage of the patricia and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anicia_Juliana" title="Anicia Juliana">Anicia Juliana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Pope Vigilius</a> fled there from Constantinople during the <a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three-Chapter Controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The basilica, which lay outside the walls of Chalcedon, was destroyed by the Persians in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a> during one of the Sasanian occupations of the city in 615 and 626.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The relics of Euphemia were reportedly <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> to a new <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Antiochos#Church_of_Saint_Euphemia" title="Palace of Antiochos">Church of St Euphemia</a> in Constantinople in 680, though <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a> argued the translation never took place.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Subsequently, Asterius's sermon On the Martyrdom of St Euphemia was advanced as an argument for <a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">iconodulism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the late 4th century, a large basilica church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a> was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in the former south stoa (a commercial basilica) of the Temple of Hadrian Olympios.<a href="#cite_note-:162-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Ephesus was the centre of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, and was the site of the city's famed <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a>, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.<a href="#cite_note-:152-51">[51]</a> It had also been a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Roman imperial cult</a> in Asia; Ephesus was three times declared <a href="/wiki/Neokoros" title="Neokoros">neokoros</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'temple-warden') and had constructed a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Sebastoi" title="Temple of the Sebastoi">Temple of the Sebastoi</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:152-51">[51]</a> The Basilica of the Virgin Mary was probably the venue for the 431 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> and the 449 <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a>, both convened by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:162-49">[49]</a> At some point during the Christianisation of the Roman world, Christian crosses were cut into the faces of the colossal statues of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> that stood in the basilica-stoa of Ephesus; the crosses were perhaps intended to <a href="/wiki/Exorcise" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcise">exorcise</a> <a href="/wiki/Demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons">demons</a> in a process akin to baptism.<a href="#cite_note-:242-9">[9]</a> In the eastern cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a> the 5th century domed octagonal martyrium of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip the Apostle</a> was built alongside a basilica church, while at <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a> the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">Basilica of St Nicholas</a> was constructed at the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> the earliest basilica churches, like the 5th century basilica at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Monastery of Stoudios</a>, were mostly equipped with a small cruciform crypt (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: κρυπτή, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: kryptḗ, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'hidden'), a space under the church floor beneath the altar.<a href="#cite_note-:32-52">[52]</a> Typically, these crypts were accessed from the apse's interior, though not always, as at the 6th century Church of St John at the <a href="/wiki/Hebdomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebdomon">Hebdomon</a>, where access was from outside the apse.<a href="#cite_note-:32-52">[52]</a> At Thessaloniki, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman bath">Roman bath</a> where tradition held <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" title="Demetrius of Thessaloniki">Demetrius of Thessaloniki</a> had been martyred was subsumed beneath the 5th century basilica of <a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a>, forming a crypt.<a href="#cite_note-:32-52">[52]</a> The largest and oldest basilica churches in Egypt were at <a href="/wiki/Pbow" title="Pbow">Pbow</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coenobitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenobitic">coenobitic</a> monastery established by <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a> in 330.<a href="#cite_note-:8-53">[53]</a> The 4th century basilica was replaced by a large 5th century building (36 × 72 m) with five aisles and internal colonnades of pink granite columns and paved with limestone.<a href="#cite_note-:8-53">[53]</a> This monastery was the administrative centre of the Pachomian order where the monks would gather twice annually and whose library may have produced many surviving <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> of biblical, Gnostic, and other texts in Greek and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-53">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, late antique basilicas were often built on a doubled plan.<a href="#cite_note-:9-54">[54]</a> In the 5th century, basilicas with two apses, multiple aisles, and doubled churches were common, including examples respectively at <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Sbeitla" title="Archaeological site of Sbeitla">Sufetula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Djémila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-54">[54]</a> Generally, North African basilica churches' <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altars</a> were in the nave and the main building medium was <a href="/wiki/Opus_africanum" title="Opus africanum">opus africanum</a> of local stone, and <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> was infrequently used.<a href="#cite_note-:9-54">[54]</a> The Church of the East's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> was convened by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian Emperor">Sasanian Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> at his capital at <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>; according to <a href="/wiki/Synodicon_Orientale" title="Synodicon Orientale">Synodicon Orientale</a>, the emperor ordered that the former churches in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> to be restored and rebuilt, that such clerics and <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a> as had been imprisoned were to be released, and their <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian Christian</a> communities allowed to circulate freely and practice openly.<a href="#cite_note-:28-55">[55]</a> In eastern <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> developed at typical pattern of basilica churches.<a href="#cite_note-:28-55">[55]</a> Separate entrances for men and women were installed in the southern or northern wall; within, the east end of the nave was reserved for men, while women and children were stood behind. In the nave was a bema, from which <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a> could be read, and which were inspired by the equivalent in synagogues and regularised by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-55">[55]</a> The Council of 410 stipulated that on <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a> would read the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> from the bema.<a href="#cite_note-:28-55">[55]</a> Standing near the bema, the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay folk</a> could chant responses to the reading and if positioned near the šqāqonā ("a walled floor-level pathway connecting the bema to the altar area") could try to kiss or touch the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> as it was processed from the <a href="/wiki/Deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacons">deacons</a>' room to the bema and thence to the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-55">[55]</a> Some ten Eastern churches in eastern Syria have been investigated by thorough <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-55">[55]</a> A Christian basilica was constructed in the first half of the 5th century at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">statue of Zeus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> had been noted as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a> ever since the 2nd century BC list compiled by <a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Cultural tourism thrived at Olympia and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> continued to be practised there well into the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-:11-56">[56]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to commemorate his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_war_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Last war of the Roman Republic">Last war of the Roman Republic</a>, four early Christian basilicas were built during Late Antiquity whose remains survive to the present.<a href="#cite_note-:14-58">[58]</a> In the 4th or 5th century, Nicopolis was surrounded by a new city wall.<a href="#cite_note-:14-58">[58]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> there are major basilicas from that time like <a href="/wiki/Elenska_Basilica" title="Elenska Basilica">Elenska Basilica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Church_(Bulgaria)" title="Red Church (Bulgaria)">Red Church</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Sabina_(Rome)_-_Esterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Sabina, Rome, 422–432."><img alt="Santa Sabina, Rome, 422–432." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Santa_Sabina_%28Rome%29_-_Esterno.jpg/225px-Santa_Sabina_%28Rome%29_-_Esterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Santa_Sabina_%28Rome%29_-_Esterno.jpg/337px-Santa_Sabina_%28Rome%29_-_Esterno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Santa_Sabina_%28Rome%29_-_Esterno.jpg/450px-Santa_Sabina_%28Rome%29_-_Esterno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7288" data-file-height="5838" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a>, Rome, 422–432.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Basilika_Santa_Sabina,_Innenansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Santa Sabina, with spolia Corinthian columns from the Temple of Juno Regina."><img alt="Interior of Santa Sabina, with spolia Corinthian columns from the Temple of Juno Regina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rom%2C_Basilika_Santa_Sabina%2C_Innenansicht.jpg/237px-Rom%2C_Basilika_Santa_Sabina%2C_Innenansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rom%2C_Basilika_Santa_Sabina%2C_Innenansicht.jpg/355px-Rom%2C_Basilika_Santa_Sabina%2C_Innenansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rom%2C_Basilika_Santa_Sabina%2C_Innenansicht.jpg/474px-Rom%2C_Basilika_Santa_Sabina%2C_Innenansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="2242" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Santa Sabina, with <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian columns">Corinthian columns</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Juno_Regina_(Aventine)" title="Temple of Juno Regina (Aventine)">Temple of Juno Regina</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Studite_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica church of the Monastery of Stoudios, Constantinple, 5th century, as depicted in the Menologion of Basil II, c. 1000."><img alt="Basilica church of the Monastery of Stoudios, Constantinple, 5th century, as depicted in the Menologion of Basil II, c. 1000." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Theodore_Studite_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/250px-Theodore_Studite_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Theodore_Studite_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/375px-Theodore_Studite_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Theodore_Studite_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/500px-Theodore_Studite_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="588" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basilica church of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Monastery of Stoudios</a>, Constantinple, 5th century, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a>, c. 1000.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apse of the ruined Great Basilica, Antioch in Pisidia. The floor dates to late 4th century, and the walls to the 5th or 6th century. The building has a semi-circular interior and a polygonal exterior."><img alt="Apse of the ruined Great Basilica, Antioch in Pisidia. The floor dates to late 4th century, and the walls to the 5th or 6th century. The building has a semi-circular interior and a polygonal exterior." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg/250px-Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg/375px-Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg/500px-Antioch_of_Pisidia_2870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apse of the ruined Great Basilica, Antioch in Pisidia. The floor dates to late 4th century, and the walls to the 5th or 6th century. The building has a semi-circular interior and a polygonal exterior.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird's eye view of the Elenska Basilica complex, Pirdop, Bulgaria."><img alt="Bird's eye view of the Elenska Basilica complex, Pirdop, Bulgaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg/130px-Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg/195px-Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg/260px-Elenska-bazilika-orto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2728" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird's eye view of the <a href="/wiki/Elenska_Basilica" title="Elenska Basilica">Elenska Basilica</a> complex, <a href="/wiki/Pirdop" title="Pirdop">Pirdop</a>, Bulgaria.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RedChurchAerial2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Red Church, Perushtitsa, Bulgaria."><img alt="The Red Church, Perushtitsa, Bulgaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RedChurchAerial2.jpg/240px-RedChurchAerial2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RedChurchAerial2.jpg/360px-RedChurchAerial2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RedChurchAerial2.jpg/480px-RedChurchAerial2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Red_Church_(Bulgaria)" title="Red Church (Bulgaria)">Red Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perushtitsa" title="Perushtitsa">Perushtitsa</a>, Bulgaria.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_(Imrahor)_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the Stoudios Monastery, with verd antique colonnade and Cosmatesque floor in situ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_%28Imrahor%29_Monastery.jpg/800px-The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_%28Imrahor%29_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_%28Imrahor%29_Monastery.jpg/1200px-The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_%28Imrahor%29_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_%28Imrahor%29_Monastery.jpg/1600px-The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_%28Imrahor%29_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6308" data-file-height="2228" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interior_of_the_St._John_Stoudios_(Imrahor)_Monastery.jpg" title="File:The interior of the St. John Stoudios (Imrahor) Monastery.jpg"> </a></div>Ruins of the Stoudios Monastery, with <a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">verd antique</a> colonnade and <a href="/wiki/Cosmatesque" title="Cosmatesque">Cosmatesque</a> floor in situ</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leonid_period">Leonid period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leonid period">edit</a>]</div> On <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, the Roman cities suffered from repeated earthquakes in the 4th century, but between c. 450 and c. 550, a large number of Christian basilicas were constructed.<a href="#cite_note-:13-59">[59]</a> Crete was throughout Late Antiquity a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>, governed from Thessaloniki.<a href="#cite_note-:13-59">[59]</a> Nine basilica churches were built at <a href="/wiki/Nea_Anchialos" title="Nea Anchialos">Nea Anchialos</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Phthiotic_Thebes" title="Phthiotic Thebes">Phthiotic Thebes</a> ([Θη̑βαι Φθιώτιδες] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)), which was in its heyday the primary port of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> was the three-aisled Basilica A, the <a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Church</a> of St <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" title="Demetrius of Thessaloniki">Demetrius of Thessaloniki</a>, and similar to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos" title="Church of the Acheiropoietos">Church of the Acheiropoietos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> Its atrium perhaps had a pair of towers to either side and its construction dates to the late 5th/early 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> The Elpidios Basilica – Basilica B – was of similar age, and the city was home to a large complex of ecclesiastical buildings including Basilica G, with its luxurious mosaic floors and a mid-6th century inscription proclaiming the patronage of the bishop Peter. Outside the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive wall</a> was Basilica D, a 7th-century cemetery church.<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stobi" title="Stobi">Stobi</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Στόβοι, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Stóboi) the capital from the late 4th century of the province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Salutaris">Macedonia II Salutaris</a>, had numerous basilicas and six palaces in late antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a> The Old Basilica had two phases of geometric pavements, the second phase of which credited the bishop Eustathios as patron of the renovations. A newer episcopal basilica was built by the bishop Philip atop the remains of the earlier structure, and two further basilicas were within the walls.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a> The Central Basilica replaced a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> on a site razed in the late 5th century, and there was also a North Basilica and further basilicas without the walls.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a> Various mosaics and sculptural decorations have been found there, and while the city suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> in 479 and an earthquake in 518, ceasing to be a major city thereafter, it remained a bishopric until the end of the 7th century and the Basilica of Philip had its <a href="/wiki/Templon" title="Templon">templon</a> restored in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-:6-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Small_Basilica,_Plovdiv" title="Small Basilica, Plovdiv">Small Basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a> (Plovdiv, Bulgaria) in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> was built in the second half of the 5th century AD. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of the 5th century Church of the Acheiropoietos by Charles Texier, 1864"><img alt="Drawing of the 5th century Church of the Acheiropoietos by Charles Texier, 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg/200px-Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg/300px-Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg/400px-Mosque_of_Eski_Djouma_Thessalonica_Transversal_section_Longitudinal_section_-_Texier_Charles_-_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1109" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing of the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos" title="Church of the Acheiropoietos">Church of the Acheiropoietos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Texier" title="Charles Texier">Charles Texier</a>, 1864</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_(Thessaloniki)_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonid basilica Church of the Acheiropoietos, Thessaloniki, 450–60"><img alt="Leonid basilica Church of the Acheiropoietos, Thessaloniki, 450–60" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_%28Thessaloniki%29_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/200px-Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_%28Thessaloniki%29_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_%28Thessaloniki%29_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/300px-Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_%28Thessaloniki%29_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_%28Thessaloniki%29_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/400px-Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos_%28Thessaloniki%29_by_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leo" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Leo">Leonid</a> basilica <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos" title="Church of the Acheiropoietos">Church of the Acheiropoietos</a>, Thessaloniki, 450–60</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5th-century mosaic of a basilica (Louvre)"><img alt="5th-century mosaic of a basilica (Louvre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg/200px-Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg/300px-Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg/400px-Basilique_%C3%A0_tours_-_mosa%C3%AFque_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4541" data-file-height="3055" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th-century mosaic of a basilica (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justinianic_period">Justinianic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Justinianic period">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> constructed at Ephesus a large basilica church, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St John</a>, above the supposed tomb of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:152-51">[51]</a> The church was a domed cruciform basilica begun in 535/6; enormous and lavishly decorated, it was built in the same style as Justinian's <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-:162-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-24">[24]</a> The Justinianic basilica replaced an earlier, smaller structure which <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> had planned to visit in the 4th century, and remains of a 2,130 foot (650 m) aqueduct branch built to supply the complex with water probably dates from Justinian's reign.<a href="#cite_note-:162-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Ephesians' basilicas to St Mary and St John were both equipped with <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptisteries</a> with filling and draining pipes: both <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">fonts</a> were flush with the floor and unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> As with most Justinianic baptisteries in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the baptistery at the Basilica of St John was on the northern side of the basilica's nave; the 734 m2 baptistery was separated from the basilica by a 3 m-wide corridor.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> According to the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> writer <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> Christian, the <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysites</a> held <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> services in the courtyard of the Basilica of St John under cover of night.<a href="#cite_note-:162-49">[49]</a> Somewhat outside the ancient city on the <a href="/wiki/Ayasuluk_Hill" title="Ayasuluk Hill">hill of Selçuk</a>, the Justinianic basilica became the centre of the city after the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:162-49">[49]</a> At Constantinople, Justinian constructed the largest domed basilica: on the site of the 4th century basilica Church of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a>, the emperor ordered construction of the huge domed basilica that survives to the present: the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> This basilica, which "continues to stand as one of the most visually imposing and architecturally daring churches in the Mediterranean", was the cathedral of Constantinople and the patriarchal church of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> Hagia Sophia, originally founded by Constantine, was at the social and political heart of Constantinople, near to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a>, while the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> was within the basilica's immediate vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The mid-6th century Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Pore%C4%8D" title="Poreč">Poreč</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Parens or Parentium; Ancient Greek: Πάρενθος, romanized: Párenthos) replaced an earlier 4th century basilica with the magnificent Euphrasian Basilica in the style of contemporary basilicas at <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-64">[64]</a> Some column <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> were of marble from Greece identical to those in <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> and must have been imported from the Byzantine centre along with the columns and some of the <a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-64">[64]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Conch_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conch (architecture)">conch</a> mosaics in the basilica's three apses and the fine opus sectile on the central apse wall is "exceptionally well preserved".<a href="#cite_note-:7-64">[64]</a> The 4th century basilica of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church,_Sofia" title="Saint Sophia Church, Sofia">Saint Sophia Church</a> at Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) was rebuilt in the 5th century and ultimately replaced by a new monumental basilica in the late 6th century, and some construction phases continued into the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-:20-65">[65]</a> This basilica was the cathedral of Serdica and was one of three basilicas known to lie outside the walls; three more churches were within the walled city, of which the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Sofia" title="Church of Saint George, Sofia">Church of Saint George</a> was a former Roman bath built in the 4th century, and another was a former Mithraeum.<a href="#cite_note-:20-65">[65]</a> The basilicas were associated with cemeteries with Christian inscriptions and burials.<a href="#cite_note-:20-65">[65]</a> Another basilica from this period in Bulgaria was the <a href="/wiki/Belovo_Basilica" title="Belovo Basilica">Belovo Basilica</a> (6th century AD). The <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> convert from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahudemmeh" title="Ahudemmeh">Ahudemmeh</a> constructed a new basilica <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 565 dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sergius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sergius">Saint Sergius</a> at ʿAin Qenoye (or ʿAin Qena according to <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>) after being ordained bishop of <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church#Iraq" title="Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church">Beth Arbaye</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a> and while proselytizing among the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arbayistan" title="Arbayistan">Arbayistan</a> in the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-:15-66">[66]</a> According to Ahudemmeh's biographer this basilica and its martyrium, in the upper <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> valley, was supposed to be a copy of the Basilica of St Sergius at Sergiopolis (<a href="/wiki/Resafa" title="Resafa">Resafa</a>), in the middle <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, so that the Arabs would not have to travel so far on pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-:15-66">[66]</a> More likely, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> for its construction and defence against the <a href="/wiki/Nestorians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorians">Nestorians</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Miaphysites" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysites">Miaphysites</a>' rivals, the basilica was part of an attempt to control the frontier tribes and limit their contact with the Roman territory of Justinian, who had agreed in the 562 <a href="/wiki/Fifty-Year_Peace_Treaty" title="Fifty-Year Peace Treaty">Fifty-Year Peace Treaty</a> to pay 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">nomismata</a> annually to Khosrow in return for a demilitarization of the frontier after the latest phase of the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars#Byzantine–Sasanian_wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-66">[66]</a> After being mentioned in 828 and 936, the basilica at ʿAin Qenoye disappeared from recorded history, though it may have remained occupied for centuries, and was rediscovered as a ruin by <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> in 1766.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The name of the modern site Qasr Serīj is derived from the basilica's dedication to St Sergius.<a href="#cite_note-:15-66">[66]</a> Qasr Serīj's construction may have been part of the policy of toleration that Khosrow and his successors had for Miaphysitism – a contrast with Justinian's persecution of heterodoxy within the Roman empire.<a href="#cite_note-:15-66">[66]</a> This policy itself encouraged many tribes to favour the Persian cause, especially after the death in 569 of the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanid_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid Kingdom">Ghassanid Kingdom</a>'s Miaphysite king <a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Jabalah" title="Al-Harith ibn Jabalah">al-Harith ibn Jabalah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Flavius Arethas, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἀρέθας) and the 584 suppression by the Romans of his successors' dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-:15-66">[66]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Sophia, Serdica (Sofia), built 4th–8th centuries"><img alt="Saint Sophia, Serdica (Sofia), built 4th–8th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/200px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/300px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/400px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church,_Sofia" title="Saint Sophia Church, Sofia">Saint Sophia</a>, Serdica (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>), built 4th–8th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ostrogothic Basilica of Christ the Redeemer, Ravenna, 504. Rededicated 561 to St Apollinaris"><img alt="Ostrogothic Basilica of Christ the Redeemer, Ravenna, 504. Rededicated 561 to St Apollinaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg/200px-Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg/300px-Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg/400px-Nave_looking_towards_the_entrance_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2007" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a> Basilica of Christ the Redeemer, Ravenna, 504. <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Rededicated 561 to St Apollinaris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_(interno).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe near Ravenna in Italy"><img alt="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe near Ravenna in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_%28interno%29.JPG/200px-Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_%28interno%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_%28interno%29.JPG/300px-Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_%28interno%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_%28interno%29.JPG/400px-Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe_%28interno%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3236" data-file-height="2572" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Nativity,_Bethlehem,_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Justinianic Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, after 529"><img alt="Justinianic Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, after 529" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Church_of_the_Nativity%2C_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg/200px-Church_of_the_Nativity%2C_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Church_of_the_Nativity%2C_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg/300px-Church_of_the_Nativity%2C_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Church_of_the_Nativity%2C_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg/400px-Church_of_the_Nativity%2C_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_04155u_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5459" data-file-height="3954" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinianic</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>, Bethlehem, after 529</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Floor plan of the Justinianic Basilica of St John, Ephesus, after 535/6"><img alt="Floor plan of the Justinianic Basilica of St John, Ephesus, after 535/6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png/131px-Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png/196px-Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png/261px-Ephesos_Saint_John_the_Theologian_plan_rotated.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1472" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floor plan of the Justinianic <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St John</a>, Ephesus, after 535/6</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the ruined Basilica of Bahira, Bosra"><img alt="Interior of the ruined Basilica of Bahira, Bosra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG/150px-Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG/225px-Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG/300px-Bosra_basilica_di_BahiraHPIM3296.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the ruined Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Bahira" title="Bahira">Bahira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the 10th-century Church of Achillius of Larissa, on the eponymous island of Agios Achilleios, Mikra Prespa, a typical basilica church[68]"><img alt="Ruins of the 10th-century Church of Achillius of Larissa, on the eponymous island of Agios Achilleios, Mikra Prespa, a typical basilica church[68]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/200px-%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/300px-%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/400px-%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the 10th-century Church of <a href="/wiki/Achillius_of_Larissa" title="Achillius of Larissa">Achillius of Larissa</a>, on the eponymous island of <a href="/wiki/Small_Prespa_Lake" title="Small Prespa Lake">Agios Achilleios, Mikra Prespa</a>, a typical basilica church<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belovo Basilica, Belovo Municipality, Bulgaria"><img alt="Belovo Basilica, Belovo Municipality, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg/200px-2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg/300px-2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg/400px-2011-Belovo_Basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belovo_Basilica" title="Belovo Basilica">Belovo Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belovo_Municipality" title="Belovo Municipality">Belovo Municipality</a>, Bulgaria</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palace_basilicas">Palace basilicas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palace basilicas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transeptarm.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Transeptarm.PNG/220px-Transeptarm.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Transeptarm.PNG/330px-Transeptarm.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Transeptarm.PNG/440px-Transeptarm.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Floor plan of a Christian church of basilical form, with part of the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> shaded. Either the part of the nave lying to the west in the diagram or the choir may have a hall structure instead. The choir also may be aisleless.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman imperial period">Roman Imperial period</a> (after about 27 BC), a basilica for large audiences also became a feature in palaces. In the 3rd century of the Christian era, the governing elite appeared less frequently in the forums. <blockquote>They now tended to dominate their cities from opulent palaces and country villas, set a little apart from traditional centers of public life. Rather than retreats from public life, however, these residences were the forum made private. <dl><dd>— Peter Brown, in Paul Veyne, 1987</dd></dl></blockquote> Seated in the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(architecture)" title="Tribune (architecture)">tribune</a> of his basilica, the great man would meet his dependent <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">clientes</a> early every morning. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>'s basilica at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aula_Palatina" title="Aula Palatina">Aula Palatina</a> (AD 306), is still standing. A private basilica excavated at <a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a> (Tunisia), in the "House of the Hunt", dates from the first half of the 5th century. Its reception or audience hall is a long rectangular nave-like space, flanked by dependent rooms that mostly also open into one another, ending in a semi-circular apse, with matching <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> spaces. Clustered columns emphasised the "crossing" of the two axes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_adoption_of_the_basilica_form">Christian adoption of the basilica form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian adoption of the basilica form">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianised_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianised sites">Christianised sites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_(arquitetura)_PT_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg/220px-Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg/330px-Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg/440px-Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Structural elements of a gothic basilica. Variations: Where the roofs have a low slope, the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> gallery may have own windows or may be missing.</figcaption></figure> In the 4th century, once the Imperial authorities had decriminalised Christianity with the 313 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>, and with the activities of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great</a> and his mother <a href="/wiki/Helena_(Empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (Empress)">Helena</a>, Christians were prepared to build larger and more handsome edifices for worship than the furtive meeting-places (such as the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave-church" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave-church">cave-churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house churches</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">that of the martyrs John and Paul</a>) they had been using. Architectural formulas for temples were unsuitable due to their pagan associations, and because pagan cult ceremonies and sacrifices occurred outdoors under the open sky in the sight of the gods, with the temple, housing the cult figures and the treasury, as a backdrop. The usable model at hand, when Constantine wanted to memorialise his imperial piety, was the familiar conventional architecture of the basilicas.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> There were several variations of the basic plan of the secular basilica, always some kind of rectangular hall, but the one usually followed for churches had a central nave with one aisle at each side and an apse at one end opposite to the main door at the other end. In (and often also in front of) the apse was a raised platform, where the altar was placed, and from where the clergy officiated. In secular building this plan was more typically used for the smaller audience halls of the emperors, governors, and the very rich than for the great public basilicas functioning as law courts and other public purposes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Constantine built a basilica of this type in his palace complex at Trier, later very easily adopted for use as a church. It is a long rectangle two storeys high, with ranks of arch-headed windows one above the other, without aisles (there was no mercantile exchange in this imperial basilica) and, at the far end beyond a huge arch, the apse in which Constantine held state. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Comparison of cross sections of churches</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica,_cross-section_scheme.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica: The central nave extends to one or two storeys more than the lateral aisles, and it has upper windows."><img alt="Basilica: The central nave extends to one or two storeys more than the lateral aisles, and it has upper windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica%2C_cross-section_scheme.png/161px-Basilica%2C_cross-section_scheme.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica%2C_cross-section_scheme.png/241px-Basilica%2C_cross-section_scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica%2C_cross-section_scheme.png/321px-Basilica%2C_cross-section_scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basilica: The central nave extends to one or two storeys more than the lateral aisles, and it has upper windows.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudobasilica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-basilica (i.e. false basilica): The central nave extends to an additional storey, but it has no upper windows."><img alt="Pseudo-basilica (i.e. false basilica): The central nave extends to an additional storey, but it has no upper windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pseudobasilica.png/161px-Pseudobasilica.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pseudobasilica.png/241px-Pseudobasilica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pseudobasilica.png/321px-Pseudobasilica.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-basilica (i.e. false basilica): The central nave extends to an additional storey, but it has no upper windows.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepped_hall_church.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stepped hall: The vaults of the central nave begin a bit higher than those of the lateral aisles, but there is no additional storey."><img alt="Stepped hall: The vaults of the central nave begin a bit higher than those of the lateral aisles, but there is no additional storey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stepped_hall_church.png/161px-Stepped_hall_church.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stepped_hall_church.png/241px-Stepped_hall_church.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stepped_hall_church.png/321px-Stepped_hall_church.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stepped hall: The vaults of the central nave begin a bit higher than those of the lateral aisles, but there is no additional storey.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall church: All vaults are almost on the same level."><img alt="Hall church: All vaults are almost on the same level." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png/161px-Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png/241px-Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png/321px-Hall_church_central_nave_wider.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hall_church" title="Hall church">Hall church</a>: All vaults are almost on the same level.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aisleless_church,_lateral_chapels.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aisleless church with wallside pilasters, a barrel-vault and upper windows above lateral chapels"><img alt="Aisleless church with wallside pilasters, a barrel-vault and upper windows above lateral chapels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aisleless_church%2C_lateral_chapels.png/161px-Aisleless_church%2C_lateral_chapels.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aisleless_church%2C_lateral_chapels.png/241px-Aisleless_church%2C_lateral_chapels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aisleless_church%2C_lateral_chapels.png/321px-Aisleless_church%2C_lateral_chapels.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aisleless_church" title="Aisleless church">Aisleless church</a> with wallside <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Barrel-vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel-vault">barrel-vault</a> and upper windows above lateral chapels </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg/113px-K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg/170px-K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg/226px-K%C3%B6nigshofen-Stadtpfarrkirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="3232" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg/221px-Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg/332px-Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg/442px-Grabfeld_2011_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Assumption of Mary's in <a href="/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6nigshofen" title="Bad Königshofen">Bad Königshofen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) is a pseudobasilica</div></div></div></div> Putting an <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> instead of the throne, as was done at Trier, made a church. Basilicas of this type were built in western Europe, Greece, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine, that is, at any <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early centre of Christianity</a>. Good early examples of the architectural basilica include the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> (6th century), the church of St Elias at <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> (5th century), and the two great basilicas at <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. The first basilicas with transepts were built under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a>, both in Rome and in his "New Rome", <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>: <blockquote>Around 380, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>, describing the Constantinian <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> at Constantinople, was the first to point out its resemblance to a cross. Because the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">cult of the cross</a> was spreading at about the same time, this comparison met with stunning success. <dl><dd>— <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Th%C3%A9bert" title="Yvon Thébert">Yvon Thébert</a>, in Veyne, 1987</dd></dl></blockquote> Thus, a Christian symbolic theme was applied quite naturally to a form borrowed from civil semi-public precedents. The first great Imperially sponsored Christian basilica is that of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. John Lateran">St John Lateran</a>, which was given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine right before or around the Edict of Milan in 313 and was consecrated in the year 324. In the later 4th century, other Christian basilicas were built in Rome: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">St Paul's Outside the Walls</a> (4th century), and later <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Clemente">St Clement</a> (6th century). A Christian basilica of the 4th or 5th century stood behind its entirely enclosed <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">forecourt</a> ringed with a colonnade or arcade, like the stoa or <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> that was its ancestor or like the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> that was its descendant. This forecourt was entered from outside through a range of buildings along the public street. This was the architectural ground-plan of <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome, until in the 15th century it was demolished to make way for a modern church built to a new plan. In most basilicas, the central nave is taller than the aisles, forming a row of windows called a clerestory. Some basilicas in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, have a central nave only slightly higher than the two aisles and a single pitched roof covering all three. The result is a much darker interior. This plan is known as the "oriental basilica", or "pseudobasilica" in central Europe. A peculiar type of basilica, known as <a href="/wiki/Three-church_basilica" title="Three-church basilica">three-church basilica</a>, was developed in early medieval Georgia, characterised by the central nave which is completely separated from the aisles with solid walls.<a href="#cite_note-ELL-71">[71]</a> Gradually, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> there emerged the massive <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> churches, which still kept the fundamental plan of the basilica. In <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Medieval Bulgaria</a> the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basilica,_Pliska" title="Great Basilica, Pliska">Great Basilica</a> was finished around 875. The architectural complex in <a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a>, the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, included a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>'s palace and a monastery.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The basilica was one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> in Europe of the time, with an area of 2,920 square metres (31,400 sq ft). The still in use <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sophia,_Ohrid" title="Church of Saint Sophia, Ohrid">Church of Saint Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> is another example from Medieval Bulgaria. In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, the word for church both as a building and as an institution is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biseric%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biserică (page does not exist)">biserică</a>, derived from the term basilica. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> the style was copied with variances. An American church built imitating the architecture of an Early Christian basilica, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_German_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's German Church">St. Mary's (German) Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, was demolished in 1997. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica,_Rome,_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old St Peter's, Rome, as the 4th-century basilica had developed by the mid-15th century, in a 19th-century reconstruction"><img alt="Old St Peter's, Rome, as the 4th-century basilica had developed by the mid-15th century, in a 19th-century reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg/220px-Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg/330px-Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg/440px-Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="611" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">Old St Peter's, Rome</a>, as the 4th-century basilica had developed by the mid-15th century, in a 19th-century reconstruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_(5790154828).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St John in the Lateran is both an architectural and an ecclesiastical basilica."><img alt="St John in the Lateran is both an architectural and an ecclesiastical basilica." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_%285790154828%29.jpg/220px-Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_%285790154828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_%285790154828%29.jpg/330px-Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_%285790154828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_%285790154828%29.jpg/440px-Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran_%285790154828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lateran_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran basilica">St John in the Lateran</a> is both an architectural and an ecclesiastical basilica.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque basilica of nowadays Lutheran Bursfelde Abbey in Germany"><img alt="Romanesque basilica of nowadays Lutheran Bursfelde Abbey in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg/220px-Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg/330px-Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg/440px-Kloster_Bursfelde_Westkirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> basilica of nowadays <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Bursfelde_Abbey" title="Bursfelde Abbey">Bursfelde Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Cathedral_(7251396712).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chester Cathedral in England, a Gothic style basilica"><img alt="Chester Cathedral in England, a Gothic style basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chester_Cathedral_%287251396712%29.jpg/220px-Chester_Cathedral_%287251396712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chester_Cathedral_%287251396712%29.jpg/330px-Chester_Cathedral_%287251396712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chester_Cathedral_%287251396712%29.jpg/440px-Chester_Cathedral_%287251396712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic style</a> basilica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Sebald's in Nuremberg has a basilical nave and a hall choir."><img alt="St. Sebald's in Nuremberg has a basilical nave and a hall choir." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG/200px-Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG/300px-Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG/400px-Nuremberg_-_St._Sebald_church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Sebaldus_Church,_Nuremberg" title="St. Sebaldus Church, Nuremberg">St. Sebald's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> has a basilical nave and a hall choir.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palma Cathedral on Mallorca in Spain has windows on three levels, one above the aisles, one above the file of chapels and one in the chapels."><img alt="Palma Cathedral on Mallorca in Spain has windows on three levels, one above the aisles, one above the file of chapels and one in the chapels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg/200px-14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg/300px-14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg/400px-14-01-22-palma-de-mallorca-018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palma_Cathedral" title="Palma Cathedral">Palma Cathedral</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> has windows on three levels, one above the aisles, one above the file of chapels and one in the chapels.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare American church built imitating the architecture of an Early Christian basilica, St. Mary's (German) Church in Pennsylvania, now demolished"><img alt="A rare American church built imitating the architecture of an Early Christian basilica, St. Mary's (German) Church in Pennsylvania, now demolished" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg/200px-St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg/300px-St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg/400px-St_Mary%27s_German_Church_interior_December_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare American church built imitating the architecture of an Early Christian basilica, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_German_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's German Church">St. Mary's (German) Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, now demolished</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_(23997180108).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia"><img alt="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997180108%29.jpg/177px-Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997180108%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997180108%29.jpg/266px-Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997180108%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997180108%29.jpg/354px-Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997180108%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="3004" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_basilicas">Catholic basilicas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catholic basilicas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">Basilicas in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg/220px-Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg/330px-Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg/440px-Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">major basilica</a> of the Catholic Church, is a central-plan building, enlarged by a basilical nave</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, a basilica is a church with special privileges. It is typically housed in a large and important <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">building</a>. This designation may be made by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> or may date from time immemorial.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-imm-74">[74]</a> Basilica churches are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building does not need to be a basilica in the architectural sense. Basilicas are either major basilicas – of which there are four, all in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">diocese of Rome</a>—or minor basilicas, of which there were 1,810 worldwide as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GCatholic20192-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a> is displayed in a basilica to the right side (i.e. the Epistle side) of the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> to indicate that the church has been awarded the rank of a basilica. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courthouse" title="Courthouse">Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">Macellum</a> – Roman covered market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_hall" title="Market hall">Market hall</a> – modern covered market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia#Municipal_curiae" title="Curia">Municipal curiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">Town hall</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Church architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Henig, Martin (ed.), A Handbook of Roman Art, Phaidon, p. 55, 1983, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714822140" title="Special:BookSources/0714822140">0714822140</a>; Sear, F. B., "Architecture, 1, a) Religious", section in Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient." Grove Art Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 March 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T073405pg3">subscription required</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation cs2">Roberts, John, ed. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001/acref-9780192801463-e-314">"basilica"</a>, The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192801463.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280146-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280146-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Classical+World&rft.atitle=basilica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192801463.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280146-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192801463.001.0001%2Facref-9780192801463-e-314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumser2010" class="citation cs2">Dumser, Elisha Ann (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-164">"Basilica"</a>, in Gagarin, Michael (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basilica&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Dumser&rft.aufirst=Elisha+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001%2Facref-9780195170726-e-164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te2dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture</a> (2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19968027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19968027-6">978-0-19968027-6</a>), p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/the_eschatological_dimension_of_church_architecture">"The Institute for Sacred Architecture – Articles – The Eschatological Dimension of Church Architecture"</a>. sacredarchitecture.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacredarchitecture.org&rft.atitle=The+Institute+for+Sacred+Architecture+%E2%80%93+Articles+%E2%80%93+The+Eschatological+Dimension+of+Church+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredarchitecture.org%2Farticles%2Fthe_eschatological_dimension_of_church_architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonati2014" class="citation cs2">Donati, Jamieson C. (4 November 2014), Marconi, Clemente (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783304.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199783304-e-011">"The City in the Greek and Roman World"</a>, The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199783304.013.011">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783304.013.011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978330-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978330-4"><bdi>978-0-19-978330-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Art+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=The+City+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199783304.013.011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978330-4&rft.aulast=Donati&rft.aufirst=Jamieson+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199783304.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199783304-e-011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2019" class="citation cs2">Davis, Thomas W. (2019), Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W.; Pettegrew, David K. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199369041-e-34">"New Testament Archaeology Beyond the Gospels"</a>, The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology, Oxford University Press, pp. 45–63, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199369041.013.34">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.34</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936904-1"><bdi>978-0-19-936904-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Christian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Testament+Archaeology+Beyond+the+Gospels&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199369041.013.34&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936904-1&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199369041.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199369041-e-34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2009" class="citation cs2">Darvill, Timothy (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-400">"basilica"</a>, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953404-3"><bdi>978-0-19-953404-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=basilica&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953404-3&rft.aulast=Darvill&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001%2Facref-9780199534043-e-400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:242-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:242_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristensen2019" class="citation cs2">Kristensen, Troels Myrup (2019), Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W.; Pettegrew, David K. 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(ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4421">"Poreč"</a>, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.atitle=Pore%C4%8D&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-4421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizosDarley2018" class="citation cs2">Rizos, Efthymios; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4297">"Serdica"</a>, The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Serdica&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Rizos&rft.aufirst=Efthymios&rft.au=Darley%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-4297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_66-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1962" class="citation journal cs1">Oates, David (1962). "Qasr Serīj: A Sixth Century Basilica in Northern Iraq". Iraq. 24 (2): 78–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4199719">10.2307/4199719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0889">0021-0889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4199719">4199719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164090791">164090791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Qasr+Ser%C4%ABj%3A+A+Sixth+Century+Basilica+in+Northern+Iraq&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-89&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0021-0889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164090791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4199719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4199719&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, St John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200392">"A Note on Qasr Serij"</a>. Iraq. 56. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 149–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200392">10.2307/4200392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200392">4200392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Qasr+Serij&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=149-151&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F4200392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆurčić2005" class="citation cs2">Ćurčić, Slobodan (2005) [1991], Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-1105">"Church Plan Types"</a>, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.atitle=Church+Plan+Types&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft.aulast=%C4%86ur%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112182738/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/MiddleAgesArchitectural/EarlyChristianByzantine/BasilicaPlanChurches/BasilicaPlanChurches.htm">"Basilica Plan Churches"</a>. Cartage.org.lb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/MiddleAgesArchitectural/EarlyChristianByzantine/BasilicaPlanChurches/BasilicaPlanChurches.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basilica+Plan+Churches&rft.pub=Cartage.org.lb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartage.org.lb%2Fen%2Fthemes%2FArts%2FArchitec%2FMiddleAgesArchitectural%2FEarlyChristianByzantine%2FBasilicaPlanChurches%2FBasilicaPlanChurches.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Syndicus, 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-ELL-71"><a href="#cite_ref-ELL_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosley_Leeming2018" class="citation book cs1">Loosley Leeming, Emma (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/38209?lang=en">Architecture and Asceticism: Cultural Interaction between Syria and Georgia in Late Antiquity</a>. Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity, Volume: 13. Brill. pp. 115–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37531-4"><bdi>978-90-04-37531-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Asceticism%3A+Cultural+Interaction+between+Syria+and+Georgia+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.series=Texts+and+Studies+in+Eastern+Christianity%2C+Volume%3A+13&rft.pages=115-121&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37531-4&rft.aulast=Loosley+Leeming&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F38209%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fakti.bg/kultura-art/141654-vazstanovavaneto-na-golamata-bazilika-oznachava-pamet-rodolubie-i-turizam">"Възстановяването на Голямата базилика означава памет, родолюбие и туризъм"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%2C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffakti.bg%2Fkultura-art%2F141654-vazstanovavaneto-na-golamata-bazilika-oznachava-pamet-rodolubie-i-turizam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> 1 CIC 1917, can. 1180 as quoted in Basilicas Historical and Canonical Development, GABRIEL CHOW HOI-YAN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 13 May 2003 (revised 24 June 2003). "It was not until 1917 that the Code of Canon Law officially recognized de jure churches that had the immemorial custom of using the title of basilica as having such a right to the title.81 We refer to such churches as immemorial." </li> <li id="cite_note-imm-74"><a href="#cite_ref-imm_74-0">^</a> The title of minor basilicas was first attributed to the church of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola_a_Tolentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Nicola a Tolentino">San Nicola di Tolentino</a> in 1783. An older minor basilica is referred to as an "immemorial basilica". </li> <li id="cite_note-GCatholic20192-75"><a href="#cite_ref-GCatholic20192_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/bas.htm">"Basilicas in the World"</a>. GCatholic.org. 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCatholic.org&rft.atitle=Basilicas+in+the+World&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fbas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGietmann,_G.Thurston,_Herbert1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gietmann, G. & Thurston, Herbert (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Basilica">"Basilica" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basilica&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Gietmann%2C+G.&rft.au=Thurston%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautheimer1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Krautheimer" title="Richard Krautheimer">Krautheimer, Richard</a> (1992). Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05294-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05294-4"><bdi>0-300-05294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+architecture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-300-05294-4&rft.aulast=Krautheimer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930084621/http://209.128.32.146/frmSiteDetails.aspx?hpid=1464">"Basilica Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Registered Heritage Structure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Foundation_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador">Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>.</li> <li>Seindal, René. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/1193_Basilica_Porcia.html">Basilica Porcia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth212/early_christian_basilica.html">Architecture of the basilica</a>. Art Department, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Oneonta" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Oneonta">SUNY Oneonta</a>: ARTH 212.</li> <li>Syndicus, Eduard (1962). Early Christian Art. London: Burns & Oates.</li> <li>Thayer, W. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/basilicae.html">"Basilicas of Ancient Rome"</a>. From Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Paul Veyne, ed. A History of Private Life I: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, 1987</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basilica" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:basilica">basilica</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basilicas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Basilicas">Basilicas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, a 1st-century B.C. Roman architect, on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ten_Books_on_Architecture/Book_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ten Books on Architecture/Book V">how to design a basilica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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