CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stabiae - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f1950dc6-d95a-4044-bff9-ef5ab0a42cf5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stabiae","wgTitle":"Stabiae","wgCurRevisionId":1280825625,"wgRevisionId":1280825625,"wgArticleId":21476661,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles with Italian-language sources (it)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Pages with Latin IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from January 2024","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2024","Castellammare di Stabia","Archaeological sites in Campania","Coastal towns in Campania","Destroyed populated places","Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD","Former populated places in Italy","National museums of Italy","Pompeii (ancient city)","Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC","Populated places disestablished in the 1st century","Roman sites of Campania","Roman towns and cities in Italy","Tourist attractions in Campania"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stabiae","wgRelevantArticleId":21476661,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":40.70305555555556,"lon":14.498888888888889},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q547910","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg/1200px-Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1093"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg/800px-Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="728"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg/640px-Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="583"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stabiae - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Stabiae rootpage-Stabiae skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stabiae" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stabiae" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stabiae" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stabiae" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Eruption_of_79_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Eruption_of_79_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>The Eruption of 79 AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Eruption_of_79_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-eruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-eruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Post-eruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-eruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Villas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Villas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Villas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Villas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Villa_San_Marco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_San_Marco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Villa San Marco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_San_Marco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_From_Villa_San_Marco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_From_Villa_San_Marco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Art From Villa San Marco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_From_Villa_San_Marco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Arianna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Arianna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Villa Arianna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Arianna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_Complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_Complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The <i>Second Complex</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Second_Complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_del_Pastore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_del_Pastore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Villa del Pastore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_del_Pastore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_of_Anteros_and_Heracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_of_Anteros_and_Heracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Villa of Anteros and Heracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_of_Anteros_and_Heracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Petraro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Petraro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Villa Petraro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Petraro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Carmiano_(Villa_A)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Carmiano_(Villa_A)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Villa Carmiano (Villa A)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Carmiano_(Villa_A)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Sant'Antonio_Abate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Sant'Antonio_Abate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Villa Sant'Antonio Abate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Sant'Antonio_Abate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Medici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Medici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Villa Medici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Medici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_del_Filosofo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_del_Filosofo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Villa del Filosofo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_del_Filosofo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Marchetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Marchetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Villa Marchetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Marchetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_Casa_dei_Miri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_Casa_dei_Miri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Villa Casa dei Miri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_Casa_dei_Miri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necropoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necropoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Necropoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Necropoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stabiae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Стабии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стабии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A0bia" title="Estàbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estàbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia_(kapital_sa_munisipyo)" title="Castellammare di Stabia (kapital sa munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Castellammare di Stabia (kapital sa munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabie" title="Stabie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stabie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabia" title="Estabia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estabia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabia" title="Estabia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estabia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabies" title="Stabies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stabies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%97%90" title="스타비아에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스타비아에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabia" title="Stabia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stabia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabijos" title="Stabijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stabijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="स्टेबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टेबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ستابيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستابيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabie" title="Stabie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stabie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1bia" title="Estábia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estábia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Стабии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стабии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стабија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стабија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabija" title="Stabija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stabija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stabiae" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabia" title="Estabia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estabia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%97" title="Стабії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стабії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="斯塔比亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯塔比亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q547910#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stabiae" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stabiae"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stabiae"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stabiae" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stabiae" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&oldid=1280825625" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stabiae&id=1280825625&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStabiae"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStabiae"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stabiae&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stabiae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q547910" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stabiae&params=40_42_11_N_14_29_56_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°42′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°29′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.70306°N 14.49889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.70306; 14.49889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman town</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Stabiae</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_from_Stabiae,_1st_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg/220px-Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg/440px-Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wall painting from Stabiae, 1st century AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Castellammare di Stabia, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stabiae&params=40_42_11_N_14_29_56_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°42′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°29′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.70306°N 14.49889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.70306; 14.49889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org/">Sito Archeologico di Stabiae</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian and English)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/500px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/525px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/700px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Stabiae and other cities affected by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stabiae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stabiae">Stabiae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Stabiae</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈstabɪ.ae̯]</a></span>) was an ancient city situated near the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Castellammare di Stabia">Castellammare di Stabia</a> and approximately 4.5 km (2.79 miles) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. Like Pompeii, and being only 16 km (9.9 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>, it was largely buried by <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> ash in the 79 AD <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">eruption of Mount Vesuvius</a>, in this case at a shallower depth of up to 5 m.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabiae is most famous for the Roman villas found near the ancient city which are regarded as some of the most stunning architectural and artistic remains from any Roman villas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the largest concentration of excellently preserved, enormous, elite seaside villas known in the Roman world. The villas were sited on a 50 m high headland overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-restoring_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restoring-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was discovered before Pompeii in 1749, unlike Pompeii and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, Stabiae was reburied by 1782 and so failed to establish itself as a destination for travelers on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>. </p><p>Many of the objects and frescoes taken from these villas are now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Naples">National Archaeological Museum of Naples</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg/250px-Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg/330px-Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg/500px-Antica_porta_di_Stabiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>City gate of Stabiae</figcaption></figure> <p>The settlement at Stabiae arose from as early as the 7th century BC due to the favourable climate and its strategic and commercial significance as evocatively documented by materials found in the vast <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> discovered in 1957 on via Madonna delle Grazie, situated between <a href="/wiki/Gragnano" title="Gragnano">Gragnano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_la_Carit%C3%A0" title="Santa Maria la Carità">Santa Maria la Carità</a>. The necropolis of over 300 tombs containing imported pottery of Corinthian, Etruscan, <a href="/wiki/Chalcidians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidians">Chalcidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> origin clearly shows that the town had major commercial contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The necropolis, covering an area of 15,000 m<sup>2</sup> (160,000 sq ft), was used from the 7th to the end of the 3rd century BC and shows the complex population changes with the arrival of new peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, which opened up new contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabiae had a small <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> which by the 6th century BC had already been overshadowed by the much larger port at Pompeii. It later became an <a href="/wiki/Oscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscan">Oscan</a> settlement<sup id="cite_ref-Senatore_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senatore-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it appears that the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> later took over the Oscan town in the 5th century. </p><p>With the arrival of the Samnites the city suffered a sudden social and economic slowdown in favor of the development of nearby Pompeii, as shown by the almost total absence of burials: however, when the influence of the Samnites became more marked in the middle of the 4th century BC Stabiae began a slow recovery,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so much so that it was necessary to build two new necropoles, one discovered in 1932 near the <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval">Mediaeval</a> Castle, the other in Scanzano. A sanctuary, probably dedicated to Athena, was built in the locality of Privati.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Inferiore" title="Nocera Inferiore">Nucerian</a> federation, adopting its political and administrative structure and becoming its military port, although it enjoyed less autonomy than Pompeii, Herculaneum and <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>; in 308 BC, after a long siege, it was forced to surrender in the Samnite wars against the Romans. </p><p>The earliest Roman evidence is coins from Rome and <a href="/wiki/Ebusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebusus">Ebusus</a> found in the sanctuary of Privati dating back to the 3rd century BC probably brought in by merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> Stabiae supported Rome against the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> with young men in the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a> who wrote: </p> <dl><dd><i>Irrumpit Cumana ratis, quam Corbulo ducato lectaque complebat Stabiarum litore pubes.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The location of the early city of Stabiae is still to be identified but it was most probably a fortified town of some importance, since when conflict with the Romans reached a head during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War (91–88 BC)</a>, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a> did not simply occupy the town on 30 April 89 BC but destroyed it. Its location is said to be delimited by the Scanzano gorge and the San Marco stream which partly eroded its walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Period">Roman Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg/220px-Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg/330px-Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg/440px-Mappa_di_Stabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Map of excavations at Stabiae</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman author and admiral <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> recorded that the town was rebuilt after the Social Wars and became a popular resort for wealthy Romans. He reported that there were several miles of luxury villas built along the edge of the headland, all enjoying panoramic views out over the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-restoring_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restoring-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villas that can be visited today come from the time between the destruction of Stabiae by <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> in 89 BC and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Senatore_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senatore-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1759 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Weber (archaeologist)">Karl Weber</a> identified and described part of the city near the Villa San Marco which extended over about 45,000 m<sup>2</sup>. He found five paved streets intersecting at right angles, the <i><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> on a podium, a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)"><i>gymnasium</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tabernae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernae">tabernae</a></i> with arcades, pavements and small private houses. </p><p>In the plain around Stabiae was the <i>Ager Stabianus</i>, the land administered by the city and an agricultural area in which about 60 <i><a href="/wiki/Villae_rusticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Villae rusticae">villae rusticae</a></i> have been identified: farmhouses that vary from 400 to 800 m<sup>2</sup>, from which intensive agriculture took advantage of the fertility of the soil, and which included production and processing of agricultural products with wine and olive presses, threshing floors and storehouses,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the owners wealthy, considering the villas' <a href="/wiki/Thermal_baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal baths">thermal baths</a> and frescoed rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabiae established itself as a luxury residential center, so much so that Cicero wrote in a letter to his friend <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Marius_Gratidianus" title="Marcus Marius Gratidianus">Marcus Marius Gratidianus</a>: </p> <dl><dd>"For I doubt not that in that study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian waters of the bay, and obtained a view of <a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Misenum</a>, you have spent the morning hours of those days in light reading"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The phenomenon of the construction of the luxury villas along the entire coast of the Gulf of Naples in this period was such that <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> also wrote: </p> <dl><dd>"The whole gulf is quilted by cities, buildings, plantations, so united to each other, that they seem to be a single metropolis."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Stabiae was also well known for the quality of its spring water according to <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, which was believed to have medicinal properties. </p> <dl><dd><i>Fontibus et Stabiae celebres</i> (Stabiae is also famous for its springs).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Eruption_of_79_AD">The Eruption of 79 AD</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Eruption of 79 AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a></div> <p>In 62 AD the city was hit by a violent earthquake that affected the whole region, causing considerable damage to the buildings and creating the need for restoration work, which was never finished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a letter written by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">his nephew</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pliny the Elder was at the other side of the bay in <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a> when the eruption of 79 AD started. He sailed by <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> across the bay, partly to observe the eruption more closely, and partly to rescue people from the coast near the volcano.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pliny died at Stabiae the following day. This coincides with the arrival of the sixth and largest <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">pyroclastic surge</a> of the eruption caused by the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_plume" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption plume">eruption plume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The very diluted outer edge of this surge reached Stabiae and left two centimetres of fine ash on top of the immensely thick aerially-deposited <i><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a></i> which further protected the underlying remains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-eruption">Post-eruption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-eruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG/220px-Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG/330px-Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG/440px-Museo_diocasano_sorrentino-stabiese_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Milestone found on the cathedral site, 121 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike Pompeii, the eruption did not end human activity as about 40 years later the road to <a href="/wiki/Nuceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuceria">Nuceria</a> was rebuilt, as its 11th milestone recovered from the cathedral site shows. Also <a href="/wiki/Publius_Papinius_Statius" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Papinius Statius">Publius Papinius Statius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 45–96</span>) asked in a poem for his wife to join him in what he called "Stabias renatas" (Stabiae reborn).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued to be an important center for trade as the surrounding agricultural area needed a port and that of Stabiae was restored whilst that of Pompeii had been destroyed. In the 2nd c. AD new <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropoles</a> were created at Grotta S.Biagio (below the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/stabiae-en-2/villa-arianna/">Villa Arianna</a>), Santa Maria la Carità and Pimonte. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> the city decreased in importance. Between the third and fourth centuries, as demonstrated by the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, were the first traces of a Christian community.<sup id="cite_ref-positanonews.it_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positanonews.it-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth century saw the formation of the diocese with the first bishops Orso and Catello. In the 5th century it was known as a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine order">Benedictine Order</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Stabiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plan_Stabiae.jpg/500px-Plan_Stabiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plan_Stabiae.jpg/960px-Plan_Stabiae.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Plan of part of the town of Stabiae, (Villa San Marco top right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_(villa_di_Arianna)_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_Arianna%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg/250px-Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_Arianna%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_Arianna%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_Arianna%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_Arianna%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg/500px-Wall_painting_-_Flora_-_Stabiae_%28villa_di_Arianna%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4836" /></a><figcaption><i>Spring</i> fresco from the Villa Arianna, Stabiae, one of the best-known and iconic Roman frescoes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheletro_Stabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Scheletro_Stabia.jpg/220px-Scheletro_Stabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Scheletro_Stabia.jpg/330px-Scheletro_Stabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Scheletro_Stabia.jpg/440px-Scheletro_Stabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Victim of eruption found in 2006 in Villa San Marco</figcaption></figure> <p>The archaeological remains at Stabiae were originally discovered in 1749 by Cavaliere <a href="/wiki/Roque_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Alcubierre" title="Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre">Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre</a>, an engineer working for King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VII of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parslow_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parslow-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ruins were partially excavated by Alcubierre with help from <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Weber (archaeologist)">Karl Weber</a> between 1749 and 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-Parslow_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parslow-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber was the first to make detailed architectural drawings and delivered them to the court of Naples. He proposed the systematic unearthing of the buildings and their display on site, in their context. In 1759 Weber partially identified and described part of the old city that extended over an area of about 45000 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins that had been excavated, however, were reburied. </p><p>A second excavation campaign until 1782 was assisted by the architect <a href="/wiki/Pietro_la_Vega" title="Pietro la Vega">Franceso La Vega</a> after Weber's death. He diligently collected all the preceding material to reconstruct the history of the excavations. He introduced new concepts for the first time about context, emphasizing direct observation of ancient buildings in their landscape or in their historical and archaeological context. In seven years at Stabiae La Vega resumed excavations in some villas built on the plateau of Varanium<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already partially excavated, the Villa del Pastore, Villa Arianna and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/stabiae-en-2/second-complex/">Second Complex</a> and extended research to a large number of <i>villae rusticae</i> in the <i>ager stabianus</i> and made precise reports. However he could not persuade the court to keep excavated buildings exposed and avoid their back-filling. So excavation of Stabiae continued with the usual technique of digging and back-filling.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of Stabiae was again widely forgotten. </p><p>In 1950<sup id="cite_ref-restoring_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restoring-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libero_D%27Orsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libero D'Orsi (page does not exist)">Libero D'Orsi</a>, an enthusiastic amateur, brought to light some rooms of Villa San Marco<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Villa Arianna<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the help of the maps from the Bourbon excavations, and also Villa Petraro, a <i><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i> found by chance in 1957 (in the commune of Santa Maria la Carità) but then reburied after a few years of study.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also found parts of a residential area of the city about 300 m from Villa San Marco including remains of houses, shops, and parts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which roads from the port converged.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These remains were again reburied. News of the finds quickly attracted important visitors and nobility from all over Europe. Some of the most important frescoes were detached to allow better conservation and almost 9000 finds collected were housed locally. His work finally stopped in 1962 following lack of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site was declared an archaeological protected area in 1957. </p><p>Sporadically, numerous remains of villas and necropolises were found; as when Villa Carmiano (now in commune of Gragnano) was excavated in 1963 then reburied; in 1967 part of the "Second Complex" and the Villa del Pastore resurfaced and was reburied in 1970;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1974 a villa belonging to the <i>ager stabianus</i> was discovered located in the current municipality of Sant'Antonio Abate but whose excavation has not yet been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition other villas, especially rural ones, were discovered throughout the <i>ager stabianus</i>, especially between Santa Maria la Carità and Gragnano and all were reburied. </p><p>In 1980 the violent <a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_Irpinia_Earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 Irpinia Earthquake (page does not exist)">earthquake of Irpinia</a> caused huge damage to the villas and destroyed part of the colonnade of the upper peristyle of Villa San Marco.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It caused the closure of the excavations to the public. Nevertheless, in 1981 part of the courtyard of Villa Arianna was found, inside which were two agricultural wagons, one of which was restored and put on view to the public. In the rest of the eighties and nineties, only maintenance and restoration works were carried out, except for a few important events, such as the discovery of substructures at Villa Arianna in 1994 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a></i> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological site was reopened to the public in 1995. </p><p>The year 2004 saw an Italian-American collaboration between the Superintendency of Archaeology of Pompeii, the region of Campania and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a> to form the non-profit Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation (RAS) whose goal was to restore and build an archaeological park.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 2006 was eventful: following clearance on the Varano hill, rooms belonging to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_of_Anteros_and_Heracles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa of Anteros and Heracles (page does not exist)">Villa of Anteros and Heracles</a>, already discovered by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbons</a> in 1749, but reburied and lost, were brought to light. In July the RAS revealed the upper peristyle of Villa San Marco and in its south-east corner Stabiae's first human skeleton was also found, probably a fugitive who fell victim to falling debris.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 Villa San Marco and Villa Arianna were re-explored and in the former three <i><a href="/wiki/Cubicula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubicula">cubicula</a></i> were uncovered areas behind the peristyle and two <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a>, and a garden was brought to light, with the latter part of the great peristyle looking directly over the sea. </p><p>In 2009 new excavations brought to light a Roman road running along the northern <a href="/wiki/Perimeter" title="Perimeter">perimeter</a> of Villa San Marco. It is a paved road that connected the town of Stabiae with the seashore below: across this artery is a gate to the city and along the walls are a <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> of graffiti and small drawings in charcoal. On the other side of the road, a baths area of a new villa was discovered, partly explored in the Bourbon Era. A Roman road also led to the entrance of a <i><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i> belonging to the "<i>Ager stabianus</i>". In May 2010 a villa dating to the first-century was discovered during the work to double the railway track of the Torre Annunziata-Sorrento line of the <a href="/wiki/Circumvesuviana" title="Circumvesuviana">Circumvesuviana</a>, between the stations of Ponte Persica and Pioppaino. </p><p>From 2011 to 2014, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and H2CU (Centro Interuniversitario per la Formazione Internazionale) have been excavating in the Villa San Marco, investigating it as a Roman elite structure and the pre-79 AD history of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 excavations in the Piazza Unità d'Italia unearthed an Augustan or Julio-Claudian building and a 4th-century building.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-positanonews.it_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positanonews.it-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Villas">Villas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Villas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_(188).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Napoli_%28188%29.jpg/220px-Napoli_%28188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Napoli_%28188%29.jpg/330px-Napoli_%28188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Napoli_%28188%29.jpg/440px-Napoli_%28188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Atrium, Villa San Marco</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg/220px-Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg/330px-Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg/440px-Villa_san_Marco_vista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Vista from Triclinium, Villa San Marco</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the many villas found at Stabiae are firstly large leisure villas (<i>villa <a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">otium</a></i>) without agricultural buildings such as: </p> <ul><li>Villa San Marco</li> <li>Villa Arianna</li> <li>the <i>Second Complex</i></li> <li>Villa del Pastore</li> <li>Villa del Fauno (or of Anteros and Heracles)</li></ul> <p>and secondly residential villas with agricultural sections (<i><a href="/wiki/Villa_rustica" title="Villa rustica">villa rustica</a></i>) such as: </p> <ul><li>Villa del Petraro</li> <li>Villa Carmiano (Villas A and B)</li> <li>Villa Sant'Antonio Abate</li> <li>Villa Medici</li> <li>Villa del Filosofo (of the Philosopher)</li> <li>Villa Marchetti</li> <li>Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono</li> <li>Villa Petrellune</li> <li>Villas in Ogliaro</li> <li>Casa dei Miri</li> <li>Villa Sassole</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg/400px-Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg/600px-Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg/800px-Mappa_Villa_San_Marco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Villa San Marco</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_San_Marco">Villa San Marco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Villa San Marco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg/220px-Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg/330px-Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg/440px-Stabiae_Villa_San_Marco_Atrio_Ingresso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Villa San Marco and atrium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg/220px-Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg/330px-Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg/440px-Nymphaeum_villa_San_Marco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Nymphaeum in the peristyle</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the largest villas ever discovered in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, it measured more than 11,000 m<sup>2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-restoring_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restoring-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although only half has been excavated. It was being renovated at the time of the eruption as shown by building materials present and displaced artifacts. Nevertheless, it was lavishly decorated with frescoes, with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> work, floor mosaics and wall mosaics all of very high artistic quality, many of which were removed and are now held in museums. </p><p>This villa derived its name from a nearby chapel that existed in the 18th century. It was the first to be explored in the excavations in <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Bourbon</a> times between 1749 and 1754.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villa was re-buried after the removal of its furnishings and of the better-preserved frescoes. Excavations were resumed in 1950 by Libero d’Orsi and O. Elia of the Archaeological Superintendency.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The villa was built at least in part on a 6th c. BC platform that may have leveled the ground on the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction started at the latest in <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>' reign and was significantly enlarged with the garden and swimming pool under <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owner's name is not exactly known but it could belong to a certain Narcissus, a <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a>, on the basis of stamps found on tiles, or to the Virtii family who had tombs not far away. </p><p>It has an entrance <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)"><i>atrium</i></a> (44) containing a pool, a <i><a href="/wiki/Oecus" title="Oecus">oecus</a> <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinaris</a></i> (banqueting hall) (16) with views of the bay, and several colonnaded courtyards. There are also many other small rooms, a kitchen and two internal gardens. This villa is also important because it has provided frescoes, sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and architecture, which show styles and themes comparable to those found in Pompeii and Herculaneum.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great peristyle (9) is surrounded by a long porch with a central pool (15) of 36×7 m which at the end has a <i><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a></i> (64,65) that has yet to be explored, decorated with frescoes depicting <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> and several athletes, that were removed by the <a href="/wiki/Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbons">Bourbons</a> and are now at the Naples museum and the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9" title="Musée Condé">Condé Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Oise" title="Chantilly, Oise">Chantilly</a>, France. In the peristyle garden large plane trees grew and their root cavities were found; just as with the casts of humans these cavities were filled with plaster to make casts and archaeologists have also calculated that their age ranged from 75 to 100 years. </p><p>The villa has an even larger second peristyle on the southern side, partially excavated, approximately 140m (approx. 459 ft) long, with arcades supported by spiral columns which collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/1980_Irpinia_earthquake" title="1980 Irpinia earthquake">1980 Irpinia earthquake</a>: the ceilings are painted with scenes depicting <a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a>, the Apotheosis of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> etc. In this peristyle was a <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> found during the excavation in a deposit as the villa at the time of the eruption was under renovation; the sundial was subsequently placed in its original position. </p><p>The baths of the villa are of considerable size on a triangular plot. The remains of the frescoes show they were finely decorated with depictions of large pendulous branches. Access to the baths is via an <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)"><i>atrium</i></a>, painted with wrestlers and boxers, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">apodyterium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a></i>: the pool in the <i>caldarium</i>, accessible by stone steps, is 7x5m and 1.5m deep. In excavations in the pool, part of the bottom was removed exposing a large brick furnace heating a large bronze boiler which was removed in 1798 by Lord Hamilton to be transported to London, but during the trip the Colossus was shipwrecked. The <i>caldarium</i> was covered with marble slabs. From the baths there are a number of ramps connecting the villa with the shore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_From_Villa_San_Marco">Art From Villa San Marco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art From Villa San Marco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of woman with tray"><img alt="Fresco of woman with tray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg/80px-Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg/120px-Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg/161px-Fresco_of_woman_with_tray_in_Villa_San_Marco_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of woman with tray </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_angel_in_Villa_San_Marco_of_Stabiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of winged figure"><img alt="Fresco of winged figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fresco_of_angel_in_Villa_San_Marco_of_Stabiae.jpg/120px-Fresco_of_angel_in_Villa_San_Marco_of_Stabiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fresco_of_angel_in_Villa_San_Marco_of_Stabiae.jpg/250px-Fresco_of_angel_in_Villa_San_Marco_of_Stabiae.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of winged figure </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stabiae_Villa_Di_San_Marco_Affresco_Albero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of a tree"><img alt="Fresco of a tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stabiae_Villa_Di_San_Marco_Affresco_Albero.jpg/120px-Stabiae_Villa_Di_San_Marco_Affresco_Albero.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stabiae_Villa_Di_San_Marco_Affresco_Albero.jpg/250px-Stabiae_Villa_Di_San_Marco_Affresco_Albero.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of a tree </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseus_Medusa_villa_san_Marco_Stabiae_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perseus with head of Medusa"><img alt="Perseus with head of Medusa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Perseus_Medusa_villa_san_Marco_Stabiae_Italy.jpg/120px-Perseus_Medusa_villa_san_Marco_Stabiae_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Perseus_Medusa_villa_san_Marco_Stabiae_Italy.jpg/250px-Perseus_Medusa_villa_san_Marco_Stabiae_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="4405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> with head of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planisfero_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco detail of a planisphere (Antiquarium)"><img alt="Fresco detail of a planisphere (Antiquarium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Planisfero_1.jpg/120px-Planisfero_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Planisfero_1.jpg/250px-Planisfero_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco detail of a <a href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">planisphere</a> (Antiquarium)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyphoi_in_ossidiana_con_incastonature,_da_villa_s._marco_a_castellammare,_I_sec_dc._03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyphos in obsidian with incastonatura (Naples Museum)"><img alt="Skyphos in obsidian with incastonatura (Naples Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Skyphoi_in_ossidiana_con_incastonature%2C_da_villa_s._marco_a_castellammare%2C_I_sec_dc._03.JPG/120px-Skyphoi_in_ossidiana_con_incastonature%2C_da_villa_s._marco_a_castellammare%2C_I_sec_dc._03.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Skyphoi_in_ossidiana_con_incastonature%2C_da_villa_s._marco_a_castellammare%2C_I_sec_dc._03.JPG/250px-Skyphoi_in_ossidiana_con_incastonature%2C_da_villa_s._marco_a_castellammare%2C_I_sec_dc._03.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Skyphos" title="Skyphos">Skyphos</a> in obsidian with incastonatura (Naples Museum)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Arianna">Villa Arianna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Villa Arianna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Arianna_(Stabia)_WLM_082.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_082.JPG/250px-Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_082.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_082.JPG/330px-Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_082.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_082.JPG/500px-Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_082.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Villa Arianna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Arianna_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Villa_Arianna_13.JPG/220px-Villa_Arianna_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Villa_Arianna_13.JPG/330px-Villa_Arianna_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Villa_Arianna_13.JPG/440px-Villa_Arianna_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Peristyle</figcaption></figure> <p>Named for the <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> saving <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> from the island of Dia (a mythological name for <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>), this villa is particularly famous for its frescoes, many of which depict light, winged figures. Notably some of the most exquisite and famous Roman frescoes were found in bedrooms 23 to 26 on Weber's plan, the latter room having an especially fine decor with 18 outstanding frescoes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the oldest <i><a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">villa d'otium</a></i> (a leisure villa) in Stabiae, dating back to the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villa was extended over the course of 150 years. It is skillfully designed so that the residential quarters take advantage of the panorama along the ridge overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Naples">Bay of Naples</a>. It occupies an area of about 11,000 sqm (approx. 118,403 sq ft). of which only 2500 have been excavated. Some of the rooms were lost as a result of landslides on the slope. </p><p>Another feature is its private tunnel system that links the villa from its location on the ridge to the sea shore, which was probably only between 100 and 200 meters (approx. 656 ft) away from the bottom of the hill in Roman times. The shoreline has since changed, leaving the site further inland than it was in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was first excavated between 1757 and 1762<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the villa was called the "First Complex" to distinguish it from the "Second Complex", from which it is separated by a narrow alley. The excavations were resumed by D'Orsi in 1950. In 2008 the large peristyle, one of the largest of any Roman villa at 370m in length, was brought to light almost completely, along with new rooms, columns and windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Layout">Layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has a complex plan, the result of several expansions of the building and was conveniently divided into four sections: the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)"><i>atrium</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal baths">thermal baths</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>. </p><p>The "Tuscan" <i>atrium</i>, dating back to the late Republican age, is paved with white-black mosaic and has wall frescoes, often female figures and <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a> on a black and red background attributable to the <i><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">third style</a></i>. At the centre of the atrium is an <i><a href="/wiki/Impluvium" title="Impluvium">impluvium</a></i> while all around are numerous rooms: two of these, placed at the ends of the entrance of the <i>atrium</i>, preserve decorations that imitate architectures such as <a href="/wiki/Ionic_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic columns">Ionic columns</a> that support the <a href="/wiki/Coffer" title="Coffer">coffered</a> ceiling belonging to the <i><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">second style</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg/400px-Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg/600px-Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg/800px-Mappa_Villa_Arianna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Map of Villa Arianna and the <i>Second Complex</i> on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>In the other rooms the most important frescoes of all of Stabiae were found, all removed in the Bourbon era and preserved in the National Archaeology Museum of Naples. They include the <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a> or <i>Primavera</i> found in 1759; it has a size of only 38x22 cm (approx. 14x8.6 in) and dates to the 1st-century BC: the fresco represents the Greek <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">nymph Flora</a>, understood by the Romans as the goddess of Spring, turning round in the act of collecting a flower, an allegory of purity, all on a pale-green background; Flora is certainly the best known work of Stabiae, so much so that it has become its symbol, not only in Italy, but also abroad. </p><p>Another work of great importance is the "Seller of cupids", found in 1759, also dating to the 1st-century BC, which represents a woman in the act of selling a <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">cupid</a> to a girl: this fresco was already famous across Europe in the 18th-century, influencing <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> taste and was copied on porcelain, prints, lithographs and paintings. </p><p>The <i>triclinium</i> directly overlooks the edge of the hill and dates from <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s reign. On the centre of the rear wall is the fresco found in 1950 of the myth of <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>, abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a> in the arms of <a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypno</a> escorted by <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> (represented with hawk eyes). </p><p>The bath area is smaller than the other villas in Stabiae, nevertheless there is an <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apsed</a> <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium"><i>calidarium</i></a> with bath, a <i><a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a></i> and a <i><a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a></i>. In 2009 a large garden of 110x55 m was found, considered as the best preserved in the world, as the traces of the plants present at the time are still clearly visible.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also numerous service areas such as the kitchen, a fishpond, a masonry staircase leading to the first floor and a stable, where two agricultural carts were found,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of which has been restored and on show to the public: this wagon has two large wheels made of iron and wood; in the immediate vicinity the skeleton of a horse with its hind legs raised was found, having become frightened by the eruption. The horse's name, Repentinus, is also known from an inscription in the stable. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_showing_a_woman_looking_in_a_mirror_as_she_dresses_(or_undresses)_her_hair,_from_the_Villa_of_Arianna_at_Stabiae_(Castellammare_di_Stabia),_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_(17392924485).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), Naples National Archaeological Museum"><img alt="Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), Naples National Archaeological Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fresco_showing_a_woman_looking_in_a_mirror_as_she_dresses_%28or_undresses%29_her_hair%2C_from_the_Villa_of_Arianna_at_Stabiae_%28Castellammare_di_Stabia%29%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817392924485%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fresco_showing_a_woman_looking_in_a_mirror_as_she_dresses_%28or_undresses%29_her_hair%2C_from_the_Villa_of_Arianna_at_Stabiae_%28Castellammare_di_Stabia%29%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817392924485%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="4812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 76px"><div class="gallerytext">Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leda_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leda and the swan"><img alt="Leda and the swan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Leda_1.jpg/172px-Leda_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Leda_1.jpg/259px-Leda_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Leda_1.jpg/345px-Leda_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 95px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan" title="Leda and the Swan">Leda and the swan</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman,_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae,_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_(17393152265).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae, Naples National Archaeological Museum"><img alt="Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae, Naples National Archaeological Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman%2C_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817393152265%29.jpg/245px-Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman%2C_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817393152265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman%2C_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817393152265%29.jpg/369px-Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman%2C_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817393152265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman%2C_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817393152265%29.jpg/491px-Fresco_depicting_a_seated_woman%2C_from_the_Villa_Arianna_at_Stabiae%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2817393152265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="3147" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 144px"><div class="gallerytext">Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae, <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Arianna_(Stabia)_WLM_099.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariadne on Naxos, triclinium, Villa Ariana"><img alt="Ariadne on Naxos, triclinium, Villa Ariana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_099.JPG/500px-Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_099.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_099.JPG/960px-Villa_Arianna_%28Stabia%29_WLM_099.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="1997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 205px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> on <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <i>triclinium</i>, Villa Ariana</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nereid on sea-horse"><img alt="Nereid on sea-horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG/358px-Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG" decoding="async" width="239" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG/538px-Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG/716px-Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="1767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 219px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereid</a> on sea-horse</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nereide-su-pantera.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nereid on sea-panther"><img alt="Nereid on sea-panther" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nereide-su-pantera.JPG/500px-Nereide-su-pantera.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nereide-su-pantera.JPG/960px-Nereide-su-pantera.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 204px"><div class="gallerytext">Nereid on sea-panther</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uccello,_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna,_Stabiae_(Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli)_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duck, Roman fresco from Villa Arianna, Naples Museum"><img alt="Duck, Roman fresco from Villa Arianna, Naples Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uccello%2C_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna%2C_Stabiae_%28Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli%29_-_02.jpg/250px-Uccello%2C_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna%2C_Stabiae_%28Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli%29_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uccello%2C_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna%2C_Stabiae_%28Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli%29_-_02.jpg/330px-Uccello%2C_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna%2C_Stabiae_%28Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli%29_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uccello%2C_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna%2C_Stabiae_%28Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli%29_-_02.jpg/500px-Uccello%2C_affresco_Romano_di_Villa_d%27Arianna%2C_Stabiae_%28Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_di_Napoli%29_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 106px"><div class="gallerytext">Duck, Roman fresco from Villa Arianna, Naples Museum</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cupid seller"><img alt="Cupid seller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg/275px-Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg/413px-Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg/549px-Venditrice_di_amorini_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 164px"><div class="gallerytext">Cupid seller</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carro_(Villa_Arianna)_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman cart"><img alt="Roman cart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carro_%28Villa_Arianna%29_5.JPG/337px-Carro_%28Villa_Arianna%29_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carro_%28Villa_Arianna%29_5.JPG/506px-Carro_%28Villa_Arianna%29_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carro_%28Villa_Arianna%29_5.JPG/673px-Carro_%28Villa_Arianna%29_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 205px"><div class="gallerytext">Roman cart</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Second_Complex">The <i>Second Complex</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Second Complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secondo_Complesso_(Stabia)_WLM_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_003.JPG/250px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_003.JPG/330px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_003.JPG/500px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portico, Second Complex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secondo_Complesso_(Stabia)_WLM_030.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_030.JPG/250px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_030.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_030.JPG/330px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_030.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_030.JPG/500px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_030.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The so-called Second Complex is a <i>villa otium</i> located on the edge of the Varano hill between the Villa del Pastore and Villa Arianna and separated by a narrow alley from the latter which because of its proximity is often confused as the same villa. The site was explored for the first time in 1762 by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Weber (archaeologist)">Karl Weber</a>, in 1775 by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_la_Vega" title="Pietro la Vega">Pietro La Vega</a> and finally in 1967 by Libero D'Orsi: only about 1000 m<sup>2</sup> has been brought to light. </p><p>The villa consists of two areas, the oldest around the peristyle which was built around the 1st-century BC and the later part, probably widening or emerging out of an existing structure, dating back to the imperial age. The peristyle has a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> on three sides and different areas including an <i><a href="/wiki/Oecus" title="Oecus">oecus</a></i> (lost following a landslide), and several scenic areas that looked out on the sea. On the west side there is a square fish pond with lead pipes and water spouts. The south side is a pseudoportico adorned with columns resting on a wall, behind which lies the baths that includes a <i><a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a></i> with a bathtub, a <i><a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a></i> also with tub and garden and a <i><a href="/wiki/Laconicum" title="Laconicum">laconicum</a></i> with domed roof and a kitchen. On the north side next to Ariana Villa are a <i><a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a></i>, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Cubiculum" title="Cubiculum">cubiculum</a></i>. </p><p>Most of the villa's objects were taken away by the Bourbons, as well as part of the black and white geometric <a href="/wiki/Tessellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Tessellated">tessellated</a> pavement; however, the black walls in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">third style</a></i> are well preserved. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secondo_complesso_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Complex"><img alt="Second Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Secondo_complesso_22.JPG/330px-Secondo_complesso_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Secondo_complesso_22.JPG/500px-Secondo_complesso_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Secondo_complesso_22.JPG/960px-Secondo_complesso_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 154px"><div class="gallerytext">Second Complex</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco, Villa Arianna"><img alt="Fresco, Villa Arianna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg/330px-Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg/500px-Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg/960px-Villa_Arianna_-_Affresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 154px"><div class="gallerytext">Fresco, Villa Arianna</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secondo_Complesso_(Stabia)_WLM_029.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragments from Second Complex"><img alt="Fragments from Second Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_029.JPG/330px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_029.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_029.JPG/500px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_029.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_029.JPG/960px-Secondo_Complesso_%28Stabia%29_WLM_029.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="1979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 175px"><div class="gallerytext">Fragments from Second Complex</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_del_Pastore">Villa del Pastore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Villa del Pastore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_Pastore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Villa_del_Pastore.jpg/220px-Villa_del_Pastore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Villa_del_Pastore.jpg/330px-Villa_del_Pastore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Villa_del_Pastore.jpg/440px-Villa_del_Pastore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Villa del Pastore</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labrum_(Villa_del_Pastore)_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Labrum_%28Villa_del_Pastore%29_3.JPG/220px-Labrum_%28Villa_del_Pastore%29_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Labrum_%28Villa_del_Pastore%29_3.JPG/330px-Labrum_%28Villa_del_Pastore%29_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Labrum_%28Villa_del_Pastore%29_3.JPG/440px-Labrum_%28Villa_del_Pastore%29_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Labrum from Villa del Pastore</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg/180px-Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg/270px-Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg/360px-Villa_del_Pastore_Pastore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Shepherd from the Villa del Pastore</figcaption></figure> <p>"Villa of the Shepherd" in English, this villa gets its name from a small statue of a shepherd that was discovered at this site. The villa, at 19,000 m<sup>2</sup> area, is one of the very largest ever discovered and is even larger than Villa San Marco with many rooms, large baths and luxurious gardens. It lacks, however, any domestic rooms suggesting that it may not have been a residence. One hypothesis is that it is instead a <i>valetudinarium</i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (health spa or a sort of domestic hospital and infirmary for sick slaves) to allow people to take advantage of the famous spring waters of Stabiae. </p><p>The villa stands on the edge of the plateau Varano with a panoramic view, a short distance from Villa Arianna. It was explored three times: its discovery dates back to 1754 to 1759 when Karl Weber brought to light a large garden; the second campaign under Pietro la Vega was carried out between 1775 and 1778; the third and final exploration dates to 1967–68 when the villa was rediscovered following the discovery of a perimeter wall after removal of a layer of <i><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a></i> on agricultural land. This excavation was funded by the landowner and the superintendent at the time tried to expropriate church land in the area between Villa Arianna and Villa San Marco in order to combine the areas of the villas of Stabiae. While waiting for the permit, the villa was re-buried in 1970 to prevent it from ruin. As a result of various bureaucratic problems related to the expropriation, the villa remains buried and has not yet been fully excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Villa del Pastore dates from between the 8th-century BC and 79 AD. It is divided into two parts: a large outdoor area and a series of residential rooms. The garden area is bordered to the south by the semicircular wall, while on the north is a 140m long <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoporticus" title="Cryptoporticus">cryptoporticus</a></i> which runs parallel to a colonnade on a slightly lower-level. At the centre of the garden is a swimming pool (<i><a href="/wiki/Natatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Natatio">natatio</a></i>) with marble staircase. In the centre of the semicircular <a href="/wiki/Alcove_(architecture)" title="Alcove (architecture)">alcove</a> was found the statue that gives the villa its name, of marble, 65 cm tall in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> style and is an old shepherd dressed in hides, carrying on his shoulders a kid, with a basket with grapes and bread on his left hand while in the right hand is a hare. Also in the garden to the south west is a porch 10x2m portico paved with black and white mosaic. Also a small square <a href="/wiki/Nympheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nympheum"><i>nymphaeum</i></a> was found in the centre of which was placed a marble <a href="/wiki/Labrum_(architecture)" title="Labrum (architecture)"><i>labrum</i></a>. </p><p>The second part of the villa has fifteen rooms around a central courtyard, on the north side of which lies the baths area in which is located an <i><a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">apodyterium</a></i>, a steam bath, a kitchen and a <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a>. </p><p>The villa is spread over three levels as revealed by recent landslides, including a number of substructures which had the dual function of containment of the hill and as the villa's support base. Like the other villas nearby, it was directly connected to the sea by a series of ramps sloping toward the beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_of_Anteros_and_Heracles">Villa of Anteros and Heracles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Villa of Anteros and Heracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Faun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Villa_Faun.jpg/220px-Villa_Faun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Villa_Faun.jpg/330px-Villa_Faun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Villa_Faun.jpg/440px-Villa_Faun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Villa del Fauno</figcaption></figure> <p>Situated on the Varano plateau, this <i>villa otium</i> (also known as the Villa del Fauno or Villa Chapel San Marco) is situated on the border between Castellammare di Stabia and Gragnano, a few meters from Villa San Marco.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first Stabian villa to be excavated during the Bourbon excavations of the ancient town in 1749 and was explored again by Karl Weber in 1779. After being investigated and plundered of all items considered of value it was reburied. </p><p>The site was lost until 2006 when a group of volunteers clearing the Varano ridge witnessed a landslide which brought to light various structures, including a doorway and the hinge of a door. After the initial enthusiasm and initiatives to recover the remains, lack of funds has led to villa becoming overgrown again. </p><p>Most of what is known of the villa derives from the descriptions of the Bourbons. </p><p>In the southwest corner of a small peristyle were the remains of a <i><a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a></i>. In the niche was the figure of a young Julio-Claudian woman with a brooch, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>, adorned with curly hair and now held in the <a href="/wiki/Naples_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples Museum">Naples museum</a> (inv. 6193). An <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> was found next to it and on the wall above it was a plaque about 1.5m wide in red letters from the <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberian</a> era that read:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>ANTEROS L HERACLIO SUMMAR MAG LARIB ET FAMIL D D</i></dd></dl> <p>It reports the dedication of a gift, perhaps the altar itself, to the <i><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a></i> and the <i>Familia</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> Anteros and the servant Heracleus, an employee of the administration of finance, both <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistratus</a></i>, officials of the cult. </p><p>They had the tasks of keeping the documents of the village, collecting taxes and organising festivals. Also discovered was a large number of scales and coins, sometimes in gold. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a> depicting a woman, perhaps Venus, holding a branch was also found. </p><p>From the excavation journal and the detailed plan of La Vega, the villa was composed of three parts: the service area around the small peristyle with a statue-fountain of a <a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Faun</a> lying on a stone, which gave the villa its name and which seems out of place. To the west is a symmetrical sector with reception and living rooms decorated with paintings and mosaic floors. To the south is a triple portico with double row of columns, of which the lower side along the panoramic edge of about 46 m was excavated. The 18th c. documentation shows it was a <i>villa <a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">otium</a></i> owing to its large size (almost 6,000 m2). Its position and resemblance to the neighbouring Villa San Marco also suggests it was an imperial property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Petraro">Villa Petraro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Villa Petraro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The villa<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is located on Via Cupa S. Marco, Petraro, on the border with Santa Maria la Carità. The villa was on the Sarno plain, a wooded area close to the Roman paved road between Stabia and Nuceria. </p><p>It was discovered in 1957 during industrial <i><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a></i> extraction and its exploration continued until 1958, followed by Libero D'Orsi, when after stripping it of frescoes and the best artworks it was reburied.<sup id="cite_ref-sites.google.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It comprised an estate with a working farm dating from before AD 14.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the eruption struck it was being renovated and being converted to a <i>villa otium</i>, as evidenced by heaps of building decoration materials, probably because of its situation overlooking the sea. Among the finds were blown-glass bottles, terracotta jugs and an oil press. </p><p>It had a large courtyard with <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoporticus" title="Cryptoporticus">cryptoporticus</a></i>, an oven and a well. The rooms branch off from the central area: there are workspaces, <i>triclinia</i>, <i>cubicula</i> and six <i><a href="/wiki/Ergastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergastula">ergastula</a></i>, or cells for slaves. </p><p>Following the renovation, the eastern part of the villa was equipped with a spa composed of a <i>calidarium</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a> roof, a <i>frigidarium</i> in which new pools were under construction, a <i>tepidarium</i> equipped with clay pipes for heating the room, a furnace and an <i><a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">apodyterium</a></i>, the changing room.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decorative panels represented <a href="/wiki/Bucolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucolic">bucolic scenes</a>, river gods, cupids and mythological representations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasifae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasifae (page does not exist)">Pasifae</a> with <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a> reflected in the water, Psyche, a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a> with goat and a Satyr with <i><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a></i>; however, most of the walls of the villa had been covered with white plaster as well as twenty-five unfinished fine <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> panels.<sup id="cite_ref-sites.google.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Unfinished stucco panels"><img alt="Unfinished stucco panels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG/228px-Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG/342px-Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG/455px-Amorino_con_cesto_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="2422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unfinished stucco panels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psiche_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Psiche_1.JPG/250px-Psiche_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Psiche_1.JPG/500px-Psiche_1.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="2441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Petraro_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Villa_Petraro_1.jpg/300px-Villa_Petraro_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Villa_Petraro_1.jpg/451px-Villa_Petraro_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Villa_Petraro_1.jpg/600px-Villa_Petraro_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Carmiano_(Villa_A)"><span id="Villa_Carmiano_.28Villa_A.29"></span>Villa Carmiano (Villa A)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Villa Carmiano (Villa A)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The villa was one of two nearby in Carmiano, Gragnano, excavated by Libero D'Orsi from 1963 but re-buried in 1998. Many fine frescoes were found and removed for preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a rustic villa of the <i>ager stabianus</i> located just under a kilometer from the plateau of Varano. It has an area of 400 m<sup>2</sup> and dates from the end of the 1st-century BC. The quality of the paintings indicates that the owner was a wealthy farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important works come from the <i><a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a></i> such as the representation of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amymone" title="Amymone">Amymone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> and the Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. </p><p>The entrance includes a dog's kennel. The atrium has a <i><a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a></i> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>. The service rooms include a wine press, tank for the collection of the must and a wine cellar with twelve <a href="/wiki/Dolia_(vessels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolia (vessels)"><i>dolia</i></a> with a total capacity of seven thousand litres. The rooms used for the storage of the crop and tools for working the land are paved in clay, while the residential areas such as the <i>triclinium</i>, finely decorated with paintings in <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian</a> art, has tiled floors. </p><p>A seal with the letters <i>MAR . A . S</i> found during excavations may record the first name of the patron MAR, followed by the initial of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> (family) A and then the word S(ervi). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trionfo_di_Dioniso_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Dionysus"><img alt="Triumph of Dionysus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Trionfo_di_Dioniso_1.jpg/250px-Trionfo_di_Dioniso_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Trionfo_di_Dioniso_1.jpg/500px-Trionfo_di_Dioniso_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 130px"><div class="gallerytext">Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacchus and Ceres, from the triclinium, Villa Carmiano"><img alt="Bacchus and Ceres, from the triclinium, Villa Carmiano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg/393px-Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg/590px-Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg/787px-Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="1694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 242px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a></i>, Villa Carmiano</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Sant'Antonio_Abate"><span id="Villa_Sant.27Antonio_Abate"></span>Villa Sant'Antonio Abate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Villa Sant'Antonio Abate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a <i>villa rustica</i> in Casa Salese in the upper part of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_Abate" title="Sant'Antonio Abate">Sant'Antonio Abate</a> and was in the outskirts of the <i>ager stabianus</i> on the border with Pompeii and Nuceria. It was discovered in 1974 and provided important information on Roman life. Having never been excavated before, not even by the Bourbons, it contained a great variety of objects.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that only one wing of the villa was brought to light. In 2009, a restoration and recovery project was approved for €40,000. </p><p>The villa dates to the <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> era and is probably built around a square courtyard. The area found is a large room near the <a href="/wiki/Perimeter" title="Perimeter">perimeter</a> wall with a small farmyard enclosed by lower walls and three square-base columns as part of a portico in the entrance to the villa, decorated with images of animals, plants and masks. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg/114px-Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg/172px-Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg/229px-Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg/114px-Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg/172px-Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg/229px-Villa_Sant_Antonio_Abate_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Medici">Villa Medici</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Villa Medici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Medici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Villa_Medici.jpg/220px-Villa_Medici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Villa_Medici.jpg/330px-Villa_Medici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Villa_Medici.jpg/440px-Villa_Medici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Villa Medici</figcaption></figure> <p>Named after its locality, it was explored by la Vega in 1781–2. The villa has a rectangular plan with a courtyard in the center with six columns frescoed in red, a <i><a href="/wiki/Dolium" title="Dolium">dolium</a></i>, a well and a basin with a canal that served as a drinking trough for animals. From the courtyard there are a series of rooms such as the kitchen with oven, a latrine, an <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apotheca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apotheca (page does not exist)">apotheca</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (upstairs store-room) where fruits were collected and laid on a straw bed<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torcularium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torcularium (page does not exist)">torcularium</a></i> (a shed or out-house where the presses for oil or wine were worked<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which in turn gives access to a large frescoed room with a yellow <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a> and red stripes while the upper part has green bands on a dark background with drawings of flowers and leaves. In this room were found a cup, a bell and an axe. There is also a wine cellar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_del_Filosofo">Villa del Filosofo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Villa del Filosofo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg/250px-Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg/330px-Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg/500px-Villa_del_Filosofo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Villa del Filosofo</figcaption></figure> <p>It was found in 1778 and owes its name to the discovery of a ring adorned with a carved <a href="/wiki/Cornelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelian">cornelian</a> depicting the bust of a philosopher. The villa had not been disturbed since the eruption in 79 AD and many portable objects were found including the ring and an ivory needle with Venus, agricultural tools, <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> objects, <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabra</a>, bronze vases and the skeleton of a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-centroculturalegragnano.it_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centroculturalegragnano.it-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is located near the Villa Casa dei Miri and the great villas of Stabiae. </p><p>The villa was built around a courtyard with a windowed <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoporticus" title="Cryptoporticus">cryptoporticus</a></i> on the north and arcades on the south and east sides, while in the centre there is a <i><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a></i> altar and a well for water collection. Around the courtyard are rooms for residential and farming use. There is a spa area paved with a white mosaic with a dolphin in black entwining a rudder, while the walls are frescoed with paintings of animals and masks. One of the most beautiful frescoes represents Venus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Marchetti">Villa Marchetti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Villa Marchetti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The villa Marchetti located in Santa Maria La Carità was a very large villa, over 2,000 sqm. (approx. 21,527 sq ft) where, in addition to the cultivation of grapes (wooden poles were found for the vineyard), horses and cattle were bred, cereals were grown, and the production cycle was completed with the mill and cooking in the ovens. Cheese was probably produced, as evidenced by a bronze boiler. Large lead pipes and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic valve">hydraulic valves</a>, found near the villa and along the roads (for example in the current Piazza Trivione and throughout the Carmiano area), are testimony to the extent of services in use. A housing block for 14 slaves was found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono">Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono.jpg/250px-Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono.jpg/330px-Villa_detto_Carmiano_in_Masseria_Buonodono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono</figcaption></figure> <p>The part of the villa shown in red was excavated in 1762 while the rest was done in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was centred around a peristyle and an olive mill was found in the <i>torcularium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several agricultural implements were found including <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoes</a>, a hammer and <i><a href="/wiki/Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphorae">amphorae</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_Casa_dei_Miri">Villa Casa dei Miri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Villa Casa dei Miri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a <i>villa rustica</i> excavated in 1779–80 and is near the <i>villas of <a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">otium</a></i> of ancient Stabia. It is divided into residential and the rustic areas; the living area consists of an entrance portico with three columns, in which a staircase leads to the upper floor and divides the entrance from a small <i>atrium</i>. Around this are several rooms and a doorway into a large peristyle with twenty columns, with frescoed walls and floors decorated with mosaics and marble <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a></i>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Thermal_baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal baths">thermal baths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agricultural part includes a series of rooms mainly for the production of oil as evidenced by the discovery of two oil presses with a tank. There is also a farmyard in which an unusual terracotta pot was found, divided into various compartments used to fatten <a href="/wiki/Dormice" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormice">dormice</a>, one of the favourite foods of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-centroculturalegragnano.it_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centroculturalegragnano.it-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg/220px-Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg/330px-Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg/440px-Isolotto_di_Rovigliano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The rock of Rovigliano</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg/250px-Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg/330px-Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg/360px-Ara_di_Pozzano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Column from the Temple of Diana</figcaption></figure> <p>The almost total absence of <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a> in the central Stabiae area suggests that these were most likely razed to the ground during the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>: however, some remains suggest the presence of various sacred structures such as a temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and most importantly the Genius Stabianum. </p><p>The temple of Hercules was located on the rock of Rovigliano (<i>Petra Herculis</i>), a limestone islet about 200 meters (approx 656 ft) from the coast. The name Rovigliano derives either from an ancient Roman family name, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> Rubilia or from the <i>consul</i> Rubelio, owner of the rock, or from the Latin term <i>robilia</i> the <a href="/wiki/Leguminous_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminous plants">leguminous plants</a> which grew abundantly in the <i>ager</i> area. Few traces of the temple of Hercules survived but include a wall in <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a></i>, and a bronze statue representing Hercules which has since been lost. </p><p>The temple of Diana was located in the hamlet of Pozzano at the southern end of the <i>ager stabianus</i> on the hill near the basilica of the Madonna di Pozzano. In 1585 remnants were found in the church garden including an altar with deer heads, flowers and fruits, which is now kept in the Villa San Marco. </p><p>The temple of Athena was brought to light in 1984 in the Privati area, on the banks of the Rivo Calcarella, over an area of about 200 square metres. The temple dates from the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> period, probably built around the 4th century BC and contained a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>. Among the most important finds found in this temple is a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> of the head of Hercules, of Hellenistic inspiration, made between the fourth and third century BC. </p><p>The temple of Cybele was discovered in 1863, in Trivione, Gragnano, during widening of a road. </p><p>The temple of the Genius Stabianum was brought to light in 1762 and after its exploration reburied. It is supposed to be between the hill of Varano and Santa Maria Charity. A plaque commemorated that the temple was restored after the earthquake of 62 and that the work had been carried out by Caesius Daphnus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Necropoles">Necropoles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Necropoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropoles</a> have been identified and explored in the area of <i>Ager Stabianus</i>, in particular those along the roads that lead to Pompeii, <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Superiore" title="Nocera Superiore">Nocera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>. The most important are located near Madonna delle Grazie, Gragnano and in the hilly ancient area of Castellammare di Stabia near the Medieval Castle and the cathedral. These necropoles have many children's tombs, testifying to high infant mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio; Anna Maria Sodo, Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Cultura e archeologia da Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a> p. 117-118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stabiae: Master Plan 2006, the Archaeological Superintendancy of Pompeii, School of Architecture of the University of Maryland, The Committee of Stabiae Reborn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210095848/http://www.sdmart.org/exhibition-stabiano.html">"San Diego Museum of Art exhibition on Stabiae"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdmart.org/exhibition-stabiano.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Diego+Museum+of+Art+exhibition+on+Stabiae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdmart.org%2Fexhibition-stabiano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-restoring-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-restoring_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-restoring_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-restoring_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-restoring_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stabiae.org/foundation/en/">Restoring Stabiae website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163116/http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=%E2%80%9CIn+Search+of+Stabiae%E2%80%9D&idSezione=7766">"Homepage – Pompeii Sites Portale Ufficiale Parco Archeologico di Pompei"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=%E2%80%9CIn+Search+of+Stabiae%E2%80%9D&idSezione=7766">the original</a> on 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+%E2%80%93+Pompeii+Sites+Portale+Ufficiale+Parco+Archeologico+di+Pompei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeiisites.org%2FSezione.jsp%3Ftitolo%3D%25E2%2580%259CIn%2BSearch%2Bof%2BStabiae%25E2%2580%259D%26idSezione%3D7766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=History+of+Stabiae&idSezione=3386">"Homepage – Pompeii Sites Portale Ufficiale Parco Archeologico di Pompei"</a>. 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+%E2%80%93+Pompeii+Sites+Portale+Ufficiale+Parco+Archeologico+di+Pompei&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeiisites.org%2FSezione.jsp%3Ftitolo%3DHistory%2Bof%2BStabiae%26idSezione%3D3386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senatore-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senatore_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senatore_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFelice_Senatore2003" class="citation book cs1">Felice Senatore (2003). <i>Stabiae: Dalla preistoria alla guerra greco-gotica</i>. Edizioni Spano. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-88226-15-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-88226-15-X"><bdi>88-88226-15-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stabiae%3A+Dalla+preistoria+alla+guerra+greco-gotica&rft.pub=Edizioni+Spano&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=88-88226-15-X&rft.au=Felice+Senatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio and Anna Maria Sodo, Stabia: history and architecture: p. 13. 250th anniversary of the Stabiae excavations 1749–1999, Rome, The Hermes of Bretschneider, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-826-5201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-826-5201-2">978-88-826-5201-2</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio, Anna Maria Sodo and Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Culture and Archeology from Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, p. 16. Longobardi Editore, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio, Anna Maria Sodo and Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Culture and Archeology from Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a>. p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Cuman ship charged in, Corbulo captain, filled with elite youths from the Stabiae coast. Silius Italicus, <i>Punica</i>, lib.XIV, 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Cosenza, Stabia , Trani, Tipografica Editrice Vecchi, 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio; Anna Maria Sodo, Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Cultura e archeologia da Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a> p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, Letter XIX: ad familiares 7.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo Geography 5.4.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columella, Libri X, de cultu hortorum 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017114610/http://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/Pompeii/Destruction.html">"Account of Pliny's death, in Latin and English"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/Pompeii/Destruction.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Account+of+Pliny%27s+death%2C+in+Latin+and+English.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classics.cam.ac.uk%2FPompeii%2FDestruction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis,_PeterOppenheimer,_Clive2004" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Peter & Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). <i>Volcanoes</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199254699" title="Special:BookSources/0199254699"><bdi>0199254699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0199254699&rft.au=Francis%2C+Peter&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statius, Silvae 3.5, 104: Ad Uxorem Claudiam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-positanonews.it-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-positanonews.it_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-positanonews.it_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.positanonews.it/2019/09/castellammare-stabia-torneranno-sottoterra-reperti-archeologici-emersi-piazza-unita-ditalia-gli-scavi-parcheggio/3332378/">"Castellammare di Stabia. Torneranno sottoterra i reperti archeologici emersi in Piazza Unità d'Italia durante gli scavi per il parcheggio"</a>. <i>Positanonews</i> (in Italian). 25 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Positanonews&rft.atitle=Castellammare+di+Stabia.+Torneranno+sottoterra+i+reperti+archeologici+emersi+in+Piazza+Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia+durante+gli+scavi+per+il+parcheggio&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.positanonews.it%2F2019%2F09%2Fcastellammare-stabia-torneranno-sottoterra-reperti-archeologici-emersi-piazza-unita-ditalia-gli-scavi-parcheggio%2F3332378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parslow-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parslow_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parslow_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParslow,_Christopher_Charles1995" class="citation book cs1">Parslow, Christopher Charles (1995). <i>Rediscovering Antiquity: Karl Weber and the Excavation of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47150-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47150-8"><bdi>0-521-47150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Antiquity%3A+Karl+Weber+and+the+Excavation+of+Herculaneum%2C+Pompeii%2C+and+Stabiae&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47150-8&rft.au=Parslow%2C+Christopher+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardelli, Paolo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actual-art.spbu.ru/en/publications/archive/vol-8/museum-collection-space-work-of-art/10691.html">Stabiae and the Beginning of European Archaeology: From Looting to Science.</a> <i>Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art</i>: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 681–690.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/comunicati/opening-archaeological-museum-of-castellammare-di-stabia-libero-dorsi/">"Opening Archaeological Museum of Castellammare di Stabia Libero D'Orsi"</a>. <i>Pompeii Sites</i>. 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii+Sites&rft.atitle=Opening+Archaeological+Museum+of+Castellammare+di+Stabia+Libero+D%27Orsi&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2Fen%2Fcomunicati%2Fopening-archaeological-museum-of-castellammare-di-stabia-libero-dorsi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardelli, Paolo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actual-art.spbu.ru/en/publications/archive/vol-8/museum-collection-space-work-of-art/10691.html">Stabiae and the Beginning of European Archaeology: From Looting to Science.</a> <i>Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art</i>: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/stabiae-en-2/villa-san-marco/">"Villa San Marco"</a>. <i>Pompeii Sites</i>. 31 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii+Sites&rft.atitle=Villa+San+Marco&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2Fen%2Fstabiae-en-2%2Fvilla-san-marco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/stabiae-en-2/villa-arianna/">"Villa Arianna"</a>. <i>Pompeii Sites</i>. 31 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii+Sites&rft.atitle=Villa+Arianna&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2Fen%2Fstabiae-en-2%2Fvilla-arianna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Libero D'Orsi, Antonio Carosella; Vincenzo Cuccurullo, The excavations of Stabiae: excavation newspaper, Rome, Quasar, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7140-104-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-7140-104-2">88-7140-104-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia, Rome, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Di Massa, the territory of Gragnano in antiquity and the ager stabianus, pp. 1–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf">http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030808/http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf">Archived</a> 25 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034654/http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Storia+degli+scavi&idSezione=259">"Homepage – Pompeii Sites Portale Ufficiale Parco Archeologico di Pompei"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Storia+degli+scavi&idSezione=259">the original</a> on 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+%E2%80%93+Pompeii+Sites+Portale+Ufficiale+Parco+Archeologico+di+Pompei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeiisites.org%2FSezione.jsp%3Ftitolo%3DStoria%2Bdegli%2Bscavi%26idSezione%3D259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio e Anna Maria Sodo, Stabia: storia e architettura: 250º anniversario degli scavi di Stabiae 1749-1999, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-826-5201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-826-5201-2">978-88-826-5201-2</a>. p 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia, Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia, Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio e Anna Maria Sodo, Stabia: storia e architettura: 250º anniversario degli scavi di Stabiae 1749-1999, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-826-5201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-826-5201-2">978-88-826-5201-2</a>. p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stabiae.org/foundation/en/">"Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation | Onlus foundation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoring+Ancient+Stabiae+Foundation+%26%23124%3B+Onlus+foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stabiae.org%2Ffoundation%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archemail 2006: The Peristyle of Villa San Marco in Stabiae (NA), The chronicle and photos of the discovery <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=it&sp=nmt4&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019153951/http://www.archemail.it/stabia1.htm&usg=ALkJrhht3E3d9Oh-fByku8_GrbJ_sk1_Bw">https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=it&sp=nmt4&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019153951/http://www.archemail.it/stabia1.htm&usg=ALkJrhht3E3d9Oh-fByku8_GrbJ_sk1_Bw</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2012 Excavation Season at the Villa San Marco, Stabiae: Preliminary Field Report1 Taco T. Terpstra www.fastionline.org/docs/FOLDER-it-2013-286.pdf. Journal of Fasti Online (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1828-3179">1828-3179</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismo.it/il-luogo-del-giorno/articolo/art/castellammare-di-stabia-la-sua-vita-dopo-leruzione-id-19853/">"Castellammare di Stabia, la sua vita dopo l'eruzione"</a>. <i>turismo.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turismo.it&rft.atitle=Castellammare+di+Stabia%2C+la+sua+vita+dopo+l%27eruzione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismo.it%2Fil-luogo-del-giorno%2Farticolo%2Fart%2Fcastellammare-di-stabia-la-sua-vita-dopo-leruzione-id-19853%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Ruggiero: <i>Degli Scavi di Stabiae dal 1749 al 1782</i>, 1881</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pompeiisites.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taco T. Terpstra. The 2011 Field Season at the Villa San Marco, Stabiae: Preliminary Report on the Excavations, The Journal of Fasti Online (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1828-3179">1828-3179</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio; Anna Maria Sodo, Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Cultura e archeologia da Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a> p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831002353/http://pompeiiinpictures.com:80/pompeiiinpictures/RV/Villa%20San%20Marco%20Stabiae%20p1.htm">"villa san marco stabiae p1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/RV/Villa%20San%20Marco%20Stabiae%20p1.htm">the original</a> on 31 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=villa+san+marco+stabiae+p1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpompeiiinpictures.com%2Fpompeiiinpictures%2FRV%2FVilla%2520San%2520Marco%2520Stabiae%2520p1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antiquity Recovered: The Legacy of Pompeii and Herculaneum, editor Victoria C. Coates Gardner, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892368721" title="Special:BookSources/0892368721">0892368721</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Ferrara, Castellammare di Stabia – Short guide to the excavations of Stabiae, Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, Thomas N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actual-art.spbu.ru/en/publications/archive/vol-8/museum-collection-space-work-of-art/10654.html">A Most Fragile Art Object: Interpreting and Presenting the Strolling Garden of the Villa Arianna, Stabiae.</a> In: Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 691–700<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2312-2129">2312-2129</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia, Rome, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707033155/http://www.archemail.it/notizie2009.htm">"Archemail l'archeologia in Campania – Gruppo Archeologico Napoletano ONLUS – Il notiziario archeologico della Campania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archemail.it/notizie2009.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archemail+l%27archeologia+in+Campania+%E2%80%93+Gruppo+Archeologico+Napoletano+ONLUS+%E2%80%93+Il+notiziario+archeologico+della+Campania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archemail.it%2Fnotizie2009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Villa di Arianna <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.comune.castellammare-di-stabia.napoli.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=511:la-villa-di-arianna&catid=70:siti-archeologici">http://www.comune.castellammare-di-stabia.napoli.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=511:la-villa-di-arianna&catid=70:siti-archeologici</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=valetudinarium-harpers&highlight=valetudinarium">"Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Valetudinarium"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Harry+Thurston+Peck%2C+Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities+%281898%29%2C+Valetudinarium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aentry%3Dvaletudinarium-harpers%26highlight%3Dvaletudinarium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio, Anna Maria Sodo, <i>Stabiae – Archaeological Guide to Villas , Castellammare di Stabia</i>, Longobardi Editore, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-125-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-125-7">88-8090-125-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/stabiae/villa-of-anteros-and-hercules">"Villa of Anteros and Hercules – AD79eruption"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Villa+of+Anteros+and+Hercules+%E2%80%93+AD79eruption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fstabiae%2Fvilla-of-anteros-and-hercules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PAOLA MINIERO: Ville scavate nel Settecento nel territorio di Stabiae, Città vesuviane: antichità e fortuna: il suburbio e l'agro di Pompei, Ercolano, Oplontis e Stabiae, Roma: Treccani editrice, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesis: The rustic villa in Petraro nell'Ager stabianus, Andrea Paduano, 2015, University of Salerno</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sites.google.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sites.google.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sites.google.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/stabiae/villa-petraro">"Villa Petraro – AD79eruption"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Villa+Petraro+%E2%80%93+AD79eruption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fstabiae%2Fvilla-petraro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Pesce, ed., In Stabiano (Castellammare di Stabia: Longobardi, 2005), 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanoimpero.com/2018/01/villa-petraro-stabiae-campania.html">"Villa Petraro (Stabiae – Campania)"</a>. <i>romanoimpero.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=romanoimpero.com&rft.atitle=Villa+Petraro+%28Stabiae+%E2%80%93+Campania%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanoimpero.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fvilla-petraro-stabiae-campania.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_097%20Gragnano%20Localita%20Carmiano%20A.htm">"Villa Gragnano Localita Carmiano"</a>. <i>pompeiiinpictures.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pompeiiinpictures.com&rft.atitle=Villa+Gragnano+Localita+Carmiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeiiinpictures.com%2Fpompeiiinpictures%2FVF%2FVilla_097%2520Gragnano%2520Localita%2520Carmiano%2520A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio; Anna Maria Sodo, Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Cultura e archeologia da Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a> p 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia , Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=apotheca-cn&highlight=apotheca">"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), APOTHE´CA"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities+%281890%29%2C+APOTHE%C2%B4CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aentry%3Dapotheca-cn%26highlight%3Dapotheca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia , Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=torcularium-cn">"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), TORCULARIUM"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities+%281890%29%2C+TORCULARIUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aentry%3Dtorcularium-cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centroculturalegragnano.it-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centroculturalegragnano.it_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centroculturalegragnano.it_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Di Massa, Il Territorio di Gragnano nell'antichità e l'ager stabianus (PDF), pp. 41 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf">http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030808/http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf">Archived</a> 25 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruggiero M., 1881. Degli scavi di Stabia dal 1749 al 1782, Napoli, p. 347-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_008%20Gragnano%20Carmiano%20masseria%20Buonodono.htm">https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_008%20Gragnano%20Carmiano%20masseria%20Buonodono.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia, Rome, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanna Bonifacio, Anna Maria Sodo and Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Culture and Archeology from Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, p. 16. Longobardi Editore, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8090-126-5">88-8090-126-5</a> p 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stabiae.org/foundation/">Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/stabiae">Stabiae – Comprehensive site on the eruption of 79 AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127100907/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/stabiae">Archived</a> 27 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p125.htm">Herculaneum/Pompeii/Stabiae Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216125711/http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p125.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webvisionitaly.com/category.php?id=77">Video Villa San Marco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creadm.solent.ac.uk/custom/rwpainting/cover/index.html">Romano-Campanian Wall-Painting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307134958/http://creadm.solent.ac.uk/custom/rwpainting/cover/index.html">Archived</a> 7 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Province of Avellino</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsa" title="Compsa">Compsa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/80px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/120px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/160px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2303" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/120px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/250px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/80px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/120px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/160px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/120px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/250px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Benevento)" title="Arch of Trajan (Benevento)">Arch of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre,_Benevento" title="Roman Theatre, Benevento">Roman Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudium" title="Caudium">Caudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures_Baebiani" title="Ligures Baebiani">Ligures Baebiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saticula" title="Saticula">Saticula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Province of Caserta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allifae" title="Allifae">Allifae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausona_(ancient_city)" title="Ausona (ancient city)">Ausona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calatia" title="Calatia">Calatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales" title="Cales">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Capua)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Capua)">Arch of Hadrian (Capua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Capua" title="Amphitheatre of Capua">Amphitheatre of Capua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casilinum" title="Casilinum">Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_in_Formis" title="Sant'Angelo in Formis">Sant'Angelo in Formis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuessa" title="Sinuessa">Sinuessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebula_Balliensis" title="Trebula Balliensis">Trebula Balliensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescia" title="Vescia">Vescia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atella" title="Atella">Atella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_Mirabilis" title="Piscina Mirabilis">Piscina Mirabilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Tunnel" title="Bourbon Tunnel">Bourbon Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gaudioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of San Gaudioso">Catacombs of San Gaudioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro" title="Catacombs of San Gennaro">Catacombs of San Gennaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypta_Neapolitana" title="Crypta Neapolitana">Crypta Neapolitana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Naples" title="Macellum of Naples">Macellum of Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Amphitheater_(Pozzuoli)" title="Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)">Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrinus_Lacus" title="Lucrinus Lacus">Lucrinus Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum of Pozzuoli">Macellum of Pozzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Julius" title="Portus Julius">Portus Julius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Barbarossa" title="Castello Barbarossa">Castello Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pruno" title="Monte Pruno">Monte Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_the_mouth_of_the_Sele" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraion at the mouth of the Sele">Heraion at the mouth of the Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Paestum)" title="Temple of Athena (Paestum)">Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertosa_Caves" title="Pertosa Caves">Pertosa Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana,_Minori" title="Villa Romana, Minori">Villa Romana of Minori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pompeii88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Template:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Template talk:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pompeii88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_62_Pompeii_earthquake" title="AD 62 Pompeii earthquake">AD 62 Pompeii earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_influences_on_Pompeii" title="Foreign influences on Pompeii">Foreign influences on Pompeii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Diomedes" title="Villa of Diomedes">Villa of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">Domus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Centenary" title="House of the Centenary">House of the Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">House of the Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Julia_Felix" title="House of Julia Felix">House of Julia Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Fugitives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garden of the Fugitives">The Garden of the Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Greek_Epigrams" title="House of the Greek Epigrams">House of the Greek Epigrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Loreius_Tiburtinus" title="House of Loreius Tiburtinus">House of Loreius Tiburtinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Marcus_Lucretius_Fronto" title="House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto">House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Menandro" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa del Menandro">House of Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Octavius_Quartio" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Octavius Quartio">House of Octavius Quartio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Prince_of_Naples" title="House of the Prince of Naples">House of the Prince of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sallust" title="House of Sallust">House of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Silver_Wedding" title="House of the Silver Wedding">House of the Silver Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Small_Fountain" title="House of the Small Fountain">House of the Small Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Surgeon" title="House of the Surgeon">House of the Surgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">House of the Tragic Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum of Pompeii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupanar" title="Lupanar">Lupanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Baths_(Pompeii)" title="Suburban Baths (Pompeii)">Suburban Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabian_Baths" title="Stabian Baths">Stabian Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Area_of_Pompeii" title="Theatre Area of Pompeii">Theatre Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isis_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Isis (Pompeii)">Temple of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Briseis" title="Achilles and Briseis">Achilles and Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic" title="Plato's Academy mosaic">Plato's Academy mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Terentius_Neo" title="Portrait of Terentius Neo">Portrait of Terentius Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_art_in_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum">Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_in_popular_culture" title="Pompeii in popular culture">Pompeii in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sites destroyed<br /> in the 79 eruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Museum,_Naples" title="Secret Museum, Naples">Secret Museum, Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIL_4.5296" title="CIL 4.5296">CIL 4.5296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_Lakshmi" title="Pompeii Lakshmi">Pompeii Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a> (CIL IV 8123, 8623)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Campania25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Campania25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Cathedral" title="Amalfi Cathedral">Amalfi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Ancient remains of Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caserta_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserta Palace">Caserta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraglioni" title="Faraglioni">Faraglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia, Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solfatara_(volcano)" title="Solfatara (volcano)">Solfatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrento Peninsula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava" title="La Trinità della Cava">Trinità della Cava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547910#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata794" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547910#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata794" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547910#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316731725">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stabiae (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge173074&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433128">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&oldid=1280825625">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&oldid=1280825625</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Category:Castellammare di Stabia">Castellammare di Stabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Campania">Archaeological sites in Campania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_towns_in_Campania" title="Category:Coastal towns in Campania">Coastal towns in Campania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destroyed_populated_places" title="Category:Destroyed populated places">Destroyed populated places</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Category:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_populated_places_in_Italy" title="Category:Former populated places in Italy">Former populated places in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_museums_of_Italy" title="Category:National museums of Italy">National museums of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pompeii_(ancient_city)" title="Category:Pompeii (ancient city)">Pompeii (ancient city)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_1st_millennium_BC" title="Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC">Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_disestablished_in_the_1st_century" title="Category:Populated places disestablished in the 1st century">Populated places disestablished in the 1st century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_sites_of_Campania" title="Category:Roman sites of Campania">Roman sites of Campania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_towns_and_cities_in_Italy" title="Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy">Roman towns and cities in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Campania" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Campania">Tourist attractions in Campania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)">Articles with Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Latin IPA">Pages with Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from January 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2024">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 March 2025, at 17:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stabiae</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-6z42s","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.908","walltime":"1.186","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8259,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128223,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11720,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":199292,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 983.506 1 -total"," 30.26% 297.577 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.40% 171.158 1 Template:Infobox_ancient_site"," 16.88% 166.031 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.80% 116.037 20 Template:Cite_web"," 9.48% 93.201 1 Template:In_lang"," 8.63% 84.838 5 Template:Navbox"," 8.39% 82.470 13 Template:ISBN"," 7.79% 76.617 8 Template:Fix"," 7.76% 76.289 1 Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.489","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19075821,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-mlgc9","timestamp":"20250331191750","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stabiae","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stabiae","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q547910","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q547910","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-29T08:55:12Z","dateModified":"2025-03-16T17:51:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/88\/Wall_painting_from_Stabiae%2C_1st_century.jpg","headline":"ancient city, located near the current Castellammare di Stabia"}</script> </body> </html>