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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Cyrillic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Cyrillic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Cyrillic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth-century_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth-century_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nineteenth-century reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth-century_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Unified orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_names_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_names_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Letter names and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_names_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historic letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letterforms_and_typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letterforms_and_typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Letterforms and typography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letterforms_and_typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding_Ukrainian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_Ukrainian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Encoding Ukrainian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Encoding_Ukrainian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Encoding Ukrainian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Encoding_Ukrainian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISO_8859-5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_8859-5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>ISO 8859-5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_8859-5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KOI8-U" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KOI8-U"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>KOI8-U</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KOI8-U-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows-1251" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows-1251"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Windows-1251</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows-1251-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_pages_and_XML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_pages_and_XML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Web pages and XML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_pages_and_XML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Keyboard layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ukrainian alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأبجدية الأوكرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبجدية الأوكرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Украин алфавиты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Украин алфавиты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Украінскі алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Украінскі алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Украінскі альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Украінскі альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFn%C3%A8s:L%27alfabet_ucra%C3%AFn%C3%A8s" title="Ucraïnès:L'alfabet ucraïnès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ucraïnès:L'alfabet ucraïnès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinsk%C3%A1_cyrilice" title="Ukrajinská cyrilice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ukrajinská cyrilice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainske_alfabet" title="Ukrainske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ukrainske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainische_Sprache#Alphabet" title="Ukrainische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ukrainische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_ucraniano" title="Alfabeto ucraniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto ucraniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_ukrainien" title="Alphabet ukrainien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet ukrainien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ուկրաիներենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուկրաիներենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Kiril_Ukraina" title="Alfabet Kiril Ukraina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Kiril Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_cirillico_ucraino" title="Alfabeto cirillico ucraino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto cirillico ucraino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrai%C5%86u_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Ukraiņu alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ukraiņu alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukr%C3%A1n_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Ukrán ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ukrán ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Украинска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Украинска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_ukrainske_alfabetet" title="Det ukrainske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det ukrainske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_ukrainske_alfabetet" title="Det ukrainske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det ukrainske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_ukrai%C5%84ski" title="Alfabet ukraiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet ukraiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_ucraniano" title="Alfabeto ucraniano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto ucraniano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_ucrainean" title="Alfabetul ucrainean – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul ucrainean" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Україньскый алфавіт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Україньскый алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Украинский алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Украинский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ukrainian alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinsk%C3%A1_cyrilika" title="Ukrajinská cyrilika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ukrajinská cyrilika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinska_abeceda" title="Ukrajinska abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ukrajinska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Украјинска азбука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Украјинска азбука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainan_kielen_aakkoset" title="Ukrainan kielen aakkoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ukrainan kielen aakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska_alfabetet" title="Ukrainska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ukrainska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Алифбои укроинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои укроинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna_alfabesi" title="Ukrayna alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ukrayna alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Українська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Українська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Ukrainian alphabet<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">Українська абетка</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg/350px-Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg/525px-Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg/700px-Ukrainian_alphabet_in_capital_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15th century (Ruthenian), 18th century (Modern Ukrainian) to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (partly <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>)<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Ukrainian alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Ukrainian Latin</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn#Grammar_and_alphabet" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language#Alphabet" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn alphabets</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Cyrl</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(220)</span>, Cyrillic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Cyrillic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Subset of <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Cyrillic">Cyrillic (U+0400 ... U+04FF)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ukrainian alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">абе́тка, áзбука <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">or</span></span> алфа́ві́т</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">abetka, azbuka <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">or</span> alfavit</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">set of letters</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, which is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. It is one of several national variations of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. It comes from the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, which was devised in the 9th century for the first <a href="/wiki/Slavic_group_of_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic group of languages">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Slavonic</a>. In the 10th century, Cyrillic script became used in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> to write <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusyn alphabet">Rusyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> alphabets later evolved. The modern Ukrainian alphabet has 33 letters in total: 21 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization sign</a>. Sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (') is also included, which has a phonetic meaning and is a mandatory sign in writing, but is not considered as a letter and is not included in the alphabet. </p><p>In Ukrainian, it is called <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">українська абетка</span></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐˈbɛtkɐ]</a></span>; <small>tr.</small> <i>ukrainska abetka</i>), from the initial letters <i><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">а</a></i> (<small>tr.</small> <i>a</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">б</a></i> (<small>tr.</small> <i>b</i>); <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">алфавіт</span></span> (<small>tr.</small> <i>alfavit</i>); or, archaically, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">азбука</span></span> (<small>tr.</small> <i>azbuka</i>), from the <a href="/wiki/Acrophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrophonic">acrophonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic</a> letter names <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">азъ</span></span> (<small>tr.</small> <i>az</i>) and <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">буки</span></span> (<small>tr.</small> <i>buki</i>). </p><p>Ukrainian text is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanised</a> (written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>) for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. There are several common methods for <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanizing Ukrainian</a> including the international Cyrillic-to-Latin transcription standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a>. There have also been several historical proposals for a native <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Ukrainian Latin alphabet</a>, but none have caught on. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Ukrainian alphabet by position in alphabet, in both upper- and lower-case </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Position </th> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Uppercase </th> <td>А </td> <td>Б </td> <td>В </td> <td>Г </td> <td>Ґ </td> <td>Д </td> <td>Е </td> <td>Є </td> <td>Ж </td> <td>З </td> <td>И </td> <td>І </td> <td>Ї </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К </td> <td>Л </td> <td>М </td> <td>Н </td> <td>О </td> <td>П </td> <td>Р </td> <td>С </td> <td>Т </td> <td>У </td> <td>Ф </td> <td>Х </td> <td>Ц </td> <td>Ч </td> <td>Ш </td> <td>Щ </td> <td>Ь </td> <td>Ю </td> <td>Я </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lowercase </th> <td>а </td> <td>б </td> <td>в </td> <td>г </td> <td>ґ </td> <td>д </td> <td>е </td> <td>є </td> <td>ж </td> <td>з </td> <td>и </td> <td>і </td> <td>ї </td> <td>й </td> <td>к </td> <td>л </td> <td>м </td> <td>н </td> <td>о </td> <td>п </td> <td>р </td> <td>с </td> <td>т </td> <td>у </td> <td>ф </td> <td>х </td> <td>ц </td> <td>ч </td> <td>ш </td> <td>щ </td> <td>ь </td> <td>ю </td> <td>я </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The alphabet comprises 33 letters, representing 40 <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> is also used in the spelling of some words, but is not considered a letter. Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. In the Ukrainian alphabet the "Ь" could also be the last letter in the alphabet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990). </p><p>Twenty-one letters represent <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">б</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">в</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">г</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ґ</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">д</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ж</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">з</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">к</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">л</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">м</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">н</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">п</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">р</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">с</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">т</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ф</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">х</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ц</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ч</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ш</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">щ</span></span>), ten represent <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">а</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">е</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">є</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">и</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">і</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ї</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">о</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">у</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ю</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">я</span></span>), and one represents a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> (й). The <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">(ь)</span></span>, which appears only after consonants, indicates that the preceding consonant is soft (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>). </p><p>Also, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonants</a> are palatalized when followed by certain vowels: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">д</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">з</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">л</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">н</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">р</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">с</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">т</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ц</span></span> and <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">дз</span></span> are softened when they are followed by a "soft" vowel: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">є</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">і</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ю</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">я</span></span>. See <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotation</a>. </p><p>The apostrophe negates palatalization in places that it would be applied by normal orthographic rules. It also appears after labial consonants in some words, such as <span lang="uk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F#Ukrainian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ім'я">ім'я</a></span> "name",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is retained in transliterations from the Latin alphabet: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Кот-д'Івуар</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>) and <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">О'Тул</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/O%27Toole_(surname)" title="O'Toole (surname)">O'Toole</a>). </p><p>The apostrophe is used similarly in Belarusian orthography, while the same function is served in Russian by the <a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">hard sign</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ъ</span></span>): compare Ukrainian <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">об'єкт</span></span> and Belarusian <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be-tarask">аб'ект</span></span> vs. Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">объект</span></span> ("object"). </p><p>There are other exceptions to the phonemic principle in the alphabet. Some letters represent two phonemes: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">щ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃt͡ʃ/</span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ї</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɪ/</span>, and <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">є</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ю</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">я</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span> when they do not palatalize a preceding consonant. The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">дз</span></span> and <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">дж</span></span> are normally used to represent single affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span>. Palatalization of consonants before <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">е</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">у</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">а</span></span> is indicated by writing the corresponding letter <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">є</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ю</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">я</span></span> instead (theoretical palatalization before <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">и</span></span> is not indicated as <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">і</span></span> already corresponds to the palatized or "soft" counterpart of <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">и</span></span>). </p><p>Compared to other Cyrillic alphabets, the modern<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian alphabet is most similar to those of the other <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language#Alphabet" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>. It has retained the two early Cyrillic letters <a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a> (i) and <a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">izhe</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">и</span></span>) to represent related sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> as well as the two historical forms <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">e</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">е</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">ye</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">є</span></span>). Its unique letters are the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_upturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with upturn">ge</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ґ</span></span>), used for the less-common <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> sound, whereas in Ukrainian the common Cyrillic <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">г</span></span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">glottal fricative</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">yi</a> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ї</span></span>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɪ/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet">Early Cyrillic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Cyrillic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was a writing system developed in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in the tenth century, to write the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>. It was named after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cyril_the_Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cyril the Philosopher">Saint Cyril</a>, who with his brother <a href="/wiki/Saint_Methodius_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Methodius of Thessaloniki">Methodius</a> had created the earlier <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> Slavonic script. Cyrillic was based on Greek <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial script</a>, and adopted Glagolitic letters for some sounds which were absent in Greek – it also had some letters which were only used almost exclusively for Greek words or for their <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">numeric value</a>: <span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Ѳ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Cyrillic)" title="Psi (Cyrillic)">Ѱ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksi_(Cyrillic_letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (Cyrillic letter)">Ѯ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Ѵ</a></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic alphabet</a> was brought to <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> at the end of the first millennium, along with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> language. The alphabet was adapted to the local spoken <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> language, leading to the development of indigenous East Slavic <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> alongside the liturgical use of Church Slavonic. The alphabet changed to keep pace with changes in language, as regional dialects developed into the modern Ukrainian, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> languages. Spoken Ukrainian has an unbroken history, but the literary language has suffered from two major historical fractures. </p><p>Various reforms of the alphabet by scholars of Church Slavonic, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian languages</a> caused the written and spoken word to diverge by varying amounts. Etymological rules from Greek and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> made the orthography imprecise and difficult to master. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Meletiy_Smotrytsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Meletiy Smotrytsky">Meletii Smotrytskyi's</a> Slavonic Grammar of 1619 was very influential on the use of Church Slavonic, and codified the use of the letters Я (<i>ya</i>), Е (<i>e</i>), and Ґ (<i>g</i>). Various <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian alphabet reforms">Russian alphabet reforms</a> were influential as well, especially <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s Civil Script of 1708 (the <i>Grazhdanka</i>). It created a new alphabet specifically for non-religious use, and adopted Latin-influenced letterforms for type. The Civil Script eliminated some archaic letters (<a href="/wiki/Ksi_(Cyrillic)" title="Ksi (Cyrillic)">Ѯ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Cyrillic)" title="Psi (Cyrillic)">Ѱ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѧ</a>), but reinforced an etymological basis for the alphabet, influencing <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Maksymovych" title="Mykhailo Maksymovych">Mykhailo Maksymovych</a>'s nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galician</a> <i>Maksymovychivka</i> script for Ukrainian, and its descendant, the <i>Pankevychivka</i>, which is still in use, in a slightly modified form, for the <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth-century_reforms">Nineteenth-century reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nineteenth-century reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png/220px-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png/330px-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png/440px-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Handwritten poem "Kateryna", 1839, <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Yaryzhka" title="Yaryzhka">Yaryzhka</a> orthography</figcaption></figure> <p>In reaction to the hard-to-learn etymological alphabets, several reforms attempted to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> Ukrainian orthography during the nineteenth century, based on the example of <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a>'s Serbian Cyrillic. These included <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Kulish" title="Panteleimon Kulish">Panteleimon Kulish</a>'s <i>Kulishivka</i> alphabet used in his 1857 <i>Notes on Southern Rus'</i> and <i>Hramatka</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Drahomanivka" title="Drahomanivka">Drahomanivka</a></i> alphabet promoted in the 1870s by <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Drahomanov" title="Mykhailo Drahomanov">Mykhailo Drahomanov</a>, and Yevhen Zhelekhivskyi's <i>Zhelekhivka</i> alphabet from 1886, which standardized the letters ї (<i>yi</i>) and ґ (<i>g</i>). </p><p>A Ukrainian cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stimulated literary and academic activity in both <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) and western Ukraine (Austrian-controlled <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>). In Galicia, the Polish-dominated local government tried to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet_for_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet for Ukrainian">Latin alphabet for Ukrainian</a>, which backfired by prompting a heated "War of the Alphabets", bringing the issue of orthography into the public eye. The Cyrillic script was favoured, but conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Russophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Russophiles">Russophiles</a>) opposed publications which promoted a pure Ukrainian orthography. </p><p>In Dnieper Ukraine, proposed reforms suffered from periodic bans of publication and performance in the Ukrainian language. One such decree was the notorious 1876 <a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a>, which banned the Kulishivka and imposed a Russian orthography until 1905 (called the <i>Yaryzhka</i>, after the Russian letter <a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">yery</a> ы). The Kulishivka was adopted by Ukrainian publications, only to be banned again from 1914 until after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917. </p><p>The Zhelekhivka became official in Galicia in 1893, and was adopted by many eastern Ukrainian publications after the Revolution. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Ukraine">People's Republic of Ukraine</a> adopted official Ukrainian orthographies in 1918 and 1919, and Ukrainian publication increased, and then flourished under Skoropadsky's <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bolshevik government of Ukraine</a>, Ukrainian orthographies were confirmed in 1920 and 1921. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_orthography">Unified orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unified orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> created a Commission for the Regulation of Orthography. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a> in <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a> Ukraine, the 1927 International Orthographic Conference was convened in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, from May 26 to June 6. At the conference, a standardized Ukrainian orthography and method for transliterating foreign words were established, a compromise between Galician and Soviet proposals, called the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1928" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1928">Ukrainian orthography of 1928</a>, or <i>Skrypnykivka</i>, after Ukrainian Commissar of Education <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Mykola Skrypnyk</a>. It was officially recognized by the Council of People's Commissars in 1928, and by the Lviv <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a> in 1929, and adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a>. The Skrypnykivka was the first universally adopted native Ukrainian orthography. </p><p>However, by 1930 <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s government started to reverse the Ukrainization policy, partly attributing the peasant resistance to <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a> to Ukrainian nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">orthographic reforms</a> were abolished, decrees were passed to bring the orthography steadily closer to Russian. His reforms discredited and labelled "nationalist deviation", Skrypnyk committed suicide rather than face a show trial and execution or deportation. The Ukrainian letter <a href="/wiki/Ghe_with_upturn" title="Ghe with upturn">ge</a> ґ,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the phonetic combinations ль, льо, ля were eliminated, and Russian etymological forms were reintroduced (for example, the use of -іа- in place of -я-). An official orthography was published in Kyiv in 1936, with revisions in 1945 and 1960. This orthography is sometimes called <i>Postyshivka</i>, after <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev" title="Pavel Postyshev">Pavel Postyshev</a>, Stalin's official who oversaw the dismantling of Ukrainisation. </p><p>In the meantime, the Skrypnykivka continued to be used by Ukrainians in Galicia and the worldwide diaspora. </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> in the USSR, a new Ukrainian Orthographic Commission was created in 1986. A revised orthography was published in 1990, reintroducing the letter ge <i>ґ</i>. It also revised the alphabetical order, moving the soft sign <i>ь</i> from the end of the alphabet, to a position before the letter <i>ю</i>, which helps sort Ukrainian text together with Belarusian (following a proposal by L. M. Ivanenko of the Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics). </p><p>On 21 May 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine</a> approved a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_2019" title="Ukrainian orthography of 2019">new version of the orthography</a> prepared by the Ukrainian National Commission on Spelling. The new edition brought to life some features of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1928" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1928">orthography in 1928</a>, which were part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. At the same time, the commission was guided by the understanding that the language practice of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century has already become part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_names_and_pronunciation">Letter names and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Letter names and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Letters and symbols of the Ukrainian alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Upright</th> <th>Most common transliteration </th> <th>English equivalent (approximation) </th> <th>Example in Ukrainian</th> <th>Name </th> <th>Traditional name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">IPA</a> </th> <th>Etymology </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А а</a> </td> <td>a </td> <td>f<b>a</b>ther, l<b>a</b>rge </td> <td><b>а</b>бетк<b>а</b> (alphabet)</td> <td>а <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> </td> <td>аз</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> (Α α) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б б</a> </td> <td>b </td> <td><b>b</b>ad, <b>b</b>ig, <b>b</b>ed </td> <td><b>б</b>а<b>б</b>уся (grandmother)</td> <td>бе <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɛ/</span> </td> <td>буки</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b˙/</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a> (Β β) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В в</a> </td> <td>v </td> <td><b>w</b>ater, <b>w</b>hile </td> <td><b>в</b>іл (ox)</td> <td>ве <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɛ/</span> </td> <td>віді</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-v_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a> (Β β) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г г</a> </td> <td>h </td> <td>neighbour<b>h</b>ood, <b>h</b>ello </td> <td><b>г</b>оворити (to talk)</td> <td>ге <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦɛ/</span> </td> <td>глаголь</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> (Γ γ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ґ">Ґ ґ</a><sup id="cite_ref-g_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>g </td> <td>e<b>g</b>g, <b>g</b>old </td> <td><b>ґ</b>уля (lump)</td> <td>ґе <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡɛ/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td>It comes from the italic variant of the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> (Γ γ). In the 14th century it was transmitted in writing by the digraph <u>кг</u> (<u>кг</u>рунт — <u>ґ</u>рунт). It was used for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Peresopnytsia_Gospel" title="Peresopnytsia Gospel">Peresopnytsia Gospel</a> (1556–1561). Officially became a part of the alphabet in <a href="/wiki/Meletius_Smotrytsky" title="Meletius Smotrytsky">Meletius Smotrytsky</a>'s "Grammar" in 1616. Removed from the alphabet in 1933 as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Russification of Ukraine</a>. Restored in the third edition of "<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian orthography</a>" in 1990. Rare, and only appears in native words and toponyms. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д д</a> </td> <td>d </td> <td><b>d</b>og, <b>d</b>oing </td> <td><b>д</b>есь (somewhere)</td> <td>де <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɛ/</span> </td> <td>добро</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡zʲ/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дз2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-У_буквосполученні_дз2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дж2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-У_буквосполученні_дж2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> (Δ δ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е е</a> </td> <td>e </td> <td>b<b>e</b>d </td> <td>ц<b>е</b>рква (church)</td> <td>е <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td>єсть</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̝/</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> (Ε ε) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">Є є</a> </td> <td>ye, ie </td> <td><b>ye</b>llow, <b>ye</b>s, <b>ye</b>t </td> <td>мо<b>є</b> (my)</td> <td>є <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲɛ/</span> </td> <td>Alluded to the Cyrillic letter <a href="/wiki/Iotated_E" title="Iotated E">Ѥ</a>, but not directly derived from it. One of the variants of the Cyrillic letter е / є. It was first used in the spelling of "Русалка Днѣстровая" in 1837 to indicate the sounds [jɛ] and [ɛ] with a softening of the preceding consonant, before that it was used in Maksymovychivka instead of the modern e (ж<u>є</u>ньци — ж<u>е</u>нці). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">Ж ж</a> </td> <td>zh </td> <td>plea<b>s</b>ure, vi<b>s</b>ion </td> <td>ав<b>ж</b>е<b>ж</b> (of course)</td> <td>же <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒɛ/</span> </td> <td>живіте</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒʲː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дж2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-У_буквосполученні_дж2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a> letter Zhivete (Ⰶ), that most likely comes from the Coptic letter janjia (Ϫ ϫ). There is no corresponding letter in the Greek alphabet. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З з</a> </td> <td>z </td> <td><b>z</b>oo </td> <td><b>з</b>абавка (toy)</td> <td>зе <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zɛ/</span> </td> <td>земля</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zʲː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡zʲ/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дз2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-У_буквосполученні_дз2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʲ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zeta</a> (Ζ ζ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И и</a> </td> <td>y </td> <td>m<b>i</b>tt </td> <td>п<b>и</b>сат<b>и</b> (to write)</td> <td>и <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ̈/</span> </td> <td>іже (осьмеричне)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ̈/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ̞/</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a> (Η η) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">І і</a> </td> <td>i </td> <td>m<b>ee</b>t </td> <td>н<b>і</b>ч (night)</td> <td>і <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td>і(жеї) (десятеричне)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲi/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a> (Ι ι), from the Phoenician <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>. Since 1818, the letter has been the only letter to indicate the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in the Ukrainian language. Before that, the letters и, ѣ, ô, ê, û were used. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">Ї ї</a> </td> <td>yi, i </td> <td><b>yea</b>st </td> <td>кра<b>ї</b>на (country)</td> <td>ї <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span> </td> <td>The letter was officially introduced to the alphabet by P. Zhytetskyi and K. Mykhalchuk in 1874–1875. Before that, the letters ѣ, и and е were used (e.g. <u>ѣ</u>жакъ — <u>ї</u>жак, <u>ии</u> — <u>її</u>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й й</a> </td> <td>y, i </td> <td>bo<b>y</b>, to<b>y</b> </td> <td>це<b>й</b> (this)</td> <td>йот <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɔt/</span>, й <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪj/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td>The letter <u>и</u> with a <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>. Borrowed from Greek, where it was used to indicate short sounds. For the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, the letter began to be used in M. Smotrytsky's "Grammar" since 1619. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К к</a> </td> <td>k </td> <td><b>c</b>at, <b>k</b>ing </td> <td><b>к</b>анал (channel)</td> <td>ка <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑ/</span> </td> <td>како</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a> (Κ κ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л л</a> </td> <td>l </td> <td><b>l</b>ike </td> <td><b>л</b>ити (to pour)</td> <td>ел <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛl/</span> </td> <td>люди(є)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎː/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> (Λ λ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М м</a> </td> <td>m </td> <td><b>m</b>y </td> <td><b>м</b>істо (city)</td> <td>ем <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛm/</span> </td> <td>мисліте</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a> (Μ μ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н н</a> </td> <td>n </td> <td><b>n</b>ever </td> <td>вагіт<b>н</b>а (pregnant)</td> <td>ен <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛn/</span> </td> <td>нащ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲː/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a> (Ν ν) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О о</a> </td> <td>o </td> <td>l<b>o</b>ng, m<b>o</b>re </td> <td>вп<b>о</b>д<b>о</b>байка (like)</td> <td>о <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td>он</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a> (Ο ο) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П п</a> </td> <td>p </td> <td><b>p</b>eople </td> <td><b>п</b>ес (dog)</td> <td>пе <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɛ/</span> </td> <td>покой</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p˙/</span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a> (Π π) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р р</a> </td> <td>r </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">rolled <b>r</b></a>, Italian te<b>rr</b>a </td> <td><b>р</b>одина (family)</td> <td>ер <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛr/</span> </td> <td>рци</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʲ/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> (Ρ ρ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С с</a> </td> <td>s </td> <td><b>s</b>ea, <b>s</b>o </td> <td><b>с</b>ерпень (August)</td> <td>ес <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛs/</span> </td> <td>слово</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʲː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zʲ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> (Σ σ/ς) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т т</a> </td> <td>t </td> <td>s<b>t</b>ar, <b>t</b>op </td> <td>дода<b>т</b>ок (app)</td> <td>те <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɛ/</span> </td> <td>твердо</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʲ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a> (Τ τ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У у</a> </td> <td>u </td> <td>b<b>oo</b>t </td> <td>дід<b>у</b>сь (grandfather)</td> <td>у <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td>ук</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span> </td> <td>Originally it was a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> of the Cyrillic letters О and Ѵ, which repeats the Greek way of denoting the sound [u] by combining the letters ου. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф ф</a> </td> <td>f </td> <td><b>f</b>ight </td> <td><b>ф</b>ото (photo)</td> <td>еф <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛf/</span> </td> <td>ферт</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a> (Φ φ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х х</a> </td> <td>kh </td> <td>u<b>gh</b> </td> <td><b>х</b>ворий (sick)</td> <td>ха <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xɑ/</span> </td> <td>хір</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> </td> <td>From the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> (Χ χ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц ц</a> </td> <td>ts </td> <td>si<b>ts</b> </td> <td><b>ц</b>укор (sugar)</td> <td>це <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sɛ/</span> </td> <td>ци</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʲ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʲː/</span> </td> <td>There is no exact version of the origin, letters similar in spelling existed in several ancient alphabets: in <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> and alphabets derived from it, such as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч ч</a> </td> <td>ch </td> <td><b>ch</b>at, <b>ch</b>eck </td> <td>рукави<b>ч</b>ка (glove)</td> <td>че <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃɛ/</span> </td> <td>черв</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʲː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Possibly from the Hebrew letter <a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">tsade</a> (צ), maybe it has the same origin as the letter <u>ц</u>. <a href="/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna" title="Francysk Skaryna">Francisk Skaryna</a> used the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a> (Ϙ ϙ) for the letter <u>ч</u>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш ш</a> </td> <td>sh </td> <td><b>sh</b>oes </td> <td><b>ш</b>афа (wardrobe)</td> <td>ша <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃɑ/</span> </td> <td>ша</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃʲː/</span> </td> <td>There is no exact version of the origin, letters similar in spelling existed in several ancient alphabets: the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian</a> ε, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> and alphabets derived from it, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> ש or the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> ϣ. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ щ</a> </td> <td>shch </td> <td>fre<b>sh</b> <b>ch</b>erries </td> <td>бор<b>щ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a>)</td> <td>ща <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃt͡ʃɑ/</span> </td> <td>ща</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃt͡ʃ/</span> </td> <td>By origin, it is a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> of the letters <u>ш</u> and <u>т</u> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, the letter щ is still read as [ʃt]). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь ь</a><sup id="cite_ref-soft_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soft-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ʹ </td> <td>silent, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalizes</a> a consonant </td> <td>кін<b>ь</b> (horse)</td> <td>м'який знак <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mjɑˈkɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈznɑk/</span></span> </td> <td>єрь</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲ/</span> </td> <td>It is most likely a modification of the Early Cyrillic <u>О</u> with a dash on top, or the Early Cyrillic letter <u>І</u>, that still exists in Ukrainian. The letter ь became the graphic basis for other Cyrillic letters, like ъ, ы and ѣ. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">Ю ю</a> </td> <td>yu, iu </td> <td><b>u</b>se </td> <td>кл<b>ю</b>ч (key)</td> <td>ю <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span> </td> <td>ю</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲu/</span> </td> <td>Corresponds to the Greek letter combination <u>οι</u> (omicron and iota) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я я</a> </td> <td>ya, ia </td> <td><b>ya</b>rd </td> <td><b>я</b> (I)</td> <td>я <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">малий юс</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲɑ/</span> </td> <td>Originally the Cyrillic "little yus" comes from a Glagolitic letter, that probably borrowed it from Greek ligatures like <u>εν</u> or <u>ον</u>. The modern form was introduced to the alphabet after <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a>'s reforms. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></td> <td>ʺ </td> <td>silent, prevents <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> </td> <td>м'ясо (meat)</td> <td>апостроф <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑˈpɔstrɔf/</span></span> </td> <td>—</td> <td>—<sup id="cite_ref-apostrophe_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apostrophe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For other transliteration systems, see <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanisation of Ukrainian</a>. </p><p>Notes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-v-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> varies depending on context; it is labial before back vowels and labiodental before front vowels. It is also vocalised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯]</span> in the syllable coda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Without examples, this is incomprehensible to almost all readers. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ge (ґ) was officially banned in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a> from 1933 to 1990;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is missing from some computer <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> and fonts, such as <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-5" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-5">ISO-8859-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code_page_855" title="Code page 855">MS-DOS Cyrillic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soft-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soft_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign</a> (ь) indicates the softening (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>) of the preceding consonant letter. It was at the end of the alphabet before 1990, when the new official orthography changed its position.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apostrophe-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apostrophe_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The apostrophe is used in Ukrainian as a <a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">hard sign</a> analogous to the Russian letter <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">ъ</a>, indicating that the consonant preceding a soft vowel is not <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>, when it otherwise would be.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> which are pronounced as a single sound: <span class="nowrap">⟨дж⟩</span>, which is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, like <i>dg</i> in <i>knowledge</i>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨дз⟩</span>, which is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span>. Examples: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">джміль</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">dzhmil</i></span>, "a bumble bee"), <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">бджола</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">bdzhola</i></span>, "a bee"), <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">дзвоник</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">dzvonyk</i></span>, "a bell"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_letters">Historic letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historic letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Upright</th> <th>Italics</th> <th>Most common transliteration </th> <th>Modern Ukrainian equivalent</th> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_E" title="Iotated E">Ѥ ѥ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѥ ѥ</i> </td> <td>ye, ie, je </td> <td>е, є</td> <td>йотоване е</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ѕ ѕ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѕ ѕ</i> </td> <td>z </td> <td>з</td> <td>(д)зіло</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zʲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѡ ѡ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѡ ѡ</i> </td> <td>o </td> <td>о</td> <td>омега, о</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">Ъ ъ</a> </td> <td><i>Ъ ъ</i> </td> <td>" </td> <td>' (apostrophe)</td> <td>жорсткий знак</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы ы</a> </td> <td><i>Ы ы</i> </td> <td>y </td> <td>и</td> <td>єри</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">Ѣ ѣ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѣ ѣ</i> </td> <td>ě </td> <td>і</td> <td>ять</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_A" title="Iotated A">Ꙗ ꙗ</a> </td> <td><i>Ꙗ ꙗ</i> </td> <td>ya, ia, ja </td> <td>я</td> <td>йотоване а</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_Yus" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Yus">Ѧ ѧ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѧ ѧ</i> </td> <td>ę </td> <td>я </td> <td>малий юс </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Large_Yus" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Yus">Ѫ ѫ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѫ ѫ</i> </td> <td>ǫ </td> <td>у </td> <td>великий юс </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̃/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѩ ѩ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѩ ѩ</i> </td> <td>yę </td> <td>я</td> <td>малий йотований юс</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ̃/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѭ ѭ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѭ ѭ</i> </td> <td>yǫ </td> <td>ю</td> <td>великий йотований юс</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɔ̃/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Cyrillic)" title="Psi (Cyrillic)">Ѱ ѱ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѱ ѱ</i> </td> <td>ps </td> <td>пс</td> <td>псі</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ps/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/psʲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(Cyrillic)" title="Ksi (Cyrillic)">Ѯ ѯ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѯ ѯ</i> </td> <td>ks </td> <td>кс</td> <td>ксі</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ksʲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Ѳ ѳ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѳ ѳ</i> </td> <td>f </td> <td>ф</td> <td>фіта</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Ѵ ѵ</a> </td> <td><i>Ѵ ѵ</i> </td> <td>í, v </td> <td>і, в</td> <td>іжиця</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё ё</a> </td> <td><i>Ё ё</i> </td> <td>yo, io, jo, ë </td> <td>йо, ьо</td> <td>йо</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɔ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_U_(Cyrillic)" title="Short U (Cyrillic)">Ў ў</a> </td> <td><i>Ў ў</i> </td> <td>w, ŭ </td> <td>в</td> <td>коротке у</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э э</a> </td> <td><i>Э э</i> </td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letterforms_and_typography">Letterforms and typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Letterforms and typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In print, several <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">lowercase</a> Cyrillic letters resemble smaller versions of their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase</a> forms. </p><p>Handwritten Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> letterforms vary somewhat from their corresponding printed (typeset) counterparts, particularly for the letters <b>г</b>, <b>д</b>, <b>и</b>, <b>й</b>, and <b>т</b>. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrainian letters Г, Д, И, Й, М, Т, and Ц in printed versus handwritten form"><img alt="Handwritten Ukrainian alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg/420px-Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg/630px-Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg/840px-Ucraniano-Alfabeto-Manuscrito.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="332" /></a></span> </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, whose typefaces have <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a> forms, a Cyrillic type face (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">шрифт</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">shryft</i></span>) has upright (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">прямий</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">priamyi</i></span>) and cursive (курсивний, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">kursyvnyi</i></span>) font forms, the latter of which later came to be called (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">письмівка</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">pys’mivka</i></span>). Several lowercase letters in the cursive printed form bear little resemblance to the corresponding lowercase letters in the upright printed form, more closely resembling the corresponding handwritten lowercase cursive forms instead, particularly for the letters <b>г</b>, <b>д</b>, <b>и</b>, <b>й</b>, <b>п</b>, and <b>т</b>. </p><p>Quoted text is typically enclosed in unspaced French <a href="/wiki/Guillemets" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillemets">guillemets</a> («angle-quotes»), or in lower and upper <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a> as in German. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Ukrainian quotation marks in Unicode and HTML entities </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>standard</th> <th>alternative </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:120%;font-family:gentium,serif;"> <td>«<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#999">цитата</span>» </td> <td>„<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#999">цитата</span>“ </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+00AB U+00BB </td> <td>U+201E U+201F </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#171; &#187; </td> <td>&#8222; &#8223; </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Reference:</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Bringhurst, Robert</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></i> (version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88179-133-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88179-133-4">0-88179-133-4</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding_Ukrainian">Encoding Ukrainian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Encoding Ukrainian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> for representing Ukrainian with computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_8859-5">ISO 8859-5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ISO 8859-5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-5" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-5">ISO 8859-5</a> encoding is missing the letter <i>ґ</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: KOI8-U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a> stands for <i>Код обміну інформації 8 бітний — український</i>, "Code for information interchange 8 bit — Ukrainian", analogous to "<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>". KOI8-U is a Ukrainianized version of <a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows-1251">Windows-1251</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Windows-1251"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">Windows-1251</a> works for the Ukrainian alphabet, as well as for other Cyrillic alphabets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic characters in Unicode">Cyrillic characters in Unicode</a></div> <p>Ukrainian falls within the Cyrillic (U+0400 to U+04FF) and Cyrillic Supplementary (U+0500 to U+052F) blocks of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F are basically the characters from <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-5" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-5">ISO 8859-5</a> moved upward by 864 positions. </p><p>In the following table, Ukrainian letters have titles indicating their Unicode information and HTML entity. In a visual browser you can hold the mouse pointer over the letter to see this information. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Ukrainian letters in the Unicode Cyrillic block </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">First 3 digits </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="16">Last digit </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><code>0</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>1</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>2</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>3</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>4</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>5</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>6</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>7</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>8</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>9</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>A</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>B</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>C</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>D</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>E</code> </th> <th scope="col"><code>F</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>040</code> </th> <td>Ѐ</td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ђ</td> <td>Ѓ</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE: Unicode 0404, Entity &#1028;, UTF8 D0 84">Є</td> <td>Ѕ</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: Unicode 0406, Entity &#1030;, UTF8 D0 86">І</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YI: Unicode 0407, Entity &#1031;, UTF8 D0 87">Ї</td> <td>Ј</td> <td>Љ</td> <td>Њ</td> <td>Ћ</td> <td>Ќ</td> <td>Ѝ</td> <td>Ў</td> <td>Џ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>041</code> </th> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A: Unicode 0410, Entity &#1040 D0 90">А</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE: Unicode 0411, Entity &#1041;, UTF8 D0 91">Б</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE: Unicode 0412, Entity &#1042;, UTF8 D0 92">В</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE: Unicode 0413, Entity &#1043;, UTF8 D0 93">Г</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE: Unicode 0414, Entity &#1044;, UTF8 D0 94">Д</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE: Unicode 0415, Entity &#1045;, UTF8 D0 95">Е</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE: Unicode 0416, Entity &#1046;, UTF8 D0 96">Ж</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE: Unicode 0417, Entity &#1047;, UTF8 D0 97">З</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I: Unicode 0418, Entity &#1048;, UTF8 D0 98">И</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I: Unicode 0419, Entity &#1049;, UTF8 D0 99">Й</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA: Unicode 041A, Entity &#1050;, UTF8 D0 9A">К</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL: Unicode 041B, Entity &#1051;, UTF8 D0 9B">Л</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM: Unicode 041C, Entity &#1052;, UTF8 D0 9C">М</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN: Unicode 041D, Entity &#1053;, UTF8 D0 9D">Н</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O: Unicode 041E, Entity &#1054;, UTF8 D0 9E">О</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE: Unicode 041F, Entity &#1055;, UTF8 D0 9F">П </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>042</code> </th> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER: Unicode 0420, Entity &#1056;, UTF8 D0 A0">Р</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES: Unicode 0421, Entity &#1057;, UTF8 D0 A1">С</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE: Unicode 0422, Entity &#1058;, UTF8 D0 A2">Т</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U: Unicode 0423, Entity &#1059;, UTF8 D0 A3">У</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF: Unicode 0424, Entity &#1060;, UTF8 D0 A4">Ф</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA: Unicode 0425, Entity &#1061;, UTF8 D0 A5">Х</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE: Unicode 0426, Entity &#1062;, UTF8 D0 A6">Ц</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE: Unicode 0427, Entity &#1063;, UTF8 D0 A7">Ч</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA: Unicode 0428, Entity &#1064;, UTF8 D0 A8">Ш</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA: Unicode 0429, Entity &#1065;, UTF8 D0 A9">Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN: Unicode 042C, Entity &#1068;, UTF8 D0 AC">Ь</td> <td>Э</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU: Unicode 042E, Entity &#1070;, UTF8 D0 AE">Ю</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA: Unicode 042F, Entity &#1071;, UTF8 D0 AF">Я </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>043</code> </th> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A: Unicode 0430, Entity &#1072;, UTF8 D0 B0">а</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE: Unicode 0431, Entity &#1073;, UTF8 D0 B1">б</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE: Unicode 0432, Entity &#1074;, UTF8 D0 B2">в</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE: Unicode 0433, Entity &#1075;, UTF8 D0 B3">г</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE: Unicode 0434, Entity &#1076;, UTF8 D0 B4">д</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE: Unicode 0435, Entity &#1077;, UTF8 D0 B5">е</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE: Unicode 0436, Entity &#1078;, UTF8 D0 B6">ж</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE: Unicode 0437, Entity &#1079;, UTF8 D0 B7">з</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I: Unicode 0438, Entity &#1080;, UTF8 D0 B8">и</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I: Unicode 0439, Entity &#1081;, UTF8 D0 B9">й</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA: Unicode 043A, Entity &#1082;, UTF8 D0 BA">к</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL: Unicode 043B, Entity &#1083;, UTF8 D0 BB">л</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM: Unicode 043C, Entity &#1084;, UTF8 D0 BC">м</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN: Unicode 043D, Entity &#1085;, UTF8 D0 BD">н</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O: Unicode 043E, Entity &#1086;, UTF8 D0 BE">о</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE: Unicode 043F, Entity &#1087;, UTF8 D0 BF">п </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>044</code> </th> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER: Unicode 0440, Entity &#1088;, UTF8 D1 80">р</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES: Unicode 0441, Entity &#1089;, UTF8 D1 81">с</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE: Unicode 0442, Entity &#1090;, UTF8 D1 82">т</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U: Unicode 0443, Entity &#1091;, UTF8 D1 83">у</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF: Unicode 0444, Entity &#1092;, UTF8 D1 84">ф</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA: Unicode 0445, Entity &#1093;, UTF8 D1 85">х</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE: Unicode 0446, Entity &#1094;, UTF8 D1 86">ц</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE: Unicode 0447, Entity &#1095;, UTF8 D1 87">ч</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA: Unicode 0448, Entity &#1096;, UTF8 D1 88">ш</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA: Unicode 0449, Entity &#1097;, UTF8 D1 89">щ</td> <td>ъ</td> <td>ы</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN: Unicode 044C, Entity &#1100;, UTF8 D1 8C">ь</td> <td>э</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU: Unicode 044E, Entity &#1102;, UTF8 D1 8E">ю</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA: Unicode 044F, Entity &#1103;, UTF8 D1 8F">я </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>045</code> </th> <td>ѐ</td> <td>ё</td> <td>ђ</td> <td>ѓ</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE: Unicode 0454, Entity &#1108;, UTF8 D1 94">є</td> <td>ѕ</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: Unicode 0456, Entity &#1110;, UTF8 D1 96">і</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI: Unicode 0457, Entity &1111, UTF8 D1 97">ї</td> <td>ј</td> <td>љ</td> <td>њ</td> <td>ћ</td> <td>ќ</td> <td>ѝ</td> <td>ў</td> <td>џ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>046</code> </th> <td>Ѡ</td> <td>ѡ</td> <td>Ѣ</td> <td>ѣ</td> <td>Ѥ</td> <td>ѥ</td> <td>Ѧ</td> <td>ѧ</td> <td>Ѩ</td> <td>ѩ</td> <td>Ѫ</td> <td>ѫ</td> <td>Ѭ</td> <td>ѭ</td> <td>Ѯ</td> <td>ѯ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>047</code> </th> <td>Ѱ</td> <td>ѱ</td> <td>Ѳ</td> <td>ѳ</td> <td>Ѵ</td> <td>ѵ</td> <td>Ѷ</td> <td>ѷ</td> <td>Ѹ</td> <td>ѹ</td> <td>Ѻ</td> <td>ѻ</td> <td>Ѽ</td> <td>ѽ</td> <td>Ѿ</td> <td>ѿ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>048</code> </th> <td>Ҁ</td> <td>ҁ</td> <td>҂</td> <td>҃</td> <td>҄</td> <td>҅</td> <td>҆</td> <td>҇</td> <td>҈</td> <td>҉</td> <td>Ҋ</td> <td>ҋ</td> <td>Ҍ</td> <td>ҍ</td> <td>Ҏ</td> <td>ҏ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>049</code> </th> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN: Unicode 0490, Entity &#1168;, UTF8 D2 90">Ґ</td> <td style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN: Unicode 0491, Entity &#1169;, UTF8 D2 91">ґ</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>ғ</td> <td>Ҕ</td> <td>ҕ</td> <td>Җ</td> <td>җ</td> <td>Ҙ</td> <td>ҙ</td> <td>Қ</td> <td>қ</td> <td>Ҝ</td> <td>ҝ</td> <td>Ҟ</td> <td>ҟ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>04A</code> </th> <td>Ҡ</td> <td>ҡ</td> <td>Ң</td> <td>ң</td> <td>Ҥ</td> <td>ҥ</td> <td>Ҧ</td> <td>ҧ</td> <td>Ҩ</td> <td>ҩ</td> <td>Ҫ</td> <td>ҫ</td> <td>Ҭ</td> <td>ҭ</td> <td>Ү</td> <td>ү </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>04B</code> </th> <td>Ұ</td> <td>ұ</td> <td>Ҳ</td> <td>ҳ</td> <td>Ҵ</td> <td>ҵ</td> <td>Ҷ</td> <td>ҷ</td> <td>Ҹ</td> <td>ҹ</td> <td>Һ</td> <td>һ</td> <td>Ҽ</td> <td>ҽ</td> <td>Ҿ</td> <td>ҿ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>04C</code> </th> <td>Ӏ</td> <td>Ӂ</td> <td>ӂ</td> <td>Ӄ</td> <td>ӄ</td> <td>Ӆ</td> <td>ӆ</td> <td>Ӈ</td> <td>ӈ</td> <td>Ӊ</td> <td>ӊ</td> <td>Ӌ</td> <td>ӌ</td> <td>Ӎ</td> <td>ӎ</td> <td>ӏ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>04D</code> </th> <td>Ӑ</td> <td>ӑ</td> <td>Ӓ</td> <td>ӓ</td> <td>Ӕ</td> <td>ӕ</td> <td>Ӗ</td> <td>ӗ</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>ә</td> <td>Ӛ</td> <td>ӛ</td> <td>Ӝ</td> <td>ӝ</td> <td>Ӟ</td> <td>ӟ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>04E</code> </th> <td>Ӡ</td> <td>ӡ</td> <td>Ӣ</td> <td>ӣ</td> <td>Ӥ</td> <td>ӥ</td> <td>Ӧ</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>ө</td> <td>Ӫ</td> <td>ӫ</td> <td>Ӭ</td> <td>ӭ</td> <td>Ӯ</td> <td>ӯ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>04F</code> </th> <td>Ӱ</td> <td>ӱ</td> <td>Ӳ</td> <td>ӳ</td> <td>Ӵ</td> <td>ӵ</td> <td>Ӷ</td> <td>ӷ</td> <td>Ӹ</td> <td>ӹ</td> <td>Ӻ</td> <td>ӻ</td> <td>Ӽ</td> <td>ӽ</td> <td>Ӿ</td> <td>ӿ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>050</code> </th> <td>Ԁ</td> <td>ԁ</td> <td>Ԃ</td> <td>ԃ</td> <td>Ԅ</td> <td>ԅ</td> <td>Ԇ</td> <td>ԇ</td> <td>Ԉ</td> <td>ԉ</td> <td>Ԋ</td> <td>ԋ</td> <td>Ԍ</td> <td>ԍ</td> <td>Ԏ</td> <td>ԏ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>051</code> </th> <td>Ԑ</td> <td>ԑ</td> <td>Ԓ</td> <td>ԓ</td> <td>Ԕ</td> <td>ԕ</td> <td>Ԗ</td> <td>ԗ</td> <td>Ԙ</td> <td>ԙ</td> <td>Ԛ</td> <td>ԛ</td> <td>Ԝ</td> <td>ԝ</td> <td>Ԟ</td> <td>ԟ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>052</code> </th> <td>Ԡ</td> <td>ԡ</td> <td>Ԣ</td> <td>ԣ</td> <td>Ԥ</td> <td>ԥ</td> <td>Ԧ</td> <td>ԧ</td> <td>Ԩ</td> <td>ԩ</td> <td>Ԫ</td> <td>ԫ</td> <td>Ԭ</td> <td>ԭ</td> <td>Ԯ</td> <td>ԯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_pages_and_XML">Web pages and XML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Web pages and XML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elements in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> would normally have the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> indicated using the <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> <code>uk</code> (<code>lang="uk"</code> in HTML and <code>xml:lang="uk"</code> in XML). Although indicating the writing system is normally not necessary, this can be accomplished by adding a script subtag, for example to distinguish Cyrillic Ukrainian text (<code>uk-Cyrl</code>) from <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized Ukrainian</a> (<code>uk-Latn</code>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard_layout">Keyboard layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Keyboard layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Ukrainian" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout § Ukrainian</a></div> <p>The standard Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a> for personal computers is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Ukrainian.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrainian keyboard layout"><img alt="Ukrainian keyboard layout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KB_Ukrainian.svg/540px-KB_Ukrainian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KB_Ukrainian.svg/810px-KB_Ukrainian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KB_Ukrainian.svg/1080px-KB_Ukrainian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabets</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Ukrainian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Ukrainian alphabet">Euro-Ukrainian alphabet</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hryvnia_sign" title="Hryvnia sign">hryvnia sign</a> (₴) derives from the cursive minuscule letter He (<i>г</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Romanization of Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic" title="Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic">Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2024): 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306062849/http://www.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk/read/unit20/page20-3.htm">"Read Ukrainian!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk/read/unit20/page20-3.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Read+Ukrainian%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk%2Fread%2Funit20%2Fpage20-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://language-policy.info/2016/10/ministerstvo-osvity-i-nauky-nahaduje-pro-neobhidnist-zastosuvannya-derzhavnoji-movy-v-navchalnyh-zakladah/">"Use of Ukrainian Language, Serbia"</a>. 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+of+Ukrainian+Language%2C+Serbia&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguage-policy.info%2F2016%2F10%2Fministerstvo-osvity-i-nauky-nahaduje-pro-neobhidnist-zastosuvannya-derzhavnoji-movy-v-navchalnyh-zakladah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2017). <i>Red Famine</i>. Penguin. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97828-4"><bdi>978-0-141-97828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Famine&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97828-4&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2017). <i>Red Famine</i>. Penguin. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97828-4"><bdi>978-0-141-97828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Famine&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97828-4&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zib.com.ua/ua/print/140751-u_mon_poyasnili_navischo_minyali_ukrainskiy_pravopis.html">"The Ministry of Education and Science explained why they changed the Ukrainian spelling. Law and Business"</a>. <i>zib.com.ua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zib.com.ua&rft.atitle=The+Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+explained+why+they+changed+the+Ukrainian+spelling.+Law+and+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzib.com.ua%2Fua%2Fprint%2F140751-u_mon_poyasnili_navischo_minyali_ukrainskiy_pravopis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Half-palatalaized sound [b˙] occurs in some loanwords such as бюро.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Half-palatalaized sound [w˙] occurs in words such as свято, цвях, дзвякнути.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vakulenko, S. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.in.ua/index.php/en/ukrayinska-mova/488-cerhiy-vakulenko-1933-ii-rik-v-istorii-ukrainskoi-movy-chynna-norma-ta-pravopysna-praktyka-na-prykladi-redaktsiinoi-polityky-hazety-komunist">1933 in history of Ukrainian language: current norm and spelling practice (on example of editorial policy of "Komunist" newspaper (1933 ій рік в історії української мови: чинна норма та правописна практика (на прикладі редакційної політики газети «Комуніст»))</a>. Historians. 3 December 2012</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-У_буквосполученні_дз2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дз2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дз2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the digraph <b>дз</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-У_буквосполученні_дж2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дж2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-У_буквосполученні_дж2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the digraph <b>дж</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Is pronounced the same as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The prefix <b>з-</b> and the preposition <b>з</b> before unvoiced consonants are devoiced to [s]: зцілити [sʲtsʲi'lɪtɪ], з хати ['sxɑtɪ]. The prefix роз- is pronounced [ros] before unvoiced consonants in fast and normal speech tempo: розказа́ти [roskɑ'zɑtɪ]. Before [s] it is usually pronounced with [z]: розсипати [roz'sɪpɑtɪ]. In slow tempo, роз- is pronounced [roz]: [rozkɑ'zɑtɪ]. The prefix без- before unvoiced consonants is pronounced [bez-] in slow and normal speech tempo: безпека [bɛ̝z'pɛkɑ]. In fast speech, it sounds as [bes]: [bɛ̝s'pɛkɑ].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sounds the same as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̝]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: вокза́л [woɡ'zɑl].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If it is labialized.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Half-palatalized sound [p˙] occurs in some loanwords such as пюре.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: о́сь де ['ozʲdɛ̝].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: боротьба́ [borodʲ'bɑ].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: хоч би́ [xod͡ʒ'bɪ].</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Peter T. Daniels</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">William Bright</a>, eds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Writing_Systems" title="The World's Writing Systems">The World's Writing Systems</a></i>, pp 700, 702. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0">0-19-507993-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubijovy%C4%8D" title="Volodymyr Kubijovyč">Volodymyr Kubijovyč</a> ed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (1963). "Ukrainian Writing and Orthography" in <i>Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia</i>, vol 1, pp 511–520. Toronto, University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3105-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3105-6">0-8020-3105-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_Smotrytsky" title="Meletius Smotrytsky">Meletius Smotrytsky</a> (1619). <i>Slavonic Grammar</i>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/smotrgram/sm.htm">Reprint edition</a>, with Ukrainian interface.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ohienko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Ohienko">Ivan Ohienko</a> (1918). <i>Naiholovnishi pravyla ukrainskoho pravopysu</i>. Kyiv, UNR Ministry of Education.</li> <li>Ivan Ohienko (1919). <i>Holovnishi pravyla ukrainskoho pravopysu</i>. Kyiv, UNR Ministry of Education.</li> <li>All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (VUAN, 1920).</li> <li>People's Commissariat of Education (1921).</li> <li>(1928) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kharkiv, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR">Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR</a>.</li> <li>(1936) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.</li> <li>L. Bulakhovsky, ed. (1946). <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, May 8, 1945: Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.</li> <li>(1960) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.</li> <li>(1990) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.</li> <li>(2007) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madslinger.com/mova/pravopys-2007/">Online version</a>.</li> <li>(2012) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2012.htm">Online version</a>.</li> <li>(2015) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2015.htm">Online version</a>.</li> <li>(2019) <i>Ukrainskyi pravopys</i>. Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mova.gov.ua/diyalnist-i-proyekti/termini/pravopys-ukrainskoi-movy">Download page</a>.</li> <li>Elias Shklanka, <i>Ukrainian Primer</i>. New York: Knyho-Spilka.</li> <li>Orest Dubas, ed., <i>Mii naikrashchyi Slovnyk</i>. (Мій найкращий Словник), 2nd edition. Ukrainian adaptation of Richard Scarry's <i><a href="/wiki/Best_Word_Book_Ever" title="Best Word Book Ever">Best Word Book Ever</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ukrainian alphabet"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Ukrainian alphabet</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html">The Cyrillic Charset Soup</a> — Roman Czyborra's site contains an exhaustive history of Cyrillic character set encoding schemes.</li> <li>Проєкт нового "Українського правопису" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122856/http://vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Proposal for a new Ukrainian orthography (in Ukrainian).</li> <li>At the Encyclopedia of Ukraine: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\C\Y\Cyrillicalphabet.htm">Cyrillic script</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\O\R\Orthography.htm">Orthography</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\H\R\Hrazhdankaalphabet.htm">Hrazhdanka</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\M\A\Maksymovychivka.htm">Maksymovychivka</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\K\U\Kulishivka.htm">Kulishivka</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\Z\H\Zhelekhivka.htm">Zhelekhivka</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\P\A\Pankevychivka.htm">Pankevychivka</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latynka.tak.today/">Ukrajinśka 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Language" title="NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language">Institute of Ukrainian Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potebnia_Institute_of_Linguistics" title="Potebnia Institute of Linguistics">Potebnia Institute of Linguistics</a></li> <li>Ukrainian Language and Information Fund</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukrainian_orthography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%">times of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Yaryzhka" title="Yaryzhka">Yaryzhka</a> (<small>spelling is based on Russian pre-revolutionary orthography; obligatory after the <a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a> in 1876-1905</small>) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthography_of_Kamenetskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthography of Kamenetskyi (page does not exist)">Orthography of Kamenetskyi</a> (1798) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthography_of_Pavlovskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthography of Pavlovskyi (page does not exist)">Orthography of Pavlovskyi</a> (1818) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksymovychivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksymovychivka (page does not exist)">Maksymovychivka</a> (1827) • <a href="/wiki/Shashkevychivka" title="Shashkevychivka">Shashkevychivka</a> (1837) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulishivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulishivka (page does not exist)">Kulishivka</a> (1856) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatsukivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatsukivka (page does not exist)">Hatsukivka</a> (1857) • <a href="/wiki/Kalenyk_Sheikovskyi#Orthography_of_Sheikovskyi" title="Kalenyk Sheikovskyi">Orthography of Sheikovskyi</a> (1859) • <a href="/wiki/Drahomanivka" title="Drahomanivka">Drahomanivka</a> (1870s) • <a href="/wiki/Orthography_of_Smal-Stotskyi_and_Gartner" title="Orthography of Smal-Stotskyi and Gartner">Orthography of Smal-Stotskyi and Gartner</a> (1893) • <a href="/wiki/Zhelekhivka" title="Zhelekhivka">Zhelekhivka</a> (1886) • <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1904" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1904">Orthography of 1904</a> (1904) • <a href="/wiki/Hrinchenkivka" title="Hrinchenkivka">Hrinchenkivka</a> (1907)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">times <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">UkrSSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_orthography_of_1918-1921&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1918-1921 (page does not exist)">Orthography of 1918-1921</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pankevychivka" title="Pankevychivka">Pankevychivka</a> (1922) • <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1928" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1928">Orthography of 1928</a> (1928) • <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">Orthography of 1933</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_orthography_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1946 (page does not exist)">Orthography of 1946</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_orthography_of_1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1960 (page does not exist)">Orthography of 1960</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_orthography_of_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1990 (page does not exist)">Orthography of 1990</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1993" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1993">Orthography of 1993</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_2019" title="Ukrainian orthography of 2019">Orthography of 2019</a> (<i>in action</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian alphabets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Braille</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrillic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (projects: <a href="/wiki/Abecad%C5%82o" title="Abecadło">Abecadło</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet#Jireček's_project" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Jireček's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet#Modern_versions" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">on the basis of Gajica</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Draft Ukrainian orthography rejected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Draft_Ukrainian_orthography_of_1939" title="Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1939">Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1939</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_Ukrainian_orthography_of_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999 (page does not exist)">Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999</a> • <a href="/wiki/Draft_Ukrainian_orthography_of_2003" title="Draft Ukrainian orthography of 2003">Draft Ukrainian orthography of 2003</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_Ukrainian_orthography_of_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draft Ukrainian orthography of 2008 (page does not exist)">Draft Ukrainian orthography of 2008</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_orthographies" title="Template talk:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><b>Orthographies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" 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