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<span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Painting and sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obligatory_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obligatory_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Obligatory education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obligatory_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optional_education:_Bachillerato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_education:_Bachillerato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Optional education: Bachillerato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_education:_Bachillerato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cultural diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalisms_and_regionalisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalisms_and_regionalisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Nationalisms and regionalisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalisms_and_regionalisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Spanish_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Spanish_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Historical Spanish clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Spanish_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur_van_Spanje" title="Kultuur van Spanje – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultuur van Spanje" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثقافة إسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة إسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Cultura de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo_de_Hispanio" title="Kulturo de Hispanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo de Hispanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فرهنگ اسپانیایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ اسپانیایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_l%27Espagne" title="Culture de l'Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de l'Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="스페인의 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인의 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Իսպանական մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանական մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="स्पेन की संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेन की संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ესპანეთის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანეთის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyolorsz%C3%A1g_kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1ja" title="Spanyolország kultúrája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyolország kultúrája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ثقافة اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقافة اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya_madaniyati" title="Ispaniya madaniyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ispaniya madaniyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="د اسپانيې کلتور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اسپانيې کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Espanha" title="Cultura da Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya_m%C3%A1deniyat%C4%B1" title="Ispaniya mádeniyatı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ispaniya mádeniyatı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Spaniei" title="Cultura Spaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultura Spaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Культура Испании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Испании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_kulttuuri" title="Espanjan kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Văn hóa Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="西班牙文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1327022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Spain</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/100px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/150px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/200px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Spain">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Spain" title="Folklore of Spain">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Spain">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Spain" title="Protestantism in Spain">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Spain">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Spain" title="Ahmadiyya in Spain">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Spain">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Spain">Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Spain" title="Hinduism in Spain">Hinduism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Spain">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Spain">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Spain">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Spain">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Spain" title="Television in Spain">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div 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class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Spain" title="Template:Culture of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Culture of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></b> is influenced by its <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> origin, its interaction with other cultures in Europe, its historically <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholic religious tradition</a>, and the varied <a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">national and regional identities</a> within the country. It encompasses <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">music</a>, visual arts, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">cuisine</a> as well as contemporary customs, beliefs, institutions, and social norms. Beyond Spain, Spanish culture is the foundation of most of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> cultures and the <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> culture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient peoples of Spain included <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> colonies. From an early age, It was entirely conquered by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">ancient Romans</a> left a lasting cultural, religious, political, legal and administrative legacy in Spanish history, being today the cultural basis of modern Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent course of Spanish history added new elements to the country's culture and traditions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visgoths</a> established a united <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> and kept the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> legacy in Spain between the fall of the Roman Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Muslim</a> influences played a significant role during the Early Middle Ages in the areas conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>. However, these influences were not completely assimilated into the Spanish culture, leading to conflicts and ultimately to the Christian <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> ("Reconquest") that would largely shape the culture of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the definitive defeat of the Muslims during the Reconquista in 1492, Spain became again an entirely unified <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> country. In addition, the nation's history and its <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Sea">Atlantic</a> environment have played a significant role in shaping its culture, and also in shaping other cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American culture">culture of Latin America</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>. </p><p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, around 85% of modern <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> is derived from Latin. Ancient Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, where it had a great impact.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula with around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin and minor influences but not least from other languages including <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>. </p><p>Spain has one of the highest number of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish literature</a></div> <table style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background: #ffffff; float:right;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature of Spain</a><br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spanish_literature" title="Medieval Spanish literature">Medieval literature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_literature" title="Spanish Baroque literature">Baroque</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Enlightenment_literature" title="Spanish Enlightenment literature">Enlightenment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romance_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Romance literature">Romanticism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Realist_literature" title="Spanish Realist literature">Realism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Modernist_literature" title="Spanish Modernist literature"><i>Modernismo</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <i>Novecentismo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• Literature subsequent to the Civil War </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term "Spanish literature" refers to <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>, including literature composed by Spanish and Latin American writers. It may include <a href="/wiki/Spanish_poetry" title="Spanish poetry">Spanish poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Celestina.jpg/200px-Celestina.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Celestina.jpg/300px-Celestina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Celestina.jpg/400px-Celestina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><i>Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea</i>, also called "<a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish literature is the name given to the literary works written in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish authors worldwide. Due to historic, geographic, and generational diversity, Spanish literature has a great number of influences and is very diverse. Some major movements can be identified within it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2011)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Highlights include the <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a>, the oldest preserved Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_gesta" title="Cantar de gesta">cantar de gesta</a>. It is written in medieval Spanish, the ancestor of modern Spanish. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a></i> is a book published anonymously by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas" title="Fernando de Rojas">Fernando de Rojas</a> in 1499. This book is considered to be one of the greatest in Spanish literature, and traditionally marks the end of medieval literature and the beginning of the literary renaissance in Spain. </p><p>Besides its importance in the Spanish literature of the Golden Centuries, <a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a> is credited with founding a literary genre, the <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a>, so called from Spanish <i>pícaro</i>, meaning "rogue" or "rascal". In these novels, the adventures of the <i>pícaro</i> expose injustice while simultaneously amusing the reader. </p><p>Published by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> in two volumes a decade apart, <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> is the most influential work of literature to emerge from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a> and perhaps the entire Spanish literary canon. As a founding work of modern Western literature, it regularly appears at or near the top of lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Painting and sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a></div> <p>Spain's greatest painters during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a> period included <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, who became world-renowned artists between the period of the 17th century to 19th century also in early parts of the 20th century. However, Spain's best known artist since the 20th century has been Pablo Picasso, who is known for his abstract sculptures, drawings, graphics, and ceramics in addition to his paintings. Other leading artists include <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture_in_Spain" title="Romanesque architecture in Spain">Romanesque architecture in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spanish Gothic architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish Renaissance architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Spanish Baroque architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG/220px-Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG/330px-Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG/440px-Catedral_de_Burgos-Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="2826" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> is a work of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spanish Gothic architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Prehistoric period, the megalithic Iberian and Celtic architectures developed. Through the Roman period, both urban development (ex. the <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a>) and construction projects ( the <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct of Segovia</a>) flourished. After the pre-Romanesque period, in the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, important contributions were made by the Caliphate of Córdoba (<a href="/wiki/Mezquita" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquita">the Great Mosque of Córdoba</a>), the Taifas (<a href="/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa" title="Aljafería">Aljafería</a>, in Zaragoza), the Almoravids and Almohads (<a href="/wiki/La_Giralda" class="mw-redirect" title="La Giralda">La Giralda</a>, Seville), and the Nasrid of the Kingdom of Granada (<a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalife" title="Generalife">Generalife</a>). </p><p>Later, several currents appear: <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>), the Romanesque period (the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela">Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela</a>), the Gothic period (the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Burgos">Cathedrals of Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Toledo">Toledo</a>), the Renaissance (<a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_V" title="Palace of Charles V">Palace of Charles V</a> in Granada), the Baroque period (<a href="/wiki/Granada_Cathedral" title="Granada Cathedral">Granada Cathedral</a>), the Spanish colonial architecture, and Neoclassical style (ex. the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>) are the most significant. In the 19th century eclecticism and regionalism, the Neo-Mudéjar style and glass architecture bloom. In the 20th century, the Catalan <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">La Sagrada Família</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gaud%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudí">Gaudí</a>), <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary architecture</a> germinated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG/150px-Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG/225px-Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG/300px-Cabeza_de_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="2787" /></a><figcaption>Cabeza de Luis Buñuel, sculptor's work by Iñaki, in the center Buñuel Calanda.</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Spanish cinema, including within Spain and Spanish filmmakers abroad, has achieved high marks of recognition as a result of its creative and technical excellence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the long history of Spanish cinema, the great filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> was the first to achieve universal recognition, followed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> in the 1980s. Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">directors</a> like <a href="/wiki/Segundo_de_Chom%C3%B3n" title="Segundo de Chomón">Segundo de Chomón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flori%C3%A1n_Rey" title="Florián Rey">Florián Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Berlanga" title="Luis García Berlanga">Luis García Berlanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Medem" title="Julio Medem">Julio Medem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar" title="Alejandro Amenábar">Alejandro Amenábar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>, upon receiving the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a> in 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a> remarked: "when I left New York, the most exciting film in the city at the time was Spanish, Pedro Almodóvar's one. I hope that Europeans will continue to lead the way in filmmaking because at the moment not much is coming from the United States." </p><p>Non-directors have obtained less international notability. Only the <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Almendros" title="Néstor Almendros">Néstor Almendros</a>, the actress <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a> and the actors <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rey" title="Fernando Rey">Fernando Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1n_G%C3%B3mez" title="Fernando Fernán Gómez">Fernando Fernán Gómez</a> have obtained some recognition outside of Spain. Mexican actor <a href="/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal" title="Gael García Bernal">Gael García Bernal</a> has also recently received international attention in films by Spanish directors. </p><p>Today, only 10 to 20% of box office receipts in Spain are generated by domestic films, a situation that repeats itself in many nations of Europe and the Americas. The Spanish government has therefore implemented various measures aimed at supporting local film production and movie theaters, which include the assurance of funding from the main national television stations. The trend is being reversed with the recent screening of mega productions such as the €30 million film <a href="/wiki/Alatriste" title="Alatriste">Alatriste</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Viggo_Mortensen" title="Viggo Mortensen">Viggo Mortensen</a>), the Academy Award-winning Spanish/Mexican film <a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a> (El Laberinto del Fauno), <a href="/wiki/Volver" title="Volver">Volver</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a>), and Los Borgia (€10 million), all of them hit blockbusters in Spain. </p><p>Another aspect of Spanish cinema mostly unknown to the general public is the appearance of English-language Spanish films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Machinist" title="The Machinist">The Machinist</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Others_(2001_film)" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a>), <a href="/wiki/Basic_Instinct_2" title="Basic Instinct 2">Basic Instinct 2</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Stone" title="Sharon Stone">Sharon Stone</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goya%27s_Ghosts" title="Goya's Ghosts">Goya's Ghosts</a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a>). All of these films were produced by Spanish firms. </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="float:center; text-align:center; border:1px solid #88a; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size: 95%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:80%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th abbr="Total spectators">Total number of spectators (millions) </th> <th abbr="Spanish cinema spectators">Spectators of Spanish cinema (millions) </th> <th abbr="Percentage">Percentage<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>Film </th> <th abbr="Spectators">Spectators (millions) </th> <th abbr="Percentage">Percentage over the total of Spanish cinema </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>1996 </th> <td>96.1</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>10.8%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Much" title="Two Much">Two Much</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Fernando_Trueba" title="Fernando Trueba">Fernando Trueba</a>)</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>20.2% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>1997 </th> <td>107.1</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>14.9%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Airbag_(film)" title="Airbag (film)">Airbag</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Juanma_Bajo_Ulloa" title="Juanma Bajo Ulloa">Juanma Bajo Ulloa</a>)</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>14.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>1998 </th> <td>119.8</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>13.3%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Torrente,_el_brazo_tonto_de_la_ley" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrente, el brazo tonto de la ley">Torrente, the stupid arm of the law</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Santiago_Segura" title="Santiago Segura">Santiago Segura</a>)</td> <td>3</td> <td>21.3% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>1999 </th> <td>131.3</td> <td>18.1</td> <td>16%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Todo_sobre_mi_madre" class="mw-redirect" title="Todo sobre mi madre">All About My Mother</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a>)</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>13.8% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2000 </th> <td>135.3</td> <td>13.4</td> <td>11%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/La_comunidad_(film)" title="La comunidad (film)">Commonwealth</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/%C3%81lex_de_la_Iglesia" title="Álex de la Iglesia">Álex de la Iglesia</a>)</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>11.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2001 </th> <td>146.8</td> <td>26.2</td> <td>17.9%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Others_(2001_film)" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar" title="Alejandro Amenábar">Alejandro Amenábar</a>)</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>23.8% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2002 </th> <td>140.7</td> <td>19.0</td> <td>13.5%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/El_otro_lado_de_la_cama" class="mw-redirect" title="El otro lado de la cama">The Other Side of the Bed</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mart%C3%ADnez_L%C3%A1zaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Martínez Lázaro">Emilio Martínez Lázaro</a>)</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>14.3% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2003 </th> <td>137.5</td> <td>21.7</td> <td>15.8%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/La_gran_aventura_de_Mortadelo_y_Filem%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="La gran aventura de Mortadelo y Filemón">Mortadelo & Filemón: The Big Adventure</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Javier_Fesser" title="Javier Fesser">Javier Fesser</a>)</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>22.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2004 </th> <td>143.9</td> <td>19.3</td> <td>13.4%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mar_adentro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar adentro">The Sea Inside</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar" title="Alejandro Amenábar">Alejandro Amenábar</a>)</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>20.7% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2005 </th> <td>126.0</td> <td>21.0</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Torrente_3:_El_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrente 3: El protector">Torrente 3: The Protector</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Santiago_Segura" title="Santiago Segura">Santiago Segura</a>)</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>16.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <th>2006 (provisional) </th> <td>67.8</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>9.3%</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Volver" title="Volver">Volver</a></i> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a>)</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>28.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div> <p>Spain is a multilingual country with a relatively complex sociolinguistic situation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the article 3 of the 1978 Constitution, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the official language of the State,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other languages may also be official in autonomous communities according to the latter's regional statutes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeleroBadiaMoreno201247–48_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeleroBadiaMoreno201247–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is the case with <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan/Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>. Spanish, a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a>, has become the hegemonic language in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also become a <a href="/wiki/Global_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Global language">global language</a> (with the majority of its speakers now located outside of Spain, most of them in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>) and one of <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">six official languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Its current hegemony in Spain is subtly fostered by neoliberal discourses on educational choice, flexibility and competition.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Romance language, Catalan is a <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">co-official language</a> in the autonomous communities of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> (where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>). It is also spoken in parts of the autonomous communities of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (in <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (in <a href="/wiki/El_Carche" class="mw-redirect" title="El Carche">El Carche</a>). While most of the native speakers of Catalan are located in Spain, the language is also natively spoken in the microstate of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and parts of Italy (<a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>) and France (<a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>). Galician is a language of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Western Ibero-Romance</a> branch closely related to Portuguese, spoken in the autonomous community of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> (where it enjoys co-officiality along Spanish) and small areas in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>. </p><p>Aranese, a standardized form of the Pyrenean <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a>, is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> in northwestern Catalonia together with Spanish and Catalan, enjoying official recognition. Other Romance languages of Spain<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include, <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese">Astur-Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinqui_jargon" title="Quinqui jargon">Quinqui jargon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló language</a>, considered a mixed <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>-Romance language, is spoken by a number of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Romani">Spanish Romani</a>. </p><p>Considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> relative to any other known living language, Basque is a non-Indoeuropean language co-official together with Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_autonomous_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque autonomous community">Basque autonomous community</a> and in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>. </p><p>Regarding the Spanish autonomous cities in North Africa, the largely rural variety of vernacular <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan "Darija" Arabic</a> characteristic of Jbala is spoken together with Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">tamazight</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> in addition to Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg/200px-Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg/300px-Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg/400px-Sevilla_Cathedral_-_Southeast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2908" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See</a> in Sevilla.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion in Spain</a></div> <p>About 56% of Spaniards identify as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> religion; 3% identify with another religious faith, and about 39% as <a href="/wiki/Non-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-religious">non-religious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays in Spain</a></div> <p>An important Spanish holiday is "<a href="/wiki/Semana_Santa" class="mw-redirect" title="Semana Santa">Semana Santa</a>" (Holy Week), celebrated the week before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> with large parades and other religious events.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spaniards also hold <a href="/wiki/Patronal_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronal festivals">patronal festivals</a> to honor their local saints in churches, cities, towns and villages. The people decorate the streets, build bonfires, set off fireworks and hold large parades, <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfights</a>, and beauty contests. </p><p>One of the best-known Spanish celebrations is the "<a href="/wiki/Festival_of_San_Fermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival of San Fermin">festival of San Fermin</a>," which is celebrated every year in July in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>. Bulls are released into the streets, while people run ahead of the animals to the <a href="/wiki/Bullring" title="Bullring">bullring</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg/220px-Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg/330px-Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg/440px-Forcejeo_Real_Madrid_-_FC_Barcelona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF" title="Real Madrid CF">Real Madrid</a> vs <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico" title="El Clásico">El Clásico</a>, in May 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular sport in Spain, with notable teams including <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F." class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid C.F.">Real Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, who rank amongst the most successful and prestigious clubs in world football. Other notable Spanish clubs include <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid" title="Atlético Madrid">Atlético Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevilla_FC" title="Sevilla FC">Sevilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao" title="Athletic Bilbao">Athletic Bilbao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia_CF" title="Valencia CF">Valencia CF</a>. The top division of Spanish football, <a href="/wiki/La_Liga" title="La Liga">La Liga</a>, has featured several of the most outstanding players of all time, such as <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff" title="Johan Cruyff">Johan Cruyff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Maradona" title="Diego Maradona">Diego Maradona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)" title="Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)">Ronaldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronaldinho" title="Ronaldinho">Ronaldinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Messi" title="Lionel Messi">Lionel Messi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo" title="Cristiano Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</a>, the latter two often being featured in <a href="/wiki/Messi%E2%80%93Ronaldo_rivalry" title="Messi–Ronaldo rivalry">debates</a> concerning the greatest player ever. The <a href="/wiki/Spain_national_football_team" title="Spain national football team">Spain national football team</a> have won three <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championship</a> titles and the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010</a>. Spain is one of only eight countries ever to have won the FIFA World Cup, doing so in South Africa in 2010, the first time the team had reached the final. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg/220px-Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg/330px-Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg/440px-Paella_de_marisco_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a> mixta</figcaption></figure> <p>A significant portion of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a> tradition. The Moorish people were a strong influence in a part of Spain for many centuries. Several <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine#Crops_and_ingredients" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">ingredients from the Americas</a> were introduced to Europe through Spain during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>, and a modern Spanish cook could not do without potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and beans. These are some of the primary influences that have differentiated Spanish cuisine from <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of which Spanish cuisine shares many techniques and food items. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_(La_Boqueria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_%28La_Boqueria%29.jpg/250px-Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_%28La_Boqueria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_%28La_Boqueria%29.jpg/375px-Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_%28La_Boqueria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_%28La_Boqueria%29.jpg/500px-Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico_%28La_Boqueria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico" title="Jamón ibérico">Jamón ibérico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The essential ingredient for real Spanish cooking is <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, as Spain produces 44% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>. However, butter or lard are also important, especially in the north. </p><p>Daily meals eaten by Spaniards in many areas of the country are still very often made traditionally by hand, from fresh ingredients bought daily from the local market. This practice is more common in the rural areas and less common in the large urban areas like <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> or <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, where supermarkets are beginning to displace the open air markets. However, even in Madrid food can be bought from the local shops; bread from the "panadería" and meat from the "carnicería". </p><p>One popular custom when going out is to be served <a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">tapas</a> with a drink, including <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. In some areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a> tapas are given for free with a drink and have become very well known for that reason. Almost every bar serves something edible when a drink is ordered, without charge. However many bars exist primarily to serve a purchased "tapa". </p><p>Another traditional favorite is the <a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">churro</a> with a mug of thick <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">hot chocolate</a> to dip churros in. "Churrerías," or stores that serve churros, are quite common. The <a href="/wiki/Chocolater%C3%ADa_San_Gin%C3%A9s" title="Chocolatería San Ginés">Chocolatería San Ginés</a> in Madrid is especially famous as a place to stop and have some chocolate with churros, often late into the night (even dawn), after being out on the town. Often traditional Spanish singers and musicians will entertain the guests. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.spain-info.com/madrid/Classic-Cafes-Madrid.html">[1]</a> </p><p>As is true in many countries, the cuisines of Spain differ widely from one region to another, even though they all share certain common characteristics, which include: </p> <ul><li>The use of olive oil as a cooking ingredient in items such as <a href="/wiki/Fritters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritters">fritters</a>. It is also used raw.</li> <li>The use of <a href="/wiki/Sofrito" title="Sofrito">sofrito</a> to start the preparation of many dishes.</li> <li>The use of <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a> as major ingredients.</li> <li>The custom of drinking <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> during meals.</li> <li>Serving <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> with the vast majority of meals.</li> <li>Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a>, especially in the summer.</li> <li>The consumption of a piece of fruit or a dairy product as <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>. Desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Tarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarts">tarts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cake</a> are typically reserved for special occasions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education in Spain</a></div> <p>The Spanish educational system follows a highly decentralized model.<sup id="cite_ref-cese_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cese-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a gradual manner, most powers over education policies were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous communities">autonomous communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cese_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cese-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional public administrations are thus responsible for education policies, funding and expenditure allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-cese_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cese-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, the overarching educative legislation is regulated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ley_org%C3%A1nica_para_la_mejora_de_la_calidad_educativa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ley orgánica para la mejora de la calidad educativa (page does not exist)">Ley orgánica para la mejora de la calidad educativa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_org%C3%A1nica_para_la_mejora_de_la_calidad_educativa" class="extiw" title="es:Ley orgánica para la mejora de la calidad educativa">es</a>]</span> (LOMCE), an <a href="/wiki/Organic_law" title="Organic law">organic law</a>. </p><p>Relative to the average in European countries, Spain has a low share of students in public centres in both primary (69% of students in public centres) and secondary education (68%).<sup id="cite_ref-escuelapública_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-escuelapública-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is largely due to the salient role of the so-called "<i>educación concertada</i>", which allows for privately owned centres funded by public money.<sup id="cite_ref-escuelapública_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-escuelapública-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PlacaUniversitat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PlacaUniversitat.jpg/250px-PlacaUniversitat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PlacaUniversitat.jpg/375px-PlacaUniversitat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PlacaUniversitat.jpg/500px-PlacaUniversitat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG/250px-Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG/375px-Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG/500px-Biblioteca_Comunicacio_UAB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona" title="Autonomous University of Barcelona">Autonomous University of Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAM_DERECHO.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UAM_DERECHO.JPG/250px-UAM_DERECHO.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UAM_DERECHO.JPG/375px-UAM_DERECHO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UAM_DERECHO.JPG/500px-UAM_DERECHO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Madrid" title="Autonomous University of Madrid">Autonomous University of Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG/250px-Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG/375px-Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG/500px-Pla%C3%A7a_de_la_Merc%C3%A8_-_Rectorat_de_la_Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Pompeu_Fabra" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Pompeu Fabra">Universidad Pompeu Fabra</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG/250px-Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG/375px-Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG/500px-Edifici_de_La_Nau_des_de_la_Pla%C3%A7a_del_Patriarca_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Valencia">Universidad de Valencia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obligatory_education">Obligatory education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Obligatory education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Age </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Primary Education </td> <td>5-6 </td> <td>1st grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>6-7 </td> <td>2nd Grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>8-9 </td> <td>3rd Grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>9-10 </td> <td>4th Grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-11 </td> <td>5th Grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>11-12 </td> <td>6th Grade </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Secondary School </td></tr> <tr> <td>12-13 </td> <td>1º ESO </td></tr> <tr> <td>13-14 </td> <td>2º ESO </td></tr> <tr> <td>14-15 </td> <td>3º ESO </td></tr> <tr> <td>15-16 </td> <td>4º ESO </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optional_education:_Bachillerato">Optional education: Bachillerato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Optional education: Bachillerato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bachillerato is usually taken if people aspire to go to college. </p> <ul><li>Common Subjects are in <b><span style="color:#f08080;">red</span></b></li> <li>Optional Subjects are in <b><span style="color:pink;">pink</span></b></li> <li>Modality Subjects are in <b><span style="color:skyBlue;">blue</span></b></li> <li>Technology Via are in <b><span style="color:gold;">yellow</span></b></li> <li>Natural Sciences Via are in <b><span style="color:#a4f49e;">green</span></b></li> <li>Humanities Via are in <b><span style="color:olive;">olive</span></b></li> <li>Social Sciences Via are in <b><span style="color:#d2691e;">brown</span></b></li> <li>Arts Via are in <b><span style="color:khaki;">beige</span></b></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Natural Sciences/Technology </th> <th>Humanities and Social Sciences </th> <th>Arts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:green;"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#d2691e;"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:green;"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> </td> <td style="background:#d2691e;"><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">Economy</a> </td> <td style="background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:green;"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> </td> <td style="background:#d2691e;"><a href="/wiki/Maths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maths">Maths</a> </td> <td style="background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Maths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maths">Maths</a> </td> <td style="background:olive;"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </td> <td style="background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> </td> <td style="background:olive;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> </td> <td style="background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">Audiovisual</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Art_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Art History">Art History</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:pink;">2nd Foreign Language <small><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Informatics (academic field)">Communication and Information Technologies</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#f08080;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish Language</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#f08080;"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#f08080;"><a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">First Foreign Language</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#f08080;"><a href="/wiki/Physical_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Education">Physical Education</a> <small>only the first year</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#f08080;">Autonomical Languages (only in the autonomies where is spoken)<small> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> </small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3" style="background:#f08080;"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Religion</a> <small>only the first year</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultural diplomacy of Spain has set <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-American">Ibero-American</a> relations among its main goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018573_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018573-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has used branding strategies such as the so-called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marca_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marca España (page does not exist)">Marca España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Marca España">es</a>]</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, Spain has taken part in a number of "horizontal" initiatives as member of multilateral international organizations of the Ibero-American space such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a> (OEI, which was repurposed in 1985) and the <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_General_Secretariat" title="Ibero-American General Secretariat">Ibero-American General Secretariat</a> (SEGIB).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018569_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018569-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly to other European countries, Spain has used the model of cultural institute (in the case of Spain the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a>) as leading tool for cultural diplomacy, with common aims such as the dissemination of the country brand, cultural exchange and cooperation, and linguistic and educational promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalisms_and_regionalisms">Nationalisms and regionalisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nationalisms and regionalisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationalisms_and_regionalisms_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain">Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain</a></div> <p>A strong sense of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national</a> identity exists in many autonomous communities. These communities—even those that least identify themselves as Spanish—have contributed greatly to many aspects of mainstream Spanish culture. </p><p>Most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> have widespread <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> sentiment. Many <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalists</a> demand <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a> for their respective territories. Basque aspirations to statehood have been a cause of violence (notably by <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>), although most Basque nationalists (like virtually all Catalan nationalists) currently seek to fulfill their aspirations peacefully. </p><p>There are also several communities where there is a mild sense of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> (but a great sense of regional identity): <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> (linked to <a href="/wiki/Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque culture">Basque culture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> (the last two feeling attached to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan culture (page does not exist)">Catalan culture</a> in different ways) each have their own version of nationalism, but generally with a smaller percentage of nationalists than in the Basque Country and Catalonia. </p><p>There is some traction in the province of León pushing to separate from <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, possibly together with the provinces of Zamora and Salamanca. </p><p> Spain has a long history of tension between centralism and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nationalism" title="Peripheral nationalism">nationalism</a>. The current organisation of the state into <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a> (similar to a federal organization) under the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> is intended as a way to incorporate these communities into the state.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Expressions of Basque, Spanish, Catalan and Galician nationalisms</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alderdieguna05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alderdieguna05.jpg/240px-Alderdieguna05.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alderdieguna05.jpg/360px-Alderdieguna05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alderdieguna05.jpg/480px-Alderdieguna05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou!_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg/270px-08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg/405px-08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg/540px-08.10.2017_Manifestaci%C3%B3_%22Prou%21_Recuperem_el_seny%22_-_Barcelona_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png/239px-Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png/359px-Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png/478px-Mani_Som_una_Nacio_20060218_c.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG/270px-Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG/405px-Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG/540px-Non_aos_recortes_no_ensino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Spanish_clothing">Historical Spanish clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical Spanish clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish dress, 18th century, silk. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[22]"><img alt="Spanish dress, 18th century, silk. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg/77px-Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg/116px-Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg/154px-Dress_MET_36.88_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="2817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish dress, 18th century, silk. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish dress, 1802, silk, metal. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[23]"><img alt="Spanish dress, 1802, silk, metal. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg/61px-Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg/92px-Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg/123px-Dress_MET_CI51.74.1_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="3807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish dress, 1802, silk, metal. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spanish_lady_(1878),_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Señorita, 1878, by John Bagnold Burgess, Spain."><img alt="La Señorita, 1878, by John Bagnold Burgess, Spain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Spanish_lady_%281878%29%2C_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg/79px-The_Spanish_lady_%281878%29%2C_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Spanish_lady_%281878%29%2C_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg/119px-The_Spanish_lady_%281878%29%2C_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Spanish_lady_%281878%29%2C_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg/159px-The_Spanish_lady_%281878%29%2C_by_John_Bagnold_Burgess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3094" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>La Señorita</i>, 1878, by <a href="/wiki/John_Bagnold_Burgess" title="John Bagnold Burgess">John Bagnold Burgess</a>, Spain.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>List of cultural icons of Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music of Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEsparza2007" class="citation book cs1">Esparza, José Javier (2007). <i>La gesta española : historia de España en 48 estampas, para quienes han olvidado cuál era su nación</i> (1st ed.). Barcelona: Áltera. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496840140" title="Special:BookSources/9788496840140"><bdi>9788496840140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+gesta+espa%C3%B1ola+%3A+historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+en+48+estampas%2C+para+quienes+han+olvidado+cu%C3%A1l+era+su+naci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=%C3%81ltera&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788496840140&rft.aulast=Esparza&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantera2014" class="citation book cs1">Cantera, Santiago (2014). <i>Hispania-Spania, el nacimiento de España : conciencia hispana en el Reino Visigodo de Toledo</i> (1st ed.). Madrid: Actas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788497391399" title="Special:BookSources/9788497391399"><bdi>9788497391399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispania-Spania%2C+el+nacimiento+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%3A+conciencia+hispana+en+el+Reino+Visigodo+de+Toledo&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Actas&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788497391399&rft.aulast=Cantera&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A comparison can be drawn with the North African nations, who also lived under the Roman Empire before Muslim rule. However, there is scarce reminder of the Roman presence in North Africa as the predominant culture is Arabic nowadays.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoa2010" class="citation book cs1">Moa, Pío (2010). <i>Nueva historia de España : de la II Guerra Púnica al siglo XXI</i> (1st ed.). Madrid: Esfera de los Libros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788497349529" title="Special:BookSources/9788497349529"><bdi>9788497349529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nueva+historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%3A+de+la+II+Guerra+P%C3%BAnica+al+siglo+XXI&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Esfera+de+los+Libros&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788497349529&rft.aulast=Moa&rft.aufirst=P%C3%ADo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles1998" class="citation book cs1">Robles, Heriberto Camacho Becerra, Juan José Comparán Rizo, Felipe Castillo (1998). <i>Manual de etimologías grecolatinas</i> (3rd ed.). México: Limusa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9681855426" title="Special:BookSources/9681855426"><bdi>9681855426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+etimolog%C3%ADas+grecolatinas&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Limusa&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9681855426&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Heriberto+Camacho+Becerra%2C+Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Compar%C3%A1n+Rizo%2C+Felipe+Castillo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list">"World Heritage List"</a>. 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Brill. pp. 78–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137531070">10.1057/9781137531070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462091252" title="Special:BookSources/9789462091252"><bdi>9789462091252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Education&rft.btitle=Language+Racism&rft.pages=78-93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137531070&rft.isbn=9789462091252&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789462091252%2FBP000008.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ES">"Ethnologue report for Spain"</a>. 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Madrid: Consejo Económico y Social de España. 2009. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8188-304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8188-304-6"><bdi>978-84-8188-304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap%C3%ADtulo+I%3A+el+sistema+educativo+y+formativo&rft.btitle=Informe+01%2F09+Sistema+Educativo+y+Capital+Humano&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Consejo+Econ%C3%B3mico+y+Social+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-84-8188-304-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.es%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F18510%2FInf0109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-escuelapública-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-escuelapública_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-escuelapública_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Caballero2017" class="citation web cs1">Sánchez Caballero, Daniel (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/espana-europa-escuela-publica-concertada_1_3554070.html">"España, entre los países de Europa con menos escuela pública y más concertada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eldiario.es" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldiario.es">eldiario.es</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eldiario.es&rft.atitle=Espa%C3%B1a%2C+entre+los+pa%C3%ADses+de+Europa+con+menos+escuela+p%C3%BAblica+y+m%C3%A1s+concertada&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Caballero&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fsociedad%2Fespana-europa-escuela-publica-concertada_1_3554070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018573-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018573_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018">Rodríguez Morató & Martín Zamorano 2018</a>, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018" class="citation cs2">Rodríguez Morató, Arturo; Martín Zamorano, Mariano (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329197215">"Introduction: cultural policies in Ibero-America at the beginning of the XXI century"</a>, <i>International Journal of Cultural Policy</i>, <b>24</b> (5): 573, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2018.1514036">10.1080/10286632.2018.1514036</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F127420">2445/127420</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149958989">149958989</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Policy&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+cultural+policies+in+Ibero-America+at+the+beginning+of+the+XXI+century&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=573&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F127420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149958989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10286632.2018.1514036&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Morat%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn+Zamorano%2C+Mariano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329197215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018569-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018569_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_MoratóMartín_Zamorano2018">Rodríguez Morató & Martín Zamorano 2018</a>, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamo_de_EspinosaBadillo_Matos2017" class="citation web cs1">Lamo de Espinosa, Emilio; Badillo Matos, Ángel (1 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114134157/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/e0f53c81-30af-4cc9-93d3-b7b22e0d84e2/LamoDeEspinosa-Badillo-Instituto-Cervantes-diplomacia-cultural-Espana-reflexion.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=e0f53c81-30af-4cc9-93d3-b7b22e0d84e2">"El Instituto Cervantes y la diplomacia cultural en España: una reflexión sobre el modelo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Real_Instituto_Elcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Instituto Elcano">Real Instituto Elcano</a>. pp. 3–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/e0f53c81-30af-4cc9-93d3-b7b22e0d84e2/LamoDeEspinosa-Badillo-Instituto-Cervantes-diplomacia-cultural-Espana-reflexion.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=e0f53c81-30af-4cc9-93d3-b7b22e0d84e2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Instituto+Cervantes+y+la+diplomacia+cultural+en+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+una+reflexi%C3%B3n+sobre+el+modelo&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Real+Instituto+Elcano&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Lamo+de+Espinosa&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft.au=Badillo+Matos%2C+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realinstitutoelcano.org%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fe0f53c81-30af-4cc9-93d3-b7b22e0d84e2%2FLamoDeEspinosa-Badillo-Instituto-Cervantes-diplomacia-cultural-Espana-reflexion.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES%26CACHEID%3De0f53c81-30af-4cc9-93d3-b7b22e0d84e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/87047">"Dress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+website&rft.atitle=Dress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F87047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/108424">"Dress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+website&rft.atitle=Dress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F108424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Spain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spainisculture.com/en/">Official Spanish Culture Website</a> 162,000 pages of information.</li> <li>Articles about <a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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