CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="8EDOqcgvtObZeNk1+EGZbFcfaFr0zT1mdAg0fcJuHXqIRektXyweEug2tlmubXR7wU2SOyycdrGcizhjE7JB4g==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010/06/08" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Politics and Policy" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Haruko Satoh" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/10781844/3930125/4594931/s200_haruko.satoh.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/HarukoSatoh" /> <meta name="description" content="Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty" /> <title>(PDF) Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty | Haruko Satoh - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732830331000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732830331000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":null,"author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Haruko Satoh"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2024-04-15","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2010-06-08","headline":"Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Political Economy","Humanities","Sovereignty","Political Science","Politics","Legitimacy","Democratic Legitimacy","Public Administration and Policy"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Politics and Policy","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Wiley-Blackwell"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"osaka-u"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "613fe6f98ee73fa22b93aa6e2c0a31562ae607230a8340073df2ddb243c6644c", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="PgCRJZYW0LHYGo/54Alq5oaBYNVktfpLmAmGuQQ7S75GBbahARV6RelU4JW2JYfxENOatLzksZxwioqn1ecXJg==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="+NVNP6E9cxIwpQRG3X2JsinWBELp3XleNmnqoy7VXV6A0Gq7Nj7Z5gHrayqLUWSlv4T+IzGMMone6ua9/wkBxg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-5a6217ebba1e3e193cb1032ca4e3bea5eb426dd3928dd536d7bf14b642b1cd3a.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 10781844; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F117551825%2FLegitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F117551825%2FLegitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":113379062,"identifier":"Attachment_113379062","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":117551825,"created_at":"2024-04-15T16:46:23.033-07:00","from_world_paper_id":252955189,"updated_at":"2024-11-25T18:49:23.111-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","grobid_abstract":"The economic success of so-called \"Japan, Inc.\" and the longevity of the 1955-regime of single-party rule by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) have long obscured the reality that sources of political legitimacy in Japan-some reaching back to the era when Japan became a modern state in the nineteenth century-are deeply contested and not formally articulated. The struggle for political renewal in the last two decades, triggered by the collapse of the economic bubble, reflect in part the shifting grounds of legitimacy in Japan, perhaps the most notable political development since the nation began its \"catchup-with-the-West\" quest to acquire international status in the Meiji era. What appears historically significant in view of the recent change of power is that popular sovereignty is finally emerging as a significant pillar of legitimacy after nearly 150 years of putting the state above society.","publication_date":"2010,6,8","publication_name":"Politics and Policy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"113379062"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [10781844]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":113379062,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/113379062/mini_magick20240802-1-e9rvb6.png?1722625253" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10781844" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/HarukoSatoh"><img alt="Profile image of Haruko Satoh" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/10781844/3930125/4594931/s65_haruko.satoh.jpg" />Haruko Satoh</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Politics and Policy</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":113379062,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":113379062,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="113379062" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/117551825/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="6646923" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6646923/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty_Satoh_LEGITIMACY_DEFICIT_IN_JAPAN">Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty: Satoh / LEGITIMACY DEFICIT IN JAPAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10781844" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/HarukoSatoh">Haruko Satoh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Politics & Policy, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The economic success of so-called “Japan, Inc.” and the longevity of the 1955-regime of single-party rule by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) have long obscured the reality that sources of political legitimacy in Japan—some reaching back to the era when Japan became a modern state in the nineteenth century—are deeply contested and not formally articulated. The struggle for political renewal in the last two decades, triggered by the collapse of the economic bubble, reflect in part the shifting grounds of legitimacy in Japan, perhaps the most notable political development since the nation began its “catch-up-with-the-West” quest to acquire international status in the Meiji era. What appears historically significant in view of the recent change of power is that popular sovereignty is finally emerging as a significant pillar of legitimacy after nearly 150 years of putting the state above society.El éxito económico del así llamado “Japón, Cia.” y la longevidad del régimen de 1955 del gobierno de partido único del Partido Democrático Liberal (LDP, por sus siglas en inglés), han oscurecido por mucho tiempo la realidad de que las fuentes de la legitimidad política en Japón—algunas que se remontan a la era cuando Japón se convirtió en un estado moderno en el siglo diecinueve—son profundamente controversiales y no están formalmente articuladas. La lucha por la renovación política en las últimas dos décadas, provocada por el colapso en la burbuja económica, refleja en parte el cambiante terreno en la legitimidad en Japón, y es quizá el más notable suceso político desde que la nación comenzó su objetivo de “alcanzar-a-Occidente” para adquirir un estatus internacional en la era Meiji. Lo que parece históricamente significativo, en vista del reciente cambio de poder, es que la soberanía popular está finalmente emergiendo como un pilar significativo de la legitimidad después de casi 150 años de colocar al estado por encima de la sociedad.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Legitimacy Deficit in Japan: The Road to True Popular Sovereignty: Satoh / LEGITIMACY DEFICIT IN JAPAN","attachmentId":38312993,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6646923/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty_Satoh_LEGITIMACY_DEFICIT_IN_JAPAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6646923/Legitimacy_Deficit_in_Japan_The_Road_to_True_Popular_Sovereignty_Satoh_LEGITIMACY_DEFICIT_IN_JAPAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="33890884" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33890884/Political_legitimacy_in_Japan_a_Luhmannian_perspective">Political legitimacy in Japan: a Luhmannian perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66455055" href="https://kumamoto-u.academia.edu/AndrewMitchell">Andrew Mitchell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite widespread public opinion against many of his policies, Abe Shinzo's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) is not only maintaining its electoral success but expanding on it. Furthermore the LDP has been in almost continual power since 1955, making Japan in the eyes of some a de facto one-party state. This paper will explore the question of legitimacy in Japan's political system, especially the ones raised by Karel van Wolferen the 1980s, and whether the current power structure can be considered to hold it. Through using Niklas Luhmann's social systems theory, in particular his concept of political legitimacy, it will be shown that while electoral reforms in 1994 addressed most of the systemic legitimacy issues in Japan's political system, a potential deficit in the government/opposition coding remains.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political legitimacy in Japan: a Luhmannian perspective","attachmentId":53864890,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33890884/Political_legitimacy_in_Japan_a_Luhmannian_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33890884/Political_legitimacy_in_Japan_a_Luhmannian_perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="113360345" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113360345/Politics_of_Regime_Change_Under_the_One_Party_Dominant_Rule_in_Japan_Lessons_from_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Democratic_Party_of_Japan">Politics of Regime Change Under the One-Party Dominant Rule in Japan: Lessons from the Rise and Fall of the Democratic Party of Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2349269" href="https://kobe-u.academia.edu/TsukasaIga">Tsukasa Iga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of East Asian Studies, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Politics of Regime Change Under the One-Party Dominant Rule in Japan: Lessons from the Rise and Fall of the Democratic Party of Japan","attachmentId":110339096,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113360345/Politics_of_Regime_Change_Under_the_One_Party_Dominant_Rule_in_Japan_Lessons_from_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Democratic_Party_of_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113360345/Politics_of_Regime_Change_Under_the_One_Party_Dominant_Rule_in_Japan_Lessons_from_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Democratic_Party_of_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="47604710" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47604710/The_Ldp_at_50_The_Rise_Power_Resources_and_Perspectives_of_Japans_Dominant_Party">The Ldp at 50: The Rise, Power Resources, and Perspectives of Japan's Dominant Party</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34545924" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickK%C3%B6llner">Patrick Köllner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ldp at 50: The Rise, Power Resources, and Perspectives of Japan's Dominant Party","attachmentId":66612016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47604710/The_Ldp_at_50_The_Rise_Power_Resources_and_Perspectives_of_Japans_Dominant_Party","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47604710/The_Ldp_at_50_The_Rise_Power_Resources_and_Perspectives_of_Japans_Dominant_Party"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="121140157" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121140157/The_rise_and_fall_of_Japans_LDP_political_party_organizations_as_historical_institutions">The rise and fall of Japan's LDP: political party organizations as historical institutions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1578180" href="https://washington.academia.edu/RobertJPekkanen">Robert J. Pekkanen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Choice Reviews Online, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The rise and fall of Japan's LDP: political party organizations as historical institutions","attachmentId":116101048,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121140157/The_rise_and_fall_of_Japans_LDP_political_party_organizations_as_historical_institutions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121140157/The_rise_and_fall_of_Japans_LDP_political_party_organizations_as_historical_institutions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="109891329" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109891329/The_End_of_LDP_Dominance_and_the_Rise_of_Party_Oriented_Politics_in_Japan">The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50786876" href="https://chuo-u.academia.edu/StevenRReed">Steven R Reed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Japanese Studies, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan","attachmentId":107878701,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109891329/The_End_of_LDP_Dominance_and_the_Rise_of_Party_Oriented_Politics_in_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109891329/The_End_of_LDP_Dominance_and_the_Rise_of_Party_Oriented_Politics_in_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="92388482" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92388482/Japanese_Politics_Today">Japanese Politics Today</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41507558" href="https://adelaide1.academia.edu/PurnendraJain">Purnendra Jain</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japanese Politics Today","attachmentId":95410008,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92388482/Japanese_Politics_Today","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92388482/Japanese_Politics_Today"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="96316036" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96316036/Political_Power_in_Japan_What_Are_the_Chances_of_the_Opposition">Political Power in Japan: What Are the Chances of the Opposition?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="181628719" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StreltsovD">Dmitry Streltsov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political Power in Japan: What Are the Chances of the Opposition?","attachmentId":98248488,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96316036/Political_Power_in_Japan_What_Are_the_Chances_of_the_Opposition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96316036/Political_Power_in_Japan_What_Are_the_Chances_of_the_Opposition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="108967937" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108967937/Is_Japan_changing_after_the_fall_of_LDP_Hatoyama_and_the_DPJs_new_politics_in_command_">Is Japan changing after the fall of LDP? Hatoyama and the DPJ's new ‘politics in command’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="186294827" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IchiyoMuto">Ichiyo Muto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Inter-asia Cultural Studies, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is Japan changing after the fall of LDP? Hatoyama and the DPJ's new ‘politics in command’","attachmentId":107221111,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108967937/Is_Japan_changing_after_the_fall_of_LDP_Hatoyama_and_the_DPJs_new_politics_in_command_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108967937/Is_Japan_changing_after_the_fall_of_LDP_Hatoyama_and_the_DPJs_new_politics_in_command_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="43041535" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43041535/The_Imposition_Of_Democracy_Japan_After_WWII">The Imposition Of Democracy: Japan After WWII</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34355443" href="https://lse.academia.edu/MiguelAngelLaraOtaola">Miguel Angel Lara Otaola</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Imposition Of Democracy: Japan After WWII, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Democracy can always be imposed by a foreign power, especially when this country is the supreme victor after the war; however, its success and rooting in society will depend on two factors: the existence of favorable internal conditions in the defeated country and the conditions of the imposition. As for internal conditions, these are related to the previous existence of democratic values, institutions and processes in the country. On the other hand, the conditions of the imposition have to do with the logic of defeat and the way constitutions, institutions and new ways of governing were imposed. This essay will develop this argument by using the case of Japan during the post-surrender to the Americans after World War II. As for the first set of conditions, Japan had already lived a democratic experience before Second World War and the American occupation, specifically since the Meiji Restoration and through the 'Taisho democracy' period. In particular these periods, by changing the country's social and political structures and guidelines, crafted democracy and made it possible for it to be the successfully 'imposed' by a foreign power later on. As for the second condition, the American victory and the terms of the 'imposition' were somewhat respectful and consensual. Therefore, by accommodating the interests of the winners and losers, the 'imposition' of democracy had more chances to be successful. However, and as this essay shows, when an 'imposition' is successful it stops being an imposition. When models of government are implemented as a result from negotiations and take place where there is already a related historical experience, impositions stop being a top down process and become something less alien and more natural, they merely speed up the process.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Imposition Of Democracy: Japan After WWII","attachmentId":63301718,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43041535/The_Imposition_Of_Democracy_Japan_After_WWII","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43041535/The_Imposition_Of_Democracy_Japan_After_WWII"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":113379062,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":113379062,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_113379062" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="56009103" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56009103/State_and_Civil_Society_in_Japan">State and Civil Society in Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1578180" href="https://washington.academia.edu/RobertJPekkanen">Robert J. Pekkanen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Affairs, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"State and Civil Society in Japan","attachmentId":71606182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56009103/State_and_Civil_Society_in_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56009103/State_and_Civil_Society_in_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="113888242" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113888242/Rethinking_Japan_The_Politics_of_Contested_Nationalism">Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="182635" href="https://icu.academia.edu/WilhelmVosse">Wilhelm M Vosse</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Science Japan Journal, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism","attachmentId":110732782,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113888242/Rethinking_Japan_The_Politics_of_Contested_Nationalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113888242/Rethinking_Japan_The_Politics_of_Contested_Nationalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="38278054" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38278054/Building_Policy_Legitimacy_in_Japan_Political_Behaviour_beyond_Rational_Choice">Building Policy Legitimacy in Japan Political: Behaviour beyond Rational Choice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1637523" href="https://meijigakuiin.academia.edu/TakayukiSakamoto">Takayuki Sakamoto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Palgrave Macmillan, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Building Policy Legitimacy in Japan Political: Behaviour beyond Rational Choice","attachmentId":58323633,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38278054/Building_Policy_Legitimacy_in_Japan_Political_Behaviour_beyond_Rational_Choice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38278054/Building_Policy_Legitimacy_in_Japan_Political_Behaviour_beyond_Rational_Choice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="47953670" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47953670/Durable_Democracy_Building_the_Japanese_State">Durable Democracy: Building the Japanese State</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28330" href="https://bc.academia.edu/FranziskaSeraphim">Franziska Seraphim</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Durable Democracy: Building the Japanese State","attachmentId":66817843,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47953670/Durable_Democracy_Building_the_Japanese_State","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47953670/Durable_Democracy_Building_the_Japanese_State"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="5623369" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5623369/Reflections_on_governance_and_democracy_in_Asia_and_Japan_2013_">Reflections on governance and democracy in Asia and Japan (2013)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3115443" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/HDPEnvall">H. D. P. Envall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections on governance and democracy in Asia and Japan (2013)","attachmentId":34233750,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5623369/Reflections_on_governance_and_democracy_in_Asia_and_Japan_2013_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5623369/Reflections_on_governance_and_democracy_in_Asia_and_Japan_2013_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="77071612" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77071612/Japan_s_Search_for_a_New_Identity_Japan_s_Domestic_Politics_and_its_Foreign_Policy_after_the_Cold_War">Japan’s Search for a New Identity: Japan’s Domestic Politics and its Foreign Policy after the Cold War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14167307" href="https://keio.academia.edu/YuichiHosoya">Yuichi Hosoya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Perspectives in Business Culture, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japan’s Search for a New Identity: Japan’s Domestic Politics and its Foreign Policy after the Cold War","attachmentId":84543918,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77071612/Japan_s_Search_for_a_New_Identity_Japan_s_Domestic_Politics_and_its_Foreign_Policy_after_the_Cold_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77071612/Japan_s_Search_for_a_New_Identity_Japan_s_Domestic_Politics_and_its_Foreign_Policy_after_the_Cold_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="64681022" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64681022/Civil_society_and_Japans_dysfunctional_democracy">Civil society and Japan's dysfunctional democracy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2745386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KeikoHirata">Keiko Hirata</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Developing Societies, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Civil society and Japan's dysfunctional democracy","attachmentId":76605640,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64681022/Civil_society_and_Japans_dysfunctional_democracy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64681022/Civil_society_and_Japans_dysfunctional_democracy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="33257038" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33257038/Analysis_of_Japans_Democratic_System_Evolution_and_actual_system">Analysis of Japans Democratic System. Evolution and actual system</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21205592" href="https://uloyola.academia.edu/ElenaGarc%C3%ADaMu%C3%B1oz">Elena García Muñoz</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of Japans Democratic System. Evolution and actual system","attachmentId":53327507,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33257038/Analysis_of_Japans_Democratic_System_Evolution_and_actual_system","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33257038/Analysis_of_Japans_Democratic_System_Evolution_and_actual_system"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="50175617" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50175617/Nation_state_empire_and_war_Problems_of_liberalism_in_modern_Japanese_history_and_beyond">Nation, state, empire and war: Problems of liberalism in modern Japanese history and beyond</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33183423" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/TAkami">Tomoko Akami</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 10371390500226043, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nation, state, empire and war: Problems of liberalism in modern Japanese history and beyond","attachmentId":68259707,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50175617/Nation_state_empire_and_war_Problems_of_liberalism_in_modern_Japanese_history_and_beyond","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50175617/Nation_state_empire_and_war_Problems_of_liberalism_in_modern_Japanese_history_and_beyond"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="27298141" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27298141/The_Evolution_of_the_Japanese_Democracy">The Evolution of the Japanese Democracy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51342430" href="https://elte-hu.academia.edu/RamachandraByrappa">Ramachandra Byrappa</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of the Japanese Democracy","attachmentId":47556375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27298141/The_Evolution_of_the_Japanese_Democracy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27298141/The_Evolution_of_the_Japanese_Democracy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="117117885" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117117885/The_crisis_of_democracy_Chances_risks_and_challenges_in_Japan_Asia_and_Germany_Europe_">The crisis of democracy? Chances, risks, and challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30498421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PapeWolfgang">Wolfgang Pape</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Democratization, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The crisis of democracy? Chances, risks, and challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe)","attachmentId":113060356,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117117885/The_crisis_of_democracy_Chances_risks_and_challenges_in_Japan_Asia_and_Germany_Europe_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117117885/The_crisis_of_democracy_Chances_risks_and_challenges_in_Japan_Asia_and_Germany_Europe_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="38731168" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38731168/Book_Review_Yasuo_Takao_Is_Japan_Really_Remilitarizing_The_Politics_of_Norm_Formation_and_Change_">Book Review: Yasuo Takao, "Is Japan Really Remilitarizing? The Politics of Norm Formation and Change"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8184614" href="https://meijigakuiin.academia.edu/PaulMidford">Paul Midford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Japan Forum, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: Yasuo Takao, \"Is Japan Really Remilitarizing?\r\nThe Politics of Norm Formation and Change\"","attachmentId":58816920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38731168/Book_Review_Yasuo_Takao_Is_Japan_Really_Remilitarizing_The_Politics_of_Norm_Formation_and_Change_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38731168/Book_Review_Yasuo_Takao_Is_Japan_Really_Remilitarizing_The_Politics_of_Norm_Formation_and_Change_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="26850459" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26850459/From_Imperial_Myth_to_Democracy_Japans_Two_Constitutions_1889_2002_review_">From Imperial Myth to Democracy: Japan's Two Constitutions, 1889-2002 (review)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42515318" href="https://waseda.academia.edu/YasuoHasebe">Yasuo Hasebe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Japanese Studies, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From Imperial Myth to Democracy: Japan's Two Constitutions, 1889-2002 (review)","attachmentId":47120943,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26850459/From_Imperial_Myth_to_Democracy_Japans_Two_Constitutions_1889_2002_review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26850459/From_Imperial_Myth_to_Democracy_Japans_Two_Constitutions_1889_2002_review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="28276332" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28276332/The_End_of_LDP_Dominance_and_the_Rise_of_Party_Oriented_Politics_in_Japan_The_Journal_of_Japanese_Studies_2012_38_353_376_with_Ethan_Scheiner_and_Michael_Thies">The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan" The Journal of Japanese Studies (2012) 38:353-376, with Ethan Scheiner and Michael Thies.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32168373" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelThies">Michael Thies</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50786876" href="https://chuo-u.academia.edu/StevenRReed">Steven R Reed</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan\" The Journal of Japanese Studies (2012) 38:353-376, with Ethan Scheiner and Michael Thies.","attachmentId":48604076,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28276332/The_End_of_LDP_Dominance_and_the_Rise_of_Party_Oriented_Politics_in_Japan_The_Journal_of_Japanese_Studies_2012_38_353_376_with_Ethan_Scheiner_and_Michael_Thies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28276332/The_End_of_LDP_Dominance_and_the_Rise_of_Party_Oriented_Politics_in_Japan_The_Journal_of_Japanese_Studies_2012_38_353_376_with_Ethan_Scheiner_and_Michael_Thies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="31815989" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31815989/Weaknesses_in_Japans_Postwar_Politics">Weaknesses in Japan's Postwar Politics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1141725" href="https://daito.academia.edu/TomokiTakeda">Tomoki Takeda</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="110565751" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ReikoOyama">Reiko Oyama</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">STICERD-International Studies Paper …, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Weaknesses in Japan's Postwar Politics","attachmentId":52112273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31815989/Weaknesses_in_Japans_Postwar_Politics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31815989/Weaknesses_in_Japans_Postwar_Politics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="26948336" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26948336/_The_1993_Election_and_the_End_of_LDP_Dominance_in_Steven_R_Reed_ed_Japanese_Electoral_Politics_Creating_a_New_Party_System_RoutledgeCurzon_2003_">“The 1993 Election and the End of LDP Dominance” in Steven R. Reed (ed.) Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System (RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50786876" href="https://chuo-u.academia.edu/StevenRReed">Steven R Reed</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“The 1993 Election and the End of LDP Dominance” in Steven R. Reed (ed.) Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System (RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).","attachmentId":47211510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26948336/_The_1993_Election_and_the_End_of_LDP_Dominance_in_Steven_R_Reed_ed_Japanese_Electoral_Politics_Creating_a_New_Party_System_RoutledgeCurzon_2003_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26948336/_The_1993_Election_and_the_End_of_LDP_Dominance_in_Steven_R_Reed_ed_Japanese_Electoral_Politics_Creating_a_New_Party_System_RoutledgeCurzon_2003_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="89289834" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89289834/An_Analysis_of_the_Fall_of_the_Democratic_Party_of_Japan">An Analysis of the Fall of the Democratic Party of Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5138448" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsmadiHassan">Asmadi Hassan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of East Asian Studies, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Analysis of the Fall of the Democratic Party of Japan","attachmentId":93117343,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89289834/An_Analysis_of_the_Fall_of_the_Democratic_Party_of_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89289834/An_Analysis_of_the_Fall_of_the_Democratic_Party_of_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="97101738" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97101738/The_Eternal_Continuity_of_Japanese_Politics_An_Historical_Analysis_based_on_three_Concepts">The Eternal Continuity of Japanese Politics. An Historical Analysis based on three Concepts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58218823" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FedericoLorenzoRamaioli">Federico Lorenzo Ramaioli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Quaderni di Scienze Politiche”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, anno XII, n. 21/2022, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Eternal Continuity of Japanese Politics. An Historical Analysis based on three Concepts","attachmentId":98816923,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97101738/The_Eternal_Continuity_of_Japanese_Politics_An_Historical_Analysis_based_on_three_Concepts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97101738/The_Eternal_Continuity_of_Japanese_Politics_An_Historical_Analysis_based_on_three_Concepts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="12684499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12684499/What_Went_Wrong_Limits_of_Artificial_Alternation_of_Power_in_Japan">What Went Wrong? Limits of Artificial Alternation of Power in Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31648245" href="https://unilodz.academia.edu/KarolZakowski">Karol Zakowski</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What Went Wrong? Limits of Artificial Alternation of Power in Japan","attachmentId":37779892,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12684499/What_Went_Wrong_Limits_of_Artificial_Alternation_of_Power_in_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12684499/What_Went_Wrong_Limits_of_Artificial_Alternation_of_Power_in_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="13725112" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13725112/_Nation_state_empire_and_war_problems_of_liberalism_in_modern_Japanese_history_and_beyond_Japanese_Studies_vol_25_no_2_September_2005_pp_119_140"> ‘Nation, state, empire and war: problems of liberalism in modern Japanese history and beyond’, Japanese Studies, vol. 25, no. 2 (September 2005), pp. 119—140</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32850230" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/tomokoakami">tomoko akami</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":" ‘Nation, state, empire and war: problems of liberalism in modern Japanese history and beyond’, Japanese Studies, vol. 25, no. 2 (September 2005), pp. 119—140","attachmentId":38111940,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13725112/_Nation_state_empire_and_war_problems_of_liberalism_in_modern_Japanese_history_and_beyond_Japanese_Studies_vol_25_no_2_September_2005_pp_119_140","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13725112/_Nation_state_empire_and_war_problems_of_liberalism_in_modern_Japanese_history_and_beyond_Japanese_Studies_vol_25_no_2_September_2005_pp_119_140"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="84642794" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84642794/Still_valuable_Reconsidering_the_role_of_authoritarian_values_among_Japanese_voters">Still valuable? Reconsidering the role of authoritarian values among Japanese voters</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108855042" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AiroHino">Airo Hino</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Japanese Journal of Political Science</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Still valuable? Reconsidering the role of authoritarian values among Japanese voters","attachmentId":89593840,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84642794/Still_valuable_Reconsidering_the_role_of_authoritarian_values_among_Japanese_voters","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84642794/Still_valuable_Reconsidering_the_role_of_authoritarian_values_among_Japanese_voters"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="57632701" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57632701/Japan_at_the_crossroads">Japan at the crossroads</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125324369" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/geraldcurtis">gerald curtis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japan at the crossroads","attachmentId":72439043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57632701/Japan_at_the_crossroads","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57632701/Japan_at_the_crossroads"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="1519216" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1519216/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Japans_Liberal_Democratic_Party">The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1578180" href="https://washington.academia.edu/RobertJPekkanen">Robert J. Pekkanen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Asian Studies, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party","attachmentId":50943405,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1519216/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Japans_Liberal_Democratic_Party","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1519216/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Japans_Liberal_Democratic_Party"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="19525868" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19525868/Return_to_Revisionism_in_Japan_Role_of_Personalities_and_Objective_Factors_in_Reviving_a_Historic_Debate_in_Japanese_Politics">Return to Revisionism in Japan? Role of Personalities and Objective Factors in Reviving a Historic Debate in Japanese Politics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7393640" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/viktoriyasamokhina">Viktoriya Samokhina</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Return to Revisionism in Japan? Role of Personalities and Objective Factors in Reviving a Historic Debate in Japanese Politics","attachmentId":40672363,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19525868/Return_to_Revisionism_in_Japan_Role_of_Personalities_and_Objective_Factors_in_Reviving_a_Historic_Debate_in_Japanese_Politics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19525868/Return_to_Revisionism_in_Japan_Role_of_Personalities_and_Objective_Factors_in_Reviving_a_Historic_Debate_in_Japanese_Politics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="76047348" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76047348/Japanese_Political_Parties_Ideals_and_Reality">Japanese Political Parties: Ideals and Reality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125324369" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/geraldcurtis">gerald curtis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japanese Political Parties: Ideals and Reality","attachmentId":83732442,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76047348/Japanese_Political_Parties_Ideals_and_Reality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76047348/Japanese_Political_Parties_Ideals_and_Reality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="951" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities">Humanities</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3661" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="7982" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy">Legitimacy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="110507" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Legitimacy">Democratic Legitimacy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="380315" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy">Public Administration and Policy</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>