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Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":7523,"name":"Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control?f_ri=5709"},{"id":53166,"name":"Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71618278" data-work_id="71618278" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71618278/The_progressive_alliance_An_ecological_viewpoint">The progressive alliance? An ecological viewpoint</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A proposal for a progressive alliance, a multi-party non-Tory electoral pact, has been bouncing around the UK political discourse for the last few years. To some it’s an appealing idea whose time might come, just as it has in the past,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71618278" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A proposal for a progressive alliance, a multi-party non-Tory electoral pact, has been bouncing around the UK political discourse for the last few years. To some it’s an appealing idea whose time might come, just as it has in the past, with the right political leadership, which at the moment is lacking. A more intriguing concept is the true progressive alliance, which relates to the existing political firmament viewed from an ecological stance. It points the way towards a transformational political re-alignment that might eventually emerge. I explain this in due course, but first a little about electoral pacts and the progressive alliance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71618278" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="346aa0ace2eaf19918e0c96e77b079bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":105557901,"asset_id":71618278,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105557901/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="151086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrendanSheehan5">Brendan Sheehan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="151086" type="text/json">{"id":151086,"first_name":"Brendan","last_name":"Sheehan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrendanSheehan5","display_name":"Brendan Sheehan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrendanSheehan5?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/151086/61195/47814897/s65_brendan.sheehan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71618278 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71618278"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71618278, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71618278", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71618278]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71618278").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71618278").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71618278"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3126" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology">Political Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3126" type="text/json">{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9846" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9846" type="text/json">{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71618278]'), work: {"id":71618278,"title":"The progressive alliance? An ecological viewpoint","created_at":"2022-02-15T07:58:39.623-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71618278/The_progressive_alliance_An_ecological_viewpoint?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_71618278","summary":"A proposal for a progressive alliance, a multi-party non-Tory electoral pact, has been bouncing around the UK political discourse for the last few years. To some it’s an appealing idea whose time might come, just as it has in the past, with the right political leadership, which at the moment is lacking. A more intriguing concept is the true progressive alliance, which relates to the existing political firmament viewed from an ecological stance. It points the way towards a transformational political re-alignment that might eventually emerge. I explain this in due course, but first a little about electoral pacts and the progressive alliance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105557901,"asset_id":71618278,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":151086,"first_name":"Brendan","last_name":"Sheehan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrendanSheehan5","display_name":"Brendan Sheehan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrendanSheehan5?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/151086/61195/47814897/s65_brendan.sheehan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":29903,"name":"DeGrowth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DeGrowth?f_ri=5709"},{"id":54961,"name":"Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth?f_ri=5709"},{"id":55526,"name":"Steady-State Economy, Degrowth, Ecological Economics, Evolution of Economics, Sustainable Lifestyles, Behavioral Change, Human Development, Evolution of Consciousness, Intentional Communities, Grassroots Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steady-State_Economy_Degrowth_Ecological_Economics_Evolution_of_Economics_Sustainable_Lifestyles?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81204657" data-work_id="81204657" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81204657/Genocide_and_the_Gender_Gap_in_Political_Representation">Genocide and the Gender Gap in Political Representation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What are the legacies of violence on gendered patterns of political representation? We examine the long-term effects of a watershed conflict of the twentieth century: the Khmer Rouge genocide, during which 50–70% of Cambodia’s working-age... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_81204657" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What are the legacies of violence on gendered patterns of political representation? We examine the long-term effects of a watershed conflict of the twentieth century: the Khmer Rouge genocide, during which 50–70% of Cambodia’s working-age men were killed. Using original data on mass killings and economic and political conditions in Cambodian communes, we find that genocide exposure is positively associated with women’s economic advancement and present-day indicators of women’s representation in local-level elected office. We conduct in-depth, ethnographic interviews with genocide survivors to explore the mechanisms by which violence spurred women into elected office. A crucial finding emerges: In areas that suffered the genocide’s worst killings, widows obtained economic autonomy, providing a template for the economic advancement of women in households maintaining conventional gender roles. The shift in norms regarding the sexual division of labor created intra-communal and intergen...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/81204657" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65400261" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NoahZucker">Noah Zucker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65400261" type="text/json">{"id":65400261,"first_name":"Noah","last_name":"Zucker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NoahZucker","display_name":"Noah Zucker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NoahZucker?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_81204657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="81204657"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81204657, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_81204657", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81204657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_81204657").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_81204657").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="81204657"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="796" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="796" type="text/json">{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3055" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods">Mixed Methods</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3055" type="text/json">{"id":3055,"name":"Mixed Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81204657]'), work: {"id":81204657,"title":"Genocide and the Gender Gap in Political Representation","created_at":"2022-06-10T21:02:44.107-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81204657/Genocide_and_the_Gender_Gap_in_Political_Representation?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_81204657","summary":"What are the legacies of violence on gendered patterns of political representation? We examine the long-term effects of a watershed conflict of the twentieth century: the Khmer Rouge genocide, during which 50–70% of Cambodia’s working-age men were killed. Using original data on mass killings and economic and political conditions in Cambodian communes, we find that genocide exposure is positively associated with women’s economic advancement and present-day indicators of women’s representation in local-level elected office. We conduct in-depth, ethnographic interviews with genocide survivors to explore the mechanisms by which violence spurred women into elected office. A crucial finding emerges: In areas that suffered the genocide’s worst killings, widows obtained economic autonomy, providing a template for the economic advancement of women in households maintaining conventional gender roles. The shift in norms regarding the sexual division of labor created intra-communal and intergen...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65400261,"first_name":"Noah","last_name":"Zucker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NoahZucker","display_name":"Noah Zucker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NoahZucker?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":3055,"name":"Mixed Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6814,"name":"Cambodia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambodia?f_ri=5709"},{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=5709"},{"id":69856,"name":"Social Science Research Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science_Research_Network?f_ri=5709"},{"id":153145,"name":"Gender Gap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Gap?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45973603" data-work_id="45973603" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45973603/_Rejection_of_Reason_and_the_Fall_of_Empire_A_">"Rejection of Reason and the Fall of Empire" (A)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The fall of the Muslim civilization resulted from the rejection of reason. The rejection of reason was a result of the characterization of the use of reason to know revelation as kufr. The rejection of reason became explicit in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45973603" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The fall of the Muslim civilization resulted from the rejection of reason. The rejection of reason was a result of the characterization of the use of reason to know revelation as kufr. The rejection of reason became explicit in the shutting of the gates to ijtihad and was reinforced by al-Ghazali’s attack on philosophers. The rejection of reason found political expression in the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event analogous to the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were beheaded at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. In Islam, the rejection of reason made it harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not help matters. This was an example of perfunctory thought. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Quran. This perception was based on a problematic understanding of epistemology or what constitutes knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment caused the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason made it hard to know and follow revelation. It also made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. But to “explain” revelation, tradition had to be elevated to an “equal” of revelation and subsequently even “above” revelation. <br />For the expectation that it would “explain” revelation placed tradition in the position of a “judge” of revelation. The elevation of tradition above revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The reversal of the relationship between revelation and tradition facilitated the adoption of the teaching of abrogation. The abrogation of the peace verses by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into “political Islam.” The abrogation of revelation by tradition transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The application of the teaching of abrogation warped penal law. The abrogation of revelation by tradition subjugated revelation to tradition. Hence, the process that led to this requires attention. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all laws are in agreement with revelation rather than based on inclination. (4 pages)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45973603" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eb6bdb7bbdb2aa9d131ce5ef532d340c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66710755,"asset_id":45973603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66710755/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2644808" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy">Leslie Terebessy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2644808" type="text/json">{"id":2644808,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Terebessy","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"LeslieTerebessy","display_name":"Leslie Terebessy","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2644808/842515/35075059/s65_leslie.terebessy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45973603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45973603"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45973603, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45973603", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45973603]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45973603").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45973603").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45973603"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45973603]'), work: {"id":45973603,"title":"\"Rejection of Reason and the Fall of Empire\" (A)","created_at":"2021-04-08T03:27:02.969-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45973603/_Rejection_of_Reason_and_the_Fall_of_Empire_A_?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_45973603","summary":"The fall of the Muslim civilization resulted from the rejection of reason. The rejection of reason was a result of the characterization of the use of reason to know revelation as kufr. The rejection of reason became explicit in the shutting of the gates to ijtihad and was reinforced by al-Ghazali’s attack on philosophers. The rejection of reason found political expression in the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event analogous to the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were beheaded at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. In Islam, the rejection of reason made it harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not help matters. This was an example of perfunctory thought. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Quran. This perception was based on a problematic understanding of epistemology or what constitutes knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment caused the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason made it hard to know and follow revelation. It also made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. But to “explain” revelation, tradition had to be elevated to an “equal” of revelation and subsequently even “above” revelation. \r\nFor the expectation that it would “explain” revelation placed tradition in the position of a “judge” of revelation. The elevation of tradition above revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The reversal of the relationship between revelation and tradition facilitated the adoption of the teaching of abrogation. The abrogation of the peace verses by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into “political Islam.” The abrogation of revelation by tradition transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The application of the teaching of abrogation warped penal law. The abrogation of revelation by tradition subjugated revelation to tradition. Hence, the process that led to this requires attention. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all laws are in agreement with revelation rather than based on inclination. (4 pages)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66710755,"asset_id":45973603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2644808,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Terebessy","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"LeslieTerebessy","display_name":"Leslie Terebessy","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2644808/842515/35075059/s65_leslie.terebessy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=5709"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=5709"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=5709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=5709"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=5709"},{"id":27669,"name":"Quran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran?f_ri=5709"},{"id":116844,"name":"Qur'an","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran-3?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28865940" data-work_id="28865940" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28865940/Lid%C3%A9ologie_ou_la_pens%C3%A9e_embarqu%C3%A9e_introduction_et_premi%C3%A8re_partie_%C3%A9ditions_La_Fabrique_2009">L'idéologie ou la pensée embarquée (introduction et première partie), éditions La Fabrique, 2009</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">L’idéologie est partout, le mot est si galvaudé que le concept s’est comme évaporé : on dit qu’une grève est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle a d’autres raisons qu’une stricte revendication. On dit qu’une réforme est idéologique... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28865940" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L’idéologie est partout, le mot est si galvaudé que le concept s’est comme évaporé : on dit qu’une grève est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle a d’autres raisons qu’une stricte revendication. On dit qu’une réforme est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle s’inscrit dans la grande reprise en main autoritaire et libérale actuelle. Ce livre éclaire la notion d’idéologie, tout d’abord en précisant ce qu’elle n’est pas : ni une surface miroitante et trompeuse jetée par-dessus le réel qu’elle masquerait à des spectateurs consommateurs hypnotisés. Ni une superstructure mécaniquement déterminée par sa base économique et sociale, vision qui est celle d’un « marxisme » abâtardi. Isabelle Garo prend le contre-pied de ces interprétations convenues. Elle suit l’évolution de Marx sur la question de l’idéologie – depuis L’Idéologie allemande jusqu’au Capital – et elle en propose la poursuite contemporaine. Cette confrontation passé/présent montre que l’idéologie ne peut pas se définir une fois pour toutes, qu’elle est inséparablement liée aux affrontements et aux conflits d’idées d’un moment, au domaine des luttes et à celui des analyses théoriques. « Il s’agit d’arracher la notion d’idéologie à toute tentative de définition figée et de lui rendre sa capacité à débusquer les contradictions profondes qui reconduisent sans cesse les idées dominantes à l’ensemble d’un mode de production ».</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28865940" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bfbbc9ea21499f37c5c6368deaa8ccf6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49291948,"asset_id":28865940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49291948/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3077974" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleGaro">Isabelle Garo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3077974" type="text/json">{"id":3077974,"first_name":"Isabelle","last_name":"Garo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IsabelleGaro","display_name":"Isabelle Garo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleGaro?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3077974/3512173/121270419/s65_isabelle.garo.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28865940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28865940"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28865940, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28865940", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28865940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28865940; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28865940"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28865940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28865940"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28865940; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28865940]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28865940").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28865940").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28865940"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1698" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism">Marxism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1698" type="text/json">{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3646" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Representations">Social Representations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3646" type="text/json">{"id":3646,"name":"Social Representations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Representations?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5780" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology">Ideology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5780" type="text/json">{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28865940]'), work: {"id":28865940,"title":"L'idéologie ou la pensée embarquée (introduction et première partie), éditions La Fabrique, 2009","created_at":"2016-10-02T07:47:43.587-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28865940/Lid%C3%A9ologie_ou_la_pens%C3%A9e_embarqu%C3%A9e_introduction_et_premi%C3%A8re_partie_%C3%A9ditions_La_Fabrique_2009?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_28865940","summary":"L’idéologie est partout, le mot est si galvaudé que le concept s’est comme évaporé : on dit qu’une grève est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle a d’autres raisons qu’une stricte revendication. On dit qu’une réforme est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle s’inscrit dans la grande reprise en main autoritaire et libérale actuelle. Ce livre éclaire la notion d’idéologie, tout d’abord en précisant ce qu’elle n’est pas : ni une surface miroitante et trompeuse jetée par-dessus le réel qu’elle masquerait à des spectateurs consommateurs hypnotisés. Ni une superstructure mécaniquement déterminée par sa base économique et sociale, vision qui est celle d’un « marxisme » abâtardi. Isabelle Garo prend le contre-pied de ces interprétations convenues. Elle suit l’évolution de Marx sur la question de l’idéologie – depuis L’Idéologie allemande jusqu’au Capital – et elle en propose la poursuite contemporaine. Cette confrontation passé/présent montre que l’idéologie ne peut pas se définir une fois pour toutes, qu’elle est inséparablement liée aux affrontements et aux conflits d’idées d’un moment, au domaine des luttes et à celui des analyses théoriques. « Il s’agit d’arracher la notion d’idéologie à toute tentative de définition figée et de lui rendre sa capacité à débusquer les contradictions profondes qui reconduisent sans cesse les idées dominantes à l’ensemble d’un mode de production ».","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49291948,"asset_id":28865940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3077974,"first_name":"Isabelle","last_name":"Garo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IsabelleGaro","display_name":"Isabelle Garo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleGaro?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3077974/3512173/121270419/s65_isabelle.garo.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":3646,"name":"Social Representations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Representations?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":33298,"name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Marx?f_ri=5709"},{"id":58852,"name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Engels?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_46792196" data-work_id="46792196" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/46792196/Leadership_Idiosyncrasies_and_Political_Behaviour_Personality_Analyses_of_Presidents_Donald_Trump_and_Andrew_Jackson">Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How do leaders' idiosyncrasies are developed, and how do these, in turn, impact their political behaviour? This study traces the idiosyncratic behaviour of Presidents Andrew Jackson and Donald Trump. It details four historical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_46792196" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How do leaders' idiosyncrasies are developed, and how do these, in turn, impact their political behaviour? This study traces the idiosyncratic behaviour of Presidents Andrew Jackson and Donald Trump. It details four historical traditions-Hamiltonian, Wilsonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian. The study expands upon Jacksonian tradition and sees that how Trump pursued this tradition and how is his political behaviour remained similar to that of Andrew Jackson. Three specific areas in which these variables are determined are personal lives, narcissism and authoritarian behaviour, and populism and corruption. The paper also charts out the ways and means through which Donald Trump's administration is termed as Jacksonian in nature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/46792196" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c923eca5bca8cba8d203da8acbf3726" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66258783,"asset_id":46792196,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66258783/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="556352" href="https://qau.academia.edu/DrMuhammadNadeemMirza">Dr Muhammad Nadeem Mirza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="556352" type="text/json">{"id":556352,"first_name":"Dr Muhammad Nadeem","last_name":"Mirza","domain_name":"qau","page_name":"DrMuhammadNadeemMirza","display_name":"Dr Muhammad Nadeem Mirza","profile_url":"https://qau.academia.edu/DrMuhammadNadeemMirza?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/556352/200966/60179770/s65_dr_muhammad_nadeem.mirza.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_46792196 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="46792196"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 46792196, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_46792196", }); 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Right-wing extremist J. Edgar Hoover, his successors in the F.B.I., CIA, and the national... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53798616" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The de facto war on the Left The Gala Report The current "war against right-wing extremists" is in fact-and always has been-a war against the Left. Right-wing extremist J. Edgar Hoover, his successors in the F.B.I., CIA, and the national security state have waged a de facto war of terror against civil rights activists, antiwar protesters, whistleblowers, labor unions, Occupy Wall Street protestors,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53798616" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f1f0647f3e09db2bd2aaea62db2c645" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70470923,"asset_id":53798616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70470923/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2130840" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesGala">James Gala</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2130840" type="text/json">{"id":2130840,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Gala","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JamesGala","display_name":"James Gala","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JamesGala?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2130840/691247/858117/s65_james.gala.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_53798616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="53798616"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53798616, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_53798616", }); 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Right-wing extremist J. Edgar Hoover, his successors in the F.B.I., CIA, and the national security state have waged a de facto war of terror against civil rights activists, antiwar protesters, whistleblowers, labor unions, Occupy Wall Street protestors,","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70470923,"asset_id":53798616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2130840,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Gala","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JamesGala","display_name":"James Gala","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JamesGala?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2130840/691247/858117/s65_james.gala.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":35592,"name":"Jazz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jazz?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25654556" data-work_id="25654556" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25654556/The_influence_of_corporate_and_political_interests_on_models_of_illness_in_the_evolution_of_the_DSM">The influence of corporate and political interests on models of illness in the evolution of the DSM</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25654556" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="678378c85d834b7be2ebe5123f40d2ba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45992305,"asset_id":25654556,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45992305/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7265310" href="https://independent.academia.edu/McKayDean">Dean McKay</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7265310" type="text/json">{"id":7265310,"first_name":"Dean","last_name":"McKay","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"McKayDean","display_name":"Dean McKay","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/McKayDean?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7265310/11039119/12318955/s65_dean.mckay.jpg_oh_e2eff008631244a739757a459d3bdf78_oe_56d84acc"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25654556 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25654556"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25654556, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25654556", }); 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The Supreme Court case of Walz v. Commission charted a course between the free... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41587772" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The practice of taxing church property while exempting other nonprofit groups appears to violate the “no special burden” principle of the free exercise clause. The Supreme Court case of Walz v. Commission charted a course between the free exercise and establishment clause. The Court argued from neutrality, separatism, and history to state that tax exemption of church property is part of an unbroken national tradition. However, the Court’s neutrality argument does not address constitutionality, its separatism argument is contrived, and historically, only established religions have been exempt from taxation. <br /> <br />Past tax exemptions are rooted in two traditions: the common law adopted from England that granted exemptions to established churches, and the equity law tradition that granted exemptions to all churches. The common law tradition was restricted to certain types of church property of established churches, and the exemptions could be put on hold during times of emergency. The equity tradition gave churches another chance; ecclesiastical and charitable organizations could be tax exempt. <br /> <br />These traditions continued uninterrupted in the early American republic. Three provisions ultimately provided ground for a challenge to the tax exemption of church property. The disestablishment of religion undercut the authority of officials to prefer one religion over the other. The truncation of the equity tradition removed the equitable privileges given to charities. Finally, equal and uniform taxation was considered a basis of American life. <br /> <br />In modern theory, churches are seen as beneficial to society because they promote public morality, charity, and education. The law of equity is now based in statutory schemes or state constitutions, but the religious use of property is key to its tax exempt status. In the future, courts must find a via media between the eradication of exemptions and blanket endorsements.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41587772" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="95875e5ead48bc310591f895ac120eb3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61744835,"asset_id":41587772,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61744835/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="116656678" href="https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr">John Witte, Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="116656678" type="text/json">{"id":116656678,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Witte, Jr.","domain_name":"emory","page_name":"JohnWitteJr","display_name":"John Witte, Jr.","profile_url":"https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/116656678/28474126/26627414/s65_john.witte_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41587772 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41587772"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41587772, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41587772", }); 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The Supreme Court case of Walz v. Commission charted a course between the free exercise and establishment clause. The Court argued from neutrality, separatism, and history to state that tax exemption of church property is part of an unbroken national tradition. However, the Court’s neutrality argument does not address constitutionality, its separatism argument is contrived, and historically, only established religions have been exempt from taxation.\r\n\r\nPast tax exemptions are rooted in two traditions: the common law adopted from England that granted exemptions to established churches, and the equity law tradition that granted exemptions to all churches. The common law tradition was restricted to certain types of church property of established churches, and the exemptions could be put on hold during times of emergency. The equity tradition gave churches another chance; ecclesiastical and charitable organizations could be tax exempt.\r\n\r\nThese traditions continued uninterrupted in the early American republic. Three provisions ultimately provided ground for a challenge to the tax exemption of church property. The disestablishment of religion undercut the authority of officials to prefer one religion over the other. The truncation of the equity tradition removed the equitable privileges given to charities. Finally, equal and uniform taxation was considered a basis of American life.\r\n\r\nIn modern theory, churches are seen as beneficial to society because they promote public morality, charity, and education. The law of equity is now based in statutory schemes or state constitutions, but the religious use of property is key to its tax exempt status. In the future, courts must find a via media between the eradication of exemptions and blanket endorsements.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61744835,"asset_id":41587772,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":116656678,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Witte, Jr.","domain_name":"emory","page_name":"JohnWitteJr","display_name":"John Witte, Jr.","profile_url":"https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/116656678/28474126/26627414/s65_john.witte_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":4565,"name":"Law and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Religion?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":116468,"name":"Church and State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_and_State?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6160320" data-work_id="6160320" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6160320/U_S_Grand_Strategy_and_Counterterrorism">U.S. Grand Strategy and Counterterrorism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6160320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="20cd9406939539362083a723d54221dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33049529,"asset_id":6160320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33049529/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9366572" href="https://investigativereportingworkshop.academia.edu/AudreyKurthCronin">Audrey Kurth Cronin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9366572" type="text/json">{"id":9366572,"first_name":"Audrey Kurth","last_name":"Cronin","domain_name":"investigativereportingworkshop","page_name":"AudreyKurthCronin","display_name":"Audrey Kurth Cronin","profile_url":"https://investigativereportingworkshop.academia.edu/AudreyKurthCronin?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9366572/2990907/11019445/s65_audrey_kurth.cronin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6160320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6160320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6160320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6160320", }); 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Rescaling the local: Multi-academy trusts, private monopoly and statecraft in England. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49 (2), 171-185 For the past six years successive UK governments in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28018896" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To cite:<br />Wilkins, A. 2017. Rescaling the local: Multi-academy trusts, private monopoly and statecraft in England. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49 (2), 171-185<br /><br />For the past six years successive UK governments in England have introduced reforms intended to usher in less aggregated, top-down, bureaucratically overloaded models of service delivery as well as secure conditions for greater school autonomy.  Yet the ‘hollowing out’ of local government has not resulted in less bureaucracy on the ground or less regulation from above, nor has it diminished hierarchy as an organising principle of education governance.  In some cases, monopolies and monopolistic practices dominated by powerful bureaucracies and professional groups persist, albeit realised through the involvement of new actors and organisations from business and philanthropy.  In this paper I adopt a governmentality perspective to explore the political significance of large multi-academy trusts (MATs) – private sponsors contracted by central government to run publicly funded schools – to the generation of new scalar hierarchies and accountability infrastructures that assist in bringing the gaze of government to bear upon the actions of schools that are otherwise less visible under local government management.  On this account, it is argued, MATs are integral to statecraft and the invention and assemblage of particular apparatuses for intervening upon specific organisations, spaces and peoples.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28018896" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="25af9a649398b478931ea26dd26592a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":103573744,"asset_id":28018896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103573744/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="303988" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/AndrewWilkins">Andrew W Wilkins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="303988" type="text/json">{"id":303988,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Wilkins","domain_name":"goldsmiths","page_name":"AndrewWilkins","display_name":"Andrew W Wilkins","profile_url":"https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/AndrewWilkins?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/303988/61270/35413933/s65_andrew.wilkins.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28018896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28018896"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28018896, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28018896", }); 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Rescaling the local: Multi-academy trusts, private monopoly and statecraft in England. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49 (2), 171-185\n\nFor the past six years successive UK governments in England have introduced reforms intended to usher in less aggregated, top-down, bureaucratically overloaded models of service delivery as well as secure conditions for greater school autonomy. Yet the ‘hollowing out’ of local government has not resulted in less bureaucracy on the ground or less regulation from above, nor has it diminished hierarchy as an organising principle of education governance. In some cases, monopolies and monopolistic practices dominated by powerful bureaucracies and professional groups persist, albeit realised through the involvement of new actors and organisations from business and philanthropy. In this paper I adopt a governmentality perspective to explore the political significance of large multi-academy trusts (MATs) – private sponsors contracted by central government to run publicly funded schools – to the generation of new scalar hierarchies and accountability infrastructures that assist in bringing the gaze of government to bear upon the actions of schools that are otherwise less visible under local government management. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/38819056/CORREA_and_VIEIRA_2019_Necropol%C3%ADtica_da_mem%C3%B3ria_escrava_no_Brasil_p%C3%B3s_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Tempo_and_Argumento_UDESC_">CORREA & VIEIRA (2019). Necropolítica da memória escrava no Brasil pós-abolição. Tempo & Argumento (UDESC)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A partir dos usos necropolíticos da memória escrava no Brasil pós-abolição, este ensaio analisa a figura do escravo como um ponto de singularização e acúmulo de uma série de tecnologias de poder (soberanas, pré, proto e... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38819056" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A partir dos usos necropolíticos da memória escrava no Brasil pós-abolição, este ensaio analisa a figura do escravo como um ponto de singularização e acúmulo de uma série de tecnologias de poder (soberanas, pré, proto e ultradisciplinares, bio e necropolíticas) que poderiam oferecer uma grade de inteligibilidade para compreender a governamentalidade colonial e suas relações paradoxais com a abolição e a liberdade. Convocando as relações entre memória, história e intempestivo, e por meio da articulação entre textos do pensamento político ocidental antigo, moderno e contemporâneo, propomos descrever de forma interdisciplinar as relações entre o escravo e o fundamento da autoridade política como lógica de necropoder subterrânea que atravessa as figuras aparentemente díspares do escravo, do imigrante europeu, do trabalhador livre e do empresário de si neoliberal. Conclui-se que o desaparecimento da forma-escravo antiga e colonial não determina o fim da lógica escravista, mas sua difusão generalizada na figura de um escravo informe a que os trabalhadores livres, empresários de si mesmos e imigrantes dão consistência hoje.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38819056" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef9061f12ad93d2070f19ba520a3d6ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58911691,"asset_id":38819056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58911691/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4155964" href="https://uepg.academia.edu/MuriloCorr%C3%AAa">Murilo Duarte Costa Corrêa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4155964" type="text/json">{"id":4155964,"first_name":"Murilo","last_name":"Duarte Costa Corrêa","domain_name":"uepg","page_name":"MuriloCorrêa","display_name":"Murilo Duarte Costa Corrêa","profile_url":"https://uepg.academia.edu/MuriloCorr%C3%AAa?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4155964/1619602/53746345/s65_murilo.corr_a.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38819056">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38819056"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uepg.academia.edu/Cain%C3%A3DomitVieira">Cainã Domit Vieira</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38819056'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38819056').html(); 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Convocando as relações entre memória, história e intempestivo, e por meio da articulação entre textos do pensamento político ocidental antigo, moderno e contemporâneo, propomos descrever de forma interdisciplinar as relações entre o escravo e o fundamento da autoridade política como lógica de necropoder subterrânea que atravessa as figuras aparentemente díspares do escravo, do imigrante europeu, do trabalhador livre e do empresário de si neoliberal. Conclui-se que o desaparecimento da forma-escravo antiga e colonial não determina o fim da lógica escravista, mas sua difusão generalizada na figura de um escravo informe a que os trabalhadores livres, empresários de si mesmos e imigrantes dão consistência hoje.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58911691,"asset_id":38819056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4155964,"first_name":"Murilo","last_name":"Duarte Costa Corrêa","domain_name":"uepg","page_name":"MuriloCorrêa","display_name":"Murilo Duarte Costa Corrêa","profile_url":"https://uepg.academia.edu/MuriloCorr%C3%AAa?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4155964/1619602/53746345/s65_murilo.corr_a.jpeg"},{"id":39573937,"first_name":"Cainã","last_name":"Domit Vieira","domain_name":"uepg","page_name":"CainãDomitVieira","display_name":"Cainã Domit Vieira","profile_url":"https://uepg.academia.edu/Cain%C3%A3DomitVieira?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39573937/19174883/91911344/s65_cain_.domit_vieira.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3827,"name":"Brazilian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=5709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=5709"},{"id":7942,"name":"Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegel?f_ri=5709"},{"id":8302,"name":"Gilles Deleuze","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gilles_Deleuze?f_ri=5709"},{"id":9535,"name":"Giorgio Agamben","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giorgio_Agamben?f_ri=5709"},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11452,"name":"Memory Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11483,"name":"Cultural Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Memory?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=5709"},{"id":18130,"name":"John Locke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Locke?f_ri=5709"},{"id":38098,"name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Montesquieu?f_ri=5709"},{"id":392175,"name":"Achille Mbembe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Achille_Mbembe?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38598356" data-work_id="38598356" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38598356/Sexuality_gender_and_the_re_making_of_modernity_and_nationhood_in_Cyprus">Sexuality, gender and the (re)making of modernity and nationhood in Cyprus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article studies Cypriot LGBs' identity construction processes and understandings of politics amidst the sociopolitical environment within which they are articulated. It does so by addressing a question that is central to gender and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38598356" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article studies Cypriot LGBs' identity construction processes and understandings of politics amidst the sociopolitical environment within which they are articulated. It does so by addressing a question that is central to gender and sexuality research: How are gender and sexual identities formed, and how do these formations inform gender and sexuality politics in contexts caught between tradition and modernity? Employing a qualitative research design, it thematically analyzes data from interviews with Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot LGBs. It marks intra-ethnic and interethnic in-group exclusions. It argues that these exclusions are reinforced by local notions about modernity, expressed through the “Europe/west–versus the–rest” opposition. Nonetheless, it also finds that the successes of the Cypriot LGBTI movement have been based on opportunities created by Europeanization. Therefore, it helps develop our understanding of the implications of conceptions of nationhood, gender, and sexuality on gender and sexuality politics where the “rest” meets the “west.” <br /> <br />KEYWORDS: Gender, Sexuality, Identity, Politics, Modernity, Cyprus</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38598356" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="826369" href="https://ucy.academia.edu/NayiaKamenou">Nayia Kamenou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="826369" type="text/json">{"id":826369,"first_name":"Nayia","last_name":"Kamenou","domain_name":"ucy","page_name":"NayiaKamenou","display_name":"Nayia Kamenou","profile_url":"https://ucy.academia.edu/NayiaKamenou?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/826369/288027/32113691/s65_nayia.kamenou.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38598356 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38598356"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38598356, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38598356", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38598356 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38598356; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38598356"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38598356 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38598356"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38598356; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38598356]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38598356").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38598356").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38598356"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_Studies">Cyprus Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4054" type="text/json">{"id":4054,"name":"Cyprus Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4714" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality">Sexuality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4714" type="text/json">{"id":4714,"name":"Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4917" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality">Gender and Sexuality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4917" type="text/json">{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38598356]'), work: {"id":38598356,"title":"Sexuality, gender and the (re)making of modernity and nationhood in Cyprus","created_at":"2019-03-21T06:40:29.070-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38598356/Sexuality_gender_and_the_re_making_of_modernity_and_nationhood_in_Cyprus?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_38598356","summary":"This article studies Cypriot LGBs' identity construction processes and understandings of politics amidst the sociopolitical environment within which they are articulated. 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class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7262492/Motion_Pictures_Politics_of_Perception">Motion Pictures: Politics of Perception</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7262492" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="293a273c4af25aeccc4e0e2017864c7b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33875739,"asset_id":7262492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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Property Relation"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Not-guilty verdicts, mistrials, and impunity for the Bundy family and many of their supporters in the armed confrontations over public land use in Nevada and Oregon. Expanded access for private oil, gas, mining, and logging industries and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36047291" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Not-guilty verdicts, mistrials, and impunity for the Bundy family and many of their supporters in the armed confrontations over public land use in Nevada and Oregon. Expanded access for private oil, gas, mining, and logging industries and the downsizing of national monuments such as Bears Ears lead by Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke. A number of highly contentious debates and sensationalized events have again focused attention on land held in the public domain by the United States. This essay argues that federal land policy as a form of colonial administration has been constitutive for the logic of expectation as property in what is now the United States. From the state land cessions negotiated on behalf of the Articles of Confederation to the preemption acts (1830–1841) to the homestead acts (1862–1916) to present-day demands for land transfer, the acquisition and disposal of the so-called public domain have been central to westward colonization, the consolidation of the nation-state, and the promise of land ownership as the ostensible foundation of individual liberty. These dynamics are evident in contemporary conflicts over public lands and arguments for the transfer of public lands to either state or private ownership. Approaching the Bundy occupations as flashpoints that illuminate competing interpretations and claims to land within the history of westward colonization, this essay seeks to demonstrate the ways in which expectation emerges from particular economies of dispossession of indigenous peoples that have historically worked through and across the division of public and private property.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36047291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6de15b88d143643173f4728089e7218" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55933459,"asset_id":36047291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55933459/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2842469" href="https://unm.academia.edu/AlyoshaGoldstein">Alyosha Goldstein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2842469" type="text/json">{"id":2842469,"first_name":"Alyosha","last_name":"Goldstein","domain_name":"unm","page_name":"AlyoshaGoldstein","display_name":"Alyosha Goldstein","profile_url":"https://unm.academia.edu/AlyoshaGoldstein?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2842469/2803461/40302902/s65_alyosha.goldstein.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36047291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36047291"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36047291, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36047291", }); 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These dynamics are evident in contemporary conflicts over public lands and arguments for the transfer of public lands to either state or private ownership. 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js-work-card work_43210852 coauthored" data-work_id="43210852" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43210852/Impacts_of_Political_Issues_on_Disability_and_Assistive_Products_in_Bangladesh">Impacts of Political Issues on Disability and Assistive Products in Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country established in 1971. Around 10% of the total population of this country are the disabled. Although the economic condition of this country is accelerating, the situation of persons with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43210852" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country established in 1971. Around 10% of the total population of this country are the disabled. Although the economic condition of this country is accelerating, the situation of persons with disabilities (PWD) could not make a notable improvement so far. The government of Bangladesh has enacted many laws, acts, ordinances regarding PWDs, but these have not implemented properly until now. Besides, there is no law in Bangladesh for ensuring the provision of assistive products (AP). Along with social, economic, and cultural influences, political issues also considered as impactful in Bangladesh for the PWDs. The country has experienced different forms of government from its independence and frequent changes of political regime. Moreover, different political parties had made various changes on disability issues from their political manifesto to the policy implementation process. The confrontational political culture of Bangladesh also hampered some disability-related programs to implement at different times. Nevertheless, the analytical study of the impacts of political issues on disability and APs in Bangladesh had not done so far. To facilitate better policy formulation and effective policy implementation on disability that study of political impact on disability issues is necessary. A comparative study of different political regimes is also needed to minimize disability problems. In these circumstances, this research was conducted to reveal the present situation and paving the way for future improvement on disability issues by exploring the impacts of political issues on disability and APs in Bangladesh.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43210852" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ca5ed001271aadce4fe0e1db959baa90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63479805,"asset_id":43210852,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63479805/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17027270" href="https://kobegakuin.academia.edu/MehediKhan">Mehedi Hasan Khan, PhD</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17027270" type="text/json">{"id":17027270,"first_name":"Mehedi Hasan","last_name":"Khan, PhD","domain_name":"kobegakuin","page_name":"MehediKhan","display_name":"Mehedi Hasan Khan, PhD","profile_url":"https://kobegakuin.academia.edu/MehediKhan?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17027270/21726745/94804957/s65_md_mehedi_hasan.khan.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-43210852">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-43210852"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://cdf.academia.edu/MahiuddinKM">Mahiuddin K.M.</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-43210852'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-43210852').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43210852 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43210852"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43210852; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43210852]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43210852").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43210852").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43210852"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assistive_Products">Assistive Products</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16730" type="text/json">{"id":16730,"name":"Assistive Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assistive_Products?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43210852]'), work: {"id":43210852,"title":"Impacts of Political Issues on Disability and Assistive Products in Bangladesh","created_at":"2020-05-31T02:59:59.224-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43210852/Impacts_of_Political_Issues_on_Disability_and_Assistive_Products_in_Bangladesh?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_43210852","summary":"Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country established in 1971. Around 10% of the total population of this country are the disabled. Although the economic condition of this country is accelerating, the situation of persons with disabilities (PWD) could not make a notable improvement so far. The government of Bangladesh has enacted many laws, acts, ordinances regarding PWDs, but these have not implemented properly until now. Besides, there is no law in Bangladesh for ensuring the provision of assistive products (AP). Along with social, economic, and cultural influences, political issues also considered as impactful in Bangladesh for the PWDs. The country has experienced different forms of government from its independence and frequent changes of political regime. Moreover, different political parties had made various changes on disability issues from their political manifesto to the policy implementation process. The confrontational political culture of Bangladesh also hampered some disability-related programs to implement at different times. Nevertheless, the analytical study of the impacts of political issues on disability and APs in Bangladesh had not done so far. To facilitate better policy formulation and effective policy implementation on disability that study of political impact on disability issues is necessary. A comparative study of different political regimes is also needed to minimize disability problems. 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The relatively high degree of freedom of expression, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44941506" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The twenty-three years (1934-1957) between the end of the US Occupation and the start of the Duvalier era were a dynamic period of introspection and change in Haitian society. The relatively high degree of freedom of expression, the proliferation of ideologies like Marxism and Noirisme, and the "Revolution of 1946" were all linked to a transformation of Haitian politics and culture unprecedented since 1804. One clear indication of the spirit of this chapter of the country's history, which I have labeled the Haitian Sixties, was the progress made by the Kreyòl movement. After the setbacks under the US Occupation, the call for a legitimation of the popular language entered a phase of renewed vigor: it was bolstered by groundbreaking philological studies, concerted attempts to create a standard orthography, experiments in the use of the Kreyòl language as a medium of instruction, and a renaissance in Kreyòl-language literature. Yet as the movement progressed, it was hampered by new internal divisions and longstanding prejudices at different levels of Haitian society.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44941506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="26ce03ef4c5fb0d641bbe927a23380ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65469488,"asset_id":44941506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65469488/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="69105589" href="https://yorku.academia.edu/MattRobertshaw">Matt Robertshaw</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="69105589" type="text/json">{"id":69105589,"first_name":"Matt","last_name":"Robertshaw","domain_name":"yorku","page_name":"MattRobertshaw","display_name":"Matt Robertshaw","profile_url":"https://yorku.academia.edu/MattRobertshaw?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69105589/18372813/20551563/s65_matt.robertshaw.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44941506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44941506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44941506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44941506", }); 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The relatively high degree of freedom of expression, the proliferation of ideologies like Marxism and Noirisme, and the \"Revolution of 1946\" were all linked to a transformation of Haitian politics and culture unprecedented since 1804. One clear indication of the spirit of this chapter of the country's history, which I have labeled the Haitian Sixties, was the progress made by the Kreyòl movement. After the setbacks under the US Occupation, the call for a legitimation of the popular language entered a phase of renewed vigor: it was bolstered by groundbreaking philological studies, concerted attempts to create a standard orthography, experiments in the use of the Kreyòl language as a medium of instruction, and a renaissance in Kreyòl-language literature. Yet as the movement progressed, it was hampered by new internal divisions and longstanding prejudices at different levels of Haitian society.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65469488,"asset_id":44941506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":69105589,"first_name":"Matt","last_name":"Robertshaw","domain_name":"yorku","page_name":"MattRobertshaw","display_name":"Matt Robertshaw","profile_url":"https://yorku.academia.edu/MattRobertshaw?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69105589/18372813/20551563/s65_matt.robertshaw.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2524,"name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolinguistics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6726,"name":"Haiti","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haiti?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6915,"name":"Unesco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unesco?f_ri=5709"},{"id":20158,"name":"Pidgin and Creole Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pidgin_and_Creole_Languages?f_ri=5709"},{"id":20623,"name":"Haitian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haitian_Literature?f_ri=5709"},{"id":24120,"name":"Haitian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haitian_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":28958,"name":"Orthography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthography?f_ri=5709"},{"id":58505,"name":"Caribbean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caribbean?f_ri=5709"},{"id":967972,"name":"Haitian Creole","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haitian_Creole?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81913466" data-work_id="81913466" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81913466/Advocating_for_the_cause_of_the_victims_of_Communism_in_the_European_political_space_memory_entrepreneurs_in_interstitial_fields">Advocating for the cause of the “victims of Communism” in the European political space: memory entrepreneurs in interstitial fields</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The European Parliament (EP) adopted, between 2004 and 2009, a series of resolutions calling for recognition of Communist crimes and commemoration of their victims. This article focuses on an overlooked aspect of anti-Communist activism,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_81913466" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The European Parliament (EP) adopted, between 2004 and 2009, a series of resolutions calling for recognition of Communist crimes and commemoration of their victims. This article focuses on an overlooked aspect of anti-Communist activism, the awareness-raising activities carried out by some Central European Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) to perpetuate the cause through networks that enable them to exchange institutional credibility, scientific legitimacy, and policy-oriented knowledge with Institutes of National Memory, parts of academia, and victims associations. Although they use the techniques of expertise and scandalization that are often effective in European institutions, these memory entrepreneurs have largely failed to further their claims in the European Union (EU) after 2009. In line with the turn toward “practice” in EU studies and the increased attention paid to agency in memory politics, this article contends that the conditions of production of their narrativ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/81913466" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1bec8f7a9cbaa0597e97bdfbbbf987e7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87790926,"asset_id":81913466,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87790926/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5532878" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/LaureNeumayer">Laure Neumayer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5532878" type="text/json">{"id":5532878,"first_name":"Laure","last_name":"Neumayer","domain_name":"univ-paris1","page_name":"LaureNeumayer","display_name":"Laure Neumayer","profile_url":"https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/LaureNeumayer?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5532878/12065985/37741904/s65_laure.neumayer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_81913466 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="81913466"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81913466, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_81913466", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81913466]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_81913466").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_81913466").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="81913466"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="382" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies">Eastern European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="382" type="text/json">{"id":382,"name":"Eastern European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81913466]'), work: {"id":81913466,"title":"Advocating for the cause of the “victims of Communism” in the European political space: memory entrepreneurs in interstitial fields","created_at":"2022-06-20T08:59:40.174-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81913466/Advocating_for_the_cause_of_the_victims_of_Communism_in_the_European_political_space_memory_entrepreneurs_in_interstitial_fields?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_81913466","summary":"The European Parliament (EP) adopted, between 2004 and 2009, a series of resolutions calling for recognition of Communist crimes and commemoration of their victims. This article focuses on an overlooked aspect of anti-Communist activism, the awareness-raising activities carried out by some Central European Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) to perpetuate the cause through networks that enable them to exchange institutional credibility, scientific legitimacy, and policy-oriented knowledge with Institutes of National Memory, parts of academia, and victims associations. Although they use the techniques of expertise and scandalization that are often effective in European institutions, these memory entrepreneurs have largely failed to further their claims in the European Union (EU) after 2009. In line with the turn toward “practice” in EU studies and the increased attention paid to agency in memory politics, this article contends that the conditions of production of their narrativ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87790926,"asset_id":81913466,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5532878,"first_name":"Laure","last_name":"Neumayer","domain_name":"univ-paris1","page_name":"LaureNeumayer","display_name":"Laure Neumayer","profile_url":"https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/LaureNeumayer?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5532878/12065985/37741904/s65_laure.neumayer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":382,"name":"Eastern European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":7443,"name":"Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11452,"name":"Memory Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=5709"},{"id":96506,"name":"Post Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Communism?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36390217" data-work_id="36390217" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36390217/Regulating_old_towns_The_battle_for_the_tourist_yuan">Regulating old towns: The battle for the tourist yuan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">FOR LIJIANG OLD TOWN 丽江古城, 1 June 2016 was not a happy day. More than 800 hostels, guesthouses, and shops refused to open their doors. They had made a collective decision to protest against the local government’s insistence that they... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36390217" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">FOR LIJIANG OLD TOWN 丽江古城, 1 June 2016 was not a happy day. More than 800 hostels, guesthouses, and shops refused to open their doors. They had made a collective decision to protest against the local government’s insistence that they collect an eighty-yuan ‘conservation fee’ 维护费 from foreign and domestic tourists. The shop owners, mainly migrants from other parts of China, complained that the seemingly arbitrary nature of the request was hurting business. The three-day protest resulted in a dramatic decrease in tourist numbers —transforming this popular vacation spot into a ghost town.Places like Lijiang easily become stereotyped ‘theme parks’ in which local communities play a marginal role, entangled in the battle between local bureaucracies and business. It is in this struggle that old towns lose the very core of their cultural value.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36390217" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c190f0e6cfc7bed6cfdf3dcbb1a10eff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56300639,"asset_id":36390217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56300639/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1803714" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/YujieZhu">Yujie Zhu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1803714" type="text/json">{"id":1803714,"first_name":"Yujie","last_name":"Zhu","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"YujieZhu","display_name":"Yujie Zhu","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/YujieZhu?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1803714/616341/18571406/s65_yujie.zhu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36390217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36390217"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36390217, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36390217", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36390217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36390217; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36390217"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36390217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36390217"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36390217; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36390217]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36390217").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36390217").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36390217"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies">Tourism Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="909" type="text/json">{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage">Cultural Heritage</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2132" type="text/json">{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36390217]'), work: {"id":36390217,"title":"Regulating old towns: The battle for the tourist yuan","created_at":"2018-04-12T00:13:38.460-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36390217/Regulating_old_towns_The_battle_for_the_tourist_yuan?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_36390217","summary":"FOR LIJIANG OLD TOWN 丽江古城, 1 June 2016 was not a happy day. More than 800 hostels, guesthouses, and shops refused to open their doors. They had made a collective decision to protest against the local government’s insistence that they collect an eighty-yuan ‘conservation fee’ 维护费 from foreign and domestic tourists. The shop owners, mainly migrants from other parts of China, complained that the seemingly arbitrary nature of the request was hurting business. The three-day protest resulted in a dramatic decrease in tourist numbers —transforming this popular vacation spot into a ghost town.Places like Lijiang easily become stereotyped ‘theme parks’ in which local communities play a marginal role, entangled in the battle between local bureaucracies and business. It is in this struggle that old towns lose the very core of their cultural value.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56300639,"asset_id":36390217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1803714,"first_name":"Yujie","last_name":"Zhu","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"YujieZhu","display_name":"Yujie Zhu","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/YujieZhu?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1803714/616341/18571406/s65_yujie.zhu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76552023" data-work_id="76552023" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76552023/The_Cultural_Politics_of_WMD_Terrorism_in_Post_Cold_War_America">The Cultural Politics of WMD Terrorism in Post-Cold War America</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper analyzes the prehistory of the War on Terror to explore how the meanings counterterrorists attributed to “terrorism” in the 1990s. A Tom Clancy novel, Rainbow Six, read in the context American cultural shifts in the 1990s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76552023" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper analyzes the prehistory of the War on Terror to explore how the meanings counterterrorists attributed to “terrorism” in the 1990s. A Tom Clancy novel, Rainbow Six, read in the context American cultural shifts in the 1990s surrounding capitalism, technology, globalization, and gender, reveal a counterterrorist fantast of mirroring terrorist dissociation from state institutions to engage in extralegal practices. These tactics range from breaking international law to torture, anticipating the War on Terror. The paper concludes with a consideration of the possibility that 9/11 may have slipped into a pre-existing cultural narrative rather than starting a new one.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76552023" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4eb68a4e97097d94ae3601576aa00f8d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84225855,"asset_id":76552023,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84225855/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="76850628" href="https://northwestern.academia.edu/HaroldWilliford">Harold Williford</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="76850628" type="text/json">{"id":76850628,"first_name":"Harold","last_name":"Williford","domain_name":"northwestern","page_name":"HaroldWilliford","display_name":"Harold Williford","profile_url":"https://northwestern.academia.edu/HaroldWilliford?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76552023 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76552023"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76552023, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76552023", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76552023 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76552023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76552023"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76552023 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76552023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76552023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76552023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76552023").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76552023").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76552023"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2858" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture">Popular Culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2858" type="text/json">{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction">Weapons of Mass Destruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4506" type="text/json">{"id":4506,"name":"Weapons of Mass Destruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76552023]'), work: {"id":76552023,"title":"The Cultural Politics of WMD Terrorism in Post-Cold War America","created_at":"2022-04-15T13:13:58.693-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76552023/The_Cultural_Politics_of_WMD_Terrorism_in_Post_Cold_War_America?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_76552023","summary":"This paper analyzes the prehistory of the War on Terror to explore how the meanings counterterrorists attributed to “terrorism” in the 1990s. A Tom Clancy novel, Rainbow Six, read in the context American cultural shifts in the 1990s surrounding capitalism, technology, globalization, and gender, reveal a counterterrorist fantast of mirroring terrorist dissociation from state institutions to engage in extralegal practices. These tactics range from breaking international law to torture, anticipating the War on Terror. The paper concludes with a consideration of the possibility that 9/11 may have slipped into a pre-existing cultural narrative rather than starting a new one.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84225855,"asset_id":76552023,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":76850628,"first_name":"Harold","last_name":"Williford","domain_name":"northwestern","page_name":"HaroldWilliford","display_name":"Harold Williford","profile_url":"https://northwestern.academia.edu/HaroldWilliford?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":4506,"name":"Weapons of Mass Destruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=5709"},{"id":61620,"name":"National Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security?f_ri=5709"},{"id":125753,"name":"Contextual Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contextual_Analysis?f_ri=5709"},{"id":201273,"name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_Union?f_ri=5709"},{"id":232684,"name":"Technological Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technological_Development?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25638401" data-work_id="25638401" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25638401/Humour_as_support_and_or_opposition_nicknaming_political_personalities_and_movements_in_post_independent_Zimbabwe">Humour as support and/or opposition: nicknaming political personalities and movements in post-independent Zimbabwe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Political movements and personalities have been given nicknames in Zimbabwe. Through an analysis of nicknames used on social and print media as well as in popular music, this paper argues that nicknames describe physical appearances,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25638401" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Political movements and personalities have been given nicknames in Zimbabwe.<br />Through an analysis of nicknames used on social and print media as well as in<br />popular music, this paper argues that nicknames describe physical appearances,<br />character traits and also utterances they make. Through a close examination of<br />nicknames given to several politicians and political movements from postindependent<br />Zimbabwe, this paper argues that these names and naming practices<br />achieve a certain number of objectives. Initially, it allows citizens to discuss<br />political figures particularly against the background where some politicians such<br />as the President cannot be easily spoken about. Moreover, the fluidity of nicknames<br />allows for a ridiculing of politicians especially when they do not live up to the<br />offices they hold. Drawing on Mehrabian and Piercy’s (1993) theoretical work on<br />nicknames, this paper concludes that nicknames can be viewed as what James<br />Scott (1985) terms “weapons of the weak” given that they have a “hidden<br />transcript” that make it possible for simple citizens to resist, oppose and challenge<br />those in power.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25638401" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6c0e31a37a1a6f148423edc539b65b30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45985995,"asset_id":25638401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45985995/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2359921" href="https://sun.academia.edu/GibsonNcube">Gibson Ncube</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2359921" type="text/json">{"id":2359921,"first_name":"Gibson","last_name":"Ncube","domain_name":"sun","page_name":"GibsonNcube","display_name":"Gibson Ncube","profile_url":"https://sun.academia.edu/GibsonNcube?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2359921/1649674/1986763/s65_gibson.ncube.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25638401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25638401"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25638401, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25638401", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25638401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25638401; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25638401"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25638401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25638401"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25638401; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25638401]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25638401").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25638401").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25638401"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3904" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Onomastics">Onomastics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3904" type="text/json">{"id":3904,"name":"Onomastics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Onomastics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8004" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_">Resistance (Social)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8004" type="text/json">{"id":8004,"name":"Resistance (Social)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51476" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humour_Studies">Humour Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51476" type="text/json">{"id":51476,"name":"Humour Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humour_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25638401]'), work: {"id":25638401,"title":"Humour as support and/or opposition: nicknaming political personalities and movements in post-independent Zimbabwe","created_at":"2016-05-26T11:51:39.220-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25638401/Humour_as_support_and_or_opposition_nicknaming_political_personalities_and_movements_in_post_independent_Zimbabwe?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_25638401","summary":"Political movements and personalities have been given nicknames in Zimbabwe.\nThrough an analysis of nicknames used on social and print media as well as in\npopular music, this paper argues that nicknames describe physical appearances,\ncharacter traits and also utterances they make. Through a close examination of\nnicknames given to several politicians and political movements from postindependent\nZimbabwe, this paper argues that these names and naming practices\nachieve a certain number of objectives. Initially, it allows citizens to discuss\npolitical figures particularly against the background where some politicians such\nas the President cannot be easily spoken about. Moreover, the fluidity of nicknames\nallows for a ridiculing of politicians especially when they do not live up to the\noffices they hold. Drawing on Mehrabian and Piercy’s (1993) theoretical work on\nnicknames, this paper concludes that nicknames can be viewed as what James\nScott (1985) terms “weapons of the weak” given that they have a “hidden\ntranscript” that make it possible for simple citizens to resist, oppose and challenge\nthose in power.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45985995,"asset_id":25638401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2359921,"first_name":"Gibson","last_name":"Ncube","domain_name":"sun","page_name":"GibsonNcube","display_name":"Gibson Ncube","profile_url":"https://sun.academia.edu/GibsonNcube?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2359921/1649674/1986763/s65_gibson.ncube.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3904,"name":"Onomastics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Onomastics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":8004,"name":"Resistance (Social)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":51476,"name":"Humour Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humour_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":54347,"name":"Caricature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caricature?f_ri=5709"},{"id":57973,"name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zimbabwe?f_ri=5709"},{"id":251229,"name":"Personal Names","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personal_Names?f_ri=5709"},{"id":337693,"name":"Anthroponyms, Onomastic, Anthropology of Personal Names","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthroponyms_Onomastic_Anthropology_of_Personal_Names?f_ri=5709"},{"id":475319,"name":"Nicknames","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicknames?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32299697" data-work_id="32299697" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities">Registers of Jewish Communities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32299697" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b2622ee076b054f772fa03e380f24f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52514400,"asset_id":32299697,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52514400/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2095355" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes">Andrea Yaakov Lattes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2095355" type="text/json">{"id":2095355,"first_name":"Andrea Yaakov","last_name":"Lattes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreaYaakovLattes","display_name":"Andrea Yaakov Lattes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2095355/683245/17096112/s65_andrea_yaakov.lattes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32299697 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span 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class="js-view-count-work_32299697 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32299697"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32299697; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32299697]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32299697").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32299697").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32299697"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">75</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32299697]'), work: {"id":32299697,"title":"Registers of Jewish Communities","created_at":"2017-04-06T08:36:32.641-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_32299697","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52514400,"asset_id":32299697,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2095355,"first_name":"Andrea Yaakov","last_name":"Lattes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreaYaakovLattes","display_name":"Andrea Yaakov Lattes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2095355/683245/17096112/s65_andrea_yaakov.lattes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":541,"name":"Jewish Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law?f_ri=5709"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3410,"name":"Urban History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3524,"name":"Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3741,"name":"Urban Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Anthropology?f_ri=5709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6422,"name":"Urban Regeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Regeneration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6627,"name":"Jewish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":9676,"name":"Political Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Institutions?f_ri=5709"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":10947,"name":"Jewish - Christian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_-_Christian_Relations?f_ri=5709"},{"id":13954,"name":"History of the Jews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Jews?f_ri=5709"},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=5709"},{"id":16861,"name":"Jewish Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Thought?f_ri=5709"},{"id":19430,"name":"Jewish Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Philosophy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":20972,"name":"Jewish Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Literature?f_ri=5709"},{"id":22067,"name":"Institutions (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_Political_Science_?f_ri=5709"},{"id":23394,"name":"Jewish historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_historiography?f_ri=5709"},{"id":23397,"name":"Medieval Jewish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Jewish_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":23802,"name":"Modern Jewish Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Jewish_Philosophy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":26445,"name":"Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":28247,"name":"Modern Jewish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Jewish_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":31293,"name":"Jewish Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Cultural_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":49565,"name":"Filosofía Política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosof%C3%ADa_Pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=5709"},{"id":49837,"name":"Historia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia?f_ri=5709"},{"id":50183,"name":"International institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_institutions?f_ri=5709"},{"id":63804,"name":"Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions?f_ri=5709"},{"id":65192,"name":"Storia medievale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_medievale?f_ri=5709"},{"id":67052,"name":"Judaic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaic_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":85168,"name":"Storia delle Religioni","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_delle_Religioni?f_ri=5709"},{"id":94893,"name":"Smart City","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smart_City?f_ri=5709"},{"id":100309,"name":"Storia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia?f_ri=5709"},{"id":114452,"name":"Storia Delle Istituzioni Medievali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_Delle_Istituzioni_Medievali?f_ri=5709"},{"id":154791,"name":"Rabbinic Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabbinic_Judaism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":160011,"name":"Ghetto","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghetto?f_ri=5709"},{"id":274329,"name":"Giudaismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giudaismo?f_ri=5709"},{"id":297528,"name":"Juifs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Juifs?f_ri=5709"},{"id":304571,"name":"Jewish Community of Trieste","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Community_of_Trieste?f_ri=5709"},{"id":325317,"name":"Storia 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data-work_id="35074492" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35074492/Philosophy_of_Cruelty">Philosophy of Cruelty</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Baruchello’s Philosophy of Cruelty, the second collection of his essays, turns a difficult and emotionally charged topic into a surprisingly informative and enlightening read. Covering the history of Western philosophy’s treatment of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35074492" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Baruchello’s Philosophy of Cruelty, the second collection of his essays, turns a difficult and emotionally charged topic into a surprisingly informative and enlightening read. Covering the history of Western philosophy’s treatment of cruelty as a topic, yet relating every point to present-day occasions of violence and injustice, this book is a touchstone for any discussion of cruelty as a philosophical theme. It pulls no punches, yet it leaves you standing taller." (Dr. B. Myers)<br /><br />(cf. <a href="http://www.brendanmyers.net/nwpbooks/baruchello2.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.brendanmyers.net/nwpbooks/baruchello2.html</a> - incl. table of contents; the book can be ordered from Amazon or the publisher)<br /><br />Please note that all author's royalties are devolved to charity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35074492" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="759915b55ed98a56b9ed8300daa2c502" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54935161,"asset_id":35074492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54935161/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="88985" href="https://unak.academia.edu/GiorgioBaruchello">Giorgio Baruchello</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="88985" type="text/json">{"id":88985,"first_name":"Giorgio","last_name":"Baruchello","domain_name":"unak","page_name":"GiorgioBaruchello","display_name":"Giorgio Baruchello","profile_url":"https://unak.academia.edu/GiorgioBaruchello?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88985/24770/15690560/s65_giorgio.baruchello.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35074492 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35074492"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35074492, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35074492", }); 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Myers)\n\n(cf. http://www.brendanmyers.net/nwpbooks/baruchello2.html - incl. table of contents; the book can be ordered from Amazon or the publisher)\n\nPlease note that all author's royalties are devolved to charity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54935161,"asset_id":35074492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":56720969,"asset_id":35074492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":88985,"first_name":"Giorgio","last_name":"Baruchello","domain_name":"unak","page_name":"GiorgioBaruchello","display_name":"Giorgio Baruchello","profile_url":"https://unak.academia.edu/GiorgioBaruchello?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88985/24770/15690560/s65_giorgio.baruchello.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=5709"},{"id":15859,"name":"Richard Rorty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Richard_Rorty?f_ri=5709"},{"id":27834,"name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dante_Alighieri?f_ri=5709"},{"id":52150,"name":"Marquis De Sade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marquis_De_Sade?f_ri=5709"},{"id":120558,"name":"Xenophobia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenophobia?f_ri=5709"},{"id":311282,"name":"Liberalism of Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism_of_Fear?f_ri=5709"},{"id":745137,"name":"Cesare Beccaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cesare_Beccaria?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1476203,"name":"Nils Christie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nils_Christie?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72517389" data-work_id="72517389" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72517389/The_Great_Reckoning">The Great Reckoning</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The early broadcast era and our current platform era bear some striking resemblances, but one parallel looms large: In the 1940s, we lost a key battle to build a potentially liberating and wondrous medium—and we are on the cusp of doing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72517389" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The early broadcast era and our current platform era bear some striking resemblances, but one parallel looms large: In the 1940s, we lost a key battle to build a potentially liberating and wondrous medium—and we are on the cusp of doing so again. Then as now, commercial operators defined the terms by which we could use our core communication and information infrastructures. While reaping tremendous profits from the public airwaves, a few corporate firms became the sole providers for much of the nation’s media.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72517389" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="469e480cda6060e7469fb9f95f217187" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81413781,"asset_id":72517389,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81413781/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="251508" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/VictorPickard">Victor Pickard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="251508" type="text/json">{"id":251508,"first_name":"Victor","last_name":"Pickard","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"VictorPickard","display_name":"Victor Pickard","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/VictorPickard?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/251508/2254604/22955663/s65_victor.pickard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72517389 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72517389"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72517389, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72517389", }); 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Pascale, Ascesa e declino dell'impero statunitense, tomo 1 – Genesi di un regime elitario (dalle origini al 1945), La Città del Sole-L'AntiDiplomatico, Napoli 2022. Il testo consta di 620 pagine ed è acquistabile al... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73956687" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">È uscito il volume A. Pascale, Ascesa e declino dell'impero statunitense, tomo 1 – Genesi di un regime elitario (dalle origini al 1945), La Città del Sole-L'AntiDiplomatico, Napoli 2022. <br />Il testo consta di 620 pagine ed è acquistabile al prezzo di 28 euro nelle migliori librerie e con uno sconto dai rivenditori online.  <br />Di seguito un breve abstract, l'Indice, una presentazione dell'Autore e la bibliografia utilizzata.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73956687" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e2143733bf414040c4a31088aba0b20" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82285680,"asset_id":73956687,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82285680/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1176615" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlessandroPascale">Alessandro Pascale</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1176615" type="text/json">{"id":1176615,"first_name":"Alessandro","last_name":"Pascale","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlessandroPascale","display_name":"Alessandro Pascale","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlessandroPascale?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1176615/418479/137274368/s65_alessandro.pascale.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73956687 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73956687"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73956687, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73956687", }); 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A Future in the Past</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Yakov Rabkin, Mikhail Minakov (eds.) The promise of modernity brought us into a complex situation. Intellectuals of modernity—Newton, Leibniz, the Founding Fathers of the United States, les philosophes in France, or Russian Marxists—all... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36893428" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Yakov Rabkin, Mikhail Minakov (eds.) The promise of modernity brought us into a complex situation. Intellectuals<br />of modernity—Newton, Leibniz, the Founding Fathers of the United<br />States, les philosophes in France, or Russian Marxists—all dreamed that light<br />would chase away darkness and oppression and bring freedom and order to<br />chaos. This dream, however, turned into a source of chaos, adversely influencing<br />human lives. Human reason came to be simultaneously a source of<br />anticipated liberty and of omnipresent control, of unlimited human creativity<br />and of unprecedented violence. This reversal of modernity’s achievements is<br />a phenomenon that has historical precedents, some of which are analyzed in<br />this volume.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36893428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cff2f893b58f4c762df84c90d58657cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56845472,"asset_id":36893428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56845472/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1221197" href="https://wilsoncenter.academia.edu/MykhailoMinakov">Mikhail (Mykhailo) Minakov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1221197" type="text/json">{"id":1221197,"first_name":"Mikhail (Mykhailo)","last_name":"Minakov","domain_name":"wilsoncenter","page_name":"MykhailoMinakov","display_name":"Mikhail (Mykhailo) Minakov","profile_url":"https://wilsoncenter.academia.edu/MykhailoMinakov?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1221197/441394/6206191/s65_mykhailo.minakov.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36893428">+5</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36893428"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://concordia.academia.edu/MeirAmor">Meir Amor</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://univ-lyon3.academia.edu/FabianZuk">Fabian Zuk</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/GuyLanoue">Guy Lanoue</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unice.academia.edu/JeanLucGautero">Jean-Luc Gautero</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://iehca.academia.edu/MarcGo%C3%ABtzmann">Marc Goëtzmann</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36893428'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36893428').html(); 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1663" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_Violence">Domestic Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1663" type="text/json">{"id":1663,"name":"Domestic Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_Violence?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3886680]'), work: {"id":3886680,"title":"2000 - Fragebogen Sexuelle Gewalt - Ruhr Universität Bochum - Andreu 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Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_and_Gender-Based_Violence?f_ri=5709"},{"id":73740,"name":"Child Sexual Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Sexual_Abuse?f_ri=5709"},{"id":78837,"name":"Queer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer?f_ri=5709"},{"id":84751,"name":"Gay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gay?f_ri=5709"},{"id":100007,"name":"Lesbian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lesbian?f_ri=5709"},{"id":156655,"name":"Script","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Script?f_ri=5709"},{"id":175096,"name":"Lgbtq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lgbtq?f_ri=5709"},{"id":183019,"name":"Bisexual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bisexual?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23724801" data-work_id="23724801" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23724801/Social_Protection_and_Education_Acces_for_Poor_Household_in_Jakarta_Gani_Rahardjo">Social Protection and Education Acces for Poor Household in Jakarta-Gani Rahardjo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Jakarta’s Government has development agenda for eradicating poverty with education. The government has view if education can eradicate poverty. Education has effect for increasing human capital to foster economic development (Midgley and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23724801" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Jakarta’s Government has development agenda for eradicating poverty with education. The government has view if education can eradicate poverty. Education has effect for increasing human capital to foster economic development (Midgley and Hall, 2004: 145; Minza, 2010: 224). The Jakarta Government for realizing it build facilities and infrastructures with 8258 schools in Jakarta (Jakarta BPS,2015). The main problem in education is expenditure cost for reaching school, especially for poor household. Jakarta Government’s gives solution for this problem with provide social protection on KJP program (Jakarta Smart Card). This essay would like to discuss the implication of KJP on education acces for poor household.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23724801" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5210e54bffd5cd32918f1ff01971ade4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44153728,"asset_id":23724801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44153728/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7400320" href="https://ugm.academia.edu/ganirahardjo">gani rahardjo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7400320" type="text/json">{"id":7400320,"first_name":"gani","last_name":"rahardjo","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"ganirahardjo","display_name":"gani rahardjo","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/ganirahardjo?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7400320/2836297/3311175/s65_gani.rahardjo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23724801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23724801"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23724801, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23724801", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23724801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23724801; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23724801"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23724801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23724801"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23724801; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23724801]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23724801").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23724801").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23724801"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4618" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Social_Policy_">Education (Social Policy)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4618" type="text/json">{"id":4618,"name":"Education (Social Policy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Social_Policy_?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37318" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_-_Social_Welfare_Policy">Public Policy - Social Welfare Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37318" type="text/json">{"id":37318,"name":"Public Policy - Social Welfare Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_-_Social_Welfare_Policy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23724801]'), work: {"id":23724801,"title":"Social Protection and Education Acces for Poor Household in Jakarta-Gani Rahardjo","created_at":"2016-03-27T17:38:21.888-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23724801/Social_Protection_and_Education_Acces_for_Poor_Household_in_Jakarta_Gani_Rahardjo?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_23724801","summary":"Jakarta’s Government has development agenda for eradicating poverty with education. The government has view if education can eradicate poverty. Education has effect for increasing human capital to foster economic development (Midgley and Hall, 2004: 145; Minza, 2010: 224). The Jakarta Government for realizing it build facilities and infrastructures with 8258 schools in Jakarta (Jakarta BPS,2015). The main problem in education is expenditure cost for reaching school, especially for poor household. Jakarta Government’s gives solution for this problem with provide social protection on KJP program (Jakarta Smart Card). This essay would like to discuss the implication of KJP on education acces for poor household.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44153728,"asset_id":23724801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7400320,"first_name":"gani","last_name":"rahardjo","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"ganirahardjo","display_name":"gani rahardjo","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/ganirahardjo?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7400320/2836297/3311175/s65_gani.rahardjo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4618,"name":"Education (Social Policy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Social_Policy_?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":37318,"name":"Public Policy - Social Welfare Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_-_Social_Welfare_Policy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1520754" data-work_id="1520754" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1520754/Laura_Feliu_2004_El_jard%C3%ADn_secreto_Los_defensores_de_los_derechos_humanos_en_Marruecos_Madrid_Los_Libros_de_la_Catarata_IUDC_IPADE_01_01_2004">Laura Feliu (2004). El jardín secreto. Los defensores de los derechos humanos en Marruecos. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata. IUDC. IPADE,01/01/2004</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"En las siguientes páginas se analizan principalmente dos aspectos. En primer lugar, la posición de los diferentes actores políticos y sociales marroquíes con respecto a la situación de los derechos civiles y políticos. De entre estos... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1520754" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"En las siguientes páginas se analizan principalmente dos aspectos. En primer lugar, la posición de los diferentes actores políticos y sociales marroquíes con respecto a la situación de los derechos civiles y políticos. De entre estos actores me ha <br />interesado especialmente el movimiento de defensa de los derechos humanos. La pregunta que subyace en todo el estudio es en qué medida este movimiento contribuyó a la liberalización del régimen y en qué medida puede contribuir a su democratización. <br />Con esta intención he analizado su cultura política, sus características sociológicas y, sobre todo, su posición y margen de maniobra dentro del campo político (vínculos e instrumentalización por el poder, relaciones con los partidos políticos, con actores internacionales, etc.). Se trata de determinar la capacidad y los límites de un movimiento que ha experimentado una importante transformación en las últimas tres décadas. El contexto represivo de los años setenta (en el <br />que el movimiento únicamente podía preocuparse de su propia supervivencia y debía guardar silencio sobre gran parte del dossier represivo de los años de plomo) se suavizó a finales de los ochenta, y la liberalización se consolida en la segunda <br />mitad de los noventa."</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1520754" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ffad2e7382377af89613585320acabab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12333178,"asset_id":1520754,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12333178/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="909118" href="https://uab.academia.edu/LauraFeliuiMartinez">Laura Feliu i Martinez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="909118" type="text/json">{"id":909118,"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Feliu i Martinez","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"LauraFeliuiMartinez","display_name":"Laura Feliu i Martinez","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/LauraFeliuiMartinez?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/909118/431362/533912/s65_laura.feliu_i_martinez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1520754 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1520754"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1520754, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1520754", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1520754 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1520754; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1520754"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1520754 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1520754"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1520754; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1520754]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1520754").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1520754").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1520754"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1138" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies">Women's Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1138" type="text/json">{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6656" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_">Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6656" type="text/json">{"id":6656,"name":"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1520754]'), work: {"id":1520754,"title":"Laura Feliu (2004). El jardín secreto. Los defensores de los derechos humanos en Marruecos. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata. IUDC. IPADE,01/01/2004","created_at":"2012-04-23T09:04:21.079-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1520754/Laura_Feliu_2004_El_jard%C3%ADn_secreto_Los_defensores_de_los_derechos_humanos_en_Marruecos_Madrid_Los_Libros_de_la_Catarata_IUDC_IPADE_01_01_2004?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_1520754","summary":"\"En las siguientes páginas se analizan principalmente dos aspectos. En primer lugar, la posición de los diferentes actores políticos y sociales marroquíes con respecto a la situación de los derechos civiles y políticos. De entre estos actores me ha\r\ninteresado especialmente el movimiento de defensa de los derechos humanos. La pregunta que subyace en todo el estudio es en qué medida este movimiento contribuyó a la liberalización del régimen y en qué medida puede contribuir a su democratización.\r\nCon esta intención he analizado su cultura política, sus características sociológicas y, sobre todo, su posición y margen de maniobra dentro del campo político (vínculos e instrumentalización por el poder, relaciones con los partidos políticos, con actores internacionales, etc.). Se trata de determinar la capacidad y los límites de un movimiento que ha experimentado una importante transformación en las últimas tres décadas. El contexto represivo de los años setenta (en el\r\nque el movimiento únicamente podía preocuparse de su propia supervivencia y debía guardar silencio sobre gran parte del dossier represivo de los años de plomo) se suavizó a finales de los ochenta, y la liberalización se consolida en la segunda\r\nmitad de los noventa.\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":12333178,"asset_id":1520754,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":909118,"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Feliu i Martinez","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"LauraFeliuiMartinez","display_name":"Laura Feliu i Martinez","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/LauraFeliuiMartinez?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/909118/431362/533912/s65_laura.feliu_i_martinez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":6656,"name":"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":13684,"name":"Morocco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morocco?f_ri=5709"},{"id":43017,"name":"Civil Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Society?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12371325" data-work_id="12371325" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12371325/Financial_Accountability_of_Civil_Society_Organizations_Improving_Cooperation_with_EU_Institutions">Financial Accountability of Civil Society Organizations - Improving Cooperation with EU Institutions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In recent decades, civil society organisations (CSOs) have grown both in number and in their impact on policy-making, at European and also non-Member state level. Public institutions, motivated by the need to increase their legitimacy,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12371325" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In recent decades, civil society organisations (CSOs) have grown both in number and in their impact on policy-making, at European and also non-Member state level. Public institutions, motivated by the need to increase their legitimacy, have increasingly delegated functions to CSOs. Concomitantly, CSOs have expanded their access to public funding. In part because of increased access to public funding, and in part because of a stronger relationship with public powers, CSOs are under pressure to demonstrate that they use the resources they are given in an efficient, accountable and transparent manner, e.g. by adopting policies on fiscal transparency, and by maintaining financial solvency. The EU's interest in regulating CSOs is relatively recent. At present, the legal framework addressing CSOs' financial accountability includes two 'categories' of norms: those that regulate the award of public contracts and the concession of grants, and those norms that address transparency and openness. The first category includes the rules on public contracts and the rules on (co-)financing of CSO projects; whereas the second category includes the Financial Transparency Initiative (FTJ) and the Joint Transparency Register<br />(JTR). The FTJ gathers all information on EU funding in a single database. The JTR gathers information produced by the various organisations (including CSOs) that are interested in lobbying the EU, and who register voluntarily. Defining the boundaries of CSO fiscal accountability and effectively tackling cases of fraud or financial mismanagement remains a difficult endeavor. On the one hand, the EU still lacks a single overarching understanding (and, consequently, legal definition) of CSOs. This translates into the absence of clear legal definitions, and more generally into<br />the opacity of the information available on CSOs through EU databases. Moreover, as CSOs are 'private entities', they are not submitted to the same integrity mechanisms and norms that apply to public institutions, including internal and external oversight. Finally, a significant administrative burden imposed on CSOs may, in the end, counter EU efforts to tackle financial mismanagement by CSOs. In many respects, the issue of CSO financial accountability has come to resemble a dialogue of the deaf: EU institution-proposed reforms have been postponed, or have not produced the outcomes expected, or have been fiercely opposed by CSOs. At the same time, the self-regulatory tools (including policies on selecting donors, self monitoring and codes of conduct and standards) developed by CSOs to enhance their<br />financial accountability have not obtained official recognition from EU institutions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12371325" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9eeb3313c18f6d2716d2ca6f2b59f9f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37625620,"asset_id":12371325,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37625620/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="431669" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/GianlucaSgueo">Gianluca Sgueo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="431669" type="text/json">{"id":431669,"first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Sgueo","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"GianlucaSgueo","display_name":"Gianluca Sgueo","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/GianlucaSgueo?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/431669/101802/16211080/s65_gianluca.sgueo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12371325 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12371325"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12371325, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12371325", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12371325]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12371325").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12371325").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12371325"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1218" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration">European integration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1218" type="text/json">{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1306" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Law">European Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1306" type="text/json">{"id":1306,"name":"European Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Law?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12371325]'), work: {"id":12371325,"title":"Financial Accountability of Civil Society Organizations - Improving Cooperation with EU Institutions","created_at":"2015-05-13T13:22:49.715-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12371325/Financial_Accountability_of_Civil_Society_Organizations_Improving_Cooperation_with_EU_Institutions?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_12371325","summary":"In recent decades, civil society organisations (CSOs) have grown both in number and in their impact on policy-making, at European and also non-Member state level. Public institutions, motivated by the need to increase their legitimacy, have increasingly delegated functions to CSOs. Concomitantly, CSOs have expanded their access to public funding. In part because of increased access to public funding, and in part because of a stronger relationship with public powers, CSOs are under pressure to demonstrate that they use the resources they are given in an efficient, accountable and transparent manner, e.g. by adopting policies on fiscal transparency, and by maintaining financial solvency. The EU's interest in regulating CSOs is relatively recent. At present, the legal framework addressing CSOs' financial accountability includes two 'categories' of norms: those that regulate the award of public contracts and the concession of grants, and those norms that address transparency and openness. The first category includes the rules on public contracts and the rules on (co-)financing of CSO projects; whereas the second category includes the Financial Transparency Initiative (FTJ) and the Joint Transparency Register\n(JTR). The FTJ gathers all information on EU funding in a single database. The JTR gathers information produced by the various organisations (including CSOs) that are interested in lobbying the EU, and who register voluntarily. Defining the boundaries of CSO fiscal accountability and effectively tackling cases of fraud or financial mismanagement remains a difficult endeavor. On the one hand, the EU still lacks a single overarching understanding (and, consequently, legal definition) of CSOs. This translates into the absence of clear legal definitions, and more generally into\nthe opacity of the information available on CSOs through EU databases. Moreover, as CSOs are 'private entities', they are not submitted to the same integrity mechanisms and norms that apply to public institutions, including internal and external oversight. Finally, a significant administrative burden imposed on CSOs may, in the end, counter EU efforts to tackle financial mismanagement by CSOs. In many respects, the issue of CSO financial accountability has come to resemble a dialogue of the deaf: EU institution-proposed reforms have been postponed, or have not produced the outcomes expected, or have been fiercely opposed by CSOs. At the same time, the self-regulatory tools (including policies on selecting donors, self monitoring and codes of conduct and standards) developed by CSOs to enhance their\nfinancial accountability have not obtained official recognition from EU institutions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37625620,"asset_id":12371325,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":431669,"first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Sgueo","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"GianlucaSgueo","display_name":"Gianluca Sgueo","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/GianlucaSgueo?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/431669/101802/16211080/s65_gianluca.sgueo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":1218,"name":"European 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Lobbying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advocacy_and_Lobbying?f_ri=5709"},{"id":204859,"name":"Lobbyist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lobbyist?f_ri=5709"},{"id":214756,"name":"Policy Advocacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Advocacy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":315216,"name":"Global Lobbying Regulations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Lobbying_Regulations?f_ri=5709"},{"id":467483,"name":"Political Lobbying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Lobbying?f_ri=5709"},{"id":484032,"name":"Lobbying in the EU","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lobbying_in_the_EU?f_ri=5709"},{"id":511882,"name":"Pressure groups and lobbying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_groups_and_lobbying?f_ri=5709"},{"id":629682,"name":"Policy and Advocacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_and_Advocacy?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_323954" data-work_id="323954" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/323954/Cheliotis_L_K_2006_Penal_Managerialism_from_within_Implications_for_Theory_and_Research_International_Journal_of_Law_and_Psychiatry_special_issue_on_Prisons_edited_by_N_Konrad_29_5_397_404">Cheliotis, L. K. (2006) ‘Penal Managerialism from within: Implications for Theory and Research’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry (special issue on ‘Prisons’, edited by N. Konrad) 29(5): 397-404.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Unlike the bulk of penological scholarship dealing with managerialist reforms, this article calls for greater theoretical and research attention to the often pernicious impact of managerialism on criminal justice professionals. Much in an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_323954" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Unlike the bulk of penological scholarship dealing with managerialist reforms, this article calls for greater theoretical and research attention to the often pernicious impact of managerialism on criminal justice professionals. Much in an ideal-typical fashion, light is shed on: the reasons why contemporary penal bureaucracies endeavor systematically to strip criminal justice work of its inherently affective nature; the structural forces that ensure control over officials; the processes by which those forces come into effect; and the human consequences of submission to totalitarian bureaucratic milieus. It is suggested that the heavy preoccupation of present-day penality with the predictability and calculability of outcomes entails the atomization of professionals and the dehumanization of their work. This is achieved through a kaleidoscope of direct and indirect mechanisms that naturalize and/or legitimate acquiescence.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/323954" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6ede428ec804fa5b9823e749cd8596dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":24874194,"asset_id":323954,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/24874194/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="245754" href="https://lse.academia.edu/LeonidasCheliotis">Leonidas Cheliotis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="245754" type="text/json">{"id":245754,"first_name":"Leonidas","last_name":"Cheliotis","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"LeonidasCheliotis","display_name":"Leonidas Cheliotis","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/LeonidasCheliotis?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245754/334703/15254715/s65_leonidas.cheliotis.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_323954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="323954"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 323954, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_323954", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=323954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_323954").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_323954").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="323954"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior">Organizational Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32" type="text/json">{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=323954]'), work: {"id":323954,"title":"Cheliotis, L. K. (2006) ‘Penal Managerialism from within: Implications for Theory and Research’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry (special issue on ‘Prisons’, edited by N. Konrad) 29(5): 397-404.","created_at":"2010-09-11T23:03:59.254-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/323954/Cheliotis_L_K_2006_Penal_Managerialism_from_within_Implications_for_Theory_and_Research_International_Journal_of_Law_and_Psychiatry_special_issue_on_Prisons_edited_by_N_Konrad_29_5_397_404?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_323954","summary":"Unlike the bulk of penological scholarship dealing with managerialist reforms, this article calls for greater theoretical and research attention to the often pernicious impact of managerialism on criminal justice professionals. Much in an ideal-typical fashion, light is shed on: the reasons why contemporary penal bureaucracies endeavor systematically to strip criminal justice work of its inherently affective nature; the structural forces that ensure control over officials; the processes by which those forces come into effect; and the human consequences of submission to totalitarian bureaucratic milieus. It is suggested that the heavy preoccupation of present-day penality with the predictability and calculability of outcomes entails the atomization of professionals and the dehumanization of their work. 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Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Law?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3768,"name":"Legal Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Anthropology?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":8230,"name":"Socio-legal studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-legal_studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":51618,"name":"Prisons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prisons?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81172870" data-work_id="81172870" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81172870/The_Politics_of_Work_and_the_Politics_of_Value">The Politics of Work and the Politics 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data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy">Social Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="941" type="text/json">{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81172870]'), work: {"id":81172870,"title":"The Politics of Work and the Politics of 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6923084 coauthored" data-work_id="6923084" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6923084/Special_Issue_on_Foucault_and_Deleuze_Introduction">Special Issue on Foucault and Deleuze: Introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6923084" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div 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data-work_id="30737194" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30737194/One_way_Trip_Essays_on_Mediterranean_Migration">One way Trip. Essays on Mediterranean Migration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After a historical overview of migration within Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall (Minnucci), this collection of essays addresses Mediterranean issues: the case of Ceuta and Melilla (Sagnella), the relationship between Tunisia and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30737194" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After a historical overview of migration within Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall (Minnucci), this collection of essays addresses Mediterranean issues: the case of Ceuta and Melilla (Sagnella), the relationship between Tunisia and the European Union (Gerli), the changes in North Africa from the Arab Spring to the Islamic State (Musso), the Lampedusa case (Strano), some European Models of citizenship (Turco), a focus on female genital mutilation/cutting in the context of migration (Faraca) and another one on the representation of immigrants in Italian Media (Elbreki). This collection of essays by young researchers analyzes, through various innovative approaches, the role of the Mediterranean and migration experiences.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30737194" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d99598df6c7c29e7904d94f6b2a75b13" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51183113,"asset_id":30737194,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51183113/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52891173" href="https://unipg.academia.edu/GianlucaGerli">Gianluca Gerli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52891173" type="text/json">{"id":52891173,"first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Gerli","domain_name":"unipg","page_name":"GianlucaGerli","display_name":"Gianluca Gerli","profile_url":"https://unipg.academia.edu/GianlucaGerli?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30737194">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30737194"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unistrasi.academia.edu/VirginiaMinnucci">Virginia Minnucci</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unistrapg.academia.edu/AnnagraziaFaraca">Annagrazia Faraca</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30737194'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30737194').html(); 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Essays on Mediterranean Migration","created_at":"2017-01-04T08:24:09.893-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30737194/One_way_Trip_Essays_on_Mediterranean_Migration?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_30737194","summary":"After a historical overview of migration within Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall (Minnucci), this collection of essays addresses Mediterranean issues: the case of Ceuta and Melilla (Sagnella), the relationship between Tunisia and the European Union (Gerli), the changes in North Africa from the Arab Spring to the Islamic State (Musso), the Lampedusa case (Strano), some European Models of citizenship (Turco), a focus on female genital mutilation/cutting in the context of migration (Faraca) and another one on the representation of immigrants in Italian Media (Elbreki). This collection of essays by young researchers analyzes, through various innovative approaches, the role of the Mediterranean and migration experiences.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51183113,"asset_id":30737194,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52891173,"first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Gerli","domain_name":"unipg","page_name":"GianlucaGerli","display_name":"Gianluca Gerli","profile_url":"https://unipg.academia.edu/GianlucaGerli?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":11142526,"first_name":"Virginia","last_name":"Minnucci","domain_name":"unistrasi","page_name":"VirginiaMinnucci","display_name":"Virginia Minnucci","profile_url":"https://unistrasi.academia.edu/VirginiaMinnucci?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11142526/11664538/37082511/s65_virginia.minnucci.jpg"},{"id":13461960,"first_name":"Annagrazia","last_name":"Faraca","domain_name":"unistrapg","page_name":"AnnagraziaFaraca","display_name":"Annagrazia Faraca","profile_url":"https://unistrapg.academia.edu/AnnagraziaFaraca?f_ri=5709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=5709"},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=5709"},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":2411,"name":"Migration mobilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_mobilities?f_ri=5709"},{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3516,"name":"Contemporary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3657,"name":"Anthropology of the Body","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_Body?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3768,"name":"Legal Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Anthropology?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=5709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":10758,"name":"Modernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modernity?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":11203,"name":"International Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Migration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":13674,"name":"European Immigration and Asylum Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Immigration_and_Asylum_Law?f_ri=5709"},{"id":14580,"name":"Forced Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=5709"},{"id":16472,"name":"Transnational migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_migration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":16622,"name":"Contemporary International Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_International_Migration?f_ri=5709"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=5709"},{"id":30010,"name":"Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empire?f_ri=5709"},{"id":31221,"name":"InterCultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/InterCultural_Studies?f_ri=5709"},{"id":32430,"name":"Human Rights and Legal Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Legal_Pluralism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":56908,"name":"Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperialism?f_ri=5709"},{"id":134693,"name":"Refugees and Forced Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_and_Forced_Migration_Studies?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8354792" data-work_id="8354792" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8354792/Role_of_Cambodias_Monarchy_in_the_21st_century_The_Shift_to_an_End">Role of Cambodia's Monarchy in the 21st century: The Shift to an End?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8354792" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="760171ff8c8d7199f5e53e73f9a78dee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34755747,"asset_id":8354792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34755747/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4835320" href="https://keele.academia.edu/CharadinePich">Charadine Pich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4835320" type="text/json">{"id":4835320,"first_name":"Charadine","last_name":"Pich","domain_name":"keele","page_name":"CharadinePich","display_name":"Charadine Pich","profile_url":"https://keele.academia.edu/CharadinePich?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4835320/2067965/18063449/s65_charadine.pich.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8354792 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences">Social Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237" type="text/json">{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8354792]'), work: {"id":8354792,"title":"Role of Cambodia's Monarchy in the 21st century: The Shift to an End?","created_at":"2014-09-16T15:00:05.990-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8354792/Role_of_Cambodias_Monarchy_in_the_21st_century_The_Shift_to_an_End?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_8354792","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34755747,"asset_id":8354792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4835320,"first_name":"Charadine","last_name":"Pich","domain_name":"keele","page_name":"CharadinePich","display_name":"Charadine Pich","profile_url":"https://keele.academia.edu/CharadinePich?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4835320/2067965/18063449/s65_charadine.pich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":6814,"name":"Cambodia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambodia?f_ri=5709"},{"id":18384,"name":"Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=5709"},{"id":34425,"name":"Monarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monarchy?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31103111" data-work_id="31103111" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31103111/The_German_Campaign_in_Russia_1941_1943">The German Campaign in Russia 1941-1943</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As a German historian recently remarked, for Germany Adolf Hitler was the “off-spring,” the outstanding legacy, of World War I, and no one doubts that.1 He himself started his political career in 1919 in the wake of a lost war and the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31103111" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As a German historian recently remarked, for Germany Adolf Hitler was the “off-spring,” the outstanding legacy, of World War I, and no one doubts that.1 He himself started his political career in 1919 in the wake of a lost war and the crushing peace of Versailles. That treaty reduced Germany’s territory by 14 percent and its population by 6.5 million citizens. It created for Germany large minorities outside its new borders and for the time being an unlimited reparations liability.2 Hitler’s rise to dictatorship is unthinkable without the humiliation and misery that resulted for the German people out of their defeat. And still: was he bound to become the war’s nemesis in destroying the Weimar Republic? This article thus asks the question whether Hitler’s rise to power from Germany’s defeat to the proclamation of the Third Reich was inevitable. For that purpose the ways in which Germans tried to come to terms with their defeat and the war’s legacies will be discussed. As an illustration the article focuses on two highly popular political doctrines, both legacies of the war of its own—both in different ways denying the hopelessness of Germany’s military situation at the end of the war. These were: (1) the doctrine of the so-called “stab-in-the-back” (Dolchstoss); and (2) the doctrine of the so-called “war guilt lie” (Kriegsschuldlüge). At its conclusion, this analysis will raise the question as to whether Hitler’s exploitation of these two doctrines immediately led to his dictatorship.<br />(1) The stab-in-the-back doctrine first was foreshadowed, when, on October 3, 1918, the German government requested an armistice with the Allies and peace negotiations on the basis of the peace program that President Woodrow Wilson had propagated. To the German public this move was an absolutely shattering surprise. Until then the German High Command had failed to admit the increasing seriousness of Germany’s military position resulting from strategic overstretch and military exhaustion.3 Instead, all the public had perceived was that the German troops fighting in France had protected them against the direct experience of war and that in the East Germany's predominance extended as far as the Caucasus Mountains. How then could Germany’s bid be explained?4 Could it be that the million-fold sacrifice of lives had been in vain? The gap that throughout the war had yawned between far-flung popular hopes and the grim military reality thus deepened even further. Other, non military reasons, it was believed, must have been behind Germany’s sudden giving up. The German military command concealed what it had confessed to the political leadership in Berlin—that it feared German troops in France were on the verge of being routed. To avoid a public loss of face, it claimed that nonmilitary reasons lay behind Germany’s critical military situation. Ludendorff, the de facto highest commander of Germany’s troops, concocted an explanation by inventing the stab-in-the-back doctrine. Germany had sued for an armistice, he asserted in a confidential talk with his officers, because it had become impossible to continue the war. This was due to the “poison” of Marxist–Socialist propaganda that had undermined the soldiers’ resolution to go on fighting and made them “unreliable,” although the chances of a successful defense, if not victory, continued to be good.5 Ludendorff’s statement initiated a lengthy process of political onus shifting between military and civil authorities, between the Right and the Left, regarding the responsibility for the military disaster that was threatening their country.6<br />Actually, the antecedents of this doctrine went further back—well into the fall of 1916. At that point, under the impression of a precarious military situation during the battle of the Somme, the first doubts arose in Germany regarding the prospects of a victory. A heated controversy about the war’s purpose and Germany’s war aims broke out. The military leadership and the exponents of the nationalist right kept insisting that a total victory was indispensable that would ensure sizable annexations, improve Germany’s geopolitical position, and entail a reward for the sacrifices the German people had made. Significantly, it was also held that only the perspective of a total victory would maintain morale at home and at the front.7 The forces of the German Center and Left, not least Labor, on the other hand, pressed for a peace of accommodation based on a military tie as the only realistic way out of a war that Germany apparently could not win. The real reward of the war seemed to be liberal reforms in Prussia and the Empire.8 On July 19, 1917, a majority of the German Reichstag passed a resolution demanding just that.9 To the rightist die-hards this amounted to outright treason subverting the public morale. According to the Right, internal reforms could not be a substitute for military victory.10</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31103111" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="05c001c0d29a2e614230c7b84f76a6fc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51538269,"asset_id":31103111,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51538269/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28992531" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GustavoUrue%C3%B1aA">Gustavo Urueña A</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28992531" type="text/json">{"id":28992531,"first_name":"Gustavo","last_name":"Urueña A","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GustavoUrueñaA","display_name":"Gustavo Urueña A","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GustavoUrue%C3%B1aA?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28992531/8252073/9231653/s65_gustavo.urue_a_a.jpg_oh_f3e4e055f952d49b685bcde7a0f9567e_oe_559ec905___gda___1437429242_4aafc7744f8a0da6a06103d93ce455e1"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31103111 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31103111"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31103111, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31103111", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31103111]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31103111").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31103111").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31103111"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8265" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography">Biography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8265" type="text/json">{"id":8265,"name":"Biography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31103111]'), work: {"id":31103111,"title":"The German Campaign in Russia 1941-1943","created_at":"2017-01-28T08:24:52.091-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31103111/The_German_Campaign_in_Russia_1941_1943?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_31103111","summary":"As a German historian recently remarked, for Germany Adolf Hitler was the “off-spring,” the outstanding legacy, of World War I, and no one doubts that.1 He himself started his political career in 1919 in the wake of a lost war and the crushing peace of Versailles. That treaty reduced Germany’s territory by 14 percent and its population by 6.5 million citizens. It created for Germany large minorities outside its new borders and for the time being an unlimited reparations liability.2 Hitler’s rise to dictatorship is unthinkable without the humiliation and misery that resulted for the German people out of their defeat. And still: was he bound to become the war’s nemesis in destroying the Weimar Republic? This article thus asks the question whether Hitler’s rise to power from Germany’s defeat to the proclamation of the Third Reich was inevitable. For that purpose the ways in which Germans tried to come to terms with their defeat and the war’s legacies will be discussed. As an illustration the article focuses on two highly popular political doctrines, both legacies of the war of its own—both in different ways denying the hopelessness of Germany’s military situation at the end of the war. These were: (1) the doctrine of the so-called “stab-in-the-back” (Dolchstoss); and (2) the doctrine of the so-called “war guilt lie” (Kriegsschuldlüge). At its conclusion, this analysis will raise the question as to whether Hitler’s exploitation of these two doctrines immediately led to his dictatorship.\n(1) The stab-in-the-back doctrine first was foreshadowed, when, on October 3, 1918, the German government requested an armistice with the Allies and peace negotiations on the basis of the peace program that President Woodrow Wilson had propagated. To the German public this move was an absolutely shattering surprise. Until then the German High Command had failed to admit the increasing seriousness of Germany’s military position resulting from strategic overstretch and military exhaustion.3 Instead, all the public had perceived was that the German troops fighting in France had protected them against the direct experience of war and that in the East Germany's predominance extended as far as the Caucasus Mountains. How then could Germany’s bid be explained?4 Could it be that the million-fold sacrifice of lives had been in vain? The gap that throughout the war had yawned between far-flung popular hopes and the grim military reality thus deepened even further. Other, non military reasons, it was believed, must have been behind Germany’s sudden giving up. The German military command concealed what it had confessed to the political leadership in Berlin—that it feared German troops in France were on the verge of being routed. To avoid a public loss of face, it claimed that nonmilitary reasons lay behind Germany’s critical military situation. Ludendorff, the de facto highest commander of Germany’s troops, concocted an explanation by inventing the stab-in-the-back doctrine. Germany had sued for an armistice, he asserted in a confidential talk with his officers, because it had become impossible to continue the war. This was due to the “poison” of Marxist–Socialist propaganda that had undermined the soldiers’ resolution to go on fighting and made them “unreliable,” although the chances of a successful defense, if not victory, continued to be good.5 Ludendorff’s statement initiated a lengthy process of political onus shifting between military and civil authorities, between the Right and the Left, regarding the responsibility for the military disaster that was threatening their country.6\nActually, the antecedents of this doctrine went further back—well into the fall of 1916. At that point, under the impression of a precarious military situation during the battle of the Somme, the first doubts arose in Germany regarding the prospects of a victory. A heated controversy about the war’s purpose and Germany’s war aims broke out. The military leadership and the exponents of the nationalist right kept insisting that a total victory was indispensable that would ensure sizable annexations, improve Germany’s geopolitical position, and entail a reward for the sacrifices the German people had made. Significantly, it was also held that only the perspective of a total victory would maintain morale at home and at the front.7 The forces of the German Center and Left, not least Labor, on the other hand, pressed for a peace of accommodation based on a military tie as the only realistic way out of a war that Germany apparently could not win. The real reward of the war seemed to be liberal reforms in Prussia and the Empire.8 On July 19, 1917, a majority of the German Reichstag passed a resolution demanding just that.9 To the rightist die-hards this amounted to outright treason subverting the public morale. According to the Right, internal reforms could not be a substitute for military victory.10\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51538269,"asset_id":31103111,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28992531,"first_name":"Gustavo","last_name":"Urueña A","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GustavoUrueñaA","display_name":"Gustavo Urueña A","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GustavoUrue%C3%B1aA?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28992531/8252073/9231653/s65_gustavo.urue_a_a.jpg_oh_f3e4e055f952d49b685bcde7a0f9567e_oe_559ec905___gda___1437429242_4aafc7744f8a0da6a06103d93ce455e1"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":8265,"name":"Biography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=5709"},{"id":30494,"name":"England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England?f_ri=5709"},{"id":43023,"name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nazi_Germany?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35999627" data-work_id="35999627" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35999627/The_History_of_Costa_Rica_Brief_Up_to_Date_and_Illustrated">The History of Costa Rica. Brief, Up-to-Date and Illustrated</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35999627" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c96dadb3d5a88778b9e8674f2092862c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55885923,"asset_id":35999627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55885923/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="249077" href="https://ucr.academia.edu/IvanMolinaJimenez">Iván Molina Jiménez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="249077" type="text/json">{"id":249077,"first_name":"Iván","last_name":"Molina Jiménez","domain_name":"ucr","page_name":"IvanMolinaJimenez","display_name":"Iván Molina Jiménez","profile_url":"https://ucr.academia.edu/IvanMolinaJimenez?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/249077/7323722/8236661/s65_ivan.molina-jimenez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35999627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35999627"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35999627, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35999627", }); 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Brief, Up-to-Date and Illustrated","created_at":"2018-02-23T20:28:55.827-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35999627/The_History_of_Costa_Rica_Brief_Up_to_Date_and_Illustrated?f_ri=5709","dom_id":"work_35999627","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55885923,"asset_id":35999627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":249077,"first_name":"Iván","last_name":"Molina Jiménez","domain_name":"ucr","page_name":"IvanMolinaJimenez","display_name":"Iván Molina Jiménez","profile_url":"https://ucr.academia.edu/IvanMolinaJimenez?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/249077/7323722/8236661/s65_ivan.molina-jimenez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=5709"},{"id":17566,"name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Costa_Rica?f_ri=5709"},{"id":64633,"name":"Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Society?f_ri=5709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div 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href="https://www.academia.edu/33590047/Esoterik_und_Rechtsextremismus">Esoterik und Rechtsextremismus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A brochure about "Esotericism and Far-Right Extremism" for the Vielfalt Mediathek, an information agency funded by the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33590047" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span 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Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5847" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Extremism_Radicalism_Populism">Political Extremism/Radicalism/Populism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5847" type="text/json">{"id":5847,"name":"Political Extremism/Radicalism/Populism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Extremism_Radicalism_Populism?f_ri=5709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22644" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Socialism">National Socialism</a><script 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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN 1997 TONY BLAIR'S VICTORY SPEECH</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay seeks to explore the expressions of power and persuasion in Tony Blair’s victory speech in 1997. Firstly, a theoretical framework about power and persuasion in political discourse is demonstrated. Secondly, the context of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30239950" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay seeks to explore the expressions of power and persuasion in Tony Blair’s victory speech in 1997. Firstly, a theoretical framework about power and persuasion in political discourse is demonstrated. Secondly, the context of sociopolitical context of the speech is analyzed and the theoretical underpinnings of Political Discourse Analysis (PDA) are presented in the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Thirdly, utilizing some linguistic tools based on the Halliday's and Matthiessen's (2004) functional grammatical theory, the speech is analyzed investigating the linguistic features that attribute power and persuasion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30239950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f404c5733f0e3ecfc9259828a2d9a0af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50704271,"asset_id":30239950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50704271/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28139303" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/DimitraKouzou">Dimitra Kouzouloglou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28139303" type="text/json">{"id":28139303,"first_name":"Dimitra","last_name":"Kouzouloglou","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"DimitraKouzou","display_name":"Dimitra Kouzouloglou","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/DimitraKouzou?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28139303/7960695/8917222/s65_dimitra.kouzou.jpg_oh_8035caac7b83f32f0ad323b382046569_oe_55afc00e___gda___1433819490_bcad83f08e28bb89a6cfb0e9a28f7aed"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30239950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30239950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30239950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30239950", }); 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Firstly, a theoretical framework about power and persuasion in political discourse is demonstrated. Secondly, the context of sociopolitical context of the speech is analyzed and the theoretical underpinnings of Political Discourse Analysis (PDA) are presented in the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). 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Queer_Feministische Perspektiven</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Feministische Interventionen gegen geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt führten in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu politisch-institutionellen Maßnahmen. Dieser Entwicklung steht eine wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung gegenüber, die ihren Blick... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1802556" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Feministische Interventionen gegen geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt führten in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu politisch-institutionellen Maßnahmen. Dieser Entwicklung steht eine wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung gegenüber, die ihren Blick zunehmend auf Handlungsmacht von *Frauen richtet und die Debatte um queere sowie postkoloniale Sichtweisen erweitert. Die Autor_innen stellen sich der Frage, wie feministische Ansätze die vielgestaltigen Gewaltformen adäquat erfassen können.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1802556" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="367cd5fd37c6ffbeb7742d24698b8d38" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56252807,"asset_id":1802556,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56252807/download_file?st=MTczMjc3MTM2Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="485453" href="https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/JosefBarla">Josef Barla</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="485453" type="text/json">{"id":485453,"first_name":"Josef","last_name":"Barla","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"JosefBarla","display_name":"Josef Barla","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/JosefBarla?f_ri=5709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/485453/164828/33972051/s65_josef.barla.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-1802556">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-1802556"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://gu-se.academia.edu/NoraKoller">Nora Koller</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/PetraSussner">Petra Sussner</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://univie.academia.edu/SannaVedernjak">Sanna Vedernjak</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-1802556'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-1802556').html(); 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