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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early modern India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Modern India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Union territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign,_economic_and_strategic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign,_economic_and_strategic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign, economic and strategic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign,_economic_and_strategic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Socio-economic challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics,_languages_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics,_languages_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics, languages and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics,_languages_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Performing arts and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Sports and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 301 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-301" aria-hidden="true" > 301 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Индиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Индиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Индие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Индие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ህንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indea" title="Indea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Indea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Индиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Индиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%97%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%98" title="ܗܢܕܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܗܢܕܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հնդկաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հնդկաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enda" title="Enda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Enda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="ভাৰত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inda" title="Inda – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Inda" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Índia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indya" title="Indya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Indya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan" title="Hindistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هیندیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیندیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia" title="Hindia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hindia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Ìn-tō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һиндостан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indya" title="Indya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Indya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱ་གར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་གར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indija" title="Indija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Энэдхэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Энэдхэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Инди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indya" title="Indya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Indya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie" title="Indie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="لهند – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لهند" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="އިންޑިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންޑިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_W%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_Bits%C4%AF%CA%BC_Yisht%C5%82izhii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bitsįʼ Yishtłizhii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bitsįʼ Yishtłizhii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiska" title="Indiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Indiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A2" title="རྒྱ་གར – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="རྒྱ་གར" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ινδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Индия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Индия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barato" title="Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_%C3%8Dndia" title="La Índia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="La Índia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde" title="Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndia" title="Yndia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinndi" title="Hinndi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hinndi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie" title="Indie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Indie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_India" title="An India – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An India" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Injey" title="Yn Injey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Injey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndiya" title="İndiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İndiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Innseachan" title="Na h-Innseachan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Innseachan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="ХӀиндиче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиндиче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印度" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هند" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="ભારત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-thu" title="Yin-thu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yin-thu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiya" title="Indiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Indiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAnia" title="ʻĪnia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĪnia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հնդկաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiska" title="Indiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Indiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indija" title="Indija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndia" title="Ndia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="ভারত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভারত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%91%8E%E1%90%8A" title="ᐃᓐᑎᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓐᑎᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiaq" title="Initiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Initiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Инди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Инди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIndia" title="IIndia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IIndia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indland" title="Indland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indhi" title="Indhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Indhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90nd%C9%A9" title="Ɛndɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛndɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4" title="ಭಾರತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ინდოეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہِندوستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِندوستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie" title="Indie – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Indie" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Үндістан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үндістан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eynda" title="Eynda – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eynda" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhinde" title="Ubuhinde – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuhinde" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhindi" title="Ubuhindi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubuhindi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhindi" title="Uhindi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhindi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barata" title="Barata – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Barata" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/End" title="End – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="End" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/End" title="End – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="End" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan" title="Hindistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гьиндусттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гьиндусттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດອິນເດຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິນເດຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%86deja" title="Iņdeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Iņdeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indija" title="Indija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indija" title="Indija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat" title="Barat – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Barat" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indii" title="Indii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Indii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xingu%27e" title="xingu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xingu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%E1%B8%8Dia" title="Inḍia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Inḍia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indja" title="Indja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Indja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAnia" title="Īnia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īnia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ინდოეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდოეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="الهند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الهند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ng-d%C3%B4" title="Éng-dô – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Éng-dô" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Índia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Энэтхэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энэтхэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idia" title="Idia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Idia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="インド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innia" title="Innia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Innia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="ХӀинди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀинди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ende" title="Înde – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Înde" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Índia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Индий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Индий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ଭାରତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiyaa" title="Indiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Indiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiston" title="Hindiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="भारत – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भारत" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بھارت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အေင်ဒိယခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အေင်ဒိယခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6" title="ឥណ្ឌា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឥណ្ឌា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde" title="Inde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Inde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie" title="Indie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindstan" title="Hindstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hindstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndistan" title="İndistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İndistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99In%C4%ABtia" title="’Inītia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Inītia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat" title="Bharat – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bharat" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inriya" title="Inriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Індія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Ииндийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ииндийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitia" title="Igitia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Igitia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भारतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%AFi" title="Indïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Indïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بھارت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بھارت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cndia" title="Ìndia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìndia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie" title="Indie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innia" title="Innia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Innia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉන්දියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ڀارت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڀارت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INdiya" title="INdiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INdiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indija" title="Indija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Їндїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їндїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyje" title="Indyje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Indyje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiya" title="Hindiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hindiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھیندستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیندستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiakondre" title="Indiakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Indiakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indija" title="Indija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intia" title="Intia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien" title="Indien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiya" title="Indiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Indiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="இந்தியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhend" title="Lhend – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lhend" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie" title="Indie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Indie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һиндстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢိၼ်းတီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢိၼ်းတီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="భారతదేశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Índia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C9%9Bn" title="Indiɛn – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Indiɛn" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ህንዲ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ህንዲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳиндустон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиндустон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBInitia" title="ʻInitia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻInitia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎢᏂᏗᎢᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏂᏗᎢᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4" title="ಭಾರತ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭಾರತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan" title="Hindistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan" title="Hindistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndiya" title="Ndiya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ndiya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Индия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨗᨊᨉᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨊᨉᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بھارت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھىندىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindu" title="Yindu – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yindu" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cndia" title="Ìndia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ìndia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indii" title="Indii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Indii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%A4n" title="Lindän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lindän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde" title="Inde – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inde" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印度" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Indië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/End" title="End – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="End" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiya" title="Indiya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Indiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dnd%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Índíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Índíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C4%B1stan" title="Hindıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hindıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Indėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="India" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%9F%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥟᥤᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ ᥕᥣᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥟᥤᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ ᥕᥣᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindyston" title="Hindyston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hindyston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/India_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="India (disambiguation)">India (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of India</div><div class="ib-country-names">Bhārat Gaṇarājya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of India"><img alt="Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. 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Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/60px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/90px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/120px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">State emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>)<div>"Truth Alone Triumphs"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJana_Gana_Mana_instrumental.ogg&lang=ur&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ur" label="اردو ‪(ur)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJana_Gana_Mana_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJana_Gana_Mana_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJana_Gana_Mana_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">National song: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>)<a href="#cite_note-8">[c]</a> "I Bow to Thee, Mother"<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-india.gov.in-3">[2]</a> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="146" data-mwtitle="Vande_Mataram_on_Mohan_Veena.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Vande_Mataram_on_Mohan_Veena.ogg/Vande_Mataram_on_Mohan_Veena.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Vande_Mataram_on_Mohan_Veena.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVande_Mataram_on_Mohan_Veena.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:India_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory controlled by India shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled shown in light green"><img alt="Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory controlled by India shown in dark green; <a href="/wiki/List_of_disputed_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disputed territories of India">territory claimed but not controlled</a> shown in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=India&params=28_36_50_N_77_12_30_E_type:city_region:IN">28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E / 28.61389°N 77.20833°E / 28.61389; 77.20833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city by <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">city proper population</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city by metropolitan area population</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;color: inherit; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India#Official_languages_of_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">State level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule</a><a href="#cite_note-langoff-13">[9]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Eighth Schedule <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Manipuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">State level<a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li><li>all the 8th scheduled languages – except <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[f]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">424 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[g]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Census2011religion-18">[11]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>79.8% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a></li><li>14.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a></li><li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a></li><li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a></li><li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a></li><li>0.23% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">unaffiliated</a></li><li>0.65% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">15 August 1947</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">26 January 1950</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-india.gov.in-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[h]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 1,428,627,663<a href="#cite_note-WPP_UN-21">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 1,210,854,977<a href="#cite_note-22">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">427.4/km2 (1,107.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $16.020 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IN-24">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11,112<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IN-24">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.889 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IN-24">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,698<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IN-24">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">141st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 32.8<a href="#cite_note-25">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.644<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-26">[18]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">134th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E2%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="₹">₹</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">INR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+05:30 (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a> is not observed.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><a href="#cite_note-27">[i]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left<a href="#cite_note-28">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">+91</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.in" title=".in">.in</a> (<a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalised_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">others</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> India, officially the Republic of India,<a href="#cite_note-29">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[20]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">seventh-largest country in the world by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">most populous country</a>. Bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> on the south, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> on the southeast, it shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to the west;<a href="#cite_note-32">[k]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> to the north; and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>; its <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> share a maritime border with <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Myanmar, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern humans">Modern humans</a> arrived on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-33">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018p1-34">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018p23-35">[24]</a> Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-28a-36">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Settled life</a> emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basin</a> 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> of the third millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-2-37">[26]</a> By at least 1200 BCE, an <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">archaic form</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>, had <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">diffused</a> into India from the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-38">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Combined-4-Rigveda-39">[28]</a> Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. Preserved by an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> that was <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics#Styles_of_memorisation" title="Indian mathematics">resolutely vigilant</a>, the Rigveda records the dawning of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-3-40">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-4-41">[30]</a> By 400 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">exclusion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> had emerged within Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-16a-42">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">Jainism</a> had arisen, proclaiming <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social orders</a> unlinked to heredity.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018-59-43">[32]</a> Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empires</a> based in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-5-44">[33]</a> Their collective <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">era</a> was suffused with wide-ranging creativity,<a href="#cite_note-Combined-6-45">[34]</a> but also marked by the declining status of women,<a href="#cite_note-Combined-7-46">[35]</a> and the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a> into an organised system of belief.<a href="#cite_note-48">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200493-47">[36]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India#The_Deccan_plateau_and_South" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a> exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AsherAsher2006-17-49">[37]</a> In the early mediaeval era, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> became established on India's southern and western coasts.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-8-50">[38]</a> Muslim armies from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> intermittently overran India's northern plains,<a href="#cite_note-Combined-13-51">[39]</a> eventually founding the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">networks of mediaeval Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-10-52">[40]</a> In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in south India.<a href="#cite_note-AsherAsher2006-74-53">[41]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.<a href="#cite_note-AsherAsher2006-267-54">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, in 1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace,<a href="#cite_note-AsherAsher2006-152-55">[43]</a> leaving a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">luminous architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018-106-56">[44]</a> Gradually expanding <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">rule of the British East India Company</a> followed, turning India into a colonial economy but also consolidating its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Combined-11-58">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Crown rule</a> began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,<a href="#cite_note-Combined-12-59">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddyQuAgAAQBAJpgPA76_76]-60">[47]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">technological changes</a> were introduced, and modern ideas of education and public life took root.<a href="#cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-61">[48]</a> A pioneering and influential <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">nationalist movement</a> emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance and became the major factor in ending British rule.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-62">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiriyankandath2016-63">[50]</a> In 1947, the British Indian Empire was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> into two independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion#India_and_Pakistan" title="Dominion">dominions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fisher-partition-64">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-chatterji-partition-65">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-sing-66">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-khan-great-partition-67">[54]</a> a Hindu-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">dominion of India</a> and a Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">dominion of Pakistan</a>, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration.<a href="#cite_note-68">[55]</a> India has been a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> since 1950, governed through a democratic <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, and has been the world's most populous democracy since the time of its independence in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012327-69">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-stein-arnold-70">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2018184–185-71">[58]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multi-ethnic society</a>. India's nominal <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> increased from US$64 annually in 1951 to US$2,601 in 2022, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. During the same time, its population grew from 361 million to almost 1.4 billion,<a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-219-72">[59]</a> and India became the most populous country in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-73">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[61]</a> From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951,<a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018-8-75">[62]</a> India has become a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fast-growing</a> <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">major economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">a hub for information technology services</a>, with an expanding middle class.<a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2012-265-76">[63]</a> India has <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">a space programme</a> with several planned or completed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">extraterrestrial missions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">music</a>, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.<a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2012-266-77">[64]</a> India has substantially reduced <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">its rate of poverty</a>, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-216-a-78">[65]</a> India is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapon state</a>, which <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">ranks high in military expenditure</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">has disputes</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-kashmir-disputes-79">[66]</a> Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">gender inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">child malnutrition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NarayanJohn2018-lead-80">[67]</a> and rising levels of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India" title="Air pollution in India">air pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BalakrishnanDey2019-lead-81">[68]</a> India's land is <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadiverse country">megadiverse</a>, with four <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity hotspots">biodiversity hotspots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-India-82">[69]</a> Its forest cover comprises 21.7% of its area.<a href="#cite_note-ISFR-83">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">India's wildlife</a>, which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India's culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranthGopal2005374-84">[71]</a> is supported among these forests, and elsewhere, in <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">protected habitats</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">Names for India</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (third edition 2009), the name "India" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> India, a reference to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and an uncertain region to its east. In turn the name "India" derived successively from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> India ( Ἰνδία), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> Indos ( Ἰνδός), <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a> (an eastern province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>), and ultimately its <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Sindhu, or "river", specifically the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and, by implication, its well-settled southern basin.<a href="#cite_note-85">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThieme1970447–450-86">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> referred to the Indians as Indoi (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=">Ἰνδοί</a>), which translates as "The people of the Indus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper201086-87">[74]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Names_for_India#Bharat" title="Names for India">Bharat</a> (Bhārat; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈbʱaːɾət]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/Hi-Bharat.ogg\/Hi-Bharat.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Bharat.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Hi-Bharat.ogg/Hi-Bharat.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-Bharat.ogg" title="File:Hi-Bharat.ogg">ⓘ</a>), mentioned in both <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic poetry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClémentin-Ojha2014-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a> is used in its variations by <a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">many Indian languages</a>. A modern rendering of the historical name Bharatavarsha, which applied originally to <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jha2014-90">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddYM4DwAAQBAJpgPA253_253]-91">[78]</a> Bharat gained increased currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClémentin-Ojha2014-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow2003-92">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ɦɪndʊˈstaːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Hindustan.ogg\/Hindustan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hindustan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Hindustan.ogg/Hindustan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustan.ogg" title="File:Hindustan.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> name for India that became popular by the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-93">[80]</a> and was used widely since the era of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. The meaning of Hindustan has varied, referring to a region encompassing the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (present-day northern India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) or to India in its near entirety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClémentin-Ojha2014-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow2003-92">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">History of the Republic of India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_Lanka,_Ramayana,_Udaipur,_1649-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/330px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/440px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript illustration, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650, of the Sanskrit epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, composed in story-telling fashion <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 BCE – c. 300 CE<a href="#cite_note-Lowe2017-epic-95">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>, had arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa, where they had earlier evolved.<a href="#cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-33">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018p1-34">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018p23-35">[24]</a> The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-33">[22]</a> After 6500 BCE, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> and other sites in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan, Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105-96">[83]</a> These gradually developed into the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200421–23-97">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105-96">[83]</a> the first urban culture in South Asia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009181-98">[85]</a> which flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan and western India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl20032-99">[86]</a> Centred around cities such as <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a>, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009181-98">[85]</a> During the period 2000–500 BCE, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> cultures to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-100">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the oldest scriptures associated with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009186–187-101">[88]</a> were composed during this period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200368–69-102">[89]</a> and historians have analysed these to posit a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-100">[87]</a> Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration">Indo-Aryan migration</a> into the subcontinent from the north-west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009186–187-101">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure, arose during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200441–43-103">[90]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-100">[87]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> monuments dating from this period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009250–251-104">[91]</a> as well as by nearby traces of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation tanks">irrigation tanks</a>, and craft traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009250–251-104">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_26,_Ajanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cave_26%2C_Ajanta.jpg/220px-Cave_26%2C_Ajanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cave_26%2C_Ajanta.jpg/330px-Cave_26%2C_Ajanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cave_26%2C_Ajanta.jpg/440px-Cave_26%2C_Ajanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4100" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>Cave 26 of the rock-cut <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a></figcaption></figure> In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">mahajanapadas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009260–265-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200453–54-106">[93]</a> The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009312–313-107">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200454–56-108">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199821-109">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199867–68-110">[97]</a> In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up <a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">renunciation</a> as an ideal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009300-111">[98]</a> and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009319-112">[99]</a> The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent except the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199878–79-113">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470-114">[101]</a> The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">dhamma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009367-115">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463-116">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a>, dynasties that <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">traded extensively with the Roman Empire</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199889–90-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009408–415-118">[105]</a> In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199892–95-119">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009319-112">[99]</a> By the 4th and 5th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200489–91-120">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-121">[108]</a> Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199898–99-122">[109]</a> This renewal was reflected in a flowering of <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">sculpture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">architecture</a>, which found patrons among an urban elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-121">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature#Classical_Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Classical Sanskrit literature</a> flowered as well, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematics</a> made significant advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-121">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_India">Medieval India</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/152px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/228px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/304px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brihadeshwara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeshwara temple">Brihadeshwara temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, completed in 1010 CE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg/152px-Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg/228px-Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg/304px-Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Qutub_Minar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub Minar">Qutub Minar</a>, 73 m (240 ft) tall, completed by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Indian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998132-123">[110]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> ruler of the Deccan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120-124">[111]</a> When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120-124">[111]</a> When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> from still farther south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120-124">[111]</a> No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998132-123">[110]</a> During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122-125">[112]</a> The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122-125">[112]</a> In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">devotional hymns</a> were created in the Tamil language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998123-126">[113]</a> They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">modern languages of the subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998123-126">[113]</a> Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998124-127">[114]</a> Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998124-127">[114]</a> By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128-128">[115]</a> Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; Southeast Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128-128">[115]</a> After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using <a href="/wiki/Courser_(horse)" title="Courser (horse)">swift-horse</a> cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in 1206.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200268-129">[116]</a> The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-130">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066-131">[118]</a> By repeatedly repulsing <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol raiders</a> in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-132">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51-133">[120]</a> The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-134">[121]</a> Embracing a strong <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200612-135">[122]</a> and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-134">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_India">Early modern India</h3></div> In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200180-136">[123]</a> fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998164-137">[124]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115-138">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200190–91-139">[126]</a> and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-140">[127]</a> leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-141">[128]</a> Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-140">[127]</a> The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158-142">[129]</a> and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998169-143">[130]</a> caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-141">[128]</a> The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-141">[128]</a> resulting in greater patronage of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">painting</a>, literary forms, textiles, and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186-144">[131]</a> Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikhs</a>, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24-145">[132]</a> Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24-145">[132]</a> As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256-146">[133]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG/149px-Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG/224px-Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG/298px-Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A distant view of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg/195px-India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg/293px-India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg/390px-India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5752" data-file-height="2923" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A two <a href="/wiki/Mohur" title="Mohur">mohur</a> Company gold coin, issued in 1835, the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> inscribed "<a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IIII</a>, King"</div></div></div></div></div> By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English East India Company</a>, had established coastal outposts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-147">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644–49-148">[135]</a> The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly assert its military strength and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200198–100-149">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-147">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden2002128–132-150">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651–55-151">[138]</a> Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668–71-152">[139]</a> India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-147">[134]</a> By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289-153">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_India">Modern India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></div> Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a> as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001151–152-154">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694–99-155">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199483-156">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200650-157">[144]</a> However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103-158">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86-159">[146]</a> Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">direct administration of India</a> by the British government. Proclaiming a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998239-160">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103–108-161">[148]</a> In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001183-162">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar19831–4-163">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix–x-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123-165">[152]</a> The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998260-166">[153]</a> There was an increase in the number of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">famines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010245-167">[154]</a> and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998258-168">[155]</a> There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-169">[156]</a> The railway network provided critical famine relief,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-170">[157]</a> notably reduced the cost of moving goods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-170">[157]</a> and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-169">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/164px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/246px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/328px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1909 map of the British Indian Empire</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/180px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/270px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/360px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="314" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> sharing a light moment with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, Mumbai, 6 July 1946</div></div></div></div></div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in which approximately <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">one million Indians served</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163-171">[158]</a> a new period began. It was marked by <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">British reforms</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt act">repressive legislation</a>, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> movement of non-co-operation, of which <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> would become the leader and enduring symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167-172">[159]</a> During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195–197-173">[160]</a> The next decade was beset with crises: <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">Indian participation in World War II</a>, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism</a>. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> into two states: India and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203-174">[161]</a> Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a secular and democratic republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231-175">[162]</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, India retained its membership of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, becoming the first republic within it.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> Economic liberalisation, which <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">began in the 1980s</a> and the collaboration with Soviet Union for technical know-how,<a href="#cite_note-177">[164]</a> has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate">one of the world's fastest-growing economies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[165]</a> and increased its geopolitical clout. Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265–266-179">[166]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">caste-related violence</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266–270-180">[167]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253-181">[168]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">separatism in Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">in Northeast India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274-182">[169]</a> It has unresolved territorial disputes with <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations#1960s" title="China–India relations">China</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248-183">[170]</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248-183">[170]</a> India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newer nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304-184">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div> India accounts for the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian tectonic plate</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-185">[172]</a> India's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, began a north-eastward <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">drift</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> to its south-west, and later, south and south-east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-185">[172]</a> Simultaneously, the vast <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>, to its northeast, began to <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduct</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-185">[172]</a> These dual processes, driven by convection in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, both created the Indian Ocean and caused the Indian <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> eventually to under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-185">[172]</a> Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast crescent-shaped <a href="/wiki/Trough_(geology)" title="Trough (geology)">trough</a> that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20237-186">[173]</a> and now constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash_et_al.2000-187">[174]</a> The original Indian plate makes its first appearance above the sediment in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravalli range">Aravalli range</a>, which extends from the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Ridge" title="Delhi Ridge">Delhi Ridge</a> in a southwesterly direction. To the west lies the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, the eastern spread of which is checked by the Aravallis.<a href="#cite_note-aravalli-188">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-prasad-aravalli-189">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-fisher-aravalli-190">[177]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG/208px-Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG/312px-Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG/416px-Tungabhadra_River_and_Coracle_Boats.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="2313" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a>, with rocky outcrops, flows into the peninsular <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcgrailBlueKentleyPalmer2003257-191">[178]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg/208px-Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg/312px-Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg/416px-Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4094" data-file-height="2428" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fishing boats lashed together in a <a href="/wiki/Creek_(tidal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (tidal)">tidal creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anjarle" title="Anjarle">Anjarle</a> village, Maharashtra</div></div></div></div></div> The remaining Indian Plate survives as <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">peninsular India</a>, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Satpura_Range" title="Satpura Range">Satpura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya</a> ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> in Jharkhand in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20238-192">[179]</a> To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20239–10-193">[180]</a> the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitude<a href="#cite_note-194">[n]</a> and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting20071-195">[181]</a> India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-196">[182]</a> According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> or marshy shores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-196">[182]</a> Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a>, both of which drain into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202315-197">[183]</a> Important tributaries of the Ganges include the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a>; the latter's extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff1993353-198">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasuXavier2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnXmLDgAAQBAJpgPA78_78]-199">[185]</a> Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a>, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202316-200">[186]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti</a>, which drain into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202317-201">[187]</a> Coastal features include the marshy <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a> of western India and the alluvial <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202312-202">[188]</a> India has two <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">coral atolls</a> off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202313-203">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Indian climate</a> is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967391–394-204">[190]</a> The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118-205">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20034-206">[192]</a> The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967391–394-204">[190]</a> Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India#Tropical_wet" title="Climate of India">tropical wet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India#Arid_and_semi-arid_regions" title="Climate of India">tropical dry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India#Subtropical_humid" title="Climate of India">subtropical humid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India#Mountain" title="Climate of India">montane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697-207">[193]</a> Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-208">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change in India</a> is often thought to be the cause. The <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreat of Himalayan glaciers</a> has adversely affected the <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">flow rate</a> of the major Himalayan rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[195]</a> According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in India will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.<a href="#cite_note-210">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife of India</a></div> India is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadiverse country">megadiverse country</a>, a term employed for 17 countries that display high <a href="/wiki/Biological_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological diversity">biological diversity</a> and contain many species exclusively <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a>, to them.<a href="#cite_note-211">[197]</a> India is the <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for 8.6% of all <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, 13.7% of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species, 7.9% of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species, 6% of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species, 12.2% of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> species, and 6.0% of all <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-212">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puri-213">[199]</a> Fully a third of Indian plant species are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasak198324-214">[200]</a> India also contains four of the world's 34 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-India-82">[69]</a> or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.<a href="#cite_note-216">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-SivaperumanVenkataraman2018-215">[201]</a> According to official statistics, India's <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is 713,789 km2 (275,595 sq mi), which is 21.71% of the country's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-ISFR-83">[70]</a> It can be subdivided further into broad categories of canopy density, or the proportion of the area of a forest covered by its <a href="/wiki/Tree_canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree canopy">tree canopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jha2018-217">[202]</a> Very dense forest, whose canopy density is greater than 70%, occupies 3.02% of India's land area.<a href="#cite_note-Jha2018-217">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiaforest-218">[203]</a> It predominates in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest">tropical moist forest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>. Moderately dense forest, whose canopy density is between 40% and 70%, occupies 9.39% of India's land area.<a href="#cite_note-Jha2018-217">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiaforest-218">[203]</a> It predominates in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">temperate coniferous forest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a>, the moist deciduous <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal</a> forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> forest of central and southern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETritsch200111–12-219">[204]</a> Open forest, whose canopy density is between 10% and 40%, occupies 9.26% of India's land area.<a href="#cite_note-Jha2018-217">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiaforest-218">[203]</a> India has two natural zones of <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">thorn forest</a>, one in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, immediately east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain, now turned into rich agricultural land by irrigation, its features no longer visible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETritsch200112-220">[205]</a> Among the Indian subcontinent's notable indigenous trees are the <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a> <a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Azadirachta indica</a>, or neem, which is widely used in rural Indian <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Goyal2006-221">[206]</a> and the luxuriant <a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a>, or peepul,<a href="#cite_note-Hughes2013-222">[207]</a> which is displayed on the ancient seals of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AmeriCostello2018-223">[208]</a> and under which <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a> is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pali canon</a> to have sought enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-Gwynne2011-224">[209]</a> Many Indian species have descended from those of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, the southern <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> from which India separated more than 100 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrameOwen2002142-225">[210]</a> India's subsequent collision with Eurasia set off a mass exchange of species. However, <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">volcanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climatic changes</a> later caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006-226">[211]</a> Still later, mammals entered India from Asia through two <a href="/wiki/Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">zoogeographic</a> passes flanking the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETritsch200114-227">[212]</a> This had the effect of lowering endemism among India's mammals, which stands at 12.6%, contrasting with 45.8% among reptiles and 55.8% among amphibians.<a href="#cite_note-Puri-213">[199]</a> Among endemics are the vulnerable<a href="#cite_note-228">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Langur">hooded leaf monkey</a><a href="#cite_note-itis-229">[214]</a> and the threatened<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-230">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duttaphrynus_beddomii" title="Duttaphrynus beddomii">Beddome's toad</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-230">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[216]</a> of the Western Ghats. India contains 172 <a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conservation Union">IUCN</a>-designated <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_in_India" title="List of endangered animals in India">threatened animal species</a>, or 2.9% of endangered forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace19944-232">[217]</a> These include the endangered <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">Critically endangered</a> species include the <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharial</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilian</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard" title="Great Indian bustard">great Indian bustard</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_white-rumped_vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian white-rumped vulture">Indian white-rumped vulture</a>, which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a>-treated cattle.<a href="#cite_note-LovetteFitzpatrick2016-233">[218]</a> Before they were extensively used for agriculture and cleared for human settlement, the thorn forests of Punjab were mingled at intervals with open grasslands that were grazed by large herds of blackbuck preyed on by the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetah</a>; the blackbuck, no longer extant in Punjab, is now severely endangered in India, and the cheetah is extinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETritsch200115-234">[219]</a> The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response, the system of <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of India">national parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">protected areas</a>, first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. In 1972, India enacted the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act of 1972">Wildlife Protection Act</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests_1972-235">[220]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Project Tiger</a> to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988-236">[221]</a> India hosts <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">eighteen biosphere reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[222]</a> four of which are part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">seventy-five wetlands</a> are registered under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[223]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="India has the majority of the world's wild tigers, approximately 3,170 in 2022.[224]"><img alt="India has the majority of the world's wild tigers, approximately 3,170 in 2022.[224]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg/270px-Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg/405px-Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg/540px-Panthera_tigris_tigris_Tidoba_20150306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="2705" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">India has the majority of the world's wild <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, approximately 3,170 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-239">[224]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_axis_(Nagarhole,_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A chital (Axis axis) stag in the Nagarhole National Park in a region covered by a moderately dense[p] forest."><img alt="A chital (Axis axis) stag in the Nagarhole National Park in a region covered by a moderately dense[p] forest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Axis_axis_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg/270px-Axis_axis_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Axis_axis_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg/405px-Axis_axis_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Axis_axis_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg/540px-Axis_axis_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2134" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> (Axis axis) stag in the <a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole National Park</a> in a region covered by a moderately dense<a href="#cite_note-240">[p]</a> forest.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three of the last Asiatic cheetahs in India were shot dead in 1948 in Surguja district, Madhya Pradesh, Central India by Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo. The young male cheetahs, all from the same litter, were sitting together when they were shot at night."><img alt="Three of the last Asiatic cheetahs in India were shot dead in 1948 in Surguja district, Madhya Pradesh, Central India by Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo. The young male cheetahs, all from the same litter, were sitting together when they were shot at night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg/244px-Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg/366px-Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg/488px-Maharajah_Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo_with_cheetah_kill_1948_BNHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2462" data-file-height="1817" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three of the last <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetahs</a> in India were shot dead in 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Surguja_district" title="Surguja district">Surguja district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a> by Maharajah <a href="/wiki/Ramanuj_Pratap_Singh_Deo" title="Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo">Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo</a>. The young male <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, all from the same litter, were sitting together when they were shot at night.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajagopal_speaking_to_25,000_people,_Janadesh_2007,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rajagopal_speaking_to_25%2C000_people%2C_Janadesh_2007%2C_India.jpg/208px-Rajagopal_speaking_to_25%2C000_people%2C_Janadesh_2007%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rajagopal_speaking_to_25%2C000_people%2C_Janadesh_2007%2C_India.jpg/312px-Rajagopal_speaking_to_25%2C000_people%2C_Janadesh_2007%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rajagopal_speaking_to_25%2C000_people%2C_Janadesh_2007%2C_India.jpg/416px-Rajagopal_speaking_to_25%2C000_people%2C_Janadesh_2007%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">As part of <a href="/wiki/Janadesh_2007" title="Janadesh 2007">Janadesh 2007</a>, 25,000 pro-<a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">land reform</a> <a href="/wiki/Landless" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless">landless</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> listen to <a href="/wiki/Rajagopal_P._V." title="Rajagopal P. V.">Rajagopal P. V.</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2019-241">[225]</a></div></div></div></div></div> A <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnellCalvert1999125-242">[226]</a> India has six recognised <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#National_parties" title="List of political parties in India">national parties</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), and more than 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#State_parties" title="List of political parties in India">regional parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElection_Commission_of_India-243">[227]</a> The Congress is considered <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">center</a> in Indian <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[228]</a> and the BJP <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalikSingh1992318–336-245">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee20053118-246">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[231]</a> For most of the period between 1950—when India first became a republic—and the late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar200784-248">[232]</a> as well as with powerful regional parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition governments</a> at the center. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChander2004117-249">[233]</a> In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in <a href="/wiki/1951_Indian_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Indian general election">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru">Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru</a>-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Nehru's daughter <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in <a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971</a>. Following public discontent with the <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">state of emergency</a> she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a>; the then-new <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted just over two years. There were two prime ministers during this period; <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated</a>; she was succeeded by her son <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, who won an easy victory in the general elections <a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">later that year</a>. The Congress was voted out again in <a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989</a> when a <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (India)">National Front</a> coalition, led by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a> in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Left Front</a>, won the elections; that government too proved relatively short-lived, lasting just under two years. There were two prime ministers during this period; <a href="/wiki/V.P._Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="V.P. Singh">V.P. Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhambhri1992118,_143-250">[234]</a> Elections were held again in <a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991</a>; no party won an absolute majority. The Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[235]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg/208px-Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg/312px-Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg/416px-Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">US president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> addresses the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in November 2010.</div></div></div></div></div> A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of <a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996</a>. Several short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(India,_1996)" title="United Front (India, 1996)">United Front</a> coalitions, which depended on external support. There were two prime ministers during this period; <a href="/wiki/H.D._Deve_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="H.D. Deve Gowda">H.D. Deve Gowda</a> and <a href="/wiki/I.K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I.K. Gujral">I.K. Gujral</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998</a>, the BJP was able to form a successful coalition, the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA). Led by <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, the NDA became the first non-Congress, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> to complete a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunleavyDiwakarDunleavy2007-252">[236]</a> Again in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004 Indian general elections</a>, no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA). It had the support of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-leaning</a> parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">2009 general election</a> with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Parties_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Communist Parties in India">India's communist parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004384-253">[237]</a> That year, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> became the first prime minister since <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> in <a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a> to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusiness_Standard2009-254">[238]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 general election</a>, the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without the support of other parties.<a href="#cite_note-255">[239]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019 general election</a>, the BJP was victorious again with majority. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 general election</a>, the BJP failed to achieve majority and the BJP-led NDA coalition <a href="/wiki/Third_Modi_ministry" title="Third Modi ministry">formed the government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">chief minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, is serving as the 14th Prime Minister of India in his third term since May 26, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-256">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg/208px-Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg/312px-Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg/416px-Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="1798" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, was designed by British architects <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baker" title="Herbert Baker">Herbert Baker</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, and constructed between 1911 and 1931 during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bremner2016-257">[241]</a></div></div></div></div></div> India is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> governed under the Constitution of India—the country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic. <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India">Federalism in India</a> defines the power distribution between the union and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states</a>. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPylee2003a4-258">[242]</a> originally stated India to be a "<a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>;" this characterisation was amended in 1971 to "a sovereign, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>, democratic republic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1998421-259">[243]</a> India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal" with a strong centre and weak states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare198028-260">[244]</a> has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEcheverri-Gent200219–20-261">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha200425-262">[246]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_India" title="National symbols of India">National symbols</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1">[1]</a></caption><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emblem</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">Sarnath Lion Capital</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">Jana Gana Mana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Song</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">None<a href="#cite_note-Times_News_Network-263">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-NoneNtl-264">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Press_Trust_of_India-265">[249]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">₹</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calendar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mammal</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">River dolphin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">River</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Government of India comprises three branches:<a href="#cite_note-266">[250]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> is the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200731-267">[251]</a> who is elected indirectly for a five-year term by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">electoral college</a> comprising members of national and state legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007138-268">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGledhill1970112-269">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and exercises most <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1950-270">[254]</a> Appointed by the president,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007162-271">[255]</a> the prime minister is by convention supported by the <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> having a majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1950-270">[254]</a> The executive of the Indian government consists of the president, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">vice-president</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a>—with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200731-267">[251]</a> In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and their council are directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament. <a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil servants</a> act as permanent executives and all decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> are implemented by them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew2003524-272">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a>: The legislature of India is the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a>. Operating under a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster-style</a> parliamentary system, it comprises an upper house called the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (Council of States) and a lower house called the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (House of the People).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGledhill1970127-273">[257]</a> The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body of 245 members who serve staggered six-year terms with elections every 2 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007161-274">[258]</a> Most are elected indirectly by the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state and union territorial</a> legislatures in numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007162-271">[255]</a> All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are elected directly by popular vote; they represent <a href="/wiki/Single-member_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member constituency">single-member constituencies</a> for five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007143-275">[259]</a> Two seats of parliament, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_reserved_seats_in_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha">reserved</a> for <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a> in the article 331, have been scrapped.<a href="#cite_note-276">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a>: India has a three-tier unitary <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent judiciary</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne2003478-278">[262]</a> comprising the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">supreme court</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a>, 25 <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">high courts</a>, and a large number of trial courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne2003478-278">[262]</a> The supreme court has <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> over cases involving <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">fundamental rights</a> and over disputes between states and the centre and has <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate jurisdiction</a> over the high courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007238,_255-279">[263]</a> It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESripati1998423–424-280">[264]</a> and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPylee2003b314-281">[265]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Administrative divisions of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a></div> India is a federal union comprising 28 <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states</a> and 8 <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2004-19">[12]</a> All states, as well as the union territories of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">National Capital Territory of Delhi</a>, have elected legislatures and governments following the Westminster system of governance. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the central government through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act</a>, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200749-282">[266]</a> There are over a quarter of a million local government bodies at city, town, block, district and village levels.<a href="#cite_note-283">[267]</a> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Political_map_of_India_EN.svg/330px-Political_map_of_India_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Political_map_of_India_EN.svg/495px-Political_map_of_India_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Political_map_of_India_EN.svg/660px-Political_map_of_India_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1868" usemap="#ImageMap_0a92c15b27d2b375" 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coords="270,170,271,172,271,176,267,177,267,180,266,180,266,181,267,182,267,184,265,186,264,184,263,181,262,185,261,184,261,182,261,179,259,177,260,175,260,173,262,172,263,172,266,170,267,170,269,168" alt="Tripura" title="Tripura" /><area href="/wiki/West_Bengal" shape="poly" coords="238,196,237,192,236,188,235,187,236,184,234,184,234,181,232,179,232,177,233,176,234,174,233,172,230,171,227,169,226,168,227,166,227,164,229,165,229,164,230,162,235,161,233,158,232,159,229,158,229,156,226,155,226,151,229,148,228,147,228,146,232,150,234,149,234,147,236,149,236,151,240,152,242,149,244,147,244,144,240,144,238,142,236,143,233,141,231,139,229,139,228,140,224,139,226,145,226,147,227,149,223,153,223,155,226,157,223,159,224,162,223,163,225,164,224,167,225,169,223,170,224,171,222,174,220,176,218,175,217,178,215,177,213,180,209,183,206,181,205,183,204,186,207,186,208,188,212,188,210,190,215,193,215,196,214,197,215,198,217,198,217,201,220,199,221,202,224,203,227,199,229,198,227,201,227,204,231,203,239,203,239,198" alt="West Bengal" title="West Bengal" /><area href="/wiki/Sikkim" shape="poly" coords="224,139,226,140,228,140,229,139,232,140,233,138,232,135,232,133,232,129,230,128,227,130,225,130,225,134,223,136" alt="Sikkim" title="Sikkim" /><area href="/wiki/Bihar" shape="poly" coords="181,139,182,138,184,138,184,136,186,138,187,139,189,139,190,141,190,143,193,143,196,145,197,146,200,144,201,145,201,147,202,148,204,146,207,147,211,149,213,148,215,146,215,149,217,150,218,148,220,149,222,148,224,149,225,146,226,145,227,149,222,154,225,157,226,158,223,159,224,161,223,163,220,162,219,163,218,163,215,166,216,167,215,169,214,171,212,170,210,171,209,173,207,171,206,171,205,169,203,169,202,169,200,172,197,172,195,174,192,172,190,175,188,175,188,172,187,172,186,173,184,171,184,172,177,173,179,171,179,169,177,168,177,164,178,163,181,161,184,158,185,157,187,158,187,157,189,158,190,157,186,155,183,152,185,152,186,150,185,149,182,149,185,147,187,148,188,147,187,146,186,144,184,144,183,143,184,142,183,141" alt="Bihar" title="Bihar" /><area href="/wiki/Jharkhand" shape="poly" coords="221,161,225,164,223,167,225,169,223,169,224,172,220,176,219,176,219,177,217,179,216,177,213,180,210,182,209,182,207,182,205,182,204,185,208,187,212,188,211,190,214,192,216,196,214,197,212,195,211,196,210,194,205,193,207,196,206,198,205,200,204,198,202,198,200,197,199,199,197,199,196,198,197,194,194,195,191,195,189,196,187,195,185,193,187,191,187,189,186,188,184,186,184,184,185,183,183,181,182,182,180,179,178,176,177,175,178,172,180,173,184,172,185,171,186,173,188,172,189,173,189,175,191,174,192,172,195,174,197,172,200,173,202,168,204,169,205,169,207,172,209,174,211,170,215,170,215,168,217,167,216,165,218,163,220,164" alt="Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand" /><area href="/wiki/Odisha" shape="poly" coords="180,234,182,235,184,237,187,238,189,236,190,235,193,233,195,232,199,227,204,225,209,224,212,220,214,219,216,215,217,213,215,209,217,206,222,204,223,202,221,201,219,199,217,201,217,198,215,197,212,195,211,196,210,194,207,193,205,193,206,198,205,199,203,198,200,197,197,199,197,198,197,194,195,194,191,194,189,196,187,195,185,193,184,196,181,197,179,199,180,201,179,202,178,205,177,206,176,207,176,208,175,210,172,209,170,209,169,212,168,213,167,212,167,215,167,217,168,219,168,221,169,223,171,223,171,225,169,225,168,224,167,225,165,223,163,222,161,222,161,225,163,226,164,227,163,228,164,230,164,233,165,236,164,237,163,238,162,238,162,240,160,241,159,243,157,244,156,246,155,248,159,248,163,247,164,245,167,247,167,245,167,243,167,241,169,240,170,241,169,244,170,244,172,242,174,243,175,242,176,240,174,239,175,237,178,238,179,236" alt="Odisha" title="Odisha" /><area href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" shape="poly" coords="162,239,164,237,165,236,165,232,165,230,163,228,163,226,161,223,161,222,165,223,167,225,168,224,170,225,171,224,170,223,168,223,167,222,168,218,166,216,166,212,168,213,170,209,175,210,176,207,179,206,177,204,179,202,180,200,179,200,183,195,185,193,187,191,187,188,186,188,183,185,184,182,183,182,182,182,180,178,179,176,177,176,176,179,174,179,171,177,168,181,164,180,161,179,159,179,159,179,159,181,158,182,159,183,162,183,164,185,165,187,163,188,161,190,159,194,155,195,153,197,152,199,150,203,149,209,146,211,147,213,147,216,149,217,147,220,146,220,147,222,147,225,146,226,149,226,150,229,151,229,150,232,147,230,145,233,145,235,146,236,144,237,146,239,147,239,150,243,150,245,151,244,152,247,153,249,156,247,158,244,158,243,159,242,160,242,163,239" alt="Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh" /><area href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" shape="poly" coords="172,178,174,179,176,179,177,177,177,174,179,171,179,169,177,168,176,164,178,163,181,161,185,157,186,158,187,157,189,158,190,157,187,155,183,152,185,151,185,150,182,149,184,147,187,147,187,147,187,146,186,145,183,144,183,142,182,140,180,138,178,137,175,139,174,137,170,137,169,136,169,135,167,135,163,133,162,133,157,131,155,129,154,127,149,126,148,124,147,125,145,123,143,124,140,122,137,122,134,120,133,118,132,119,130,117,132,116,126,111,123,112,122,114,121,112,119,112,119,110,121,106,118,104,114,109,113,112,112,116,112,120,113,122,115,126,114,127,116,129,116,132,114,135,116,138,117,139,118,141,117,142,119,143,116,144,116,146,116,146,117,145,118,145,119,145,122,144,124,144,125,145,127,146,130,146,132,148,133,150,132,152,131,155,129,158,127,159,125,160,125,163,125,164,124,165,124,167,123,167,124,170,124,171,125,173,125,174,127,173,128,174,129,175,130,174,132,173,131,172,131,170,130,170,130,170,129,169,129,167,128,165,127,163,126,162,127,160,128,161,132,159,131,162,132,164,133,164,135,164,135,161,137,164,137,164,139,164,141,164,143,162,145,161,146,163,146,164,146,166,147,166,147,164,152,164,151,167,155,167,156,164,158,164,159,164,159,165,162,166,162,168,165,169,166,170,170,169,172,170,171,172,171,172,172,174,170,176,171,178" alt="Uttar Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh" /><area href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" shape="poly" coords="118,104,121,106,119,109,118,110,119,112,122,112,122,114,126,111,131,116,129,117,132,120,133,119,136,122,139,123,141,122,143,124,144,123,143,122,146,117,146,115,147,113,147,111,149,110,150,109,153,106,150,104,148,103,145,102,144,99,142,98,140,97,139,98,136,95,134,95,133,96,130,95,129,94,126,94,124,94,123,96,122,95,119,99,119,102,120,103" alt="Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand" /><area href="/wiki/Haryana" shape="poly" coords="110,97,111,98,111,100,111,104,109,103,109,104,108,105,109,107,107,107,106,105,105,106,104,106,104,108,104,110,102,110,100,109,97,111,97,110,94,113,94,113,94,112,94,110,92,109,89,107,88,109,86,108,88,109,87,110,88,112,87,113,87,115,89,115,91,115,92,117,95,117,96,119,97,122,97,125,99,127,102,129,102,132,102,133,104,133,103,132,104,131,104,130,107,131,107,132,110,129,111,131,111,133,110,136,113,135,115,134,116,133,116,132,117,130,116,128,114,126,112,126,112,125,110,125,111,123,111,122,113,122,113,120,112,117,112,115,112,113,113,112,113,110,115,108,117,106,118,104,117,103,115,103,114,102,114,99,111,98" alt="Haryana" title="Haryana" /><area href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" shape="poly" coords="110,97,109,99,109,99,110,100,112,101,111,104,109,102,109,104,108,105,109,107,107,107,107,105,105,106,104,106,104,109,104,110,102,111,100,109,98,111,97,110,94,113,94,111,94,109,93,109,91,108,89,107,88,109,86,107,83,107,81,107,81,105,81,103,81,101,82,101,86,97,89,94,89,94,88,91,89,90,88,86,90,85,92,84,95,83,97,82,97,81,101,78,101,80,99,82,99,84,100,84,102,86,102,87,103,89,104,91,104,92,106,91,107,92,108,93,108,95,109,96" alt="Punjab" title="Punjab" /><area href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" shape="poly" coords="108,95,110,96,112,99,114,101,114,103,117,104,120,103,119,101,120,98,120,96,122,95,123,96,124,94,126,94,128,95,132,95,132,96,134,95,132,94,131,93,130,91,131,89,129,86,129,82,128,81,127,78,127,76,124,78,122,76,121,74,118,74,114,74,112,71,110,71,109,71,107,72,104,73,103,75,102,74,102,75,102,78,100,79,101,80,99,82,99,84,101,85,102,87,103,89,104,90,104,92,104,92,105,91,107,93,109,94" alt="Himachal Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of the 28 states and 8 union territories of India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States">States</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_territories">Union territories</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"><div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">National Capital Territory of Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign,_economic_and_strategic_relations">Foreign, economic and strategic relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru,_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg/208px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg/312px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg/416px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Nasser_and_Tito_at_the_Conference_of_Non-Aligned_Nations_held_in_Belgrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">During the 1950s and 60s, India played a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dinkel2018-284">[268]</a> From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (now Egypt), <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> in Belgrade, September 1961.</div></div></div></div></div> In the 1950s, India strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">played a leading role</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothermund200048,_227-285">[269]</a> After initially cordial relations with neighbouring China, India went to <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">war with China in 1962</a> and was widely thought to have been humiliated.<a href="#cite_note-62-humiliation-286">[270]</a> This was followed by another <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">military conflict in 1967</a> in which India successfully repelled Chinese attack.<a href="#cite_note-287">[271]</a> India has had <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani relations">tense relations</a> with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone to war four times: in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">1999</a>. Three of these wars were fought over the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">disputed territory of Kashmir</a>, while the third, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">independence of Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2002486–487-288">[272]</a> In the late 1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of the host country: a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">peace-keeping operation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a <a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état">1988 coup d'état attempt</a> in the Maldives. After the 1965 war with Pakistan, India began to pursue close military and economic <a href="/wiki/India-Soviet_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Soviet Union relations">ties with the Soviet Union</a>; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma199956-289">[273]</a> Aside from its ongoing <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">special relationship with Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-290">[274]</a> India has wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">defence relations with Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations" title="France–India relations">France</a>. In recent years, it has played key roles in the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. The nation has provided 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">police</a> personnel to serve in 35 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping operations</a> across four continents. It participates in the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a>, and other multilateral forums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford2008-291">[275]</a> India has close economic ties with countries in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-292">[276]</a> Asia, and Africa; it pursues a <a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">"Look East" policy</a> that seeks to strengthen partnerships with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> nations, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="India–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> that revolve around many issues, but especially those involving economic investment and regional security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2009282–289-293">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisodiaNaidu20051–8-294">[278]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France,_in_Paris_on_July_14,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France%2C_in_Paris_on_July_14%2C_2009.jpg/208px-Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France%2C_in_Paris_on_July_14%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France%2C_in_Paris_on_July_14%2C_2009.jpg/312px-Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France%2C_in_Paris_on_July_14%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France%2C_in_Paris_on_July_14%2C_2009.jpg/416px-Indian_Air_Force_contingent_as_a_part_of_the_Bastille_Day_Parade_of_France%2C_in_Paris_on_July_14%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1222" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> contingent marching at the 221st <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a> in Paris, on 14 July 2009. The parade at which India was the foreign guest was led by India's oldest regiment, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">Maratha Light Infantry</a>, founded in 1768.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-muir-diary-maratha-295">[279]</a></div></div></div></div></div> China's <a href="/wiki/596_(nuclear_test)" class="mw-redirect" title="596 (nuclear test)">nuclear test of 1964</a>, as well as its repeated threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkovich200160–86,_106–125-296">[280]</a> India conducted its <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">first nuclear weapons test</a> in 1974 and carried out <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">additional underground testing</a> in 1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2010-297">[281]</a> India maintains a "<a href="/wiki/No_first_use" title="No first use">no first use</a>" nuclear policy and is developing a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_triad" title="Nuclear triad">nuclear triad</a> capability as a part of its "<a href="/wiki/Minimum_Credible_Deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum Credible Deterrence">Minimum Credible Deterrence</a>" doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENair2007-298">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandit2009-299">[283]</a> It is developing a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program">ballistic missile defence shield</a> and, a <a href="/wiki/HAL_AMCA" title="HAL AMCA">fifth-generation fighter jet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandit2015-300">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[285]</a> Other indigenous military projects involve the design and implementation of <a href="/wiki/Vikrant_class_aircraft_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikrant class aircraft carrier">Vikrant-class aircraft carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arihant_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arihant class submarine">Arihant-class nuclear submarines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_2011-302">[286]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Union_2008-303">[287]</a> In 2008, a <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93India_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement">civilian nuclear agreement</a> was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a>, ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth de facto nuclear weapons state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times_of_India_2008-304">[288]</a> India subsequently signed co-operation agreements involving <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">civilian nuclear energy</a> with Russia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Broadcasting_Corporation_2009-305">[289]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERediff_2008_a-306">[290]</a> the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters2010-307">[291]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry2010-308">[292]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg/208px-Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg/312px-Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg/416px-Modi_Nieto_Mexico_June_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="804" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> of India (left, background) in talks with President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> of Mexico during a visit to Mexico, 2016</div></div></div></div></div> The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.45 million active troops, they compose the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of troops">world's second-largest military</a>. It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency-309">[293]</a> The official Indian <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">defence budget</a> for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehera2011-310">[294]</a> Defence expenditure was pegged at US$70.12 billion for fiscal year 2022–23 and, increased 9.8% than previous fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-311">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandit2022-312">[296]</a> India is the world's second-largest arms importer; between 2016 and 2020, it accounted for 9.5% of the total global arms imports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandit2021-313">[297]</a> Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiglani2011-314">[298]</a> In May 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">South Asia Satellite</a>, a gift from India to its neighbouring <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Herald-315">[299]</a> In October 2018, India signed a US$5.43 billion (over <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>400 billion) agreement with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to procure four <a href="/wiki/S-400_Triumf" class="mw-redirect" title="S-400 Triumf">S-400 Triumf</a> surface-to-air missile defence systems, Russia's most advanced long-range <a href="/wiki/Missile_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Missile defence">missile defence</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-316">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg/220px-Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg/330px-Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg/440px-Plowing_the_land_in_India_-_modern_and_traditional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A farmer in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> ploughs his field with a tractor even as another in a field beyond does the same with a pair of oxen. In 2019, 43% of India's total workforce was employed in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-ilo-total-agriculture-317">[301]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/File:ILRI,_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ILRI%2C_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg/220px-ILRI%2C_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ILRI%2C_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg/330px-ILRI%2C_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ILRI%2C_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg/440px-ILRI%2C_Stevie_Mann_-_Villager_and_calf_share_milk_from_cow_in_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">India is the world's largest producer of milk, with the largest population of cattle. In 2018, nearly 80% of India's milk was sourced from small farms with herd size between one and two, the milk harvested by hand milking.<a href="#cite_note-milk-sourcing-319">[303]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_at_work,_Gujarat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Women_at_work%2C_Gujarat_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Women_at_work%2C_Gujarat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Women_at_work%2C_Gujarat_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Women_at_work%2C_Gujarat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Women_at_work%2C_Gujarat_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Women_at_work%2C_Gujarat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="2806" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Women tend to a recently planted rice field in <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> district in Gujarat. 55% of India's female workforce was employed in agriculture in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-ilo-female-agriculture-318">[302]</a></div></div></div></div></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), the Indian economy in 2024 was nominally worth $3.94 trillion; it was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fifth-largest economy</a> by market exchange rates and is, at around $15.0 trillion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">third-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP).<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IN-24">[16]</a> With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–2012,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Monetary_Fund_20112-320">[304]</a> India is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">world's fastest-growing economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayakGoldarAgrawal2010xxv-321">[305]</a> However, due to its low GDP per capita—which ranks 136th in the world in nominal per capita income and 125th in per capita income adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP)—the vast majority of Indians fall into the low-income group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Monetary_Fund-322">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[307]</a> Until 1991, all Indian governments followed <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread <a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">state intervention and regulation</a> largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute <a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis" title="1991 Indian economic crisis">balance of payments crisis in 1991</a> forced the nation to <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">liberalise its economy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2003xiv-324">[308]</a> since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_2007-325">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGargan1992-326">[310]</a> by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlamgir200823,_97-327">[311]</a> India has been a member of <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> since 1 January 1995.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Trade_Organization_1995-328">[312]</a> The 522-million-worker <a href="/wiki/Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">Indian labour force</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">world's second largest</a>, as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency-309">[293]</a> The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">foreign exchange remittances</a> of US$100 billion in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-329">[313]</a> highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-330">[314]</a> Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2004-19">[12]</a> Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2004-19">[12]</a> In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_2007-325">[309]</a> In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%;<a href="#cite_note-331">[315]</a> In 2021, India was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">world's ninth-largest importer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">sixteenth-largest exporter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[316]</a> Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and manufactured leather goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2004-19">[12]</a> Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2004-19">[12]</a> Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist_2011-333">[317]</a> India was the world's second-largest textile exporter after <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the 2013 calendar year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomic_Times_2014-334">[318]</a> Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_2007-325">[309]</a> India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010-335">[319]</a> Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrellBeinhocker2007-336">[320]</a> Though ranking 68th in <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">global competitiveness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rank_2019-337">[321]</a> as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit">[update]</a>, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwab2010-338">[322]</a> With seven of the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country is viewed as the second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2009-339">[323]</a> India is ranked 39th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-340">[324]</a>As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit">[update]</a>, India's consumer market was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets" title="List of largest consumer markets">world's fifth largest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[325]</a> Driven by growth, India's nominal <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$2,731 in 2024. It is expected to grow to US$3,264 by 2026.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IN-24">[16]</a> However, it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:490px;max-width:490px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg/488px-Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="488" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg/732px-Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg/976px-Bangalore_Panorama_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7715" data-file-height="1754" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A panorama of <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, the centre of India's software development economy. In the 1980s, when the first <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> began to set up centres in India, they chose Bengaluru (then called Bangalore) because of the large pool of skilled graduates in the area, in turn due to the many science and engineering colleges in the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-ScottGarofoli2007-342">[326]</a></div></div></div></div></div> According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers (<a href="/wiki/PwC" title="PwC">PwC</a>) report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of the United States by 2045.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksworthTiwari2011-343">[327]</a> During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksworthTiwari2011-343">[327]</a> The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle-class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawksworthTiwari2011-343">[327]</a> The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">transport infrastructure</a>, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">energy security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">public health</a> and nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-344">[328]</a> According to the Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2017 released by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> (EIU) which was created by comparing more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services, four of the cheapest cities were in India: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru</a> (3rd), <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (5th), <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (5th) and <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> (8th).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist_2017-345">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries">Industries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden,_Namchi,_Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg/208px-Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg/312px-Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg/416px-Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="2804" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A tea garden in Sikkim. India, the world's second-largest producer of tea, is a nation of one billion tea drinkers, who consume 70% of India's tea output.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India's telecommunication industry</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">second-largest in the world</a> with over 1.2 billion subscribers. It contributes 6.5% to India's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-346">[330]</a> After the third quarter of 2017, India surpassed the US to become the second-largest smartphone market in the world after China.<a href="#cite_note-347">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Indian automotive industry</a>, the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusiness_Line_2010-348">[332]</a> and exports by 36% during 2008–2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExpress_India_2009-349">[333]</a> In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan.<a href="#cite_note-350">[334]</a> At the end of 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Indian IT industry</a> employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasscom_2011–2012-351">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">pharmaceutical industry in India</a> emerged as a global player. As of 2021, with 3000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines and supply up to 50–60% of global vaccines demand, these all contribute up to US$24.44 billions in exports and India's local pharmaceutical market is estimated up to US$42 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Phamra1-352">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pharma2-353">[337]</a> India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world.<a href="#cite_note-354">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYep2011-355">[339]</a> The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from ₹204.4 billion (<a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</a>) to ₹235.24 billion (US$3.94 billion at June 2013 exchange rates).<a href="#cite_note-356">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy of India</a></div> India's capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">renewable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Par-357">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">The country's usage of coal</a> is a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India#Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Climate change in India">greenhouse gas emissions by India</a> but <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">its renewable energy</a> is competing strongly.<a href="#cite_note-358">[342]</a> India emits about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This equates to about 2.5 tons of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> per person per year, which is half the world average.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2018-359">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2019-360">[344]</a> Increasing <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">access to electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clean_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean cooking">clean cooking</a> with <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> have been priorities for energy in India.<a href="#cite_note-361">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_challenges">Socio-economic challenges</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_health_workers_in_India_(34332433890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg/208px-Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg/312px-Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg/416px-Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Health workers about to begin another day of immunisation against infectious diseases in 2006. Eight years later, and three years after India's last case of polio, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> declared India to be polio-free.<a href="#cite_note-who-chan-14-feb-2014-362">[346]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Despite economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges. In 2006, India contained the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">largest number</a> of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of US$1.25 per day.<a href="#cite_note-363">[347]</a> The proportion decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-364">[348]</a> Under the World Bank's later revised poverty line, it was 21% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-366">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-WB2015-367">[350]</a> 30.7% of India's children under the age of five are underweight.<a href="#cite_note-368">[351]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> report in 2015, 15% of the population is undernourished.<a href="#cite_note-369">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[353]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a> attempts to lower these rates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrèzeGoyal200846-371">[354]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Free Foundation">Walk Free Foundation</a> report estimated that nearly 8 million people in India were living in different forms of <a href="/wiki/Modern_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern slavery">modern slavery</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bonded_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonded labour">bonded labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, human trafficking, and forced begging, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Pandit_2018-372">[355]</a> According to the 2011 census, there were 10.1 million child labourers in the country, a decline of 2.6 million from 12.6 million in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-373">[356]</a> Since 1991, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states by GDP">economic inequality</a> between India's states has consistently grown: the per-capita <a href="/wiki/Net_domestic_product" title="Net domestic product">net state domestic product</a> of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalGhosh2007-374">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption in India</a> is perceived to have decreased. According to the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>, India ranked 78th out of 180 countries in 2018 with a score of 41 out of 100, an improvement from 85th in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-375">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics,_languages_and_religion">Demographics, languages and religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian ethnic groups</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">India by language</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Language_Families.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/168px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/252px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/336px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1201" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The language families of South Asia</div></div></div></div></div> With an estimated 1,428,627,663 residents in 2023, India is the world's most populous country.<a href="#cite_note-WPP_UN-21">[13]</a> 1,210,193,422 residents were reported in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 provisional census report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India160-377">[360]</a> Its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India165-378">[361]</a> compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India165-378">[361]</a> The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India160-377">[360]</a> The median age was 28.7 as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency-309">[293]</a> The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people.<a href="#cite_note-379">[362]</a> Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "<a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a>" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorabacher201035–39-380">[363]</a> The life expectancy in India is at 70 years—71.5 years for women, 68.7 years for men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency-309">[293]</a> There are around 93 physicians per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-381">[364]</a> Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India's recent history. The number of people living in urban areas grew by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarg2005-382">[365]</a> Yet, in 2001, over 70% still lived in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDysonVisaria2005115–129-383">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatna2007271–272-384">[367]</a> The level of urbanisation increased further from 27.81% in the 2001 Census to 31.16% in the 2011 Census. The slowing down of the overall population growth rate was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandramouli2011-385">[368]</a> According to the 2011 census, there are 53 <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">million-plus urban agglomerations in India</a>; among them <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, in decreasing order by population.<a href="#cite_note-censusindia_2011-386">[369]</a> The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India163-387">[370]</a> The rural-urban literacy gap, which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandramouli2011-385">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> the least with 63.82%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India163-387">[370]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg/208px-Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg/312px-Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg/416px-Interior_of_San_Thome_Basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4071" data-file-height="2744" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The interior of <a href="/wiki/San_Thome_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="San Thome Basilica">San Thome Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Christianity is believed to have been introduced to India by the late 2nd century by <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India#Early_Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Syriac-speaking Christians</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Among speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>, 74% speak <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, the easternmost branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>; 24% speak <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, indigenous to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and spoken widely before the spread of Indo-Aryan languages and 2% speak <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>. India has no national language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharwadker2010168–194,_186-388">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttenheimer2008303-389">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallikarjun2004-390">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Home_Affairs_1960-9">[6]</a> it is important in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">education</a>, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 22 "scheduled languages". The 2011 census reported the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">religion in India</a> with the largest number of followers was <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a> (79.80% of the population), followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> (14.23%); the remaining were <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a> (2.30%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a> (1.72%), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a> (0.70%), <a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistics of Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.36%) and others<a href="#cite_note-remaining_religions-391">[r]</a> (0.9%).<a href="#cite_note-Census2011religion-18">[11]</a> India has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Muslim_population#List" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Muslim population">third-largest</a> Muslim population—the largest for a non-Muslim majority country.<a href="#cite_note-392">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_(Harmandir_Sahib)_in_Amritsar,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/208px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/312px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/416px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Sikh pilgrim at the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>, or Golden Temple, in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, Punjab</div></div></div></div></div> Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper201015-394">[376]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 BCE – c. 500 BCE), the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">literature</a> were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dhárma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">kárma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yóga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">mokṣa</a>, were established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper201086-87">[74]</a> India is notable for <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">its religious diversity</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a> among the nation's major religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs20022–5-395">[377]</a> The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19693,_78-396">[378]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs20022–5-395">[377]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999-397">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a></div> India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, especially in the first millennium, when <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> spread with Indian religions to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art.<a href="#cite_note-398">[380]</a> Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation#Seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">seals from the Indus Valley Civilization</a> of the third millennium BCE have been found, usually carved with animals, but a few with human figures. The <a href="/wiki/%22Pashupati%22_seal" class="mw-redirect" title=""Pashupati" seal">"Pashupati" seal</a>, excavated in <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, Pakistan, in 1928–29, is the best known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven199714–16-399">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle199417–18-400">[382]</a> After this there is a long period with virtually nothing surviving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle199417–18-400">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland197046–47-401">[383]</a> Almost all surviving ancient Indian art thereafter is in various forms of religious <a href="/wiki/Indian_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sculpture">sculpture</a> in durable materials, or coins. There was probably originally far more in wood, which is lost. In north India <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Mauryan art</a> is the first imperial movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven199735–46-402">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland197067–70-403">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle199422–24-404">[386]</a> In the first millennium CE, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> spread with Indian religions to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the last also greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1970185–198,_252,_385–466-405">[387]</a> Over the following centuries a distinctly Indian style of sculpting the human figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">ancient Greek sculpture</a> but showing smoothly flowing forms expressing prana ("breath" or life-force).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven199722,_88-406">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland197035,_99–100-407">[389]</a> This is often complicated by the need to give figures multiple arms or heads, or represent different genders on the left and right of figures, as with the <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> form of Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven199718–19-408">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton1993151-409">[391]</a> Most of the earliest large sculpture is Buddhist, either excavated from Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle199432–38-410">[392]</a> or is rock cut <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karla_Caves" title="Karla Caves">Karla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a>. Hindu and Jain sites appear rather later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle199443–55-411">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1970113–119-412">[394]</a> In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions, generally, the prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious groups, and sculptors probably usually served all communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton199310–11-413">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta art</a>, at its peak <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 CE – c. 500 CE, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hindu sculpture, as at the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven1997111–121-414">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell200044–70-415">[397]</a> Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 CE, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994212–216-416">[398]</a> But in the South, under the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasties</a>, sculpture in both stone and bronze had a <a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture#Sculpture_and_bronzes" title="Chola art and architecture">sustained period of great achievement</a>; the large bronzes with Shiva as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> have become an iconic symbol of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven1997152–160-417">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton1993225–227-418">[400]</a> Ancient painting has only survived at a few sites, of which the crowded scenes of court life in the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a> are by far the most important, but it was evidently highly developed, and is mentioned as a courtly accomplishment in Gupta times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994356–361-419">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1970242–251-420">[402]</a> Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern India about the 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Buddhist and later Jain. No doubt the style of these was used in larger paintings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994361–370-421">[403]</a> The Persian-derived <a href="/wiki/Deccan_painting" title="Deccan painting">Deccan painting</a>, starting just before the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a>, between them give the first large body of secular painting, with an emphasis on portraits, and the recording of princely pleasures and wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven1997202–208-422">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994372–382,_400–406-423">[405]</a> The style spread to Hindu courts, especially <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">among the Rajputs</a>, and developed a variety of styles, with the smaller courts often the most innovative, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand" title="Nihâl Chand">Nihâl Chand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nainsukh" title="Nainsukh">Nainsukh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven1997222–243-424">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994384–397,_407–420-425">[407]</a> As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Company_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Company painting">Company painting</a> by Indian artists with considerable Western influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven1997243-426">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell2000210-427">[409]</a> In the 19th century, cheap <a href="/wiki/Kalighat_painting" title="Kalighat painting">Kalighat paintings</a> of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> from <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, which later saw the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art" title="Bengal School of Art">Bengal School of Art</a>, reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the first movement in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Indian_painting" title="Modern Indian painting">modern Indian painting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell2000210–211-428">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlurton1993211-429">[411]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhutesvara Yakshis, Buddhist reliefs from Mathura, 2nd century CE"><img alt="Bhutesvara Yakshis, Buddhist reliefs from Mathura, 2nd century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg/324px-Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg/486px-Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg/648px-Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="2418" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bhutesvara_Yakshis" title="Bhutesvara Yakshis">Bhutesvara Yakshis</a>, Buddhist reliefs from <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, 2nd century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DT5237_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gupta terracotta relief, Krishna Killing the Horse Demon Keshi, 5th century"><img alt="Gupta terracotta relief, Krishna Killing the Horse Demon Keshi, 5th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg/239px-MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg/359px-MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg/478px-MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="3306" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta</a> <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> relief, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> Killing the <a href="/wiki/Keshi_(demon)" title="Keshi (demon)">Horse Demon Keshi</a>, 5th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 318px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 316px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephanta_Caves_(27804449706)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephanta Caves, triple-bust (trimurti) of Shiva, 18 feet (5.5 m) tall, c. 550"><img alt="Elephanta Caves, triple-bust (trimurti) of Shiva, 18 feet (5.5 m) tall, c. 550" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elephanta_Caves_%2827804449706%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/474px-Elephanta_Caves_%2827804449706%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="316" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elephanta_Caves_%2827804449706%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/710px-Elephanta_Caves_%2827804449706%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elephanta_Caves_%2827804449706%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/947px-Elephanta_Caves_%2827804449706%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="1476" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>, triple-<a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> (trimurti) of Shiva, 18 feet (5.5 m) tall, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_(Nataraja).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chola bronze of Shiva as Nataraja ("Lord of Dance"), Tamil Nadu, 10th or 11th century"><img alt="Chola bronze of Shiva as Nataraja ("Lord of Dance"), Tamil Nadu, 10th or 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_%28Nataraja%29.jpg/268px-Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_%28Nataraja%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_%28Nataraja%29.jpg/402px-Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_%28Nataraja%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_%28Nataraja%29.jpg/535px-Shiva_as_Lord_of_the_Dance_%28Nataraja%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture#Sculpture_and_bronzes" title="Chola art and architecture">Chola bronze</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> ("Lord of Dance"), <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, 10th or 11th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram at Ajmer on His Return from the Mewar Campaign, Balchand, c. 1635"><img alt="Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram at Ajmer on His Return from the Mewar Campaign, Balchand, c. 1635" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg/212px-Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg/317px-Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg/423px-Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram_at_Ajmer_on_His_Return_from_the_Mewar_Campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> Receives <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Prince Khurram</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> on His Return from the <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> Campaign, Balchand, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1635</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown,_Kangra,_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids, Kangra painting, 1775–1785"><img alt="Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids, Kangra painting, 1775–1785" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Unknown%2C_Kangra%2C_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/408px-Unknown%2C_Kangra%2C_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Unknown%2C_Kangra%2C_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/611px-Unknown%2C_Kangra%2C_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Unknown%2C_Kangra%2C_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/815px-Unknown%2C_Kangra%2C_India_-_Krishna_Fluting_to_the_Milkmaids_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="3314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_painting" title="Kangra painting">Kangra painting</a>, 1775–1785</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg/238px-Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg/357px-Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg/476px-Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Taj Mahal from across the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna river">Yamuna river</a> showing two outlying red sandstone buildings, a mosque on the right (west) and a jawab (response) thought to have been built for architectural balance</div></div></div></div></div> Much of Indian architecture, including the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, other works of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Indo-Islamic Mughal architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">South Indian architecture</a>, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper2010296–329-430">[412]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_vernacular_architecture" title="Indian vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a> is also regional in its flavours. <a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a>, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Mamuni_Mayan" title="Mamuni Mayan">Mamuni Mayan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman200720-431">[413]</a> explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar20005-432">[414]</a> it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200473-433">[415]</a> As applied in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a>, it is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a>, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the "<a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangMoleski2010151–152-434">[416]</a> The Taj Mahal, built in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> between 1631 and 1648 by orders of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> in memory of his wife, has been described in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage List">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Educational,_Scientific,_and_Cultural_Organisation-435">[417]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture</a>, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopra201146-436">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a></div> The earliest literature in India, composed between 1500 BCE and 1200 CE, was in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoibergRamchandani2000-437">[419]</a> Major works of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BCE – c. 1200 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 BCE – c. 400 CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE and later); Abhijñānaśākuntalam (<a href="/wiki/The_Recognition_of_%C5%9Aakuntal%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="The Recognition of Śakuntalā">The Recognition of Śakuntalā</a>, and other dramas of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th century CE) and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Classical_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit Classical poetry">Mahākāvya</a> poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2008-438">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonell20041–40-439">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKālidāsaJohnson2001-440">[422]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BCE – c. 300 BCE) consisting of 2,381 poems, composed by 473 poets, is the earliest work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199712-441">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1975-442">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamanujan1985ix–x-443">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[426]</a> From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">devotional poets</a> like <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabīr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsīdās</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nānak</a>. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas2005-445">[427]</a> In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Works of Rabindranath Tagore">works</a> of the Bengali poet, author and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta2006-446">[428]</a> who was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_and_media">Performing arts and media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:237px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg/168px-Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg/252px-Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg/336px-Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2405" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">India's <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">National Academy of Performance Arts</a> has recognised eight Indian dance styles to be classical. One such is <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a> shown here.</div></div></div></div></div> Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Classical music</a> encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasseyMassey1998-447">[429]</a> Regionalised popular forms include <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">folk music</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">bauls</a> is a well-known form of the latter. <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Indian dance</a> also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">folk dances</a> are: <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">bhangra</a> of Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">bihu</a> of Assam, <a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">chhau</a> of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">garba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">dandiya</a> of Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">ghoomar</a> of Rajasthan, and <a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">lavani</a> of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian dance">classical dance status</a> by India's <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama</a>. These are: <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">bharatanatyam</a> of the state of Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">kathak</a> of Uttar Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">kathakali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">mohiniyattam</a> of Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">kuchipudi</a> of Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">manipuri</a> of Manipur, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">odissi</a> of Odisha, and the <a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">sattriya</a> of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-448">[430]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">Theatre in India</a> melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal200423,_30,_235-449">[431]</a> Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes: the <a href="/wiki/Bhavai" title="Bhavai">bhavai</a> of Gujarat, the <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">jatra</a> of West Bengal, the <a href="/wiki/Nautanki" title="Nautanki">nautanki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">ramlila</a> of North India, <a href="/wiki/Tamasha" title="Tamasha">tamasha</a> of Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Burrakatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Burrakatha">burrakatha</a> of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, <a href="/wiki/Terukkuttu" title="Terukkuttu">terukkuttu</a> of Tamil Nadu, and the <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">yakshagana</a> of Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranth200226-450">[432]</a> India has a theatre training institute the <a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Drama" title="National School of Drama">National School of Drama</a> (NSD) that is situated at <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. It is an autonomous organisation under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[433]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian film industry</a> produces the world's most-watched cinema.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayakeGokulsing2004-452">[434]</a> Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Assam">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Karnataka">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen1999652-453">[435]</a> The Hindi language film industry (Bollywood) is the largest sector representing 43% of box office revenue, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">South Indian</a> Telugu and Tamil film industries which represent 36% combined.<a href="#cite_note-deloitte-454">[436]</a> Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication and expanded slowly for more than two decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayan201366–67-455">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminskyLong2011684–692-456">[438]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">state monopoly</a> on television broadcast ended in the 1990s. Since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped the popular culture of Indian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta20081–10-457">[439]</a> Today, television is the most penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit">[update]</a> there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite or cable connections compared to other forms of mass media such as the press (350 million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansa_Research2012-458">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar,_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg/208px-Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg/312px-Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg/416px-Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Muslims offer <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">namaz</a> at a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, Jammu and Kashmir.</div></div></div></div></div> Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Indian caste system</a> embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found on the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by thousands of <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a> hereditary groups, often termed as <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jātis</a>, or "castes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg2011-459">[441]</a> India abolished <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a> in 1950 with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constitution</a> and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives. <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a> are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint family">joint families</a> have been the norm in India, though <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear families</a> are becoming common in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakar2007-460">[442]</a> An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent">their marriages arranged</a> by their parents or other family elders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedora2003-461">[443]</a> Marriage is thought to be for life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedora2003-461">[443]</a> and the divorce rate is extremely low,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRamdas2005111-462">[444]</a> with less than one in a thousand marriages ending in divorce.<a href="#cite_note-463">[445]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriages</a> are common, especially in rural areas; many women wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen-Dupont200996-464">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_India" title="Female infanticide in India">Female infanticide in India</a>, and lately <a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">female foeticide</a>, have created skewed gender ratios; the number of <a href="/wiki/Missing_women" title="Missing women">missing women</a> in the country quadrupled from 15 million to 63 million in the 50-year period ending in 2014, faster than the population growth during the same period, and constituting 20 percent of India's female electorate.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_November_17_2019c-465">[447]</a> According to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_November_17_2019c-466">[448]</a> Despite a government ban on sex-selective foeticide, the practice remains commonplace in India, the result of a preference for boys in a patriarchal society.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy_November_17_2019c-467">[449]</a> The payment of <a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">dowry</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Dowry_law_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry law in India">illegal</a>, remains widespread across class lines.<a href="#cite_note-468">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dowry_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry deaths">Deaths resulting from dowry</a>, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">bride burning</a>, are on the rise, despite stringent anti-dowry laws.<a href="#cite_note-469">[451]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Indian festivals</a> are religious in origin. The best known include <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Thai Pongal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakr-Id" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakr-Id">Bakr-Id</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_worldwide#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas worldwide">Christmas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[453]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History of education in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_(3384824242).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg/220px-47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg/330px-47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg/440px-47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Children awaiting school lunch in Rayka (also Raika), a village in rural Gujarat. The salutation <a href="/wiki/Jai_Bhim" title="Jai Bhim">Jai Bhim</a> written on the blackboard honours the jurist, social reformer, and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> leader <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 2011 census, about 73% of the population was literate, with 81% for men and 65% for women. This compares to 1981 when the respective rates were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951 the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%. In 1921 the rates 7%, 12% and 2%. In 1891 they were 5%, 9% and 1%,<a href="#cite_note-472">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[455]</a> According to Latika Chaudhary, in 1911 there were under three primary schools for every ten villages. Statistically, more caste and religious diversity reduced private spending. Primary schools taught literacy, so local diversity limited its growth.<a href="#cite_note-474">[456]</a> The education system of India is the world's second-largest.<a href="#cite_note-475">[457]</a> India has over 900 universities, 40,000 colleges<a href="#cite_note-highered1-476">[458]</a> and 1.5 million schools.<a href="#cite_note-477">[459]</a> In India's higher education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">affirmative action</a> policies for the historically disadvantaged. In recent decades India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to its <a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sify-478">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Clothing in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:India_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/India_School.jpg/232px-India_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/India_School.jpg/348px-India_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/India_School.jpg/464px-India_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Women in <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> at an adult literacy class in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_pump,_Varanasi_(15563170660)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Water_pump%2C_Varanasi_%2815563170660%29_Cropped.jpg/112px-Water_pump%2C_Varanasi_%2815563170660%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Water_pump%2C_Varanasi_%2815563170660%29_Cropped.jpg/168px-Water_pump%2C_Varanasi_%2815563170660%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Water_pump%2C_Varanasi_%2815563170660%29_Cropped.jpg/224px-Water_pump%2C_Varanasi_%2815563170660%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2314" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A man in <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> and wearing a woollen shawl, in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></div></div></div></div></div> From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in India was <a href="/wiki/Draped_garment" title="Draped garment">draped</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tarlo1996-26-480">[462]</a> For women it took the form of a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, a single piece of cloth many yards long.<a href="#cite_note-Tarlo1996-26-480">[462]</a> The sari was traditionally wrapped around the lower body and the shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-Tarlo1996-26-480">[462]</a> In its modern form, it is combined with an underskirt, or Indian <a href="/wiki/Petticoat#Asian_petticoats" title="Petticoat">petticoat</a>, and tucked in the waist band for more secure fastening. It is also commonly worn with an Indian <a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">blouse</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Choli" title="Choli">choli</a>, which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari's end—passing over the shoulder—serving to cover the midriff and obscure the upper body's contours.<a href="#cite_note-Tarlo1996-26-480">[462]</a> For men, a similar but shorter length of cloth, the <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>, has served as a lower-body garment.<a href="#cite_note-Tarlo1996-26-28-481">[463]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:210px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg/168px-Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg/252px-Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg/336px-Strolling_Shoppers_in_Paltan_Bazaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1821" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Women (from left to right) in <a href="/wiki/Churidar" title="Churidar">churidars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameez">kameez</a> (with back to the camera), jeans and sweater, and pink <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">shalwar kameez</a></div></div></div></div></div> The use of stitched clothes became widespread after Muslim rule was established at first by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi sultanate">Delhi sultanate</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 CE) and then continued by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1525 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Rahman-Alkazi2002-482">[464]</a> Among the garments introduced during this time and still commonly worn are: the <a href="/wiki/Shalwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalwar">shalwars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyjama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyjama">pyjamas</a>, both styles of trousers, and the tunics <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameez">kameez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rahman-Alkazi2002-482">[464]</a> In southern India, the traditional draped garments were to see much longer continuous use.<a href="#cite_note-Rahman-Alkazi2002-482">[464]</a> Salwars are atypically wide at the waist but narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.<a href="#cite_note-StevensonWaite2011-483">[465]</a> The pants can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the <a href="/wiki/Grain_(textile)#Bias" title="Grain (textile)">bias</a>, in which case they are called <a href="/wiki/Churidar" title="Churidar">churidars</a>. When they are ordinarily wide at the waist and their bottoms are hemmed but not cuffed, they are called pyjamas. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic,<a href="#cite_note-StevensonWaite2011-b-484">[466]</a> its side seams left open below the waistline.<a href="#cite_note-485">[467]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> is traditionally collarless and made of cotton or silk; it is worn plain or with embroidered decoration, such as <a href="/wiki/Chikan_(embroidery)" title="Chikan (embroidery)">chikan</a>; and typically falls to either just above or just below the wearer's knees.<a href="#cite_note-Shukla2015-486">[468]</a> In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in India. Increasingly, in urban northern India, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, though they remain popular on formal occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2014-487">[469]</a> The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans.<a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2014-487">[469]</a> In white-collar office settings, ubiquitous air conditioning allows men to wear sports jackets year-round.<a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2014-487">[469]</a> For weddings and formal occasions, men in the middle- and upper classes often wear <a href="/wiki/Bandgala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandgala">bandgala</a>, or short <a href="/wiki/Nehru_jackets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru jackets">Nehru jackets</a>, with pants, with the groom and his <a href="/wiki/Groomsmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Groomsmen">groomsmen</a> sporting <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">sherwanis</a> and churidars.<a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2014-487">[469]</a> The dhoti, once the universal garment of Hindu males, the wearing of which in the homespun and handwoven <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">khadi</a> allowed Gandhi to bring Indian nationalism to the millions,<a href="#cite_note-BruzziGibson2013-488">[470]</a> is seldom seen in the cities.<a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2014-487">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg/168px-South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg/252px-South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg/336px-South_Indian_Thali_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="1583" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">South Indian vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a>, or platter</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Odia_Mutton_Curry_(Mansha_Tarkari)_Rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Odia_Mutton_Curry_%28Mansha_Tarkari%29_Rotated.jpg/168px-Odia_Mutton_Curry_%28Mansha_Tarkari%29_Rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Odia_Mutton_Curry_%28Mansha_Tarkari%29_Rotated.jpg/252px-Odia_Mutton_Curry_%28Mansha_Tarkari%29_Rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Odia_Mutton_Curry_%28Mansha_Tarkari%29_Rotated.jpg/336px-Odia_Mutton_Curry_%28Mansha_Tarkari%29_Rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="966" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Railway <a href="/wiki/Mutton_curry" title="Mutton curry">mutton curry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div></div></div></div></div> The foundation of a typical Indian meal is a cereal cooked in a plain fashion and complemented with flavourful savoury dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p409-489">[471]</a> The cooked cereal could be steamed rice; <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a>, a thin unleavened bread made from wheat flour, or occasionally cornmeal, and griddle-cooked dry;<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p161-490">[472]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">idli</a>, a steamed breakfast cake, or <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a>, a griddled pancake, both leavened and made from a batter of rice- and <a href="/wiki/Vigna_mungo" title="Vigna mungo">gram</a> meal.<a href="#cite_note-tamang-yeast-idlidosa-491">[473]</a> The savoury dishes might include <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulses">pulses</a> and vegetables commonly spiced with <a href="/wiki/Ginger_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger root">ginger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, but also with a combination of spices that may include <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardamon">cardamon</a> and others as informed by culinary conventions.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p409-489">[471]</a> They might also include poultry, fish, or meat dishes. In some instances, the ingredients might be mixed during the process of cooking.<a href="#cite_note-jhala-princely-biryani-492">[474]</a> A platter, or <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a>, used for eating usually has a central place reserved for the cooked cereal, and peripheral ones for the flavourful accompaniments, which are often served in small bowls. The cereal and its accompaniments are eaten simultaneously rather than a piecemeal manner. This is accomplished by mixing—for example of rice and lentils—or folding, wrapping, scooping or dipping—such as chapati and cooked vegetables or lentils.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p409-489">[471]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/180px--Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="320" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm/Making_Khameeri_Roti_in_Tandoor_in_Turkman_Gate_Old_Delhi.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A tandoor chef in the <a href="/wiki/Turkman_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkman Gate">Turkman Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Delhi" title="Old Delhi">Old Delhi</a>, makes Khameeri <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a> (a Muslim-influenced style of <a href="/wiki/Bread#Leavening" title="Bread">leavened bread</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Panjabi1995-493">[475]</a></figcaption></figure> India has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p410-494">[476]</a> The appearance of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, or the avoidance of violence toward all forms of life in many religious orders early in Indian history, especially <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishadic Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, is thought to have contributed to the predominance of vegetarianism among a large segment of India's Hindu population, especially in southern India, Gujarat, the <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speaking belt of north-central India, as well as among Jains.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p410-494">[476]</a> Although meat is eaten widely in India, the proportional consumption of meat in the overall diet is low.<a href="#cite_note-SahakianSaloma2016-50-495">[477]</a> Unlike China, which has increased its per capita meat consumption substantially in its years of increased economic growth, in India the strong dietary traditions have contributed to dairy, rather than meat, becoming the preferred form of animal protein consumption.<a href="#cite_note-OECDNations2018-496">[478]</a> The most significant import of cooking techniques into India during the last millennium occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Dishes such as the <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoger2000-497">[479]</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sengupta-74-498">[480]</a> and cooking techniques such as the marinating of meat in yogurt, spread into northern India from regions to its northwest.<a href="#cite_note-CollinghamCollingham2007-499">[481]</a> To the simple yogurt marinade of Persia, onions, garlic, almonds, and spices began to be added in India.<a href="#cite_note-CollinghamCollingham2007-499">[481]</a> Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with the sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce what has today become the Indian <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CollinghamCollingham2007-499">[481]</a> a feature of festive dining in many parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-nandy2004-500">[482]</a> In the food served in Indian restaurants worldwide the diversity of Indian food has been partially concealed by the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi cuisine</a>. The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">tandoori chicken</a>—cooked in the <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tandoor</a> oven, which had traditionally been used for baking bread in the rural Punjab and the Delhi region, especially among Muslims, but which is originally from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>—dates to the 1950s, and was caused in large part by an entrepreneurial response among people from the Punjab who had been displaced by the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-p410-494">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_recreation">Sports and recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport in India</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Indian physical culture</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle,_Jaura,_Inde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle%2C_Jaura%2C_Inde.jpg/208px-Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle%2C_Jaura%2C_Inde.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle%2C_Jaura%2C_Inde.jpg/312px-Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle%2C_Jaura%2C_Inde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle%2C_Jaura%2C_Inde.jpg/416px-Filles_jouant_%C3%A0_la_marelle%2C_Jaura%2C_Inde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Girls play <a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">hopscotch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaora" title="Jaora">Jaora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. Hopscotch has been commonly played by girls in rural India.<a href="#cite_note-SrinivasanJermyn2001-501">[483]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Several <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">traditional indigenous sports</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">kho kho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilli-danda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilli-danda">gilli-danda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">hopscotch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">martial arts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marma_adi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marma adi">marma adi</a>—remain popular. <a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">Chess</a> is commonly held to have <a href="/wiki/History_of_chess#India" title="History of chess">originated in India</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">chaturaṅga</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20032-502">[484]</a> in recent years, there has been a rise in the number of Indian <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERediff_2008_b-503">[485]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a> became the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">Chess World Champion</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007</a> and held the status until 2013. He also won the <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2000" title="Chess World Cup 2000">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2002" title="Chess World Cup 2002">2002</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2023" title="Chess World Cup 2023">2023</a>, <a href="/wiki/R_Praggnanandhaa" title="R Praggnanandhaa">R Praggnanandhaa</a> finished as runner-up in the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-504">[486]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parcheesi" title="Parcheesi">Parcheesi</a> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">Pachisi</a>, another traditional Indian pastime, which in early modern times was played on a giant marble court by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinmore200798-505">[487]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_India" title="Cricket in India">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport in India.<a href="#cite_note-506">[488]</a> The major domestic league is the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a>. Professional leagues in other sports include the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">football</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League" title="Pro Kabaddi League">Pro Kabaddi League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-507">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-508">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[491]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg/440px-Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg/660px-Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg/880px-Sachin_Tendulkar_about_to_score_14000th_run_in_test_cricket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Indian <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricketer</a> <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> about to score a record 14,000 runs in <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> while playing against Australia in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> (now Bengaluru), 2010</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">India</a> has won two <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cups</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1983_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1983 Cricket World Cup">1983 edition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2011 Cricket World Cup">2011 edition</a>. India became the inaugural <a href="/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Men's T20 World Cup">ICC Men's T20 World Cup</a> Champions in <a href="/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 ICC World Twenty20">2007</a>, and won it again in <a href="/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2024</a>. India has also won the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="ICC Champions Trophy">Champions Trophy</a> twice, in <a href="/wiki/2002_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2002 ICC Champions Trophy">2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2013 ICC Champions Trophy">2013</a>. The only edition of the <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Cricket" title="World Championship of Cricket">World Championship of Cricket</a> was won by India in <a href="/wiki/1985_World_Championship_of_Cricket_final" title="1985 World Championship of Cricket final">1985</a>. India also has eight field hockey gold medals in the <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Field hockey at the Summer Olympics">summer olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[492]</a> The improved results garnered by the <a href="/wiki/India_Davis_Cup_team" title="India Davis Cup team">Indian Davis Cup team</a> and other tennis players in the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuttermanSharma2009-511">[493]</a> India has a comparatively strong presence in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ISSF_World_Shooting_Championships" title="ISSF World Shooting Championships">World Shooting Championships</a>, and the Commonwealth Games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_Games_2010-512">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyriac2010-513">[495]</a> Other sports in which Indians have succeeded internationally include <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Broadcasting_Corporation_2010_a-514">[496]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saina_Nehwal" title="Saina Nehwal">Saina Nehwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._V._Sindhu" title="P. V. Sindhu">P. V. Sindhu</a> are two of the top-ranked female badminton players in the world), boxing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMint_2010-515">[497]</a> and wrestling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXavier2010-516">[498]</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_India" title="Football in India">Football</a> is popular in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sister_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sister States">north-eastern states</a>.India has traditionally been the dominant country at the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a>. An example of this dominance is the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_South_Asian_Games" title="Basketball at the South Asian Games">basketball competition</a> where the <a href="/wiki/India_national_basketball_team" title="India national basketball team">Indian team</a> won four out of five tournaments to date.<a href="#cite_note-517">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdarBandyopadhyay20061–5-518">[500]</a> India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the <a href="/wiki/1951_Asian_Games" title="1951 Asian Games">1951</a> and <a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">1982 Asian Games</a>; the <a href="/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1987 Cricket World Cup">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2011 Cricket World Cup">2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_ICC_Men%27s_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup">2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup</a> tournaments (and is also scheduled to host it in <a href="/wiki/2031_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2031 Cricket World Cup">2031</a>); the <a href="/wiki/1978_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1978 Women's Cricket World Cup">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1997 Women's Cricket World Cup">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2013 Women's Cricket World Cup">2013 ICC Women's Cricket World Cup</a> tournaments (and is also scheduled to host it in <a href="/wiki/2025_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2025 Women's Cricket World Cup">2025</a>); the <a href="/wiki/1987_South_Asian_Games" title="1987 South Asian Games">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_South_Asian_Games" title="1995 South Asian Games">1985</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_South_Asian_Games" title="2016 South Asian Games">2016 South Asian Games</a>; the <a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Asia_Cup" title="1990–91 Asia Cup">1990–91 Men's Asia Cup</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2002" title="Chess World Cup 2002">2002 Chess World Cup</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2003_Afro-Asian_Games" title="2003 Afro-Asian Games">2003 Afro-Asian Games</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2006 ICC Champions Trophy">2006 ICC Cricket Champion's Trophy</a> (and is also scheduled to host it in <a href="/wiki/2029_ICC_Champions_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="2029 ICC Champions Trophy">2029</a>); the <a href="/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Asia_Cup" title="2006 Women's Asia Cup">2006 Women's Asia Cup</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2009_BWF_World_Championships" title="2009 BWF World Championships">2009 World Badminton Championships</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2010_Men%27s_Hockey_World_Cup" title="2010 Men's Hockey World Cup">2010 Hockey World Cup</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010 Commonwealth Games</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2016_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 T20 World Cup">2016 ICC Men's Cricket T20 World Cup</a> (and is also scheduled to host it in <a href="/wiki/2026_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2026</a>); the <a href="/wiki/2016_ICC_Women%27s_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20">2016 ICC Women's Cricket T20 World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a>. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Open" title="Maharashtra Open">Maharashtra Open</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathon" title="Mumbai Marathon">Mumbai Marathon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Half_Marathon" title="Delhi Half Marathon">Delhi Half Marathon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Masters" title="Indian Masters">Indian Masters</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Grand_Prix" title="Indian Grand Prix">Indian Grand Prix</a> featured in late 2011 but has been discontinued from the F1 season calendar since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehejia2011-519">[501]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_India" title="Outline of India">Outline of India</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Originally written in <a href="/wiki/Sadhu_bhasha" title="Sadhu bhasha">Sanskritised Bengali</a> and adopted as the national anthem in its Hindi translation </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstituent_Assembly_of_India1950-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Written in a mixture of Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Sadhu_bhasha" title="Sadhu bhasha">Sanskritised Bengali</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">Part XVII of the Constitution of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Hindi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Union, along with <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a> as an additional official language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Home_Affairs_1960-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-india.gov.in2-10">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a> can have a different official language of their own other than Hindi or English. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Not all the state-level official languages are in the eighth schedule and not all the scheduled languages are state-level official languages. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a> is an 8th scheduled but not a state-level official language. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri language</a> are the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> which is currently a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> and no longer the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">former state</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <ul><li>According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, there are 424 living indigenous languages in India, in contrast to 11 extinct indigenous languages. In addition, there are also 29 living non-indigenous languages.<a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a></li> <li>Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2 (1,147,960 sq mi)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2004-19">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_India" title="Date and time notation in India">Date and time notation in India</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: Bhārat Gaṇarājya </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> also regards <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> as a bordering country, as it considers all of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> to be part of India. However, this is <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">disputed</a>, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "A Chinese pilgrim also recorded evidence of the caste system as he could observe it. According to this evidence the treatment meted out to untouchables such as the Chandalas was very similar to that which they experienced in later periods. This would contradict assertions that this rigid form of the caste system emerged in India only as a reaction to the Islamic conquest."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200493-47">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Shah Jahan eventually sent her body 800 km (500 mi) to Agra for burial in the Rauza-i Munauwara ("Illuminated Tomb") – a personal tribute and a stone manifestation of his imperial power. This tomb has been celebrated globally as the Taj Mahal."<a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018-106-56">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>; however, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the latitude 37° 6′ to its northernmost point. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> A biodiversity hotspot is a <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeographical</a> region which has more than 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species, but less than 30% of its primary habitat.<a href="#cite_note-SivaperumanVenkataraman2018-215">[201]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> A forest cover is moderately dense if between 40% and 70% of its area is covered by its tree canopy. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> In 2015, the World Bank raised its international poverty line to $1.90 per day.<a href="#cite_note-365">[349]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-remaining_religions-391"><a href="#cite_ref-remaining_religions_391-0">^</a> Besides specific religions, the last two categories in the 2011 Census were "Other religions and persuasions" (0.65%) and "Religion not stated" (0.23%). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Informatics_Centre2005">National Informatics Centre 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-india.gov.in-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-india.gov.in_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-india.gov.in_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-india.gov.in_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-india.gov.in_3-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204121208/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols">"National Symbols | National Portal of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India.gov.in" title="India.gov.in">India.gov.in</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols">the original</a> on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017. <q>The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Symbols+%26%23124%3B+National+Portal+of+India&rft.pub=India.gov.in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Findia-glance%2Fnational-symbols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tatsama-4"><a href="#cite_ref-tatsama_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417194530/https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html">"National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News18_India" title="News18 India">News18</a>. 14 August 2012. 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Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldstandards.eu&rft.atitle=List+of+all+left-+%26+right-driving+countries+around+the+world&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstandards.eu%2Fcars%2Flist-of-left-driving-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjcOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76">The Essential Desk Reference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002, p. 76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512873-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512873-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512873-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Desk+Reference&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512873-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjcOAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Official name: Republic of India.";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Da_Graça2017" class="citation cs2">John Da Graça (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA421">Heads of State and Government</a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, p. 421, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-65771-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-65771-1"><bdi>978-1-349-65771-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-349-65771-1&rft.au=John+Da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0YfDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Rhind2017" class="citation cs2">Graham Rhind (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302">Global Sourcebook of Address Data Management: A Guide to Address Formats and Data in 194 Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, p. 302, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-93326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-93326-1"><bdi>978-1-351-93326-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Sourcebook+of+Address+Data+Management%3A+A+Guide+to+Address+Formats+and+Data+in+194+Countries&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-93326-1&rft.au=Graham+Rhind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGdQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat.";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradnock2015" class="citation cs2">Bradnock, Robert W. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40511-5"><bdi>978-1-317-40511-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+South+Asian+Affairs&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40511-5&rft.aulast=Bradnock&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzjbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi:Bharat Ganarajya";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC&pg=PA140">Penguin Compact Atlas of the World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin</a>, 2012, p. 140, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9859-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9859-1"><bdi>978-0-7566-9859-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Compact+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpLw-ReHIgvQC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Official name: Republic of India";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA515">Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, 1997, pp. 515–516, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-546-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=515-516&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-546-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo_VIPIJerIC%26pg%3DPA515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Officially, Republic of India";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5moCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54-IA10">Complete Atlas of the World: The Definitive View of the Earth</a> (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/DK_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="DK Publishing">DK Publishing</a>, 2016, p. 54, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5528-4"><bdi>978-1-4654-5528-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Atlas+of+the+World%3A+The+Definitive+View+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-5528-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5moCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54-IA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> "Official name: Republic of India";</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA726">Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>, 2013, p. 726, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-9937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-9937-2"><bdi>978-1-4522-9937-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Government+Directory+with+Intergovernmental+Organizations+2013&rft.pages=726&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-9937-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQWhAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf">"Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs+%28Department+of+Border+Management%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fmha%2Ffiles%2FBMIntro-1011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetragliaAllchin2007">Petraglia & Allchin 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10">10</a>, "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73 and 55 ka." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018p1-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018p1_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018p1_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a>, "Modern human beings—Homo sapiens—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. ... it is virtually certain that there were Homo sapiens in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present." </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher2018p23-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018p23_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018p23_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a>, "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the Homo sapiens range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-28a-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-28a_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-2-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-2_37-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4–5</a>; (b) <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">33</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowe2015">Lowe 2015</a>, pp. 1–2, "<a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">It</a> consists of 1,028 hymns (sūktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India." </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-4-Rigveda-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-4-Rigveda_39-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2003">Witzel 2003</a>, pp. 68–70, "It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE); [...] The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of a tape-recording of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. [...] The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE."; (b) <a href="#CITEREFDoniger2014">Doniger 2014</a>, pp. xviii, 10, "A Chronology of Hinduism: ca. 1500–1000 BCE Rig Veda; ca. 1200–900 BCE Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda [...] Hindu texts began with the Rig Veda ('Knowledge of Verses'), composed in northwest India around 1500 BCE; the first of the three Vedas, it is the earliest extant text composed in Sanskrit, the language of ancient India."; (c) <a href="#CITEREFLudden2014">Ludden 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a>, "In Punjab, a dry region with grasslands watered by five rivers (hence 'panch' and 'ab') draining the western Himalayas, one prehistoric culture left no material remains, but some of its ritual texts were preserved orally over the millennia. The culture is called Aryan, and evidence in its texts indicates that it spread slowly south-east, following the course of the Yamuna and Ganga Rivers. Its elite called itself Arya (pure) and distinguished themselves sharply from others. Aryans led kin groups organized as nomadic horse-herding tribes. Their ritual texts are called Vedas, composed in Sanskrit. <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> is recorded only in hymns that were part of Vedic rituals to Aryan gods. To be Aryan apparently meant to belong to the elite among pastoral tribes. Texts that record Aryan culture are not precisely datable, but they seem to begin around 1200 BCE with four collections of Vedic hymns (Rg, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva)."; (d) <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">14–15</a>, "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an 'Aryan invasion' it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family. [...] It seems likely that various small-scale migrations were involved in the gradual introduction of the predecessor language and associated cultural characteristics. However, there may not have been a tight relationship between movements of people on the one hand, and changes in language and culture on the other. Moreover, the process whereby a dynamic new force gradually arose—a people with a distinct ideology who eventually seem to have referred to themselves as 'Arya'—was certainly two-way. That is, it involved a blending of new features which came from outside with other features—probably including some surviving Harappan influences—that were already present. Anyhow, it would be quite a few centuries before Sanskrit was written down. And the hymns and stories of the Arya people—especially the Vedas and the later Mahabharata and Ramayana epics—are poor guides as to historical events. Of course, the emerging Arya were to have a huge impact on the history of the subcontinent. Nevertheless, little is known about their early presence."; (e) <a href="#CITEREFRobb2011">Robb 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA46">46–</a>, "The expansion of Aryan culture is supposed to have begun around 1500 BCE. It should not be thought that this Aryan emergence (though it implies some migration) necessarily meant either a sudden invasion of new peoples, or a complete break with earlier traditions. It comprises a set of cultural ideas and practices, upheld by a Sanskrit-speaking elite, or Aryans. The features of this society are recorded in the Vedas." </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-3-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-3_40-0">^</a> (a) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonBrereton2020" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_W._Jamison" title="Stephanie W. Jamison">Jamison, Stephanie</a>; Brereton, Joel (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ">The Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 2, 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063339-4"><bdi>978-0-19-063339-4</bdi></a>, <q>The RgVeda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. (p. 2) Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Visnu and Siva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Rgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Rgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity (p. 4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda&rft.pages=2%2C+4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063339-4&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Brereton%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LTRDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988">; (b) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2020" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">"Introduction"</a>, in Gavin Flood (ed.), The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice: Hindu Practice, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 4–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105322-1"><bdi>978-0-19-105322-1</bdi></a>, <q>I take the term 'Hinduism to meaningfully denote a range and history of practice characterised by a number of features, particularly reference to Vedic textual and sacrificial origins, belonging to endogamous social units (jati/varna), participating in practices that involve making an offering to a deity and receiving a blessing (puja), and a first-level cultural polytheism (although many Hindus adhere to a second-level monotheism in which many gods are regarded as emanations or manifestations of the one, supreme being).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Hinduism%3A+Hindu+Practice%3A+Hindu+Practice&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-105322-1&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yT3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988">; (c) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Michaels" title="Axel Michaels">Michaels, Axel</a> (2017). Patrick Olivelle, Donald R. Davis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 86–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100709-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100709-5"><bdi>978-0-19-100709-5</bdi></a>. <q>Almost all traditional Hindu families observe until today at least three samskaras (initiation, marriage, and death ritual). Most other rituals have lost their popularity, are combined with other rites of passage, or are drastically shortened. Although samskaras vary from region to region, from class (varna) to class, and from caste to caste, their core elements remain the same owing to the common source, the Veda, and a common priestly tradition preserved by the Brahmin priests. (p 86)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Hinduism%3A+Hindu+Law%3A+A+New+History+of+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=86-97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100709-5&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAJCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> (d) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA35">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. <q>It is this Sansrit, vedic, tradition which has maintained a continuity into modern times and which has provided the most important resource and inspiration for Hindu traditions and individuals. The Veda is the foundation for most later developments in what is known as Hinduism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-4-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-4_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-16a-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-16a_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher2018-59-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018-59_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-5-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-5_44-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">16–17</a>; (b) <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">67</a>; (c) <a href="#CITEREFRobb2011">Robb 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA56">56–57</a>; (d) <a href="#CITEREFLudden2014">Ludden 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">29–30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-6-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-6_45-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFLudden2014">Ludden 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28–29</a>; (b) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Van_Brummelen2014" class="citation cs2">Glenn Van Brummelen (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">"Arithmetic"</a>, in Thomas F. Glick; Steven Livesey; Faith Wallis (eds.), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 46–48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45932-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45932-1"><bdi>978-1-135-45932-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arithmetic&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45932-1&rft.au=Glenn+Van+Brummelen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77y2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-7-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-7_46-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">20</a>; (b) <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, p. 90; (c) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamusack1999" class="citation cs2">Ramusack, Barbara N. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNi9Jc22OHsC&pg=PA27">"Women in South Asia"</a>, in Barbara N. Ramusack; Sharon L. Sievers (eds.), Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, pp. 27–29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21267-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21267-7"><bdi>0-253-21267-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+South+Asia&rft.btitle=Women+in+Asia%3A+Restoring+Women+to+History&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-253-21267-7&rft.aulast=Ramusack&rft.aufirst=Barbara+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNi9Jc22OHsC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200493-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200493_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200493_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherAsher2006-17-49"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherAsher2006-17_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA17">17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-8-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-8_50-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFLudden2014">Ludden 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">54</a>; (b) <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA78">78–79</a>; (c) <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">76</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-13-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-13_51-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFLudden2014">Ludden 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">68–70</a>; (b) <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19">19</a>, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-10-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-10_52-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">48</a>; (b) <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA53">52</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherAsher2006-74-53"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherAsher2006-74_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA74">74</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherAsher2006-267-54"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherAsher2006-267_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA267">267</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherAsher2006-152-55"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherAsher2006-152_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152">152</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher2018-106-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018-106_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018-106_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">106</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-11-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-11_58-0">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA289">289</a> (b) <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">120</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combined-12-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Combined-12_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Miles (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George"</a>, in Aldrish, Robert; McCreery, Cindy (eds.), Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, pp. 38–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0088-7"><bdi>978-1-5261-0088-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+British+royal+family+and+the+colonial+empire+from+the+Georgians+to+Prince+George&rft.btitle=Crowns+and+Colonies%3A+European+Monarchies+and+Overseas+Empires&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0088-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiR3GDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddyQuAgAAQBAJpgPA76_76]-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddyQuAgAAQBAJpgPA76_76]_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeers2013">Peers 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-61"><a href="#cite_ref-EmbreeHay1988_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbreeHayBary1988" class="citation cs2">Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85">"Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates"</a>, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, p. 85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9"><bdi>978-0-231-06414-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism+Takes+Root%3A+The+Moderates&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Tradition%3A+Modern+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06414-9&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft.au=Hay%2C+Stephen+N.&rft.au=Bary%2C+William+Theodore+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoMRuiSpBp4C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2001-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" class="citation cs2">Marshall, P. J. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PAPA179">The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 179, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00254-7</bdi></a>, <q>The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00254-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC%26pg%3DPAPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiriyankandath2016-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Chiriyankandath2016_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiriyankandath2016" class="citation cs2">Chiriyankandath, James (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4n7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA2">Parties and Political Change in South Asia</a>, Routledge, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58620-3"><bdi>978-1-317-58620-3</bdi></a>, <q>South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties+and+Political+Change+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58620-3&rft.aulast=Chiriyankandath&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4n7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher-partition-64"><a href="#cite_ref-fisher-partition_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, pp. 173–174: "The partition of South Asia that produced India and West and East Pakistan resulted from years of bitter negotiations and recriminations ... The departing British also decreed that the hundreds of princes, who ruled one-third of the subcontinent and a quarter of its population, became legally independent, their status to be settled later. Geographical location, personal and popular sentiment, and substantial pressure and incentives from the new governments led almost all princes eventually to merge their domains into either Pakistan or India. ... Each new government asserted its exclusive sovereignty within its borders, realigning all territories, animals, plants, minerals, and all other natural and human-made resources as either Pakistani or Indian property, to be used for its national development... Simultaneously, the central civil and military services and judiciary split roughly along religious 'communal' lines, even as they divided movable government assets according to a negotiated formula: 22.7 percent for Pakistan and 77.3 percent for India." </li> <li id="cite_note-chatterji-partition-65"><a href="#cite_ref-chatterji-partition_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiWashbrook2013" class="citation cs2">Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2013), "Introduction: Concepts and Questions", in Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (eds.), Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora, London and New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48010-9"><bdi>978-0-415-48010-9</bdi></a>, <q><a href="/wiki/Joya_Chatterji" title="Joya Chatterji">Joya Chatterji</a> describes how the partition of the British Indian empire into the new nation states of India and Pakistan produced new diaspora on a vast, and hitherto unprecedented, scale, but hints that the sheer magnitude of refugee movements in South Asia after 1947 must be understood in the context of pre-existing migratory flows within the partitioned regions (see also Chatterji 2013). She also demonstrates that the new national states of India and Pakistan were quickly drawn into trying to stem this migration. As they put into place laws designed to restrict the return of partition emigrants, this produced new dilemmas for both new nations in their treatment of 'overseas Indians'; and many of them lost their right to return to their places of origin in the subcontinent, and also their claims to full citizenship in host countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Concepts+and+Questions&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+South+Asian+Diaspora&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48010-9&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rft.au=Washbrook%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-sing-66"><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-sing_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ">The Partition of India</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213073754/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015, <q>When the British divided and quit India in August 1947, they not only partitioned the subcontinent with the emergence of the two nations of India and Pakistan but also the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. ... Indeed for many the Indian subcontinent's division in August 1947 is seen as a unique event which defies comparative historical and conceptual analysis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutKmPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan-great-partition-67"><a href="#cite_ref-khan-great-partition_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Khan, Yasmin</a> (2017) [2007], The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2nd ed.), New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>, <q>South Asians learned that the British Indian empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority live in the countryside, ploughing the land as landless peasants or sharecroppers, it is hardly surprising that many thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, did not hear the news for many weeks afterwards. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first that they knew about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> (a) <a href="#CITEREFCopland2001">Copland 2001</a>, pp. 71–78; (b) <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012327-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012327_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012">Metcalf & Metcalf 2012</a>, p. 327: "Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations." </li> <li id="cite_note-stein-arnold-70"><a href="#cite_ref-stein-arnold_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/David_Arnold_(historian)" title="David Arnold (historian)">Arnold, David</a> (ed.), A History of India, The Blackwell History of the World Series (2 ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, <q>One of these is the idea of India as 'the world's largest democracy', but a democracy forged less by the creation of representative institutions and expanding electorate under British rule than by the endeavours of India's founding fathers – Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Ambedkar – and the labours of the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949, embodied in the Indian constitution of 1950. This democratic order, reinforced by the regular holding of nationwide elections and polling for the state assemblies, has, it can be argued, consistently underpinned a fundamentally democratic state structure – despite the anomaly of the Emergency and the apparent durability of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.series=The+Blackwell+History+of+the+World+Series&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2018184–185-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2018184–185_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, pp. 184–185: "Since 1947, India's internal disputes over its national identity, while periodically bitter and occasionally punctuated by violence, have been largely managed with remarkable and sustained commitment to national unity and democracy." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-219-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-219_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">219</a>, 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2023" class="citation web cs1">Biswas, Soutik (1 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65322706">"Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Most+populous+nation%3A+Should+India+rejoice+or+panic%3F&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Soutik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-65322706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf">World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results</a> (PDF). New York: United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs. 2022. pp. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Summary+of+Results&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Social+and+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpd%2Fsites%2Fwww.un.org.development.desa.pd%2Ffiles%2Fwpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher2018-8-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018-8_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2012-265-76"><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2012-265_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012">Metcalf & Metcalf 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA265">265–266</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2012-266-77"><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2012-266_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012">Metcalf & Metcalf 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA266">266</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-216-a-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-216-a_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216">216</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kashmir-disputes-79"><a href="#cite_ref-kashmir-disputes_79-0">^</a> (a) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent">"Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent">archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019, retrieved 15 August 2019, <q>Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir%2C+region+Indian+subcontinent&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988">; (b) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher" class="citation cs2">Pletcher, Kenneth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin">"Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019, retrieved 16 August 2019, <q>Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, ... constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aksai+Chin%2C+Plateau+Region%2C+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAksai-Chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988">; (c) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328">"Kashmir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>: Jefferson to Latin. <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Library_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic Library Publishing">Scholastic Library Publishing</a>. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6"><bdi>978-0-7172-0139-6</bdi></a>. <q>KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%3A+Jefferson+to+Latin&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Scholastic+Library+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_cWAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NarayanJohn2018-lead-80"><a href="#cite_ref-NarayanJohn2018-lead_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanJohnRamadas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Narayan, Jitendra; John, Denny; Ramadas, Nirupama (2018). 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At the strategic choke point, just before reaching the fertile, well-watered Gangetic plain, sat Delhi. On this site, where life giving streams running off the most northern spur of the rocky Aravalli ridge flowed into the Jumna river, and where the war-horse and war-elephant trade intersected, a series of dynasties built fortified capitals." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcgrailBlueKentleyPalmer2003257-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcgrailBlueKentleyPalmer2003257_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcgrailBlueKentleyPalmer2003">Mcgrail et al. 2003</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20238-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20238_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20239–10-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg20239–10_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting20071-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting20071_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting2007">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 2007</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006">Kumar et al. 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202315-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202315_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff1993353-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuff1993353_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuff1993">Duff 1993</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasuXavier2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnXmLDgAAQBAJpgPA78_78]-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasuXavier2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnXmLDgAAQBAJpgPA78_78]_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasuXavier2017">Basu & Xavier 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202316-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202316_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202317-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202317_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202312-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202312_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202313-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitSchwartzberg202313_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2023</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967391–394-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967391–394_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967391–394_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChang1967">Chang 1967</a>, pp. 391–394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPosey1994">Posey 1994</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20034-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert20034_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2003">Wolpert 2003</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996">Heitzman & Worden 1996</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2020" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Vibha (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583">"Average temperature over India projected to rise by 4.4 degrees Celsius: Govt report on impact of climate change in country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune" title="The Tribune">The Tribune</a>. 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Much of the thorn forest covering the plains probably had savannah-like features now no longer visible. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goyal2006-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Goyal2006_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyal2006" class="citation cs2">Goyal, Anupam (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTGQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295">The WTO and International Environmental Law: Towards Conciliation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 295, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567710-2"><bdi>978-0-19-567710-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WTO+and+International+Environmental+Law%3A+Towards+Conciliation&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567710-2&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=Anupam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTGQAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The Indian government successfully argued that the medicinal neem tree is part of traditional Indian knowledge. (page 295)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes2013-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes2013_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation cs2">Hughes, Julie E. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL8qWNmpkc0C&pg=PT106">Animal Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, p. 106, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07480-4"><bdi>978-0-674-07480-4</bdi></a>, <q>At same time, the leafy pipal trees and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Kingdoms&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07480-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Julie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL8qWNmpkc0C%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmeriCostello2018-223"><a href="#cite_ref-AmeriCostello2018_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeri2018" class="citation cs2">Ameri, Marta (2018), "Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World", in Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SklVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156">Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 156–157, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-17351-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-17351-3"><bdi>978-1-108-17351-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letting+the+Pictures+Speak%3A+An+Image-Based+Approach+to+the+Mythological+and+Narrative+Imagery+of+the+Harappan+World&rft.btitle=Seals+and+Sealing+in+the+Ancient+World%3A+Case+Studies+from+the+Near+East%2C+Egypt%2C+the+Aegean%2C+and+South+Asia&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-17351-3&rft.aulast=Ameri&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSklVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine, and a goat tail ... This figure is often depicted by itself, but it is also consistently represented in scenes that seem to reflect the adoration of a figure in a pipal tree or arbour and which may be termed ritual. These include fully detailed scenes like that visible in the large 'divine adoration' seal from Mohenjo-daro." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwynne2011-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Gwynne2011_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Gwynne2011" class="citation cs2">Paul Gwynne (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&pg=RA5-PT195">World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, p. 358, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6005-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-6005-9</bdi></a>, <q>The tree under which Sakyamuni became the Buddha is a peepal tree (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+in+Practice%3A+A+Comparative+Introduction&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6005-9&rft.au=Paul+Gwynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdsRKc_knZoC%26pg%3DRA5-PT195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrameOwen2002142-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrameOwen2002142_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrameOwen2002">Crame & Owen 2002</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaranth2006">Karanth 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETritsch200114-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETritsch200114_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTritsch2001">Tritsch 2001</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_M.Kumar,_A.Molur,_S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, M.; Kumar, A. & Molur, S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en">"Trachypithecus johnii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2008. e.T44694A10927987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Trachypithecus+johnii&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=e.T44694A10927987&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en&rft.au=Singh%2C+M.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+A.&rft.au=Molur%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2305%252FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itis-229"><a href="#cite_ref-itis_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Fischer" title="Johann Baptist Fischer">Fischer, Johann</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null">"Semnopithecus johnii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITIS">ITIS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072131/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semnopithecus+johnii&rft.pub=ITIS&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D944270%23null&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.D._BijuSushil_DuttaM.S._Ravichandran_Karthikeyan_VasudevanS.P._Vijayakumar2004" class="citation journal cs1">S.D. Biju; Sushil Dutta; M.S. Ravichandran Karthikeyan Vasudevan; S.P. Vijayakumar; Chelmala Srinivasulu; Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en">"Duttaphrynus beddomii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2004. <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>: e.T54584A86543952. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Duttaphrynus+beddomii&rft.volume=2004&rft.pages=e.T54584A86543952&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en&rft.au=S.D.+Biju&rft.au=Sushil+Dutta&rft.au=M.S.+Ravichandran+Karthikeyan+Vasudevan&rft.au=S.P.+Vijayakumar&rft.au=Chelmala+Srinivasulu&rft.au=Gajanan+Dasaramji+Bhuddhe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2305%252FIUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost,_Darrel_R.2015" class="citation web cs1">Frost, Darrel R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii">"Duttaphrynus beddomii (Günther, 1876)"</a>. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721092639/https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amphibian+Species+of+the+World%3A+an+Online+Reference.+Version+6.0&rft.atitle=Duttaphrynus+beddomii+%28G%C3%BCnther%2C+1876%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Frost%2C+Darrel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.amnh.org%2Fvz%2Fherpetology%2Famphibia%2FAmphibia%2FAnura%2FBufonidae%2FDuttaphrynus%2FDuttaphrynus-beddomii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace19944-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMace19944_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMace1994">Mace 1994</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-LovetteFitzpatrick2016-233"><a href="#cite_ref-LovetteFitzpatrick2016_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovetteFitzpatrick2016" class="citation cs2">Lovette, Irby J.; Fitzpatrick, John W. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGyQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA599">Handbook of Bird Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, p. 599, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29105-4"><bdi>978-1-118-29105-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Bird+Biology&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-29105-4&rft.aulast=Lovette&rft.aufirst=Irby+J.&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGyQDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETritsch200115-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETritsch200115_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTritsch2001">Tritsch 2001</a>, p. 15Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the Blackbuck. Today the Cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered Blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests_1972-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests_1972_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests_1972">Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988">Department of Environment and Forests 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf">"Biosphere"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Herald&rft.atitle=Cabinet+approves+scrapping+of+2+seats+reserved+for+Anglo-Indians+in+Parliament&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalheraldindia.com%2Findia%2Fseats-reserved-for-anglo-indians-in-parliament-to-be-scrapped-after-cabinet-approval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoshKaushal2020" class="citation web cs1">Ghosh, Abantika; Kaushal, Pradeep (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/anglo-indian-quota-history-mps-6164232/">"Explained: Anglo-Indian quota, its history, MPs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+Anglo-Indian+quota%2C+its+history%2C+MPs&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Abantika&rft.au=Kaushal%2C+Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fanglo-indian-quota-history-mps-6164232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne2003478-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuborne2003478_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuborne2003478_278-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuborne2003">Neuborne 2003</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2007238,_255-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2007238,_255_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2007">Sharma 2007</a>, pp. 238, 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESripati1998423–424-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESripati1998423–424_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSripati1998">Sripati 1998</a>, pp. 423–424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPylee2003b314-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPylee2003b314_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPylee2003b">Pylee 2003b</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200749-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200749_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2007">Sharma 2007</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/">"India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" title="Commonwealth Local Government Forum">Commonwealth Local Government Forum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203036/https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Local+Government+Forum&rft.atitle=India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clgf.org.uk%2Fregions%2Fclgf-asia%2Findia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinkel2018-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Dinkel2018_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinkel2018" class="citation book cs1">Dinkel, Jürgen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqOODwAAQBAJ">The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33613-1"><bdi>978-90-04-33613-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Non-Aligned+Movement%3A+Genesis%2C+Organization+and+Politics+%281927%E2%80%931992%29&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33613-1&rft.aulast=Dinkel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqOODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothermund200048,_227-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothermund200048,_227_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothermund2000">Rothermund 2000</a>, pp. 48, 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-62-humiliation-286"><a href="#cite_ref-62-humiliation_286-0">^</a> (a) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyot-Rechard2017" class="citation cs2">Guyot-Rechard, Berenice (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA235">Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962</a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 235, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17679-9"><bdi>978-1-107-17679-9</bdi></a>, <q>By invading NEFA, the PRC did not just aim to force a humiliated India to recognise its possession of the Aksai Chin. It also hoped to get, once and for all, the upper hand in their shadowing competition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+States%3A+India%2C+China+and+the+Himalayas%2C+1910%E2%80%931962&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-17679-9&rft.aulast=Guyot-Rechard&rft.aufirst=Berenice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbktDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> (b) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChubb2021" class="citation cs2">Chubb, Andrew (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1crEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">"The Sino-Indian Border Crisis: Chinese Perceptions of Indian Nationalism"</a>, in Golley, Jane; Jaivan, Linda; Strange, Sharon (eds.), Crisis, Australian National University Press, pp. 231–232, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-439-4"><bdi>978-1-76046-439-4</bdi></a>, <q>The ensuing cycle of escalation culminated in the 1962 Sino-Indian border war in which Mao Zedong's troops overran almost the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern sector before unilaterally withdrawing, as if to underline the insult; most of the war's several thousand casualties were Indian. The PLA's decisive victories in the 1962 war not only humiliated the Indian Army, they also entrenched a status quo in Ladakh that was highly unfavourable for India, in which China controls almost all of the disputed territory. A nationalistic press and commentariat have kept 1962 vivid in India's popular consciousness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Indian+Border+Crisis%3A+Chinese+Perceptions+of+Indian+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Crisis&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-439-4&rft.aulast=Chubb&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1crEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> (c) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintner2018" class="citation cs2">Lintner, Bertil (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909163-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909163-8"><bdi>978-0-19-909163-8</bdi></a>, <q>Lin Biao was put in charge of the operation and that alliance between Mao and his loyal de facto chief of the PLA made the attack on India possible. With China's ultimate victory in the war, Mao's ultra-leftist line had won in China; whatever critical voices that were left in the Party after all the purges fell silent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+India+War%3A+Collision+Course+on+the+Roof+of+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909163-8&rft.aulast=Lintner&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-L9DDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> (d) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedcalf2020" class="citation cs2">Medcalf, Rory (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81">Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the contest for the world's pivotal</a>, Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-5077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-5077-6"><bdi>978-1-5261-5077-6</bdi></a>, <q>From an Indian perspective, the China-India war of 1962 was a shocking betrayal of the principles of co-operation and coexistence: a surprise attack that humiliated India and personally broke Nehru.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Pacific+Empire%3A+China%2C+America+and+the+contest+for+the+world%27s+pivotal&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-5077-6&rft.aulast=Medcalf&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCjXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> (e) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly1997" class="citation cs2">Ganguly, Sumit (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi66mjIqR1IC&pg=PA44">The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hope of Peace</a>, Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press, p. 44, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65566-8"><bdi>978-0-521-65566-8</bdi></a>, <q>In October 1962 India suffered the most humiliating military debacle in its post-independence history, at the hands of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). The outcome of this conflict had far-reaching consequences for Indian foreign and defence policies. The harsh defeat that the Chinese PLA had inflicted on the Indian Army called into question some of the most deeply held precepts of Nehru's foreign and defence policies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+in+Kashmir%3A+Portents+of+War%2C+Hope+of+Peace&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press+and+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65566-8&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFi66mjIqR1IC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> (f) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2019" class="citation cs2">Raghavan, Srinath (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-yoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">"A Missed Opportunity? The Nehru-Zhou Enlai Summit of 1960"</a>, in Bhagavan, Manu (ed.), India and the Cold War, University of North Carolina Press, p. 121, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5117-0"><bdi>978-1-4696-5117-0</bdi></a>, <q>The 'forward policy' adopted by India to prevent the Chinese from occupying territory claimed by them was undertaken in the mistaken belief that Beijing would be cautious in dealing with India owing to Moscow's stance on the dispute and its growing proximity to India. These misjudgments would eventually culminate in India's humiliating defeat in the war of October–November 1962.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Missed+Opportunity%3F+The+Nehru-Zhou+Enlai+Summit+of+1960&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-5117-0&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-yoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahma_Chellaney2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney" title="Brahma Chellaney">Brahma Chellaney</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCmFAAAAMAAJ">Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172236502" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172236502"><bdi>978-8172236502</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Juggernaut%3A+The+Rise+of+China%2C+India%2C+and+Japan&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8172236502&rft.au=Brahma+Chellaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCmFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2002486–487-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2002486–487_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert2002">Gilbert 2002</a>, pp. 486–487. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma199956-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma199956_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma1999">Sharma 1999</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGvosdevMarsh2013" class="citation book cs1">Gvosdev, N.K.; Marsh, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ipzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353">Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1130-2"><bdi>978-1-4833-1130-2</bdi></a>. <q>Putin's visit to India in December 2012 for the yearly India–Russia summit saw both sides reaffirming their special relationship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Foreign+Policy%3A+Interests%2C+Vectors%2C+and+Sectors&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-1130-2&rft.aulast=Gvosdev&rft.aufirst=N.K.&rft.au=Marsh%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ipzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford2008-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford2008_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlford2008">Alford 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_HeineR._Viswanathan2011" class="citation web cs1">Jorge Heine; R. Viswanathan (Spring 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115121/https://www.americasquarterly.org/india-latin-america">"The Other BRIC in Latin America: India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Americas_Quarterly" title="Americas Quarterly">Americas Quarterly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/india-latin-america">the original</a> on 25 May 2017. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation cs2">Davidson, Alan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409">The Oxford Companion to Food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 409, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson2014-p161-490"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014-p161_490-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation cs2">Davidson, Alan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">The Oxford Companion to Food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 161, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>, <q>Chapatis are made from finely milled whole-wheat flour, called chapati flour or atta, and water. The dough is rolled into thin rounds which vary in size from region to region and then cooked without fat or oil on a slightly curved griddle called a tava.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamang-yeast-idlidosa-491"><a href="#cite_ref-tamang-yeast-idlidosa_491-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamangFleet2009" class="citation cs2">Tamang, J. P.; Fleet, G. H. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLFmiervaqMC&pg=PA180">"Yeasts Diversity in Fermented Foods and Beverages"</a>, in Satyanarayana, T.; Kunze, G. (eds.), Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications, Springer, p. 180, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8292-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-8292-4</bdi></a>, <q>Idli is an acid-leavened and steamed cake made by bacterial fermentation of a thick batter made from coarsely ground rice and dehulled black gram. Idli cakes are soft, moist and spongy, have desirable sour flavour, and is eaten as breakfast in South India. Dosa batter is very similar to idli batter, except that both the rice and black gram are finely grounded. The batter is thinner than that of idli and is fried as a thin, crisp pancake and eaten directly in South India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yeasts+Diversity+in+Fermented+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.btitle=Yeast+Biotechnology%3A+Diversity+and+Applications&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8292-4&rft.aulast=Tamang&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Fleet%2C+G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLFmiervaqMC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhala-princely-biryani-492"><a href="#cite_ref-jhala-princely-biryani_492-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhala2015" class="citation cs2">Jhala, Angma Day (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India</a>, Routledge, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31657-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31657-2"><bdi>978-1-317-31657-2</bdi></a>, <q>With the ascent of the Mughal Empire in sixteenth-century India, Turkic, Persian and Afghan traditions of dress, 'architecture and cuisine' were adopted by non-Muslim indigenous elites in South Asia. In this manner, Central Asian cooking merged with older traditions within the subcontinent, to create such signature dishes as biryani (a fusion of the Persian pilau and the spice-laden dishes of Hindustan), and the Kashmiri meat stew of Rogan Josh. It not only generated new dishes and entire cuisines, but also fostered novel modes of eating. Such newer trends included the consumption of Persian condiments, which relied heavily on almonds, pastries and quince jams, alongside Indian achars made from sweet limes, green vegetables and curds as side relishes during Mughlai meals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Patronage%2C+Power+and+Aesthetics+in+Princely+India&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-31657-2&rft.aulast=Jhala&rft.aufirst=Angma+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGpECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panjabi1995-493"><a href="#cite_ref-Panjabi1995_493-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanjabi1995" class="citation cs2">Panjabi, Camellia (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYCFJMLZ_-4C&pg=PA158">The Great Curries of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>, pp. 158–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80383-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80383-8"><bdi>978-0-684-80383-8</bdi></a>, <q>The Muslim influenced breads of India are leavened, like naan, Khamiri roti, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Curries+of+India&rft.pages=158-&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80383-8&rft.aulast=Panjabi&rft.aufirst=Camellia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYCFJMLZ_-4C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson2014-p410-494">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014-p410_494-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014-p410_494-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014-p410_494-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation cs2">Davidson, Alan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA410">The Oxford Companion to Food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 410, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahakianSaloma2016-50-495"><a href="#cite_ref-SahakianSaloma2016-50_495-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahakianSalomaErkman2016" class="citation cs2">Sahakian, Marlyne; Saloma, Czarina; Erkman, Suren (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT50">Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, p. 50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31050-1"><bdi>978-1-317-31050-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Consumption+in+the+City%3A+Practices+and+patterns+in+urban+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-31050-1&rft.aulast=Sahakian&rft.aufirst=Marlyne&rft.au=Saloma%2C+Czarina&rft.au=Erkman%2C+Suren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBIxDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECDNations2018-496"><a href="#cite_ref-OECDNations2018_496-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECDFood_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations2018" class="citation cs2">OECD; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JuBiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018–2027</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD Publishing">OECD Publishing</a>, p. 21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-06203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-06203-0"><bdi>978-92-64-06203-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD-FAO+Agricultural+Outlook+2018%E2%80%932027&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-92-64-06203-0&rft.au=OECD&rft.au=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJuBiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoger2000-497"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoger2000_497-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoger2000">Roger 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-sengupta-74-498"><a href="#cite_ref-sengupta-74_498-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2014" class="citation cs2">Sengupta, Jayanta (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNQkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">"India"</a>, in Freedman, Paul; Chaplin, Joyce E.; Albala, Ken (eds.), Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, p. 74, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27745-8"><bdi>978-0-520-27745-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India&rft.btitle=Food+in+Time+and+Place%3A+The+American+Historical+Association+Companion+to+Food+History&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27745-8&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Jayanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNQkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollinghamCollingham2007-499">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CollinghamCollingham2007_499-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CollinghamCollingham2007_499-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CollinghamCollingham2007_499-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingham2007" class="citation cs2">Collingham, Elizabeth M. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pH88DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532001-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532001-5"><bdi>978-0-19-532001-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curry%3A+A+Tale+of+Cooks+and+Conquerors&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532001-5&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpH88DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nandy2004-500"><a href="#cite_ref-nandy2004_500-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandy2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ashis_Nandy" title="Ashis Nandy">Nandy, Ashis</a> (2004), "The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food: Preliminary Notes", <a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Research" title="South Asia Research">South Asia Research</a>, 24 (1): 9–19, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.830.7136">10.1.1.830.7136</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0262728004042760">10.1177/0262728004042760</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-7280">0262-7280</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143223986">143223986</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Popular+Culture+of+Indian+Food%3A+Preliminary+Notes&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.830.7136%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143223986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0262-7280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0262728004042760&rft.aulast=Nandy&rft.aufirst=Ashis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SrinivasanJermyn2001-501"><a href="#cite_ref-SrinivasanJermyn2001_501-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasanJermynLek2001" class="citation cs2">Srinivasan, Radhika; Jermyn, Leslie; Lek, Hui Hui (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoVby4OJWhYC&pg=PA109">India</a>, Times Books International, p. 109, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-232-184-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-232-184-8"><bdi>978-981-232-184-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Times+Books+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-232-184-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Radhika&rft.au=Jermyn%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Lek%2C+Hui+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoVby4OJWhYC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Girls in India usually play jump rope, or hopscotch, and five stones, tossing the stones up in the air and catching them in many different ways ... the coconut-plucking contests, groundnut-eating races, ... of rural India." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20032-502"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert20032_502-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2003">Wolpert 2003</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERediff_2008_b-503"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERediff_2008_b_503-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRediff_2008_b">Rediff 2008 b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111220728/https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen">"Candidates' R13: Anand Draws, Clinches Rematch with Carlsen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen">the original</a> on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Candidates%27+R13%3A+Anand+Draws%2C+Clinches+Rematch+with+Carlsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessvibes.com%2Fcandidates%25E2%2580%2599-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinmore200798-505"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinmore200798_505-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinmore2007">Binmore 2007</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShores2007" class="citation cs2">Shores, Lori (15 February 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC">Teens in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compass_Point_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass Point Books">Compass Point Books</a>, p. 78, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-2063-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-2063-2"><bdi>978-0-7565-2063-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050252/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC">archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2012, retrieved 24 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teens+in+India&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-2063-2&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPQmbyiS-iEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/from-ipl-to-isl-sports-leagues-in-india-to-watch-out-for/2337628/">"From IPL to ISL, sports leagues in India to watch out for"</a>. The Financial Express. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=From+IPL+to+ISL%2C+sports+leagues+in+India+to+watch+out+for&rft.date=2021-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fsports%2Ffrom-ipl-to-isl-sports-leagues-in-india-to-watch-out-for%2F2337628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11995/12207157/indian-super-league-odisha-president-says-sacking-stuart-baxter-was-the-only-course-of-action">"Indian Super League: Odisha president says sacking Stuart Baxter was 'the only course of action'"</a>. Sky Sports. 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M.</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC">Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Short_Oxford_History_of_the_Modern_World" title="The Short Oxford History of the Modern World">The Short Oxford History of the Modern World</a> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873113-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873113-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+The+Origins+of+an+Asian+Democracy&rft.series=The+Short+Oxford+History+of+the+Modern+World&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873113-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPaKdsF8WzbcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConinghamYoung2015" class="citation cs2">Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ">The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84697-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84697-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+South+Asia%3A+From+the+Indus+to+Asoka%2C+c.+6500+BCE+%E2%80%93+200+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84697-4&rft.aulast=Coningham&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Young%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB5TCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2001" class="citation cs2">Copland, I. 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(1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ">Modern India: 1885–1947</a>, Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90425-1"><bdi>978-0-333-90425-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+1885%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-90425-1&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC">A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>, Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation cs2">Singh, Upinder (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ">Political Violence in Ancient India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98128-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98128-7"><bdi>978-0-674-98128-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Violence+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98128-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYM4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSripati1998" class="citation cs2">Sripati, V. (1998), "Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000)", <a href="/wiki/American_University_International_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American University International Law Review">American University International Law Review</a>, 14 (2): 413–496</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+University+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Toward+Fifty+Years+of+Constitutionalism+and+Fundamental+Rights+in+India%3A+Looking+Back+to+See+Ahead+%281950%E2%80%932000%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=413-496&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sripati&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, B.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC">A History of India</a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20546-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20546-3&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXdVS0SzQSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, B.</a> (2010), Arnold, D. 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Flood (ed.), The Blackwell companion to Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 March 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vedas+and+Upani%C8%99ads&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSfneQ0YYY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, S.</a> (2003), A New History of India (7th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516678-1"><bdi>978-0-19-516678-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+India&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516678-1&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Geography <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliAitchison2005" class="citation cs2">Ali, J. R.; Aitchison, J. C. (2005), "Greater India", <a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a>, 72 (3–4): 170–173, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ESRv...72..169A">2005ESRv...72..169A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2005.07.005">10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Greater+India&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=170-173&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2005.07.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ESRv...72..169A&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Aitchison%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasuXavier2017" class="citation cs2">Basu, Mahua; Xavier, Savarimuthu (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Fundamentals of Environmental Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-87051-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-87051-8"><bdi>978-1-316-87051-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Environmental+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-316-87051-8&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Mahua&rft.au=Xavier%2C+Savarimuthu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXmLDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1967" class="citation cs2">Chang, J. 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(1967), "The Indian Summer Monsoon", <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Review" title="Geographical Review">Geographical Review</a>, vol. 57, no. 3, <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>, Wiley, pp. 373–396, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967GeoRv..57..373C">1967GeoRv..57..373C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F212640">10.2307/212640</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/212640">212640</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Summer+Monsoon&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-396&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F212640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F212640&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967GeoRv..57..373C&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf">Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988</a> (PDF), Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1988, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2011, retrieved 25 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+%28Conservation%29+Act%2C+1980+with+Amendments+Made+in+1988&rft.pub=Department+of+Environment+and+Forests%2C+Government+of+the+Andaman+and+Nicobar+Islands&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforest.and.nic.in%2Ffca1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023" class="citation cs2">Dikshit, K. R.; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Schwartzberg" title="Joseph E. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saina+Nehwal%3A+India%27s+Badminton+Star+and+%22New+Woman%22&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-10725584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_Games_2010" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm">"Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals"</a>, Commonwealth Games 2010, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 7 October 2010, retrieved 3 June 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Games+2010&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Games+2010%3A+India+Dominate+Shooting+Medals&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Fcommonwealth_games%2Fdelhi_2010%2F9068886.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> India at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/India" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/India">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/India" class="extiw" title="c:India">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:India" class="extiw" title="n:Category:India">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/India" class="extiw" title="q:India">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/India" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/India">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/India" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/India">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/India" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/India">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/India" class="extiw" title="voy:India">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.gov.in/">Official website of the Government of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goidirectory.nic.in/index.php">Government of India Web Directory</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/">India</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=India">India</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12557384">India</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of India">Wikimedia Atlas of India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304716">India</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IN">Key Development Forecasts for India</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a 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territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_modern_India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Bangalore 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Thimphu 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit" title="17th SAARC summit">Addu 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit" title="18th SAARC summit">Kathmandu 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit" title="19th SAARC summit">Islamabad 2016</a> (Cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning" title="SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning">SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre" title="SAARC Documentation Centre">SAARC Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme" title="South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme">South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature" title="Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature">Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry">SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants" title="South Asian Federation of Accountants">South Asian Federation of Accountants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC Secretary General">SAARC Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat">SAARC Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">SAARC satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award" title="SAARC Literary Award">SAARC Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH48" title="AH48">SAARC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Fountain" title="SAARC Fountain">SAARC Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G8_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight (G8)</a> and <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8 members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123312734">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135375457">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210276/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdx47cDXrRhBXHtbvPwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026722-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125948">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934238p">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15323040r">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882652q">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934238p">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15323040r">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882652q">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564071">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35219734">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129384&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451208">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/108885">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90577766">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000028091">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz10nf529zbmt7">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/5270">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559777805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d31a9a15-537f-3669-ad53-25753ddd2772">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01135694?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4fa1552c-dedc-4722-95a7-8ae50e8d7326">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/870459">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/DLxLaT11">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080728499">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003407">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044481">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=13364">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hindistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=India&params=21_N_78_E_region:IN_type:country_source:dewiki">21°N 78°E / 21°N 78°E / 21; 78</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=1260794057">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=1260794057</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India" 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Template:Navboxes"," 7.58% 488.041 1 Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation"," 7.13% 459.069 73 Template:Cite_web"," 3.98% 256.063 3 Template:Lower"," 2.84% 182.742 1 Template:Sister_project_links"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.355","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":30332284,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlamgir2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAliAitchison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlkazi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmeri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsherTalbot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsherTalbot2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalakrishnanDey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrow2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasak1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasuXavier2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhambhri1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinmore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiswas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiswas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlurton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradnock2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrahma_Chellaney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Broadcasting_Corporation_2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Broadcasting_Corporation_2010_a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnellCalvert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusiness_Line_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusiness_Standard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChander2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandramouli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjiWashbrook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiriyankandath2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChubb2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClémentin-Ojha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollingham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommonwealth_Games_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConinghamYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstituent_Assembly_of_India1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrameOwen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraven1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen-Dupont2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyriac2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDehejia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDharwadker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikshitSchwartzberg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinkel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDissanayakeGokulsing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrèzeGoyal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuff1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunleavyDiwakarDunleavy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDysonVisaria2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEcheverri-Gent2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomic_Times_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomist_2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomist_2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElection_Commission_of_India\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbreeHayBary1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Union_2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExpress_India_2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrellBeinhocker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost,_Darrel_R.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuttermanSharma2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhoshKaushal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGledhill1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn_Van_Brummelen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoyal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham_Rhind2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaJain2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuyot-Rechard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGvosdevMarsh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalarnkar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansa_Research2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksworthTiwari2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoibergRamchandani2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund_2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternet_Desk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyer-MitraDas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamisonBrereton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJhala2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Da_Graça2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRamdas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_HeineR._Viswanathan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminskyLong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoorShamika2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaranth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaranth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaranthGopal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaul1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennySandefur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKipleOrnelas2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochhar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuiper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKālidāsaJohnson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangMoleski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovetteFitzpatrick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdarBandyopadhyay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalikSingh1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallikarjun2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMashal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseyMassey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcgrailBlueKentleyPalmer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedcalf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedora2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiglani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests_1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Home_Affairs_1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMint_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Jayapalan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNair2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamura1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNandy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanJohnRamadas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasscom_2011–2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatarajan1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Informatics_Centre2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayakGoldarAgrawal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuborne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECDFood_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttenheimer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalGhosh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandit2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandit2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandit2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandit2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandit2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanjabi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPathania2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaturiPatterson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Gwynne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkovich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetragliaAllchin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatts,_John_T._(John_Thompson)1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPossehl2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash_et_al.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvisional_Population_Totals_Paper_1_of_2011_India\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPylee2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPylee2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajadhyakshaWillemen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamanujan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamusack1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatna2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRediff_2008_a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRediff_2008_b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRorabacher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothermund2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowlatt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.D._BijuSushil_DuttaM.S._Ravichandran_Karthikeyan_VasudevanS.P._Vijayakumar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahakianSalomaErkman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottGarofoli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShores2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukla2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh,_M.Kumar,_A.Molur,_S.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisodiaNaidu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasanJermynLek2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSripati1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensonWaite2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSáezSinha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamangFleet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarlo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Times_of_India_2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThieme1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTritsch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrivedi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_Environment_Programme2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational,_Scientific,_and_Cultural_Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkataramanSivaperuman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheare1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Trade_Organization_1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXavier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYep2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BCE\"] = 16,\n [\"BRICS\"] = 1,\n [\"CE\"] = 12,\n [\"Circa\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation\"] = 252,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 73,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"East Asia Summit (EAS)\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 19,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"G20\"] = 1,\n [\"G8 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 49,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 4,\n [\"INR\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA-hns\"] = 2,\n [\"ISO 639-2\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"India topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian population clock\"] = 2,\n [\"Indian states and territories image map\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox place symbols\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 24,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 9,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Normal\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordinal\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 11,\n [\"Refend\"] = 11,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 354,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 32,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"States and Union Territories of India\"] = 1,\n [\"The Commonwealth\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"USD\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","820","17.2"],["?","560","11.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","520","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","300","6.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","2.9"],["type","140","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","140","2.9"],["[others]","1500","31.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-5df79d45d6-8w68p","timestamp":"20241203065100","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"India","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q668","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q668","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-26T17:25:25Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T17:30:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/4\/41\/Flag_of_India.svg","headline":"country in South Asia"}</script> </body> </html>