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Iraq - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Middle Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Early modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Kingdom of Iraq: 1921–1958</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Republic and Ba'athist Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>2003 invasion and war: 2003–2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Oil and energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Water supply and sanitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Diaspora and refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 265 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">265 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Иракъ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иракъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="ኢራቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢራቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9F" title="Ираҟ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ираҟ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9" title="ܥܝܪܐܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܪܐܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইৰাক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ke" title="Iráke – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iráke" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="ГӀиракъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀиракъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ираҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1k" title="Irák – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraccu" title="Iraccu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iraccu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="لعراق – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعراق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraek" title="Iraek – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraek" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ޢިރާޤު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢިރާޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honooj%C3%ADtah_Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ιράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирак Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирак Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako" title="Irako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1ic" title="An Iaráic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Earack" title="Yn Earack – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Earack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rak" title="İrak – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İrak" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0c" title="Ioràc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95" title="ઈરાક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="이라크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C6%99i" title="Iraƙi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iraƙi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaka" title="ʻIlaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="इराक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%95%89%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᕉᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᕉᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Iraki" title="I-Iraki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Iraki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drak" title="Írak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="עיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak%C9%A9" title="Irakɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irakɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عِراق – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عِراق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraka" title="Iraka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iraka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irach" title="Irach – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iraca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81ka" title="Irāka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakas" title="Irakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/raksygu%27e" title="raksygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="raksygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0ka" title="Iràka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഇറാഖ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാഖ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81ki" title="Īrāki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عیراق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عیراق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiraque" title="Eiraque – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiraque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="イラク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ӏиракъ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиракъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95" title="ଇରାକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraaq" title="Iraaq – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraaq" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq" title="Iroq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਇਰਾਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ираак – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="इराक् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इराक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraku" title="Iraku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iraku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරාක ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරාක ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irakhi" title="I-Irakhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciraaq" title="Ciraaq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciraaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஈராக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90iraq" title="Ɛiraq – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛiraq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гыйрак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гыйрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศอิรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Ироқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ироқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaaki" title="ʻIlaaki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaaki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎢᎳᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎳᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrak" title="Yrak – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Yrak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91" title="ᨕᨗᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئىراق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirak%C3%A4n" title="Lirakän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="איראק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraks" title="Iraks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Iraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A2k" title="Irâk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Irâk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irag" title="Irag – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Irag" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_N_44_E_type:country_region:IQ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°N</span> <span class="longitude">44°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33°N 44°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33; 44</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in West Asia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iraq_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iraq (disambiguation)">Iraq (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Iraq</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq</i></span></li><li><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">کۆماری عێراق</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Komarî Êraq</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Iraq"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَوْطِنِيْ</span></span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mawtini_(Ibrahim_Tuqan_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawtini (Ibrahim Tuqan song)">Mawṭinī</a></i></span><br />"My Homeland"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=aa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aa" label="Qafár af (aa)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية (ar)" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=as&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="as" label="অসমীয়া (as)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español (es)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی (fa)" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia (id)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文(香港) (zh-hk)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文(臺灣) (zh-tw)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_(orthographic).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Iraq"><img alt="Location of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/250px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/500px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_20_N_44_23_E_type:city(8,100,000)_region:IQ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°23′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.333°N 44.383°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.333; 44.383</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a><sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Recognised regional languages</li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian (Suret)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkish/Turkmen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>75–80% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li><li>15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li><li>5–10% <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Others</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>90–95% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>61-64% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia</a></li> <li>29-34% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Sunni Islam in Iraq">Sunni</a></li></ul></li> <li>5–10% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">irreligion</a> and others<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Speaker of the Council of Representatives of Iraq">Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Mashhadani" title="Mahmoud al-Mashhadani">Mahmoud al-Mashhadani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Iraq">Federation Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Independence declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Republic declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 July 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Current constitution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 2005</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">438,317 km<sup>2</sup> (169,235 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.93 (as of 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 47,020,774<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82.7/km<sup>2</sup> (214.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $655.417 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $14,756<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $264.149 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $5,947.315<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2012)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">29.5<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">low inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.673<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">128th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">IQD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3</span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iraq" title="Telephone numbers in Iraq">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iraq" title="Telephone numbers in Iraq">+964</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IQ" title="ISO 3166-2:IQ">IQ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">.العراق</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iraq</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially known as the <b>Republic of Iraq</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">the east</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the southwest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">west</a>. The country covers an area of 438,317 square kilometres (169,235 sq mi) and has <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">a population</a> of over 46 million, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">58th largest country by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">31st most populous in the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, home to over 8 million people, is the capital city and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">largest in Iraq</a>. </p><p>Starting in the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a>, the fertile plains between Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilisation</a>, Mesopotamia saw the invention of <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">writing systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">timekeeping</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">astrology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboat</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a>, Baghdad became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and a global cultural and intellectual hub during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, home to institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>. Following the city's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">destruction</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1258, the region faced a prolonged decline due to plagues and successive empires. Additionally, Iraq holds religious significance in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>. It has a deep biblical history.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_History_Encyclopedia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since independence in 1932, Iraq has experienced spells of significant <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iraq">military growth</a> alongside periods of <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">instability and conflict</a>. It was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Iraq</a> was then established by the British in 1921. It transitioned into an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">independent kingdom</a> in 1932. Following a coup in 1958, Iraq became a <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Iraq" title="First Republic of Iraq">republic</a>, first led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Qasim">Abdul Karim Qasim</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> took <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">power in 1968</a>, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">one-party state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, who presided over <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war against Iran</a> from 1980 to 1988 and then with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Kuwait</a> in 1990. In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">U.S.-led coalition forces</a> <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupied Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">overthrowing Saddam</a> and triggering an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">sectarian violence</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">ended in 2011</a>. From 2013 to 2017, Iraq faced another <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war</a> with the rise and defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, as a result of an Islamist insurgency from 2011 to 2013. Today <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">post-war conflict</a> continues at a lower scale, hampering the stability of Iraq alongside the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">rising influence of Iran</a>, since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn-dec11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-dec11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a>, Iraq is considered an <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">emerging middle power</a>. It is home to a diverse population, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">wildlife</a>. Most Iraqis are Muslim, while significant minorities include <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Iraq">Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqis</a> are ethnically diverse; mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Domcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabakis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are the official languages of Iraq, while <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> are spoken regionally. Iraq, home to one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">largest oil reserves in the world</a>, has a significant <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">oil and gas industry</a>. It is also popular for its agriculture and tourism. At present, Iraq <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">is rebuilding</a> with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">foreign support</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iraq_–_The_northeast_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraq_–_The_northeast-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and is thus ultimately of <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible etymology for the name is from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> word <i>erāg</i>, meaning "lowlands".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Arabic <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">fertile</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the medieval period, there was a region called <i>ʿIrāq ʿArabī</i> ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">ʿIrāq ʿAjamī</a></i> ("Persian Iraq"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term historically included the plain south of the <a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a> and did not include the northernmost and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">westernmost</a> parts of the modern territory of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernhardsson-97_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the middle of the 19th century, the term <i>Eyraca Arabica</i> was commonly used to describe Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></i> was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. </p><p>As an Arabic word, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عراق</span></span> <i>ʿirāq</i> means "hem", "shore", "bank", or "edge", so that the name by folk etymology came to be interpreted as "the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>", such as at the south and east of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> Plateau, which forms the northern and western edge of the "al-Iraq arabi" area.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic pronunciation</a> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʕiˈrɑːq]</a></span>. In English, it is either <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> (the only pronunciation listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> and the first one in <i>Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> (listed first by <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary"><i>MQD</i></a>, the <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Random House Dictionary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>When the British established the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> king on 23 August 1921, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a>, the official English name of the country changed from <i>Mesopotamia</i> to the endonymic <i>Iraq</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times-1990_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-1990-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since January 1992, the official name of the state is "Republic of Iraq" (<i>Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq</i>), reaffirmed in the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle of Civilisation">Cradle of Civilisation</a>" is a common term for the area comprising modern Iraq as it was home to the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian civilisation</a>, which arose in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Euphrates_river_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris-Euphrates river system">Tigris-Euphrates river valley</a> of southern Iraq in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Maisels2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maisels2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was there, in the late <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>, that the world's first known <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">writing system</a> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> were also the first known to harness the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> and create <a href="/wiki/City_States" class="mw-redirect" title="City States">city states</a>; their writings record the first known evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Written_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Law">written law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">organised religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maisels2005_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maisels2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. The major city states of the early Sumerian period were <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maisels2005_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maisels2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cities to the north like <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a>, Arbela (modern <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) were also extant in what was to be called Assyria from the 25th century BC; however, at this stage, they were Sumerian-ruled administrative centres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <p>Between 65,000 BC and 35,000 BC, northern Iraq was home to a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> culture, archaeological remains of which have been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar Cave</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region is also the location of a number of pre-Neolithic burials, dating from approximately 11,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq, together with a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, was a centre of a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture known as <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA), where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time. In Iraq, this period has been excavated at sites like <a href="/wiki/M%27lefaat" title="M'lefaat">M'lefaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik 9</a>. The following Neolithic period, <a href="/wiki/PPNB" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNB">PPNB</a>, is represented by rectangular houses. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and burnt lime (Vaisselle blanche). Finds of <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> tools from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> are evidences of early trade relations. </p><p>Further important sites of human advancement were <a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> (circa 7100 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of sites belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid" title="Tell al-'Ubaid">Tell al-'Ubaid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> (between 6500 BC and 3800 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The respective periods show ever-increasing levels of advancement in agriculture, tool-making and architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3></div> <p>In the 26th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> created a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Zage-Si" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-Zage-Si">Lugal-Zage-Si</a>, the priest-king of <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area, then conquered <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, making it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> originates, which includes the tale of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Flood">The Great Flood</a>. The origin and location of Akkad remain unclear. Its people spoke <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic language">East Semitic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 29th and 24th centuries BC, a number of kingdoms and city states within Iraq began to have Akkadian speaking dynasties, including <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_of_Akkad_(frontal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg/220px-Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg/330px-Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg/440px-Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>Bronze head of an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> ruler from <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, presumably depicting either <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, or Sargon's grandson <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, the Sumerians remained generally dominant until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2124 BC), based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> in central Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> founded the empire, conquered all of the city states of southern and central Iraq, and subjugated the kings of Assyria, thus uniting the Sumerians and Akkadians in one state. The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> after the long-lived civilization of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. He then set about expanding his empire, conquering <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and had victories that did not result into a full conquest against the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaites</a> of the Levant. The empire of Akkad likely fell in the 22nd century BC, within 180 years of its founding, ushering in a "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Age</a>" with no prominent imperial authority until the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>. The region's political structure may have reverted to the <i>status quo ante</i> of local governance by <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zettler24_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zettler24-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in the late 22nd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a> occupied the south for a few decades, while Assyria reasserted its independence in the north. Most of southern Mesopotamia was again united under one ruler during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a>, most notably during the rule of the prolific king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>. His accomplishments include the completion of construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ziggurat_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ziggurat of Ur">Great Ziggurat of Ur</a>, begun by his father <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1792 BC, an <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> ruler named <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> came to power and immediately set about building Babylon into a major city, declaring himself its king. Hammurabi conquered southern and central Iraq, as well as Elam to the east and Mari to the west, then engaged in a protracted war with the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> for domination of the region, creating the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>. He eventually prevailed over the successor of Ishme-Dagan and subjected Assyria and its Anatolian colonies. By the middle of the eighteenth century BC, the Sumerians had lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a distinct people.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from the period of Hammurabi that southern Iraq came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, while the north had already coalesced into <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> hundreds of years before. However, his empire was short-lived, and rapidly collapsed after his death, with both Assyria and southern Iraq, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>, falling back into native Akkadian hands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_(3)_(32577951406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg/220px-A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg/330px-A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg/440px-A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a relief from the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, which display symbols of the Babylonian god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After this, another foreign people, the <a href="/wiki/Language_Isolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Isolate">Language Isolate</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, seized control of Babylonia. Iraq was from this point divided into three polities: <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> in the south central region, and the <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a> in the far south. The Sealand Dynasty was finally conquered by Kassite Babylonia circa 1380 BC. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1365–1020 BC) saw Assyria rise to be the most powerful nation in the known world. Beginning with the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a>, Assyria destroyed the rival <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> Empire, annexed huge swathes of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> for itself, annexed northern Babylonia from the Kassites, forced the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Empire">Egyptian Empire</a> from the region, and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicians">Cilicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmunites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>. At its height, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> stretched from <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caucasus">The Caucasus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>), and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coasts of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. In 1235 BC, <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> of Assyria took the throne of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> (1200–900 BC), Babylonia was in a state of chaos, dominated for long periods by Assyria and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. The Kassites were driven from power by Assyria and Elam, allowing native south Mesopotamian kings to rule Babylonia for the first time, although often subject to Assyrian or Elamite rulers. However, these Akkadian kings were unable to prevent new waves of <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> migrants entering southern Iraq, and during the 11th century BC <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a> entered Babylonia from <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">The Levant</a>, and these were followed in the late 10th to early 9th century BC by the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Chaldeans were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3></div> <p>After a period of comparative decline in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, it once more began to expand with the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Assyrian Empire">Neo Assyrian Empire</a> (935–605 BC). Because of its geopolitical dominance and ideology based in <a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">world domination</a>, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is by many researchers regarded to have been the first <a href="/wiki/World_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="World empire">world empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, the empire was the strongest military power in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAberbach20034_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAberbach20034-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq became the centre of an empire stretching from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> in the east, to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in the west, and from <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caucasus">The Caucasus</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that an Akkadian-influenced form of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> was adopted by the Assyrians as their <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, and Mesopotamian Aramaic began to supplant Akkadian as the spoken language of the general populace of both Assyria and Babylonia. The descendant dialects of this tongue survive amongst the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> of southern Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> of northern Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> are first mentioned in written history (circa 850 BC) in the annals of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> gallery at the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a legacy of great cultural significance. The political structures established by the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">universal rule</a> promulgated by the Neo-Assyrian kings inspired similar ideas of rights to <a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">world domination</a> in later empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire became an important part of later folklore and literary traditions in northern Mesopotamia. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and thus in turn also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, was profoundly affected by the period of Neo-Assyrian rule; numerous Biblical stories appear to draw on earlier Assyrian mythology and history and the Assyrian impact on early Jewish theology was immense. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire is prominently remembered today for the supposed excessive brutality of the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian army</a>, the Assyrians were not excessively brutal when compared to other civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 7th century BC, the Assyrian Empire tore itself apart with a series of brutal civil wars, weakening itself to such a degree that a coalition of its former subjects, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, were able to attack Assyria, finally bringing its empire down by 605 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (620–539 BC) succeeded that of Assyria. It failed to attain the size, power or longevity of its predecessor; however, it came to dominate <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">The Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, and to defeat <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Initially, Babylon was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, who had migrated to the region in the late 10th or early 9th century BC. Its greatest king, <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, rivalled <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> as the greatest king of Babylon. However, by 556 BC, the Chaldeans had been deposed by the Assyrian-born <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> and his son and regent <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/250px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/330px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/500px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A partial view of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The transfer of empire to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> marked the first time the city, and southern Mesopotamia in general, had risen to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> since the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a>. The period of Neo-Babylonian rule saw unprecedented economic and population growth and a renaissance of culture and artwork. <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> in 605 BC. The empire Nebuchadnezzar inherited was among the most powerful in the world, in which he quickly reinforced his father's alliance with the Medes by marrying Cyaxares's daughter or granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Babylon">Amytis</a>. Some sources suggest that the famous <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, were built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife (though the existence of these gardens is debated). Nebuchadnezzar's 43-year reign would bring with it a golden age for Babylon, which was to become the most powerful kingdom in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a> defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a> and Mesopotamia was subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. The Achaemenids made <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> their main capital. The Chaldeans disappeared at around this time, though both Assyria and Babylonia endured and thrived under Achaemenid rule (see <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>). Their kings retained Assyrian Imperial Aramaic as the language of empire, together with the Assyrian imperial infrastructure, and an Assyrian style of art and architecture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the region, putting it under <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> rule for over two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> (247 BC – 224 AD) from Persia conquered the region during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I of Parthia</a> (r. 171–138 BC). From northwestern Mesopotamia, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> invaded western parts of the region <a href="/wiki/Roman-Parthian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Parthian Wars">several times</a>, and for over four centuries they ruled part of it, that were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia province</a>, until it was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th century. For a short period they also ruled Assyria, which was incorporated into the <i><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria Provincia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to take hold in Iraq (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>) between the 1st and 3rd centuries, and Assyria became a centre of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a>. A number of independent states evolved in the north during the Parthian era, such as <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanids</a> of Persia under <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> destroyed the Parthian Empire and conquered the region in 224 AD. During the 240s and 250s AD, the Sassanids gradually conquered the independent states, culminating with Assur in 256 AD. The region became the frontier and battleground between the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Age">Middle Age</h3></div> <p>The first organised conflict between invading Arab-Muslim forces and occupying Sassanid domains in Mesopotamia seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>'s successful campaign which saw all of Iraq come under Arab rule within a year, with the exception of the Sassanid Empire's capital, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. By the end of 638, the Muslims had conquered all of the Western Sassanid provinces (including modern Iraq), and the last Sassanid Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a>, had fled to central and then northern Persia, where he was killed in 651.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Islamic expansions constituted the largest of the Semitic expansions in history. These new arrivals established two new garrison cities, at <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, near ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in the south and established <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in these cities, while the north remained largely <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> and Christian in character.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> built the city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. Baghdad was the largest <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, peaking at a population of more than a million,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the centre of learning during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> destroyed the city and burned its library during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1257, <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> besieged Baghdad, sacked the city and massacred many of the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of dead range from 200,000 to a million.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagdad1258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/250px-Bagdad1258.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/330px-Bagdad1258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/500px-Bagdad1258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">The siege of Baghdad</a> by the Mongols</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate and Baghdad's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>. The city has never regained its previous pre-eminence as a major centre of culture and influence. Some historians believe that the Mongol invasion destroyed much of the <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> infrastructure that had sustained Mesopotamia for millennia. Other historians point to <a href="/wiki/Soil_salination" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil salination">soil salination</a> as the culprit in the decline in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mid-14th-century <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> ravaged much of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best estimate for the Middle East is a death rate of roughly one-third.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1401, a warlord of Mongol descent, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> (Timur Lenk), invaded Iraq. After the capture of Baghdad, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur also conducted massacres of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> population, hitherto still the majority population in northern Mesopotamia, and it was during this time that the ancient Assyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> was finally abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Safavid_wars" title="Portuguese–Safavid wars">Portuguese–Safavid wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Portuguese_conflicts_(1580-1589)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1580-1589)">Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1580-1589)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Safavid_Iran_(1501%E2%80%931736).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg/220px-Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg/330px-Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg/440px-Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Map of Safavid Iran (1501–1736)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sheep_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sheep Turkmen">Black Sheep Turkmen</a> ruled the area now known as Iraq. In 1466, the <a href="/wiki/White_Sheep_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sheep Turkmen">White Sheep Turkmen</a> took control. From 1508, as with all territories of the former White Sheep Turkmen, Iraq fell into the hands of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> in 1639, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Baghdad">eyalet of Baghdad</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Persian Wars">wars</a> with the neighbouring rival, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Iran</a>. Throughout most of the period of Ottoman rule (1533–1918), the territory of present-day Iraq was a battle zone between the rival regional empires and tribal alliances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_1624.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraq_1624.png/250px-Iraq_1624.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraq_1624.png/330px-Iraq_1624.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraq_1624.png/500px-Iraq_1624.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> protectorate of Iraq and Kuwait in the 17th century. Persian -Portuguese war of 1624<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Toprak2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toprak2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1523, the Portuguese commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Tenreiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Tenreiro (page does not exist)">António Tenreiro</a> crossed from Aleppo to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> trying to make alliances with local lords in the name of the <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">Portuguese king</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1550, the local kingdom of Basra and tribal rulers relied on the Portuguese against the Ottomans, after which the Portuguese threatened several times to invoke an invasion and conquest of Basra. From 1595, the Portuguese acted as military protectors of Basra,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1624 they helped the Ottoman pasha of Basra to repel a Persian invasion. The Portuguese were granted a share of customs revenue and exemption from tolls. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631,_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg/250px-Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg/330px-Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg/500px-Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (Nineveh) by <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha">Mustafa Pasha</a> in 1631, a Turkish soldier in the foreground holding a severed head. L., C. (Stecher), 1631–1650.</figcaption></figure> <p>From approximately 1625 to 1668, Basra and the Delta marshes were in the hands of local chiefs independent of the Ottoman administration in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-Toprak2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toprak2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, the frequent conflicts with the Safavids had sapped the strength of the Ottoman Empire and had weakened its control over its provinces. The nomadic population swelled with the influx of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. Bedouin raids on settled areas became impossible to curb.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk dynasty of Iraq">Mamluk dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgian</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbs_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbs-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin who succeeded in obtaining autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a>, suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>, restored order and introduced a programme of modernisation of economy and military. In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> from Najd <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">attacked Karbala in Iraq</a>, killing up to 5,000 people and plundering the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and imposed their direct control over Iraq. The population of Iraq, estimated at 30 million in 800 AD, was only 5 million at the start of the 20th century. </p><p>By the 19th century, Baghdad emerged as a leading center for Jewish learning.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The achievements of the Ottoman reforms in the 19th century, including the enactment of constitutions in 1876 and 1908, were beneficial to the people, laying the foundation for modern constitutional thought.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite challenges faced during these reforms, they represented a sophisticated expression of reformation, attempting to modernize society by introducing new concepts like the nation-state, citizenship, representation, voting, civic freedoms, separation of powers, and accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottomans sided with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a> against the Central Powers, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> forces invaded the country and initially suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Turkish army during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a> (1915–1916). However, the British began to gain the upper hand, and were further aided by the support of local <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a>. In 1916, the British and French made a plan for the post-war division of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces regrouped and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">captured Baghdad</a> in 1917, and defeated the Ottomans. An armistice was signed in 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958"><span id="Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921.E2.80.931958"></span>Kingdom of Iraq: 1921–1958</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg/180px-King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg/271px-King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg/360px-King_Faisal_I_of_Syria_with_King_Abdul-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_the_mid-1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">King Faisal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, 1920s</figcaption></figure><p> Iraq's modern history began in the wake of World War I, as the region emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab forces, inspired by the promise of independence, had helped dismantle the Ottoman hold on the Middle East, but the dream of a united, sovereign Arab state was soon dashed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite agreements made with <a href="/wiki/Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein ibn Ali">Hussein ibn Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Makkah</a>, the European powers had different plans for the region. Following the British withdrawal of support for a <a href="/wiki/Arab_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab state">unified Arab state</a>, Hussein's son, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>, briefly declared the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Syria">Kingdom of Syria</a> in 1920, encompassing parts of what are now <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the kingdom was short-lived, crushed by local opposition and the military might of France, which had been granted a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syria">mandate over Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouri_Al-Saeed,_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/170px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/255px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/340px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri Pasha</a> served eight terms as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">prime minister</a></figcaption></figure><p>In Iraq, under British mandate, tensions were rising as local forces increasingly resisted foreign control.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">rebellion erupted</a>, challenging British authority, and the need for a new strategy became clear.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1921)" title="Cairo Conference (1921)">Cairo Conference</a>, led by British officials including <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, decided that Faisal, now exiled in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, would become the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Iraq">king of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was seen as a way to maintain British influence in the region while placating local demands for leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his coronation, he focused on unifying a land formerly divided into three <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman provinces">Ottoman provinces</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mosul_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire">Baghdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basra_vilayet" title="Basra vilayet">Basra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked hard to gain the support of Iraq's diverse population, including both <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a>, and paid special attention to the country's Shiite communities, symbolically choosing the date of his coronation to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid al-Ghadeer</a>, a key day for Shiite Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His reign laid the foundations of modern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faisal worked to establish key state institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His education reforms included the founding of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt_University" title="Ahl al-Bayt University">Ahl al-Bayt University</a> in Baghdad, and he encouraged the migration of Syrian exiles to Iraq to serve as doctors and educators.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faisal also envisioned infrastructural links between Iraq, Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Jordan</a>, including plans for a railway and an <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline">oil pipeline to the Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Faisal succeeded in securing greater autonomy for Iraq, British influence remained strong, particularly in the oil industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_of_1930" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930">Iraq signed a treaty with Britain</a> that gave the country a measure of political independence while maintaining British control over key aspects, including military presence and oil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1932, Iraq gained formal independence, becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faisal's reign was marked by his efforts to balance the pressures of external influence and internal demands for sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was admired for his diplomatic skill and his commitment to steering Iraq towards self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untimely, he died from a heart attack on 8 September 1933, leaving his son <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">Ghazi</a> to inherit the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Ghazi's reign was brief and turbulent, due to numerous coup attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghazi died in a motor accident in 1939, passing the throne to his young son, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a>, who ascended to the throne at just 3 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faisal II's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Crown Prince Abdullah</a>, assumed regency until the young king came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1941, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and installed a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">pro-German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">pro-Italian</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> invaded Iraq for fear that the government might cut oil supplies to <a href="/wiki/Western_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western nations">Western nations</a> because of its links to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war started on 2 May, and the British, together with loyal <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Levies">Assyrian Levies</a>, defeated the forces of Al-Gaylani, forcing an armistice on 31 May.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regency of King Faisal II began in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hopes for Iraq's future under Faisal II were high, but the nation remained divided.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq's Sunni-dominated monarchy struggled to reconcile the diverse ethnic and religious groups, particularly the Shiite, Assyrian, Jewish and Kurdish populations, who felt marginalised.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, these tensions culminated in a military coup, inspired by the revolutionary wave sweeping across the Arab world, particularly in <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq"><span id="Republic_and_Ba.27athist_Iraq"></span>Republic and Ba'athist Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arif_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arif_bath.jpg/250px-Arif_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arif_bath.jpg/330px-Arif_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Arif_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the revolution in Iraq, including <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abd as-Salam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Abdul-Karim Qasim">Abdal-Karim Qasim</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A coup d'état known as the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> in 1958 was led by the Brigadier General and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revolt was strongly anti-imperial and anti-monarchical in nature and had strong socialist elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Faysal_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Faysal II">Faisal II</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri al-Sa'id">Nuri al-Sa'id</a>, along with the royal family were killed brutally.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qasim controlled Iraq through military rule and in 1958 he began a process of forcibly reducing surplus land owned by a few citizens and having the state redistribute the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahab_al-Shawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf">Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf</a> led an uprising in Mosul against Qasim. The uprising was crushed by the government forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qasim claimed <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> as part of Iraq, when the former was granted independence in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom deployed its army on <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraq–Kuwait border</a>, which forced Qasim to back down.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">February 1963 coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However internal division within Ba'athist factions caused another coup in November, which brought Colonel Abdul Salam Arif to power.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new regime recognised Kuwait's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq participated in the Six Day War in 1967, against Israel. After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his rule, Iraq participated in the Six Day War in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg/180px-Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg/270px-Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg/360px-Saddam_Hussein_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, was the president from 1979 until <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">his overthrow</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Arif was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> came to power, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> as the president of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the government gradually came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, Iraq's then vice-president.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam sought to achieve stability between Iraq's ethnic and religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">first Iraqi–Kurdish war</a> ended in 1970, after which a peace treaty was signed between Saddam and Barzani, granting autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced free healthcare and education, nationalised oil, promoted women's rights and developed infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">second Iraqi–Kurdish war</a> began and <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">border clashes with Iran</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>. Iran supported Kurdish militants.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">Algiers Agreement</a> signed in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and Saddam resolved the dispute and Iran withdrew support for the Kurds, resulting in their defeat in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Iraq participated in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> against Israel, alongside <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to ban an annual pilgrimage to Karbala caused an <a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">uprising by Shia Muslims across Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Shia uprising took place from 1979 to 1980, as a followup to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 July 1979, Saddam acceded to the presidency and chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">supreme executive body</a> in July 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following months of cross-border raids with Iran, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (or First Persian Gulf War).<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of the post-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> chaos in Iran, Iraq captured some territories in southwest Iran, but Iran recaptured all of the lost territories within two years, and for the next six years Iran was on the offensive.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Sunni-led Arab countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States supported Iraq throughout the war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Israel destroyed a nuclear reactor of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In midst of the war, between 1983 to 1986, Kurds led <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">rebellion against the regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, the government-coordinated <a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a> led to the killing of 50,000–100,000 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Saddam extensively used <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">chemical weapons</a> against Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war, which ended in <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> in 1988, killed between half a million and 1.5 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_97-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuwait's refusal to waive Iraq's debt and reducing oil prices pushed Saddam to take military action against it.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 August 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi forces invaded</a> and annexed Kuwait as its <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">19th governorate</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to military intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">US-led alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in southern Iraq and Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq also attempted to invade Saudi Arabia and attacked Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq's armed forces were devastated during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanctions were imposed on Iraq, following the invasion of Kuwait, which resulted in economic decline.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the war in 1991, Iraqi Kurds and Shia Muslims in northern and southern Iraq led several <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">uprisings against the government</a>, but these were repressed.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that as many as 100,000 people, including many civilians, were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the uprisings, the US, UK, Turkey and France, claiming authority under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">UNSC Resolution 688</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> to protect Kurdish population from attacks. As a result autonomy was given to Kurds and the region fall out of control from the Iraqi government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second rebellion by Shi'as emerged in in 1999, after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Sadr_(jurist)" title="Muhammad al-Sadr (jurist)">Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a> from 1994 to 1997, around 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> engaged in conflict, which would merge with the upcoming war.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017"><span id="2003_invasion_and_war:_2003.E2.80.932017"></span>2003 invasion and war: 2003–2017</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Iraq (2011–present)">History of Iraq (2011–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/220px-SaddamStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/330px-SaddamStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/440px-SaddamStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_statue_destruction" title="Saddam Hussein statue destruction">Statue of Saddam Hussein being toppled</a> in Baghdad, 09 April 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> began planning the overthrow of Saddam's government. In 2002, the U.S Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Resolution_to_Authorize_the_Use_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_Against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq">joint resolution to</a> authorize the use of its military against Iraq and the UN Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441">UNSCR 1441</a>. On 20 March 2003, a United States-organized coalition of its allies <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded Iraq</a>, under the pretext that Iraq had failed to abandon its <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction program</a>. Following the invasion, the U.S established the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> to govern Iraq. In May 2003 <a href="/wiki/L._Paul_Bremer" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Paul Bremer">L. Paul Bremer</a>, the chief executive of the CPA, issued orders to <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">exclude Ba'ath Party members</a> from the new Iraqi government and to <a href="/wiki/CPA_Order_2" class="mw-redirect" title="CPA Order 2">disband the Iraqi Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision dissolved the largely Sunni Iraqi Army and excluded many of the country's former government officials,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 40,000 school teachers who had joined it simply to keep their jobs,<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helping to bring about a chaotic post-invasion environment.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg/330px-U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg/440px-U.S._Army_M1A2_Abrams_Iraq_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/M1A2_Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="M1A2 Abrams">M1A2 Abrams</a> tanks patrol the streets of <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>in February 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–06)">An insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S-led coalition</a>-rule of Iraq began in summer within elements of the former Iraqi secret police and army, who formed guerrilla units. In fall 2003, <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadist</a> groups began targeting coalition forces. Various Sunni militias were created, for example <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>. The insurgency included intense inter-ethnic violence between Sunnis and Shias.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a> scandal came to light in late 2003. The <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a>—a Shia militia created in the summer of 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>—began to fight Coalition forces in April 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-mehdi_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehdi-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2004 saw Sunni and Shia militants fighting against each other, the new <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a> installed in June 2004, and against Coalition forces, as well as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">First Battle of Fallujah</a> in April and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a> in November. The Mahdi army would kidnap Sunni civilians as part of a genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-:70_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:70-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insurgent attacks increased in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2006, fighting continued and reached its highest levels of violence, more <a href="/wiki/Haditha_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Haditha killings">war crimes scandals</a> were made public, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> the leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> was killed by US forces and Iraq's former dictator <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was hanged for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:40_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:41_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:43_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_spring_fighting_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq spring fighting of 2008">fighting continued</a> and Iraq's newly trained armed forces launched attacks against militants. Crime and violence initially spiked in the months following <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:44_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but despite the initial increase in violence, in November 2009, Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Interior Ministry</a> officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level since the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdrawal of US troops</a> in 2011, the insurgency continued and Iraq suffered from political instability. Claim of WMDs and Saddam's links with Al-Qaeda was based on documents provided by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and the British government that were later <a href="/wiki/Duelfer_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Duelfer Report">found to be unreliable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:47_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:47-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:48_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:48-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued though that the U.S. was actually pursuing national objectives to expand their spheres of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:49_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:49-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war in Iraq has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests <a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">spread to Iraq</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:52_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the initial protests did not topple the government. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Movement" title="Iraqi National Movement">Iraqi National Movement</a> boycotted Parliament for several weeks in late 2011 and early 2012, claiming that the Shiite-dominated government was striving to sideline Sunnis. In 2012 and 2013, levels of violence increased and armed groups inside Iraq were increasingly galvanised by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Both Sunnis and Shias crossed the border to fight in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi'as supported the government of Bashar al-Assad, while Sunnis supported opposition. In December 2012, Sunni Arabs <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests" title="2012–2013 Iraqi protests">protested</a> against the government, who they claimed marginalised them.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:54_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:54-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2013, Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the Iraq's population in an attempt to undermine confidence in the <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>-led government.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes2701_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes2701-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian,_Iraqi,_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg/220px-Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg/330px-Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg/440px-Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanese insurgency</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, Sunni insurgents belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> terrorist group seized control of large swathes of land including several major cities, like <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> creating hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced persons</a> amid reports of atrocities by ISIL fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-:55_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:55-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 June 2014, the insurgents began their efforts to capture <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. The Iraqi army officially had 30,000 soldiers and another 30,000 federal police stationed in the city, facing a 1,500-member attacking force. The Iraqi forces' actual numbers were much lower due to "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">ghost soldiers</a>", severely reducing combat ability.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera-ghost_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-ghost-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After six days of combat and massive desertions, Iraqi soldiers received orders to retreat. The city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> fell under ISIL's control. An estimated 500,000 civilians fled from the city. </p><p>By late June, the government had lost control of its borders with both <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:56_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:56-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Maliki called for a national <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on 10 June following the attack on Mosul. However, despite the security crisis, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraq's parliament</a> did not allow Maliki to declare a state of emergency; many legislators boycotted the session because they opposed expanding the prime minister's powers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an inconclusive election in April 2014, Nouri al-Maliki served as caretaker-Prime-Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-guar11-8-14_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guar11-8-14-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August, Iraq's highest court ruled that PM Maliki's bloc was the largest in parliament, meaning Maliki could stay Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-guar11-8-14_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guar11-8-14-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 13 August, however, the president had tasked <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> with forming a new government, and the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and some Iraqi politicians expressed their wish for a new leadership in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:57_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:57-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 August, Maliki stepped down.<sup id="cite_ref-:58_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:58-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:59_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:59-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> became prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:60_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:60-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abadi promised to stamp out corruption and ease sectarian tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC30Apr16_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC30Apr16-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermittent conflict between Sunni, <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shia</a> and Kurdish factions has led to increasing debate about the splitting of Iraq into three autonomous regions: Kurdistan in the northeast, a Sunni state in the west and a Shia state in the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-:61_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:61-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to rapid territorial gains made by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> in early 2014, and its universally-condemned <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of captives by ISIL">executions</a> and reported <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">human rights abuses</a>, many states <a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against ISIL">began to intervene</a> against it in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a>. ISIL began losing ground in both Iraq and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tens of thousands of civilians have been killed in Iraq in ISIL-linked violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:64_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:64-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:65_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">genocide of Yazidis by ISIL</a> has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:66_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:66-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">2016 Karrada bombing</a> killed nearly 400 civilians and injured hundreds more.<sup id="cite_ref-:67_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:67-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 2017, a US-led coalition <a href="/wiki/2017_Mosul_airstrike" title="2017 Mosul airstrike">airstrike in Mosul</a> killed more than 200 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-:68_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:68-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 2017, ISIL had no remaining territory in Iraq, following the <a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">2017 Western Iraq campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-victory_parade_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victory_parade-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 December 2017, then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraqi Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> declared victory over <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> and announced full liberation of borders with Syria from Islamic State militants.<sup id="cite_ref-:69_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:69-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">Protest in Baghdad</a> in 2019, were the largest incident of <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil unrest</a> Iraq has experienced since the 2003 invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2017, a <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">referendum</a> was held regarding <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish independence</a> in Iraq. 92% of Iraqi Kurds voted in favor of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was regarded as illegal by the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigris_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Tigris Shield">military operations</a> to eliminate active Kurdish separatist fighters in the far north of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932018_Iraqi_protests" title="2015–2018 Iraqi protests">September</a> as rallies to protest corruption, unemployment, and public service failures turned violent.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">Protests</a> started again on 1 October 2019, against corruption, unemployment and inefficient public services, before they escalated into calls to overthrow the administration and to stop <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention</a>. The government at times reacted harshly, resulting in over 500 deaths by 12 December 2019. </p><p>On 27 December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/K-1_Air_Base_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 Air Base attack">K-1 Air Base was attacked</a> by more than 30 rockets, killing a U.S. civilian contractor and injuring others. The U.S. blamed the Iranian-backed <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a> militia. Later that month, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">bombed five Kata'ib Hezbollah militia's positions in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. On 31 December, dozens of Iraqi Shia militiamen and their supporters marched into the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">surrounded the U.S. embassy</a>. Three days later, amid rising tensions between the United States and Iran, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">launched a drone strike on a convoy traveling near Baghdad Airport</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, Iranian major-general and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) and <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> commander, the second most powerful person of Iran;<sup id="cite_ref-nrc3Jan_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc3Jan-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a>, deputy commander of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> (PMF or PMU); four senior Iranian officers; and four Iraqi officers. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">months of protests</a> that broke out across Iraq in October 2019 and the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Adel Abdul Mahdi</a> and his cabinet, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi" title="Mustafa Al-Kadhimi">Mustafa al-Kadhimi</a> became a leading contender for the Premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 April 2020, he was named by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barham_Salih" title="Barham Salih">Barham Salih</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister-designate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister-designate">prime minister-designate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 November 2021, the political bloc led by Shia leader <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a> was confirmed the winner of the October <a href="/wiki/2021_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Iraqi parliamentary election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2022_Iraqi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Iraqi political crisis">A period of political crisis and near-deadlock</a> of eleven months followed.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July 2022, the parliament building was <a href="/wiki/2022_Iraq_parliament_attack" title="2022 Iraq parliament attack">stormed by protesters</a> for the second time in a week.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of governance while US-endorsed sectarian political system has driven increased levels of violent terrorism and sectarian conflicts within Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has been in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">prolonged drought</a> since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the Iraq's farmland is at risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year."<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trees_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trees_in_Karbala.jpg/220px-Trees_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trees_in_Karbala.jpg/330px-Trees_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trees_in_Karbala.jpg/440px-Trees_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Karbala is home to world's largest oasis</figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" title="29th parallel north">29°</a> and <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/39th_meridian_east" title="39th meridian east">39°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_meridian_east" title="49th meridian east">49° E</a> (a small area lies west of 39°). Spanning 437,072 km<sup>2</sup> (168,754 sq mi), it is the 58th-largest country in the world. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">the east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">the west</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">southeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the southwest</a>. </p><p>It has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further north, but below the main headwaters only, the country easily encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain</a>. Two major rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, run south through Iraq and into the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, thence the Persian Gulf. Broadly flanking this estuary (known as <i>arvandrūd</i>: اروندرود among Iranians) are marshlands, semi-agricultural. Flanking and between the two major rivers are fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial plains">alluvial plains</a>, as the rivers carry about 60,000,000 m<sup>3</sup> (78,000,000 cu yd) of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> annually to the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>. </p><p>The central part of the south, which slightly tapers in favour of other countries, is natural vegetation marsh mixed with rice paddies and is humid, relative to the rest of the plains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Iraq has the northwestern end of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros mountain range</a> and the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Around the city of Karbala, is home to world's largest oasis of palm trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, it surpassed Saudi Arabia's <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Rocky deserts cover about 40 percent of Iraq. Another 30 percent is mountainous with bitterly cold winters. The north of the country is mostly composed of mountains; the highest point being at 3,611 m (11,847 ft). Iraq is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_forest_steppe" title="Zagros Mountains forest steppe">Zagros Mountains forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_steppe" title="Middle East steppe">Middle East steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_shrub_desert" title="Mesopotamian shrub desert">Mesopotamian shrub desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Iran_Nubo-Sindian_desert_and_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert">South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cheekha Dar, highest point in Iraq"><img alt="Cheekha Dar, highest point in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/250px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/500px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cheekha_Dar" title="Cheekha Dar">Cheekha Dar</a>, highest point in Iraq</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piran,.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piran and Mount Piran seen from Kure Hure summit"><img alt="Piran and Mount Piran seen from Kure Hure summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/270px-Piran%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/405px-Piran%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Piran%2C.jpg/540px-Piran%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Piran and Mount Piran seen from Kure Hure summit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reservoir in the Samawah desert of Southern Iraq"><img alt="A reservoir in the Samawah desert of Southern Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/330px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/500px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/960px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reservoir in the <a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a> desert of Southern Iraq</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagros_iraq.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A road through the Zagros Mountains"><img alt="A road through the Zagros Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/330px-Zagros_iraq.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/500px-Zagros_iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/960px-Zagros_iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A road through the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq#Climate" title="Geography of Iraq">Climate of Iraq</a></div> <p>Much of Iraq has a hot <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climate with <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> influence. Summer temperatures average above 40 °C (104 °F) for most of the country and frequently exceed 48 °C (118.4 °F). Winter temperatures infrequently exceed 15 °C (59.0 °F) with maxima roughly 5 to 10 °C (41.0 to 50.0 °F) and night-time lows 1 to 5 °C (33.8 to 41.0 °F). Typically, precipitation is low; most places receive less than 250 mm (9.8 in) annually, with maximum rainfall occurring during the winter months. Rainfall during the summer is rare, except in northern parts of the country. </p><p>The northern mountainous regions have cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">Iraq is highly vulnerable to climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is subject to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, and suffers from increasing <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> for a human population that rose tenfold between 1890 and 2010 and continues to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watercrisis_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DW_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of Iraqi governance while the political system has exacerbated sectarian conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karam_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karam-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukas_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has been in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">prolonged drought</a> since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the country's farmland is at risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers-2023_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2023-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year".<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 2023, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</a> announced that government was working on a wider "Iraqi vision for climate action". The plan would include promoting clean and renewable energy, new irrigation and water treatment projects and reduced industrial gas flaring, he said. Sudani said Iraq was "moving forward to conclude contracts for constructing renewable energy power plants to provide one-third of our electricity demand by 2030". In addition, Iraq will plant 5 million trees across the country and will create green belts around cities to act as windbreaks against dust storms.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year, Iraq and <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> signed a $27 billion energy deal that aims to increase oil production and boost the country's capacity to produce energy with four oil, gas and renewables projects. According to experts, the project will "accelerate Iraq's path to energy self-sufficiency and advance Iraq's collective climate change objectives".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/250px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/330px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/500px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4557" data-file-height="3038" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> has remained a prominent symbol since ancient times</figcaption></figure> <p>The wildlife of Iraq includes its <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatt1959_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatt1959-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq has multiple and diverse biomes which include the mountainous region in the north to the wet <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshlands</a> along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, while western part of the country comprises mainly <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and some semi-arid regions. Many of Iraq's bird species were endangered, including seven of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and 12 of its <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species. The <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian marches</a> in the middle and south are home to approximately 50 species of birds, and rare species of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_Extra_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At risk are some 50% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Marbled_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbled teal">marbled teal</a> population that live in the marshes, along with 60% of the world's population of <a href="/wiki/Basra_reed-warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra reed-warbler">Basra reed-warbler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_Extra_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a>, in the present-day extinct in the region, has remained a prominent symbol of the country throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Sass_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Sass-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a>, during the time of Saddam's government, caused there a significant drop in biological life.<sup id="cite_ref-Med-O-Med_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-O-Med-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2003–2011, flow is restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-Med-O-Med_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-O-Med-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi corals are some of the most extreme heat-tolerant as the seawater in this area ranges between 14 and 34 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-sr_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sr-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic or semi-aquatic wildlife occurs in and around these, the major lakes are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Habbaniyah" title="Lake Habbaniyah">Lake Habbaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Qadisiyah" title="Lake Qadisiyah">Lake Qadisiyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar" title="Lake Tharthar">Lake Tharthar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott1995_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1995-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/306px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a>,<br /><small><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> since 2022</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_(54266610408)_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg/171px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg/257px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg/342px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed al-Sudani</a>,<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> since 2022</small></div></div></div></div></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">federal government of Iraq</a> is defined under the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The federal government is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial</a> branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. Aside from the federal government, there are regions (made of one or more governorates), governorates, and districts within Iraq with jurisdiction over various matters as defined by law.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a> and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> meeting at Baghdad</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Alliance (Iraq)">National Alliance</a> is the main Shia parliamentary bloc, and was established as a result of a merger of Prime Minister Nouri Maliki's <a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Alliance">Iraqi National Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Movement" title="Iraqi National Movement">Iraqi National Movement</a> is led by <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Allawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyad Allawi">Iyad Allawi</a>, a secular Shia widely supported by Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has a more consistent anti-sectarian perspective than most of its rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a> is dominated by two parties, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iraq)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Masood_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Masood Barzani">Masood Barzani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baghdad is Iraq's capital, home to the seat of government.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_182-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_181-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>, which contains governmental headquarters and the army, in addition to containing the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">American embassy</a> and the headquarters of foreign organisations and agencies for other countries. </p><p>According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Iraq was the third most <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Saddam, the government employed 1 million employees, but this increased to around 7 million in 2016. In combination with decreased oil prices, the government budget deficit is near 25% of GDP as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law of Iraq</a></div> <p>In October 2005, the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> was approved in a referendum with a 78% overall majority, although the percentage of support varied widely between the country's territories.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution was backed by the Shia and Kurdish communities, but was rejected by Arab Sunnis. Under the terms of the constitution, the country conducted <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_parliamentary_election,_December_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi parliamentary election, December 2005">fresh nationwide parliamentary elections</a> on 15 December 2005. All three major <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iraq">ethnic groups in Iraq</a> voted along ethnic lines, as did Assyrian and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">Turcoman</a> minorities. Law no. 188 of the year 1959 (Personal Status Law)<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made polygamy extremely difficult, granted child custody to the mother in case of divorce, prohibited repudiation and marriage under the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco1_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco1-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 1 of Civil Code also identifies Islamic law as a formal source of law.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq had no Sharia courts but civil courts used Sharia for issues of personal status including marriage and divorce. In 1995 Iraq introduced Sharia punishment for certain types of criminal offences.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code is based on French civil law as well as Sunni and Jafari (<a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a>) interpretations of Sharia.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">CPA</a> chief executive L. Paul Bremer said he would veto any constitutional draft stating that sharia is the principal basis of law.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration enraged many local Shia clerics,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2005 the US had relented, allowing a role for sharia in the constitution to help end a stalemate on the draft constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Penal_Code" title="Iraqi Penal Code">Iraqi Penal Code</a> is the statutory law of Iraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_equipment_of_the_Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces">List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Soldiers_look_on_as_a_new_group_of_Iraqi_Policemen_graduate_from_the_Police_Academy_in_the_Muthana_Zayuna_District,_Baghdad,_Iraq,_on_January_9,_2006._The_Iraqi_Army_and_Polic_-_DPLA_-_a83c9fc6e11d42c37d0aaf4b5e60bc84.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Iraqi_Soldiers_look_on_as_a_new_group_of_Iraqi_Policemen_graduate_from_the_Police_Academy_in_the_Muthana_Zayuna_District%2C_Baghdad%2C_Iraq%2C_on_January_9%2C_2006._The_Iraqi_Army_and_Polic_-_DPLA_-_a83c9fc6e11d42c37d0aaf4b5e60bc84.jpeg/250px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Iraqi_Soldiers_look_on_as_a_new_group_of_Iraqi_Policemen_graduate_from_the_Police_Academy_in_the_Muthana_Zayuna_District%2C_Baghdad%2C_Iraq%2C_on_January_9%2C_2006._The_Iraqi_Army_and_Polic_-_DPLA_-_a83c9fc6e11d42c37d0aaf4b5e60bc84.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Iraqi_Soldiers_look_on_as_a_new_group_of_Iraqi_Policemen_graduate_from_the_Police_Academy_in_the_Muthana_Zayuna_District%2C_Baghdad%2C_Iraq%2C_on_January_9%2C_2006._The_Iraqi_Army_and_Polic_-_DPLA_-_a83c9fc6e11d42c37d0aaf4b5e60bc84.jpeg/500px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi soliders in Baghdad</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces" title="Iraqi security forces">Iraqi security forces</a> are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Defence, as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau (CTB), which oversees the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">Iraqi Special Operations Forces</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Mobilization Committee">Popular Mobilisation Committee</a> (PMC). Both CTB and PMC report directly to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>. MOD forces include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Air Defence Command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defence ministry also runs a Joint Staff College, training army, navy, and air force officers, with support from the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_-_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Training Mission - Iraq">NATO Training Mission — Iraq</a>. The college was established at <a href="/wiki/Ar_Rustamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Rustamiyah">Ar Rustamiyah</a> on 27 September 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre runs Junior Staff and Senior Staff Officer Courses designed for <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenants</a> to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">majors</a>. </p><p>The current Iraqi armed forces was rebuilt on American foundation. The army consists of 13 infantry divisions and one <a href="/wiki/Motorised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorised infantry">motorised infantry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each division consists of four brigades and comprises 14,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 2003, Iraq was mostly equipped with Soviet-made military equipment, but since then the country has turned to Western suppliers.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi air force is designed to support ground forces with surveillance, reconnaissance and troop lift. Two reconnaissance squadrons use light aircraft, three helicopter squadrons are used to move troops and one air transportation squadron uses <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> transport aircraft to move troops, equipment, and supplies. The air force currently has 5,000 personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800 <a href="/wiki/Marines_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marines (military)">marines</a>. The navy consists of an operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two marine battalions, designed to protect shorelines and inland waterways from insurgent infiltration. On 4 November 2019, more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> personnel left <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> for the 10th rotation of Task Group <a href="/wiki/Taji" class="mw-redirect" title="Taji">Taji</a>, based north of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The Australian contingent mentors the Iraqi School of Infantry, where the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Security_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Security Forces">Iraqi Security Forces</a> are trained. However, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s contribution was reduced from 250 to 120 ADF personnel, which along with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> had trained over 45,000 ISF members before that.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 November 2008, the U.S and Iraq agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Framework_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Framework Agreement">Strategic Framework Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi parliament">parliament</a> voted for a resolution that urges the government to work on expelling U.S troops from Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was passed two days after <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">an U.S drone strike</a> that killed <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution specifically calls for ending of 2014 agreement allowing the U.S to help Iraq against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State groups</a> by sending troops.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resolution will also signify ending an agreement with Washington to station troops in Iraq as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> vows to retaliate after the killing.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September 2020, Washington made preparations to withdraw diplomats from Iraq, as a result of Iranian-backed militias firing rockets at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">American Embassy in Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officials said that the move was seen as an escalation of American confrontation with Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US significantly <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%932021)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021)">reduced its military presence in Iraq</a> after <a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">the defeat of ISIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/250px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/500px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> during a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, 2024</figcaption></figure><p>Throughout the history, Iraq has followed different foreign policies under various regimes. Under monarchical rule, it was <a href="/wiki/Pro-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Western">pro-Western</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a>, an alliance against the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saadabad" title="Treaty of Saadabad">Saadabad Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Abdul Karim Qasim, Iraq withdrew from the pact and formed close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and claimed Kuwait as part of Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-:23_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite successive regimes having recognised Kuwait's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2003, Iraq was considered as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq maintained ties with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">pro-Soviet countries</a> and had close trade relations with India and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_207-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided financial support to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and aid for the post-war reconstruction in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_207-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But received <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">support from the US</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">France</a> during the war with Iran. However, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">relations were deteriorated</a> as a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. This led to the invasion of Iraq, which was strongly opposed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_206-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq is an emerging middle power and has been playing the role of a mediator for several regional crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the war, Iraq sought and strengthened regional economic cooperation and improved relations with neighbouring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-in_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the situation eased, Iraq re-engaged with its Arab neighbours while maintaining relations with Iran in an attempt to position Iraq as a country that would not exacerbate the security concerns of its neighbours and seeking a pragmatic balance in foreign relations.<sup id="cite_ref-in_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has played an important role in mediating and hosting direct talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has taken on the role of mediator attempting to mediate between Egypt, Jordan, and Iran after its success in mediating between Saudi Arabia and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:36_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has expressed its willingness to mediate and find a solution for the ongoing Yemeni crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:36_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2019, Iraq has attempted to play a mediating role between the U.S and Iran following the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump Administration">administration</a> from the landmark <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">2015 Iranian nuclear deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:36_211-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq has also attempt to mediate between Turkey and Syria, as well between Bashar al-Assad's government, the opposition groups and the Arab League during the civil war in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to several reports, Iraq is playing an influential role in the global oil market.<sup id="cite_ref-strategiecs.com_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategiecs.com-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">al-Sudani</a> has sought to normalize <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iraq–Syria relations">relations with Syria</a> in order to expand co-operation.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Baghdad hosted regional security summit, that included Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, France, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also hosted an economic conference in 2023, for Economic Integration and Regional Stability.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq is also seeking to deepen its ties with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China and GCC countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar have invested in various sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China and India are the largest buyers of Iraqi oil. In 2022, Iraq also finished paying reparations to Kuwait for its invasion. Recently foreign ministers of Iraq and Kuwait have announced that they were working on a definitive agreement on border demarcation.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these progressive diplomacy of Iraq has been met by numerous challenges, such as the rising influence of the U.S and Iran, post-war impact and chaos, and identity crisis among Iraq's population.<sup id="cite_ref-strategiecs.com_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategiecs.com-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 February 2009, Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>. Under the provisions of this treaty, Iraq is considered a party with declared stockpiles of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>. Because of their late accession, Iraq is the only State Party exempt from the existing timeline for destruction of their chemical weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Relations with Iran</a> have flourished since 2005 by the exchange of high-level visits.<sup id="cite_ref-in_210-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conflict occurred in December 2009, when Iraq accused Iran of seizing an oil well on the border.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Relations with Turkey</a> are tense, largely because of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>, as clashes between <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> continue.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish parliament">Turkish parliament</a> renewed a law that gives Turkish forces the ability to pursue rebels over the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">border in Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project" title="Southeastern Anatolia Project">"Great Anatolia Project"</a> reduced Iraq's water supply and affected agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watercrisis_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_ISIL-controlled_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory">Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL_occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul">Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul</a></div> <p>Relations between Iraq and its <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurds">Kurdish population</a> have been sour in recent history, especially with <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaign</a> against them in the 1980s. After <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">uprisings during the early 90s</a>, many Kurds fled their homeland and <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zones</a> were established in northern Iraq to prevent more conflicts. Despite historically poor relations, some progress has been made, and Iraq elected its first Kurdish president, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, in 2005. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> is now an official language of Iraq alongside <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> according to Article 4 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT rights in Iraq</a> remain limited. Although <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">decriminalised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> remains <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">stigmatised in Iraqi society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory</a> have been recorded as highly violated. It included <a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_Islamic_State-occupied_Mosul" title="Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul">mass executions in Islamic State-occupied</a> part of Mosul and <a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">genocide of the Yazidis</a> in Yazidi populated <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, which is in northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorates of Iraq</a></div> <p>Iraq is composed of eighteen <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">muhafadhat</i>, singular <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">muhafadhah</i></span>). The governorates are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">districts</a> (or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">qadhas</i></span>), which are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">sub-districts</a> (or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">nawāḥī</i></span>). A nineteenth governorate, <a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a>, is unrecognised by the Iraqi government. </p> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="30%"><small>Clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its eighteen governorates, and partially recognized Halabja.</small> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><span title="A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates."><img alt="A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/360px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/540px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/720px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" usemap="#ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5" resource="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5"><area href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="261,89,257,90,257,90,258,91,258,91,258,92,258,92,259,93,259,93,259,93,259,94,259,95,259,95,258,95,257,95,257,95,257,96,257,97,256,98,256,98,255,98,255,99,254,99,254,100,253,100,253,100,254,101,254,101,255,102,255,102,255,102,256,102,257,103,257,103,258,103,258,103,259,103,259,103,260,103,261,104,261,104,262,104,263,104,264,104,264,104,264,104,265,104,266,104,267,103,267,102,267,102,266,102,266,101,266,100,266,100,266,99,267,99,267,99,267,98,267,98,267,98,267,98,266,98,265,97,265,97,265,97,264,97,264,96,264,96,265,95,265,95,265,95,265,95,266,94,265,93,264,93,264,92,264,92,263,91,262,90,262,90,261,89,261,89,261,88,260,88,260,88,261,88" alt="Halabja Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Ninawa_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="135,26,153,39,167,32,177,35,178,28,186,27,202,38,195,42,172,66,170,79,156,82,151,90,158,103,138,103,137,111,96,101,100,84,98,66,100,47,117,44" alt="Ninawa Governorate" title="Ninawa Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="178,27,177,35,167,30,154,39,135,23,142,22,149,12,155,15,161,12,186,19,192,14,196,18,187,27" alt="Dohuk Governorate" title="Dohuk Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Arbil_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="188,26,195,15,203,17,200,26,204,29,214,19,228,45,214,47,213,58,222,71,187,73,181,88,169,84,176,62,201,39" alt="Arbil Governorate" title="Arbil Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="215,47,213,60,222,72,217,72,222,89,211,101,224,112,236,122,252,100,254,110,267,100,261,82,274,76,273,73,253,76,238,67,234,50" alt="Sulaymaniyah Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="216,74,221,89,201,116,169,99,164,89,181,86,187,73" alt="Kirkuk Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="222,113,238,122,254,102,254,110,244,130,241,147,260,167,248,181,226,174,217,185,209,177,215,170,212,166,204,166,208,149,202,144" alt="Diyala Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Salah_ad_Din_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="138,105,158,103,151,91,168,78,170,87,166,89,169,99,201,118,212,102,223,111,210,125,201,143,208,147,203,166,201,170,193,158,174,155,174,146,161,132,158,142,156,137,156,126,150,132,138,124" alt="Salah ad Din Governorate" title="Salah ad Din Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="96,102,136,113,141,125,148,134,155,129,154,139,169,158,176,157,194,159,201,169,196,175,188,175,188,178,195,181,194,194,187,196,176,180,172,188,175,201,166,204,186,222,174,229,161,252,154,282,127,260,68,227,29,218,31,214,30,210,21,212,20,205,23,204,13,172,79,133,87,131,97,116" alt="Al Anbar Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="210,167,214,172,210,175,207,176,201,178,195,175,203,167" alt="Baghdad Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="190,175,207,177,210,182,210,188,227,199,232,210,220,215,220,220,208,215,204,219,194,201,200,198,194,194,196,182,190,179" alt="Babil Governorate" title="Babil Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="188,197,198,195,195,202,201,212,185,220,166,203,178,201,183,205" alt="Karbala Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="212,184,216,185,223,177,230,176,248,182,260,166,267,176,262,183,266,187,280,191,274,210,279,217,274,225,249,226,232,209,218,190,212,190" alt="Wasit Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al_Najaf_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="183,219,199,212,201,220,205,216,210,219,208,241,218,249,186,309,156,282,161,253,176,230,185,223" alt="Al Najaf Governorate" title="Al Najaf Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="212,219,219,220,232,209,251,227,253,240,236,235,228,238,231,241,224,252,218,248,208,241,210,229" alt="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="273,226,279,218,274,211,280,191,300,207,305,205,324,231,319,255,302,253,299,258,290,258,282,248" alt="Maysan Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="251,226,272,226,283,249,288,259,299,258,299,281,295,279,279,283,268,272,248,271,252,258" alt="Dhi Qar Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al_Muthanna_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="234,236,252,239,248,271,267,272,277,282,285,299,279,338,275,341,216,335,185,309,219,250,224,253" alt="Al Muthanna Governorate" title="Al Muthanna Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="302,256,318,255,318,264,330,264,330,283,343,296,350,306,329,303,309,300,299,304,281,339,286,296,281,288,281,282,294,279,299,281" alt="Basra Governorate" title="Basra Governorate" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td width="70%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">Al-Qādisiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg/250px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg/330px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg/500px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Historical economic growth of Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/IFAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IFAD">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a>, Iraq is an <a href="/wiki/Oil-rich_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil-rich country">oil-rich</a> upper-middle-income country.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq's economy is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 18%–30% unemployed and a per capita GDP of $4,812.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:28_233-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid11_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid11-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates little employment.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid11_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid11-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid11_234-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid11-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official currency in Iraq is the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a>. The Central Provisional Authority issued new dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by <a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> using modern anti-forgery techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cramer" title="Jim Cramer">Jim Cramer</a>'s 20 October 2009 endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a> on <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> has further piqued interest in the investment.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 2003 invasion, Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">centrally planned economy</a> prohibited the foreign ownership of businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> to keep the foreign goods out .<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:31_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil was nationalised in 1972 and its revenue was spent on government development projects. Iraq was one of the most advanced countries in the Middle East. But it faced economic decline as a result of sanctions. After <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> quickly began issuing many binding orders <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatising</a> the Iraqi economy and opening it up to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_238-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 November 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> of creditor countries agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the invasion, and had grown another $5 billion by 2004. The <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> was to be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five years after the invasion, an estimated 2.4 million people were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a> (with a further two million refugees outside Iraq), four million Iraqis were considered food-insecure (a quarter of children were chronically malnourished) and only a third of Iraqi children had access to safe drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, and after more than 30 years after the <a href="/wiki/UN_Compensation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Compensation Commission">UN Compensation Commission</a> was created to ensure restitution for Kuwait following the invasion of 1990, the reparations body announced that Iraq has paid a total of $52.4 billion in war reparations to Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international NGOs</a> face challenges in carrying out their mission, leaving their assistance "piecemeal and largely conducted undercover, hindered by insecurity, a lack of coordinated funding, limited operational capacity and patchy information".<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International NGOs have been targeted and during the first 5 years, 94 aid workers were killed, 248 injured, 24 arrested or detained and 89 kidnapped or abducted.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_240-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war have left heavy impact on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>, Iraq has shown positive signs of recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdish and Shia populated regions of Iraq have experienced economic boom since the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alarabiya.net_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdistan Region is economically more stable. In recent years, Sunni-populated provinces in Iraq have also made economic progress, as evidenced by numerous new construction projects.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2025, parliament speaker <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Mashhadani" title="Mahmoud al-Mashhadani">Mahmoud al-Mashhadani</a> stressed that that Iraq is stable in terms of security and economy and has taken a non-aligned approach.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a new report from the Arab Investment & Export Credit Guarantee Corporation ("Dhaman"), the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Iraq, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, the leading contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Arab economy</a> and 72% of the region’s GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Iraq is an agricultural country.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism in Iraq stands to be a major growth sector, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iraq" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq">archaeological tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">religious tourism</a> while the country is also considered to be a potential location for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/250px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/330px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/500px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed portion of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq was an important <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a> for many years but that changed dramatically during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war with Iran</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion by the US and allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Iraq continues to develop and stabilizes, tourism in Iraq is still facing many challenges, and little has been made by the government to meet its tremendous potential as a global tourist destination, and gain the associated economic benefits, mainly due to conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites from Iraq's ancient past are numerous and many that are close to large cities have been excavated. Babylon has seen major recent restoration; known for its famous <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat_of_Ur" title="Ziggurat of Ur"><i>Ziggurat</i></a> (the inspiration for the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">Seven Wonders of the World</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, making it a prime destination. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, a rival to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, has also seen significant restoration and reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, one of the first Sumerian cities, which is near <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyya</a>, has been partially restored.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a list of examples of some significant sites in a country with a tremendous archaeological and historic wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_261-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq is considered to be a potential location for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tourism in Iraq includes also making pilgrimages to <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam_(Shia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)">holy Shia Islamic sites</a> near <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alarabiya.net_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, Najaf and Karbala have experienced economic boom, due to religious tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-alarabiya.net_248-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a> is the second largest museum in Iraq after the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It contains ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> artefacts. </p><p>Saddam Hussein built hundreds of palaces and monuments across the country. Some of them include <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace" title="Al-Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/As-Salam_Palace" title="As-Salam Palace">As-Salam Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radwaniyah_Palace" title="Radwaniyah Palace">Radwaniyah Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vince-2016_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-2016-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Faw Palace is currently occupied by the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Iraq</a>. Since Saddam's overthrow, the palaces are open to tourists, though they are not officially functioning, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">government of Iraq</a> is considering to sell them for useful purposes. A majority of these structures were built after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>, when Iraq was put under sanctions by the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Vince-2016_263-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-2016-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam reconstructed part of Babylon, one of the world's earliest cities, using bricks inscribed with his name to associate himself with the region's past glories.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his palaces in Basra was turned into a museum, despite it was time when Iraq allied with the US was engaged in war with the ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="second clause doesn't make sense (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3></div> <p>Iraq's "dollar auction" system, established after <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>, has become a conduit for massive <a href="/wiki/Financial_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial fraud">financial fraud</a>. This system allows Iraqi banks to purchase U.S. dollars from Iraq's oil revenues held at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>. However, it has been exploited by fraudsters, terrorists, and money launderers to funnel billions of dollars out of Iraq. Despite warnings and evidence of fraud, American officials failed to take significant action for years. In 2015, an Iraqi parliamentary committee uncovered widespread fraud, including $6.5 billion obtained fraudulently by Al-Huda Bank. The typical fraud involved Iraqi banks submitting fake invoices and documents to obtain dollars, which were then sent to exchange houses or individuals instead of legitimate exporters. These misused funds have reportedly supported various U.S. adversaries, including Iran-backed militias, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syrian regime</a>. Recent U.S. actions have included sanctioning some Iraqi banks and individuals involved in the fraud, but critics argue these measures came too late. Specific examples of fraudulent transactions are provided, including those involving United Bank for Investment (UBI) and its chairman, Fadhil al-Dabbas. Experts suggest that U.S. inaction was due to various factors, including a focus on maintaining Iraqi dinar stability and the distraction of the war against the Islamic State. This long-standing financial abuse has had far-reaching consequences for both Iraq and U.S. interests in the region, highlighting the complexity of financial oversight in post-conflict environments.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transport in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erbil_mosul_highway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Erbil_mosul_highway.png/220px-Erbil_mosul_highway.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Erbil_mosul_highway.png/330px-Erbil_mosul_highway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Erbil_mosul_highway.png/440px-Erbil_mosul_highway.png 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Mosul–Erbil Motorway in northern Iraq, an important route</figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq has a modern network of motorways. <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Iraq">Roadways</a> extended 45,550 km (28,300 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-sites.google.com_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roadway also connect Iraq to neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sites.google.com_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are more than seven million passenger cars, over million commercial taxis, buses, and trucks in use. On major motorways the maximum speed is 110 km/h (68 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the roads were constructed in the late 1970s and early 1980s and were designed with a 20-year lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these facilities were damaged in enduring wars, that Iraq experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_269-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then traffic has been a serious issue, specially in Baghdad. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Iraqi Republic Railways</a> is the responsible body for railway transportation in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway infrastructure consists of 2,405 km (1,494 mi) of track, 109 stations, 31 locomotives and 1,685 units of rolling stock.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_270-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government is attempting to establish railway links with Turkey, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia to complete a continuous Euro-Gulf rail route.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_270-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, a large project is underway to connect Karbala and Najaf. </p><p>Most of Iraq's oil exports are done through its ports.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_269-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basra is the only coastal governorate of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_269-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to all of Iraq's six ports — <a href="/wiki/Abu_Flous_Port" title="Abu Flous Port">Abu Flous Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Al Başrah Oil Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Amaya_Oil_Terminal" title="Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal">Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Zubair_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Khor Al Zubair Port">Khor Al Zubair Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Basra" title="Port of Basra">Port of Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr_Port" title="Umm Qasr Port">Umm Qasr Port</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_269-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq has about 104 airports as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_270-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major airports at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaimaniyah_International_Airport" title="Sulaimaniyah International Airport">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_International_Airport" title="Kirkuk International Airport">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Najaf_International_Airport" title="Al Najaf International Airport">Najaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_270-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government is constructing international airports for <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah_Airport" title="Nasiriyah Airport">Nasiriyah Airport</a> is in partnership with China and reoping of Mosul Airport, which was closed during the 2013–2017 civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_270-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frbiu_03-2017_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_energy">Oil and energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Energy in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_(ABOT).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/250px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/330px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/500px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Basra oil terminal, southern Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil production levels reached 3.4 million barrels per day by December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a> have been drilled in Iraq, compared with about 1 million wells in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq was one of the founding members of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s Iraq produced up to 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels per day</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions imposed against Iraq</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990 crippled the country's oil sector. The <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq" title="International sanctions against Iraq">sanctions</a> prohibited Iraq from exporting oil until 1996 and Iraq's output declined by 85% in the years following the First <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. The sanctions were lifted in 2003 after the US-led invasion removed Saddam Hussein from power, but development of Iraq's oil resources has been hampered by the ongoing conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, despite improved security and billions of dollars in oil revenue, Iraq still generates about half the electricity that customers demand, leading to protests during the hot summer months.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_oil_law_(2007)" title="Iraq oil law (2007)">Iraq oil law</a>, a proposed piece of legislation submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> in 2007, has failed to gain approval due to disagreements among Iraq's various political blocs.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Al Başrah Oil Terminal</a> is a trans-shipment facility from the pipelines to the tankers and uses <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">supertankers</a>. </p><p>According to a US Study from May 2007, between 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) and 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) of Iraq's declared oil production over the past four years could have been siphoned off through corruption or smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in American care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reports that the government has reduced corruption in public procurement of oil; however, reliable reports of bribery and kickbacks to government officials persist.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Ministry of Oil</a> awarded service contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera091211_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera091211-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera090630_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil fields contracted include the "super-giant" <a href="/wiki/Majnoon_oil_field" title="Majnoon oil field">Majnoon oil field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Field" title="Halfaya Field">Halfaya Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West Qurna Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera090630_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> won a deal to develop Rumaila, the largest oil field in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said Iraq's oil output jumped by half a million barrels a day in February to average 3.6 million barrels a day. The country had not pumped that much oil since 1979, when Saddam Hussein rose to power.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 14 July 2014, as sectarian strife had taken hold, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Field" title="Kirkuk Field">Kirkuk</a> oilfields in the north of the country, taking them from Iraq's control. Baghdad condemned the seizure and threatened "dire consequences" if the fields were not returned.<sup id="cite_ref-KurdsOilfields_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KurdsOilfields-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2018, the UN estimated that oil accounts for 99% of Iraq's revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, the oil sector provided about 92% of foreign exchange earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iraq">Water supply and sanitation in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5._Lake_Dukan,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/220px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/330px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/440px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Dukan" title="Lake Dukan">Lake Dukan</a></figcaption></figure><p>Three decades of war greatly cut the existing <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water resources management</a> system for several major cities. This prompted widespread <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> shortfalls thus poor <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water</a> and service quality.<sup id="cite_ref-watercrisis_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is combined with few businesses and households who are fully environmentally aware and legally compliant however the large lakes, as pictured, alleviate supply relative to many comparators in Western Asia beset by more regular drought. Access to potable water diverges among governorates and between urban and rural areas. </p><p>91% of the population has access to potable water. Forming this figure: in rural areas, 77% of people have access to improved (treated or fully naturally filtered) drinking water sources; and 98% in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-UNWater_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNWater-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much water is discarded during treatment, due to much outmoded equipment, raising energy burden and reducing supply.<sup id="cite_ref-UNWater_294-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNWater-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Investment in post-invasion Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/250px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/330px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/500px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The image shows a cargo ship docked at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, highlighting the progress and activity as the port nears completion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although many infrastructure projects had already begun, at the end of 2013 Iraq had a housing crisis. The then war-ravaged country was set to complete 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, confirmed the Minister for Construction and Housing.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Iraq Britain Business Council formed. Its key impetus was House of Lords member and trade expert <a href="/wiki/Emma_Nicholson,_Baroness_Nicholson_of_Winterbourne" title="Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne">Lady Nicholson</a>. In 2013, South Korean firm Daewoo reached a deal to build <a href="/wiki/Bismayah_New_City" title="Bismayah New City">Bismayah New City</a> of about 600,000 residents in 100,000 homes.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> launched the second phase of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a> via winning bid of project head contractor <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a> at $2.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2023, the government announced that it will build a total of 15 new cities across Iraq, in an attempt to tackle a persistent housing problem, according to officials.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project falls under the government's plan and strategy to establish new residential cities outside city centres, aiming to alleviate the urban housing crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 5 new cities will be located in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, while another 10 new residential cities will be launched in other governorates.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_299-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial phase of the [housing] plan began in late 2023, when <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> laid the foundation stone of Al-Jawahiri city.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_299-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located west of the capital, the new city will host 30,000 housing units which will cost $2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_299-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected to be completed in four to five years. According to officials, none of it is financed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iraqinews.com_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraqinews.com-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_299-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, and during a visit to Baghdad by Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a>, a quadrilateral memorandum of understanding regarding cooperation in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Development_Road" title="Iraq Development Road">Iraq Development Road</a> project was signed between Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Türkiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>. The deal was inked by the transportation ministers from each country. The 1,200-km project with railway and motorways which will connect the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, aimed to be the largest port in the Middle East. It is planned to be completed by 2025 to the Turkish border at an expected cost of $17 billion. According to officials, it is a strategic national project for Iraq, and will become the largest sea port in the Middle East, as such strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">List of largest cities of Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></div> <p>The 2021 estimate of the total Iraqi population is 43,533,592.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-Issawi1988_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issawi1988-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most populous country in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq is made up of three former administrative divisions (<i>vilayets</i>) of the Ottoman Empire — Mosul, Basra and Baghdad — which were designated as concentration of different ethnic groups. </p><p>Iraq's native population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, but also includes other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kawliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawliya">Kawliya</a>. A report by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Research_Service" title="European Parliamentary Research Service">European Parliamentary Research Service</a> suggests that, in 2015, there were 24 million Arabs (14 million <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and 9 million <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>); 4.7 million Sunni <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> (plus 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Faili_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Faili Kurds">Faili Kurds</a> and 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Kaka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka'i">Kaka'i</a>); 3 million (mostly Sunni) <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmens</a>; 1 million <a href="/wiki/Black_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Iraqis">Black Iraqis</a>; 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>); 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>; 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>; 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Gypsies_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies in Iraq">Roma</a>; 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>; 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a>; 1,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>; and a few hundred <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPRS_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRS-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">List of cities in Iraq</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Iraq</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg/120px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg/250px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_in_Mosul_at_the_base_of_the_Shrine_of_Nebi_Yunis_was_built,_in_summer_of_2019_after_its_destruction_by_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosul"><img alt="Mosul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Views_in_Mosul_at_the_base_of_the_Shrine_of_Nebi_Yunis_was_built%2C_in_summer_of_2019_after_its_destruction_by_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg/120px-Views_in_Mosul_at_the_base_of_the_Shrine_of_Nebi_Yunis_was_built%2C_in_summer_of_2019_after_its_destruction_by_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Views_in_Mosul_at_the_base_of_the_Shrine_of_Nebi_Yunis_was_built%2C_in_summer_of_2019_after_its_destruction_by_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg/250px-Views_in_Mosul_at_the_base_of_the_Shrine_of_Nebi_Yunis_was_built%2C_in_summer_of_2019_after_its_destruction_by_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate"> Baghdad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,719,477</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate"> Babylon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">455,741 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basra"><img alt="Basra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/120px-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/250px-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erbil"><img alt="Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/120px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/180px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/240px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Governorate"> Nineveh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,361,819</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diwaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwaniyah">Diwaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate"> Al-Qādisiyyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">403,796 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"> Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,340,827</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate"> Wasit</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">389,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate"> Erbil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,550,071</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate"> Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate"> Kirkuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">972,272</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Az Zubayr</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"> Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">300,751 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate"> Najaf as-Sharif</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">747,261</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate"> Diyala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate"> Karbala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">711,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anbar_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Governorate"> Anbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,884 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate"> Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">676,492</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anbar_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Governorate"> Anbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">223,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate"> Dhi Qar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">558,446</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate"> Muthanna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate"> Maysan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">527,472</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate"> Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">211,964 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/250px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/330px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/500px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 7em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aaffcc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sunni Arabs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaaa; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Shiite Arabs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eeffaa; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sunni Kurds</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccaaff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Assyrians</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cdde87; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Yazidis</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9955; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Turkmen</div> </div> Map of all majority-group clusters of the country's ethnic groups in large, deliberately grouped, census output areas as at the 2006 to 2008 study </figcaption></figure><p>As per recent estimates, out of Iraq's total population, 75–80% are <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, 15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> and 9–13% <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a> (Turcoman).<sup id="cite_ref-Bassem2016_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remaining includes the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> (500,000–700,000), <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a> (486,000), Kaka'i (110,000–200,000), <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> (1,500), <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a> (200,000–500,000), <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a> (150,000), <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya</a> (50,000–200,000), <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a> (30,000–50,000), <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a> (20,000), and <a href="/wiki/Chechens_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechens in Iraq">Chechens</a> (2,500).<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic groups in Iraq are spread across various regions. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, citing a 1987 Iraqi government estimate,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the population of Iraq is 75–80% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> followed by 15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the estimate claims that other minorities form 5% of the country's population, including the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a> (Turcoman), <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak people">Shabak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka'i">Kaka'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsies_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies in Iraq">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a>, Mandaeans, and <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> points out that figures from the 1987 census, as well as the 1967, 1977, and 1997 censuses, "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because the Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups; consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities, such as Iraq's third largest ethnic group – the Turkmens in Northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-ICG_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICG_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many ethnic groups have faced significant turning points throughout the history of Iraq, specially since 2003. </p><p>Within Arabs, around 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> live in southern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Afro_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Iraqis">there is a community of Iraqis of African</a> descent, a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> practiced in the Islamic Caliphate beginning before the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a> of the 9th century, and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>'s role as a key port.<sup id="cite_ref-zanj_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zanj-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurds primarily inhabit the Kurdistan Region, while Turkmen are mainly found in the Turkmeneli region and Kirkuk. Yazidis are concentrated in Sinjar and <a href="/wiki/Shekhan_District" title="Shekhan District">Shekhan</a> district, and Assyrians, who are predominantly Christian, reside in the Nineveh Plains in Northern Iraq, where they are in majority. Due to Arabisation policies and seizing better opportunities, many moved to big cities like Baghdad and Basra. The historic Assyrian Quarter in Baghdad housed 150,000 Assyrians in 2003. Most of them fled, following the escalation of war, and today only 1,500 Assyrians remained. Smaller groups such as the Kawliya, Circassians, and Armenians are primarily located in Baghdad and other governorates of Iraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/220px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/330px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/440px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Children in a village near the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main languages spoken in Iraq are <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian Arabic language">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> languages (specifically <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Neo-Aramaic">Chaldean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a> dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanks_2016_loc=57_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanks_2016_loc=57-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac script">Syriac script</a>. Other smaller minority languages include <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaki_language" title="Shabaki language">Shabaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. </p><p>Prior to the invasion in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was the sole official language. Since the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> was approved in 2005, both Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are recognised (Article 4) as official languages of Iraq, while three other languages, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, are also recognised as <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages">minority languages</a>. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> (Article 4): The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion in Iraq</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Iraq">Judaism in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/220px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/330px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/440px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Shrine in Karbala, showing use of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Religions in Iraq are dominantly <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a> estimated in 2015 that between 90 and 95% of Iraqis followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with 61–64% being Shia and 29–34% being Sunni. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a> accounted for 1%, and the rest (1-4%) practiced <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, and other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_322-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older 2011 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> estimated that 51% of Muslims in Iraq see themselves as <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, 42% as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, while 5% as "just a Muslim".<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq is also home to two of the holiest places among the Shi'as – <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia Muslims are mostly concentrated in southern Iraq and in parts of north region and Baghdad. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Triangle" title="Sunni Triangle">Sunni Triangle region</a>, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>, where Sunnis make majority. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a> has its roots from the conception of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> in the 5th century AD, predating the existence of Islam in the region of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi Christians are predominantly native <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a> in Iraq who had fled <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_325-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_326-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians numbered over 1.4 million in 1987 or 8% of the estimated population of 16.3 million and 550,000 in 1947 or 12% of the population of 4.6 millions.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, violence against Christians rose, with reports of abduction, torture, bombings, and killings.<sup id="cite_ref-besieged_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-besieged-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_326-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">post-2003 war</a> has displaced much of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">remaining Christian community from their homeland</a> as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph-1_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-1-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq is home to one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">oldest Jewish communities in the Middle East</a> and the first Jewish diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, the Jewish population was estimated at 200,000, although some sources suggest the population may have been even higher.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_335-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, Jews emigrated, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">fleeing persecution in Iraq</a>, while 100,000 of them remained.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Saddam Hussein came to power, their population had reached 15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his rule, the population dwindled—not due to persecution, but because the government lifted travel restrictions, allowing many Jews to emigrate abroad and visiting Iraq occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, around 1,500 Jews remained.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 2003, fear among the Jewish community increased, leading to their further decline.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it is estimated that only around 400 Jews remain in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq is home to over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">250 Jewish sites</a>. </p><p>There are also small <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> minority populations of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarsan">Yarsan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yezidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi">Yezidis</a> remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_329-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2003 their numbers together may have been 2 million, the majority Yarsan, a non-Islamic religion with roots in pre-Islamic and pre-Christian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_329-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yazidis are mostly concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_329-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaeans live primarily around Baghdad, Fallujah, Basra and <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_329-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_and_refugees">Diaspora and refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian exodus from Iraq</a></div> <p>The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora" title="Iraqi diaspora">Iraqi diaspora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commission for Refugees">UN High Commission for Refugees</a> has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis fled the country after the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">multinational</a> invasion of Iraq in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN Refugee agency estimated in 2021 that 1.1 million were displaced within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the UN said that about 40% of Iraq's middle class was believed to have fled and that most had fled systematic persecution and had no desire to return.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the diaspora seemed to be returning, as security improved; the Iraqi government claimed that 46,000 refugees returned to their homes in October 2007 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the US-led invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_351-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to official <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">US Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> statistics, 58,811 Iraqis had been granted refugee-status citizenship as of 25 May 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> in 2011, numerous Iraqis in Syria returned to their native country.<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To escape the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, over 252,000 <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> of varying ethnicities have fled to Iraq since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/250px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/330px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png/500px-Babil_Teaching_Hospital.png 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Babil Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatrics</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 6.84% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is down from a peak life expectancy of 71.31 years in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq had developed a centralised free health care system in the 1970s using a hospital based, capital-intensive model of <a href="/wiki/Curative_care" title="Curative care">curative care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corpwatch_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country depended on large-scale imports of medicines, medical equipment and even nurses, paid for with oil export income, according to a "Watching Brief" report issued jointly by the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UN Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> in July 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-corpwatch_358-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other poorer countries, which focused on mass health care using primary care practitioners, Iraq developed a Westernised system of sophisticated hospitals with advanced medical procedures, provided by specialist physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-corpwatch_358-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UNICEF/WHO report noted that prior to 1990, 97% of the urban dwellers and 71% of the rural population had access to free primary health care; just 2% of hospital beds were privately managed.<sup id="cite_ref-corpwatch_358-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shi'a Al-Sudani</a> officially inaugurated Shaab General Hospital, Baghdad's first new general hospital in nearly 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 246-bed facility, which was a long-delayed project was completed under a collaborative management model, which boasts state-of-the-art infrastructure, with advanced medical equipment, and a full range of healthcare services according to Sudani.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_359-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minister of Health Salih Hasnawi highlighted the ministry's accomplishments over the past two years, including the construction of 13 new hospitals, three specialised centres, two burn units, and 25 kidney treatment centres in different governorates, while plans are in place to build 16 new hospitals, each with 100 beds, to be managed by qualified companies.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the government launched the implementation of a joint operation and management programme for modern hospitals at the newly opened Najaf Teaching Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>University students in Iraq, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1990 and later 2003, Iraq already had an advanced and successful education system.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_363-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his rule, Saddam turned Iraq into a leading centre of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_363-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the implementation of the MDGs, education has shown improvement in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_363-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012, reaching six million students.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015–2016, around 9.2 million children were attending school, with a steady annual increase of 4.1% in enrollment rates.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the rapid increase in primary education students has strained the system.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education receives only 5.7% of government spending, leading to a lack of investment in schools and poor educational rankings in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNICEF found that funding has been wasted, resulting in increasing dropout and repetition rates.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dropout rates range from 1.5% to 2.5%, with girls being affected more due to economic or family reasons. Repetition rates have reached almost 17%, causing a loss of approximately 20% of education funding in 2014–2015.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional disparities greatly impact enrollment rates for children in primary education in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflict-ridden areas like Saladin Governorate have seen over 90% of school-age children out of school due to the conversion of schools into shelters or military bases.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited resources strain the education system, hindering access to education.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, efforts have been made to reopen closed schools, with success seen in Mosul, where over 380,000 children are back in school.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to education varies depending on location, and there are disparities between boys and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_364-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the government inaugurated 790 new schools across the country, as part of a framework agreement with China to build 1,000 schools. This initiative aims to address overcrowding and the issue of triple shifts in schools, which have been exacerbated by the destruction caused by years of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many schools have had to operate multiple shifts, sometimes giving students as little as four hours of learning per day, which negatively affects educational outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_365-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:30_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school construction project stems from a 2021 agreement between the Iraqi and Chinese governments to build 1,000 schools. Additionally, the Iraqi Prime Minister announced that the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) will soon collaborate with the private sector to build 400 more schools, addressing the current shortage of over 8,000 schools in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_365-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:30_366-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a></div> <p>Iraq's culture has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient Mesopotamian culture. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world including <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>. The culture of Iraq or Mesopotamia is one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> histories and is considered one of the most influential cultures in the world. </p><p>Mesopotamian legacy went on to influence and shape the civilisations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> in different ways such as inventing <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">astrology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_History_Encyclopedia_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups that have each contributed in different ways to the country's long and rich heritage. The country is known for its poets, architects, painters and sculptors, who are among the best in the region, some of them being world-class. Iraq is known for producing fine <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpets">carpets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art of Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraqi art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/250px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/330px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">Wasiti</a>'s illustrations served as an inspiration for the modern Baghdad art movement in the 20th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There were several interconnected traditions of art in ancient Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Dynasty developed in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> between 750 and 945, primarily in its heartland of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The Abbasids were influenced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian art traditions</a> and later influenced <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Persian</a> as well as Central Asian styles. Between the 8th and 13th centuries during the Abbasid period, pottery achieved a high level of sophistication, calligraphy began to be used to decorate the surface of decorative objects and illuminated manuscripts, particularly <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Q'ranic</a> texts became more complex and stylised. Iraq's first art school was established during this period, allowing artisans and crafts to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_School" title="Baghdad School">Baghdad School</a></i>, this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iraq" title="Architecture of Iraq">Architecture of Iraq</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (1950–2016), an acclaimed architect</figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture of Iraq has a long history, encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC and features both the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baghdad and Mosul have plethora of cultural and heritage buildings. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">historic mosques in Baghdad</a> and Basra, <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_and_monasteries_in_Nineveh" title="List of churches and monasteries in Nineveh">old churches in Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">synagogues in Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_370-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern prominent architects include <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Al_Bayati" title="Basil Al Bayati">Basil Bayati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifat_Chadirji" title="Rifat Chadirji">Rifat Chadirji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hisham_N._Ashkouri" title="Hisham N. Ashkouri">Hisham N. Ashkouri</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_370-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capital, Ninus or <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>, and some 200 years after <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> passed over its site, then mere mounds of earth. It remained buried until 1845, when Botta and <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Layard</a> discovered the ruins of the Assyrian cities. The principal remains are those of <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, 16 km (10 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>; of Nimroud, supposed to be the ancient Calah; and of Kouyunjik, in all probability the ancient Nineveh. In these cities are found fragments of several great buildings which seem to have been palace-temples. They were constructed chiefly of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">sun-dried bricks</a>, and all that remains of them is the lower part of the walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings, portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some works connected with the drainage. Recent years modern buildings includes shopping malls and high-rise towers. </p><p> Important cultural institutions in the capital include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> – rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a> but have since returned to normal.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Theatre of Iraq was looted during the 2003 invasion, but efforts are underway to restore it. The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 cinemas were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5101" data-file-height="3247" /></a><figcaption>Facade of Temple at <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> near Mosul was declared <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1985<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the <a href="/wiki/Music_and_Ballet_school_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Music and Ballet school Baghdad">Music and Ballet School Baghdad</a>. Baghdad also features a number of museums including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> – which houses the world's largest and finest collection of artefacts and relics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraqi</a> civilisations; some of which were <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">stolen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>. On 2021, it was announced that Iraq had reclaimed about 17,000 looted artefacts, which was considered to be the biggest repatriation.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraqi literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/170px-Cuneiform_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/255px-Cuneiform_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/340px-Cuneiform_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>An Akkadian inscription</figcaption></figure> <p>The literature in Iraq is often referred to as "Mesopotamian literature" due to the flourishing of various civilisations as a result of the mixture of these cultures and has been called Mesopotamian or Babylonian literature in allusion to the geographical territory that such cultures occupied in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> between the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sumerian literature was unique because it does not belong to any known linguistic root. Its appearance began with symbols of the things denoting it, then it turned with time to the cuneiform line on tablets. The literature during this time were mainly about mythical and epic texts dealing with creation issues, the emergence of the world, the gods, descriptions of the heavens, and the lives of heroes in the wars that broke out between the nomads and the urbanites. They also deal with religious teachings, moral advice, astrology, legislation, and history. One of which was the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, which is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Abbasid Caliphate, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which was a public academy and intellectual fulcrum, hosted numerous scholars and writers. A number of stories in <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> feature famous Abbasid figures.<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq has various medieval poets, most remarkably <a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Hariri of Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Mutanabbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>. In modern times, various languages are used in Iraqi literature including Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, although the Arabic literature remains the most influential literature. Notably poets include <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri">Jawahiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safa_Khulusi" title="Safa Khulusi">Safa Khulusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunya_Mikhail" title="Dunya Mikhail">Dunya Mikhail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/250px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/330px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/500px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Queen's gold <a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">lyre</a> from the Royal Cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq is known primarily for its rich <a href="/wiki/Arabian_maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian maqam">maqam</a> heritage which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a> is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. Al-maqam al-Iraqi is the collection of sung poems written either in one of the 16 meters of classical Arabic or in Iraqi dialect (Zuhayri).<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of art is recognised by UNESCO as "an intangible heritage of humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq Radio (page does not exist)">Iraq Radio</a> was established with an ensemble made up entirely of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, with the exception of the percussion player.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_379-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the nightclubs of Baghdad, ensembles consisted of oud, qanun and two percussionists, while the same format with a <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> were used on the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_379-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous singer of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps <a href="/wiki/Salima_Pasha" title="Salima Pasha">Salima Pasha</a> (later Salima Murad).<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_379-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manasseh_380-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_379-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous early composer from Iraq was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Aharon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Aharon (page does not exist)">Ezra Aharon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Za%27arur" title="Yusuf Za'arur">Yusuf Za'arur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Za'arus formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_379-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iraq">Media of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_films" title="List of Iraqi films">List of Iraqi films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Iraq,_Number_5,_June_5,_1920_WDL10101.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-170px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-255px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-340px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>An image showing a page from Iraq newspaper, 5 June 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq was home to the second television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernise, English telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd.">Pye Limited</a> built and commissioned a television broadcast station in the capital city of Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the full state control in 2003, there was a period of significant growth in the broadcast media in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2003, according to a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> report, there were 20 radio stations from 0.15 to 17 television stations owned by Iraqis, and 200 Iraqi newspapers owned and operated. </p><p>Iraqi media expert and author of a number of reports on this subject, Ibrahim Al Marashi, identifies four stages of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 where they had been taking the steps that have significant effects on the way for the later of the Iraqi media since then. Stages are: pre-invasion preparation, and the war and the actual choice of targets, the first post-war period, and a growing insurgency and hand over power to the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Allawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyad Allawi">Iyad Allawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosulDolma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/250px-MosulDolma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/330px-MosulDolma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/500px-MosulDolma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a>, a popular Iraqi dish</figcaption></figure> <p>Iraqi cuisine can be traced back some 10,000 years – to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Ancient Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Tablets</a> found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals – the first cookbooks in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraq</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></i>, was home to many sophisticated and highly advanced civilisations, in all fields of knowledge – including the culinary arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval era</a> when Baghdad was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> that the Iraqi kitchen reached its zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the cuisine of Iraq reflects this rich inheritance as well as strong influences from the culinary traditions of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some characteristic ingredients of Iraqi cuisine include – vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Aubergine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubergine">aubergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courgette" class="mw-redirect" title="Courgette">courgette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilli</a>, cereals such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, pulses and legumes such as <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannellini#White_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannellini">cannellini</a>, fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Date_Palm#Dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Date Palm">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus fruits</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly with other countries of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, chicken and especially lamb are the favourite meats. Most dishes are served with rice – usually <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati</a>, grown in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">marshes</a> of southern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a> wheat is used in many dishes, having been a staple in the country since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Ancient Assyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_384-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sport in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/220px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/330px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/440px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Stadium" title="Basra International Stadium">Basra International Stadium</a> at its opening</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kick_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick boxing">kick boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> are also popular sports. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Football_Association" title="Iraq Football Association">Iraq Football Association</a> is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq national football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a>. It was founded in 1948, and has been a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> since 1950 and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> since 1971. Iraq were champions of the <a href="/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2007 AFC Asian Cup">2007 AFC Asian Cup</a>, and they participated in the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2009_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2009 FIFA Confederations Cup">2009 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iraq" title="Outline of Iraq">Outline of Iraq</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Federation Council is envisioned by article 65 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">constitution</a> as a upper house but has never convened, meaning the legislature de-facto practices as a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> system solely under the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْعِرَاق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ʿIrāq</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">عێراق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Êraq</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">ܥܝܪܐܩ</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga\/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Jumh\u016briyya al-\u02bfIr\u0101q"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Jumh\u016briyyat al-\u2018Ir\u0101q.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Jumhūriyya al-ʿIrāq</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga" title="File:Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کۆماری عێراق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Komarî Êraq</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iq.parliament.iq/ku/ده-ستور/">"دەستووری کۆماری عێراق"</a> (in Kurdish). Parliament of Iraq<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiq.parliament.iq%2Fku%2F%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005">"Constitution of Iraq"</a>. Constitute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=111c">"National Profiles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D111c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iraq/">"Iraqi religions"</a>. <i>www.state.gov</i>. Office of International Religious Freedom. 12 May 2021. <q>The constitution establishes Islam as the official religion and states no law may be enacted contradicting the "established provisions of Islam." It provides for freedom of religious belief and practice for all individuals, including Muslims, Christians, Yezidis, and Sabean-Mandeans, but does not explicitly mention followers of other religions or atheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Iraqi+religions&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meri-k.org/publication/without-a-federal-council-state-building-in-iraq-remains-elusive/">"Without a Federation Council, State-building in Iraq remains elusive | MERI"</a>. <i>www.meri-k.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2025</span>. <q>The problem here does not lie in the topic, but in the fact that Iraq's shaky Parliament is enjoying a monopoly in the country's supreme legislative body and not subject to any form of checks and balances. Iraq was meant to have a Federation Council, an upper chamber, that can play a vital role in the country's democracy, state-building and rule-of-law. This Council was mandated in Articles 48 and 65 of the 2005 Constitution, and was meant to be created during the term of the first Parliament (2006-2010).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meri-k.org&rft.atitle=Without+a+Federation+Council%2C+State-building+in+Iraq+remains+elusive+%7C+MERI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meri-k.org%2Fpublication%2Fwithout-a-federal-council-state-building-in-iraq-remains-elusive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/articles/can-the-federation-council-help-address-iraqs-ongoing-state-crisis/">"Can the Federation Council help address Iraq's ongoing 'state' crisis? - Kalam"</a>. 13 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2025</span>. <q>Article 65 of Iraq's 2005 Constitution calls for the establishment of a second legislative chamber known as the Federation Council (FC). However, this article remains dormant, awaiting 'to be regulated by law' – just like many other suspended constitutional provisions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+the+Federation+Council+help+address+Iraq%27s+ongoing+%27state%27+crisis%3F+-+Kalam&rft.date=2025-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalam.chathamhouse.org%2Farticles%2Fcan-the-federation-council-help-address-iraqs-ongoing-state-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomani2018" class="citation web cs1">Chomani, Kamal (8 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timep.org/2018/11/08/iraqs-missing-federation-council/">"Iraq's Missing Federation Council"</a>. <i>The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy -</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2025</span>. <q>The Iraqi parliament's upper house, constitutionally defined as the Federation Council, has never been established. Establishing the Federation Council would be a step forward in Iraq's democratization and ability to resolve disputes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tahrir+Institute+for+Middle+East+Policy+-&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Missing+Federation+Council&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.aulast=Chomani&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimep.org%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Firaqs-missing-federation-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iraq-population/#:~:text=Iraq%202025%20population%20is%20estimated,280%20people%20per%20mi2).">"Iraq Population (2025) - Worldometer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Population+%282025%29+-+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Firaq-population%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIraq%25202025%2520population%2520is%2520estimated%2C280%2520people%2520per%2520mi2%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/38495-planning-ministry-announces-key-census-results-population-reaches-46-million-118-thousand.html">"Planning Ministry Announces Key Census Results: Population Reaches 46 Million 118 Thousand"</a>. 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World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq">the original</a> on 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Much+Influence+Does+Iran+Have+in+Iraq%3F&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fin-brief%2Fhow-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJpnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939</i></a>. H.M. Stationery Office. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJpnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-iraq-2021/215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons">"2.15. Religious and ethnic minorities, and stateless persons"</a>. <i>European Union Agency for Asylum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Agency+for+Asylum&rft.atitle=2.15.+Religious+and+ethnic+minorities%2C+and+stateless+persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuaa.europa.eu%2Fcountry-guidance-iraq-2021%2F215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en">"Iraq's Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebrd.com/news/2023/ebrd-welcomes-iraq-as-its-latest-member.html">"EBRD welcomes Iraq as its latest member"</a>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EBRD+welcomes+Iraq+as+its+latest+member&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebrd.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2Febrd-welcomes-iraq-as-its-latest-member.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/846201597292562703/pdf/Iraq-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf">"Iraq - Reconstruction and Investment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+-+Reconstruction+and+Investment&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F846201597292562703%2Fpdf%2FIraq-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraq_–_The_northeast-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_–_The_northeast_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/The-northeast">"Iraq – The northeast"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iraq+%E2%80%93+The+northeast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIraq%2FThe-northeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/">"A Balancing Act | Strategic Monitor 2018–2019"</a>. www.clingendael.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Balancing+Act+%7C+Strategic+Monitor+2018%E2%80%932019&rft.pub=www.clingendael.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clingendael.org%2Fpub%2F2018%2Fstrategic-monitor-2018-2019%2Fa-balancing-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/987321468159610496/pdf/802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf">"Iraq's Tourism Potential"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Tourism+Potential&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Far%2F987321468159610496%2Fpdf%2F802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. 10 December 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft.date=1979-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Diraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalloran2000" class="citation web cs1">Halloran, John A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm">"Sumerian Lexicon"</a>. <q>The name of the very ancient city of URUK- City of Gilgamesh is made up from the UR-city and UK- thought to mean existence (a-ku, a-Ki & a-ko. The Aramaic and Arabic root of IRQ and URQ denotes rivers or tributaries at the same times referring to condensation (of water).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Lexicon&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Halloran&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumerian.org%2Fsumerlex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Eilers (1983). "Iran and Mesopotamia". In E. Yarshater, <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"often said to be from Arabic <i>araqa</i>, covering notions such as "perspiring, deeply rooted, well-watered", which may reflect the impression the lush river-land made on desert Arabs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">etymonline.com</a>; see also "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRassam2005" class="citation book cs1">Rassam, Suha (31 October 2005). <i>Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day</i>. Gracewing Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1"><bdi>978-0-85244-633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-633-1&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Suha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1998">Bosworth 1998</a>, p. 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernhardsson-97_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnus_Thorkell_Bernhardsson2005" class="citation book cs1">Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVHtRZwU-cAC&pg=PAPA97"><i>Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology And Nation Building in Modern Iraq</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70947-8"><bdi>978-0-292-70947-8</bdi></a>. <q>The term Iraq did not encompass the regions north of the region of Tikrit on the Tigris and near Hīt on the Euphrates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+a+Plundered+Past%3A+Archaeology+And+Nation+Building+in+Modern+Iraq&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70947-8&rft.au=Magnus+Thorkell+Bernhardsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVHtRZwU-cAC%26pg%3DPAPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1767" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Thomas (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlttD01OMU4C&q=Eyraca"><i>A New Geographical and Historical Grammar</i></a>. Sands, Murray, and Cochran<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Geographical+and+Historical+Grammar&rft.pub=Sands%2C+Murray%2C+and+Cochran&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlttD01OMU4C%26q%3DEyraca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1761" class="citation magazine cs1">Martin, Benjamin (1761). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxdbAAAAYAAJ&q=Eyraca">"Philosophical Geography of Turkey in Asia"</a>. <i>A New and Comprehensive System of Philology or A Treatise of the Literary Arts and Sciences, According to their Present State</i>. The General Magazine of Arts and Sciences, Philosophical, Philological, Mathematical, and Mechanical. Vol. 3, no. 2. London: W. Owen. p. 363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+New+and+Comprehensive+System+of+Philology+or+A+Treatise+of+the+Literary+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+According+to+their+Present+State.&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Geography+of+Turkey+in+Asia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=363&rft.date=1761&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxdbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DEyraca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoesch1939" class="citation journal cs1">Boesch, Hans H. (1 October 1939). "El-'Iraq". <i>Economic Geography</i>. <b>15</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F141771">10.2307/141771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0095">0013-0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/141771">141771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geography&rft.atitle=El-%27Iraq&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1939-10-01&rft.issn=0013-0095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F141771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F141771&rft.aulast=Boesch&rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iraq">"Definition of IRAQ"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+IRAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314173050/http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0228100.html">"Iraq"</a>. <i>The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000</i>. 14 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0228100.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage%C2%AE+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+Fourth+Edition.+2000.&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F81%2FI0228100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/iraq">"Meaning of Iraq"</a>. <i>InfoPlease</i>. 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoPlease&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+Iraq&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fdictionary%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-1990-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times-1990_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-02-bk-1977-story.html">"How Mesopotamia Became Iraq (and Why It Matters)"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 2 September 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+Mesopotamia+Became+Iraq+%28and+Why+It+Matters%29&rft.date=1990-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-09-02-bk-1977-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304074809/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">"Iraq, Ministry of Interior – General Directorate for Nationality: Iraqi Constitution (2005)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%2C+Ministry+of+Interior+%E2%80%93+General+Directorate+for+Nationality%3A+Iraqi+Constitution+%282005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinationality.gov.iq%2Fattach%2Firaqi_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dds.crl.edu/item/252545">"DDS Center for Research Libraries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDS+Center+for+Research+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdds.crl.edu%2Fitem%2F252545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4df40.html">"Refworld | Iraq: Resolution No. 460 of 1991 (Official toponymy)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%26%23124%3B+Iraq%3A+Resolution+No.+460+of+1991+%28Official+toponymy%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6b4df40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maisels2005-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maisels2005_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maisels2005_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maisels2005_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Keith_Maisels2005" class="citation book cs1">Charles Keith Maisels (24 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>The Near East: Archaeology in the 'Cradle of Civilization'<span></span></i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66469-6"><bdi>978-1-134-66469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Near+East%3A+Archaeology+in+the+%27Cradle+of+Civilization%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66469-6&rft.au=Charles+Keith+Maisels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-KFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKandela2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kandela, Peter (July 2000). "The history and ancient civilisations of Iraq". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>356</b> (9224): 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2800%2902460-0">10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02460-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+history+and+ancient+civilisations+of+Iraq&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=9224&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2800%2902460-0&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft.aulast=Kandela&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Owen (March 2010). "The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave". Smithsonian. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph S. Solecki, Rose L. Solecki, and Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004). The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 3–5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585442720" title="Special:BookSources/9781585442720">9781585442720</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-66-0">978-1-885923-66-0</a> p.2, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html">http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115070526/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html">Archived</a> 15 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, Georges (1993), <i>Ancient Iraq</i> (Penguin)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/akkad/">"Akkad"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akkad&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fakkad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zettler24-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zettler24_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zettler (2003), pp. 24–25. "Moreover, the Dynasty of Akkade's fall did not lead to social collapse, but the re-emergence of the normative political organization. The southern cities reasserted their independence, and if we know little about the period between the death of Sharkalisharri and the accession of Urnamma, it may be due more to accidents of discovery than because of widespread 'collapse.' The extensive French excavations at Tello produced relevant remains dating right through the period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ziggurats/explore/zig.html">"The Ziggurat of Ur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Ziggurat+of+Ur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesopotamia.co.uk%2Fziggurats%2Fexplore%2Fzig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation book cs1">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). <i>Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer</i>. New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu"><i>The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</i></a></span>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/71">71–72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8"><bdi>978-0-226-45238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45238-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issawi1988-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Issawi1988_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Philip_Issawi1988" class="citation book cs1">Charles Philip Issawi (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PAPA17"><i>The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0"><bdi>978-0-19-504951-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fertile+Crescent%2C+1800%E2%80%931914%3A+A+Documentary+Economic+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504951-0&rft.au=Charles+Philip+Issawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2TGkO7G43oC%26pg%3DPAPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1">"Iraqi population reaches about 35 million"</a>. Aswat Al Iraq. 27 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1">the original</a> on 14 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+population+reaches+about+35+million&rft.pub=Aswat+Al+Iraq&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.aswataliraq.info%2F%28S%28s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55%29%29%2FDefault1.aspx%3Fpage%3Darticle_page%26id%3D153148%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2003" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, John (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geodata00john"><i>Geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia</i></a></span>. Thomson-Gale. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geodata00john/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5581-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5581-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-5581-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geo-data%3A+the+world+geographical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Thomson-Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5581-5&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeodata00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPRS-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPRS_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/548988/EPRS_BRI(2015)548988_REV1_EN.pdf">"Minorities in Iraq Pushed to the brink of existence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Research_Service" title="European Parliamentary Research Service">European Parliamentary Research Service</a>. 2015. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Iraq+Pushed+to+the+brink+of+existence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=European+Parliamentary+Research+Service&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FBRIE%2F2015%2F548988%2FEPRS_BRI%282015%29548988_REV1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/cities/">"Iraq cities"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. 16 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Iraq+cities&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Firaq%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassem2016-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_312-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBassem2016" class="citation web cs1">Bassem, Wassim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912130041/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. <q>Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkmen origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul, located in the center of the Ninevah province...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Turkmens+call+for+independent+province&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bassem&rft.aufirst=Wassim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F10%2Fturkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raseef22.net/english/article/1093878-arabs-in-iran-persians-in-iraq-a-little-baghdad-in-the-heart-of-tehran">"<i>Arabs in Iran, Persians in Iraq</i>: A little Baghdad in the heart of Tehran"</a>. <i>Raseef22</i>. 27 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raseef22&rft.atitle=Arabs+in+Iran%2C+Persians+in+Iraq%3A+A+little+Baghdad+in+the+heart+of+Tehran&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraseef22.net%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2F1093878-arabs-in-iran-persians-in-iraq-a-little-baghdad-in-the-heart-of-tehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLogan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, Darren L. (2010). "A Remnant Remaining: Armenians amid Northern Iraq's Christian Minority". <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338410X12743419189540">10.1163/157338410X12743419189540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703837">25703837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=A+Remnant+Remaining%3A+Armenians+amid+Northern+Iraq%27s+Christian+Minority&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338410X12743419189540&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Darren+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061015/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html">"Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures"</a>. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 18 September 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechens+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Between+Original+and+Host+Cultures&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2002-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fpublication%2F12785%2Fchechens_in_the_middle_east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICG-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_316-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_316-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808043240/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Iraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf">"Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 2008. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Iraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+Iraqi+Kurds%3A+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.org%2Fimages%2FIraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://associationforiranianstudies.org/content/%E2%80%9Cpersians%E2%80%9D-iraq-exile-and-diaspora-iran-iraq-war">"The "Persians" of Iraq: Exile and Diaspora in the Iran-Iraq War | Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) | انجمن ایران پژوهی"</a>. <i>associationforiranianstudies.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%26%23124%3B+Ultra+Iraq&rft.atitle=%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultrairaq.ultrasawt.com%2F%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9%2F%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%2F%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Marashi2007" class="citation web cs1">Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=asc_papers">"Toward an Understanding of Media Policy and Media Systems in Iraq"</a>. Center for Global Communications Studies, Occasional Paper Series<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Understanding+of+Media+Policy+and+Media+Systems+in+Iraq&rft.series=Center+for+Global+Communications+Studies%2C+Occasional+Paper+Series&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Al-Marashi&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1058%26context%3Dasc_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salloum-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_384-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/3592">"Foods of Iraq: Enshrined With A Long History"</a>. ThingsAsian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foods+of+Iraq%3A+Enshrined+With+A+Long+History&rft.pub=ThingsAsian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thingsasian.com%2Fstories-photos%2F3592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eraq-e-ajami">"ʿErāq-E ʿAjam(ī)"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5</i>. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFEr%C4%81q-E+%CA%BFAjam%28%C4%AB%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VIII%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=538&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feraq-e-ajami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shadid, Anthony 2005. <i>Night Draws Near</i>. Henry Holt and Co., <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">NY</a>, US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7602-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7602-6">0-8050-7602-6</a>.</li> <li>Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glass" title="Charles Glass">Charles Glass</a>, "The Northern Front: A Wartime Diary"' Saqi Books, London, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-770-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-770-3">0-86356-770-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/">A Dweller in Mesopotamia</a>, being the adventures of an official artist in the garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 <i>(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">layered PDF</a> format)</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/">By Desert Ways to Baghdad</a>, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) With illustrations and a map, 1908 (1909 ed.) <i>(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">layered PDF</a> format)</i>.</li> <li>Benjamin Busch, "'Today is Better than Tomorrow'. A Marine returns to a divided Iraq", <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i>, October 2014, pp. 29–44.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N3248.pdf">Global Arms Exports to Iraq 1960–1990, Rand Research report</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyman2006" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Robert (2006). <i>Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad</i>. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-991-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-991-6"><bdi>1-84176-991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+1941%3A+The+Battles+for+Basra%2C+Habbaniya%2C+Fallujah+and+Baghdad&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84176-991-6&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolk2005" class="citation book cs1">Polk, William Roe (2005). <i>Understanding Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-764-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iraq&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-764-1&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Roe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (1996). <i>Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16052-4"><bdi>978-0-312-16052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+From+Sumer+to+Saddam&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16052-4&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIraqi_Constitution" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">"Iraqi Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Interior – General Directorate For Nationality. 30 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Constitution&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Interior+%E2%80%93+General+Directorate+For+Nationality&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinationality.gov.iq%2Fattach%2Firaqi_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTripp2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles R. H.</a> (2002). <i>A History of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Iraq</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iraq">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iraq&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IQ">Key Development Forecasts for Iraq</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ur.gov.iq/">Ur Portal</a> – gateway to government sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidency.iq/EN/">Presidency</a> – official website of the president of Iraq</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo.iq/">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Iraq</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosit.gov.iq">Statistics</a> – Official website of Central Statistical Organization</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqiembassy.us/page/iraqs-history-an-interactive-timeline">"History"</a> – Iraqi History at Embassy of the Republic of Iraq in Washington</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Iraq">Wikimedia Atlas of Iraq</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304934">Iraq</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="position:relative; bottom:1px;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011–<span style="font-size: 85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives <span style="font-size: 85%;">(legislative)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><i>Northern Cyprus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><i>Palestine</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip"><i>Gaza</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Iraq</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" class="extiw" title="c:العراق">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Iraq">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="q:Iraq">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="voy:Iraq">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121814095">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8055148947783454950004">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205757/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCBPBdMfmXtd4M8cvJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4072920-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077342">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118646205">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118646205">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564211">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35236339">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irák"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129392&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX450598">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/128719">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/16863">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/192">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547811705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b0525ccb-15e9-3c56-81fa-471db3b31cfa">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/6170e51f-4a52-4042-8784-148ad83c248b">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ZPkcc7xJ">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026389428">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003409">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035696">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12588">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/irak--ulke">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_N_44_E_type:country_region:IQ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°N</span> <span class="longitude">44°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33°N 44°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33; 44</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c6f46dcf‐6lxgj Cached time: 20250330203215 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.228 seconds Real time usage: 3.858 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 28990/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 844912/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 67117/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-p2tgv","wgBackendResponseTime":415,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.228","walltime":"3.858","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28990,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":844912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":67117,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":88,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1365065,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3094.653 1 -total"," 46.53% 1440.094 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.92% 740.205 223 Template:Cite_web"," 12.39% 383.444 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 9.05% 279.987 82 Template:Cite_news"," 4.16% 128.850 3 Template:Sfn"," 3.62% 112.000 2 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 3.41% 105.474 28 Template:Cite_book"," 3.16% 97.749 2 Template:Native_name"," 3.10% 95.859 1 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[\"CITEREFCharles_Philip_Issawi1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeepika2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüring2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrahim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditor2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoundation\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFox,_Jonathan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrahm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeraint\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlanz,_James2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutas1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHadad2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalloran2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatt,_R._T.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIraqi_Constitution\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJastrow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_J2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandela2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaram2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKathryn_Jean_Lopez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_Maisels1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKojaman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiverani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochhead2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukas2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLyman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnus_Thorkell_Bernhardsson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManasseh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardean_Isaac2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargit2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1761\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhanad_Mohammed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNehal_Mostafa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdio,_Sam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfiffner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQassim_Abdul-Zahra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRassam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawat2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidar_Visser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRubinDenton2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSabahJervis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalama2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalem2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalem2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSalmon1767\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Bailey_and_Rachel_Atkinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanks2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva-Couto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_Ackerman_and_agencies2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudies\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTastekin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_PohlSameh_W._Al-MuqdadiMalik_H._AliNadia_Al-Mudaffar_Fawzi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooze2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToprak1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTouma1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_Iraq_Joint_Analysis_and_Policy_Unit2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVince2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner,_Thomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijdan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongJakesSchmitt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Salhy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Santisteban2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFijao2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFinternationalbanker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFyrashed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 31,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite document\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 221,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Iraq topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 6,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 33,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal:Iraq/Governorates Image Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","12.9"],["type","120","5.9"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","120","5.9"],["dataWrapper 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-05T02:45:43Z","dateModified":"2025-03-30T12:53:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/Flag_of_Iraq.svg","headline":"sovereign state in Western Asia"}</script> </body> </html>