CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Iraq - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"10082f4e-cded-4c55-9197-68bbbc56513c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Iraq","wgTitle":"Iraq","wgCurRevisionId":1283861489,"wgRevisionId":1283861489,"wgArticleId":7515928,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Kurdish-language text","Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text","CS1 Kurdish-language sources (ku)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: requires URL","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 errors: generic name","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from February 2025","CS1: unfit URL","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from April 2021","Use British English from January 2025","Pages with Arabic IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Iraq","Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language","Federal republics","Member states of OPEC","Member states of the Arab League","Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","Member states of the United Nations","States and territories established in 1932","West Asian countries","Countries in Asia","Kurdish-speaking countries and territories"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Iraq","wgRelevantArticleId":7515928,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":33,"lon":44},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q796","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.imagemap","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/800px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/640px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Iraq - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Iraq rootpage-Iraq skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iraq" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iraq" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iraq" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iraq" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Iron Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Middle Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Kingdom of Iraq: 1921–1958 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Republic and Ba'athist Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2003 invasion and war: 2003–2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Post-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oil and energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Diaspora and refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iraq</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 266 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-266" aria-hidden="true" > 266 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Иракъ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иракъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="ኢራቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢራቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9F" title="Ираҟ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ираҟ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9" title="ܥܝܪܐܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܪܐܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইৰাক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ke" title="Iráke – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iráke" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="ГӀиракъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀиракъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ираҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1k" title="Irák – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraccu" title="Iraccu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iraccu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="لعراق – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعراق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraek" title="Iraek – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraek" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ޢިރާޤު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢިރާޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honooj%C3%ADtah_Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ιράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирак Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирак Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako" title="Irako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1ic" title="An Iaráic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Earack" title="Yn Earack – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Earack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rak" title="İrak – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İrak" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0c" title="Ioràc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95" title="ઈરાક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="이라크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C6%99i" title="Iraƙi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iraƙi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaka" title="ʻIlaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="इराक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%95%89%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᕉᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᕉᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Iraki" title="I-Iraki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Iraki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drak" title="Írak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="עיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak%C9%A9" title="Irakɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irakɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عِراق – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عِراق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraka" title="Iraka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iraka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irach" title="Irach – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iraca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81ka" title="Irāka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakas" title="Irakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/raksygu%27e" title="raksygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="raksygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0ka" title="Iràka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഇറാഖ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാഖ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81ki" title="Īrāki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عیراق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عیراق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiraque" title="Eiraque – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiraque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="イラク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ӏиракъ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиракъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95" title="ଇରାକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraaq" title="Iraaq – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraaq" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq" title="Iroq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਇਰਾਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ираак – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="इराक् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इराक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraku" title="Iraku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iraku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරාක ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරාක ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irakhi" title="I-Irakhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciraaq" title="Ciraaq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciraaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஈராக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90iraq" title="Ɛiraq – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛiraq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гыйрак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гыйрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศอิรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Ироқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ироқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaaki" title="ʻIlaaki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaaki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎢᎳᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎳᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrak" title="Yrak – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Yrak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91" title="ᨕᨗᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئىراق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirak%C3%A4n" title="Lirakän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="איראק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraks" title="Iraks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Iraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A2k" title="Irâk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Irâk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%87" title="ꠁꠞꠣꠇ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠁꠞꠣꠇ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irag" title="Irag – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Irag" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iraq" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraq">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraq">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iraq" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iraq" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&oldid=1283861489" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Iraq&id=1283861489&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIraq">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIraq">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iraq&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iraq" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iraq" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_N_44_E_type:country_region:IQ">33°N 44°E / 33°N 44°E / 33; 44</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in West Asia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iraq_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iraq (disambiguation)">Iraq (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Iraq</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq</li><li>کۆماری عێراق (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>) Komarî Êraq<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Iraq"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: مَوْطِنِيْ <a href="/wiki/Mawtini_(Ibrahim_Tuqan_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawtini (Ibrahim Tuqan song)">Mawṭinī</a> "My Homeland"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=aa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aa" label="Qafár af ‪(aa)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=as&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="as" label="অসমীয়া ‪(as)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Mawtini.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_(orthographic).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Iraq"><img alt="Location of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/250px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg/500px-Iraq_%28orthographic%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_20_N_44_23_E_type:city(8,100,000)_region:IQ">33°20′N 44°23′E / 33.333°N 44.383°E / 33.333; 44.383</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Recognised regional languages</li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian (Suret)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkish/Turkmen</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>75–80% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li><li>15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li><li>5–10% <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Others</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>90–95% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>61-64% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia</a></li> <li>29-34% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Sunni Islam in Iraq">Sunni</a></li></ul></li> <li>5–10% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">irreligion</a> and others<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Speaker of the Council of Representatives of Iraq">Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Mashhadani" title="Mahmoud al-Mashhadani">Mahmoud al-Mashhadani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Iraq">Federation Council</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Independence declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Republic declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 July 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 2005</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">438,317 km2 (169,235 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.93 (as of 2024)<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 47,020,774<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82.7/km2 (214.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $655.417 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $14,756<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $264.149 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,947.315<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2012)</th><td class="infobox-data">29.5<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-15">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.673<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">128th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">IQD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iraq" title="Telephone numbers in Iraq">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iraq" title="Telephone numbers in Iraq">+964</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IQ" title="ISO 3166-2:IQ">IQ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">.العراق</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> officially known as the Republic of Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">the east</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the southwest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">west</a>. The country covers an area of 438,317 square kilometres (169,235 sq mi) and has <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">a population</a> of over 46 million, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">58th largest country by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">31st most populous in the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, home to over 8 million people, is the capital city and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">largest in Iraq</a>. Starting in the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a>, the fertile plains between Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilisation</a>, Mesopotamia saw the invention of <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">writing systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">timekeeping</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">astrology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboat</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a>, Baghdad became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and a global cultural and intellectual hub during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, home to institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>. Following the city's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">destruction</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1258, the region faced a prolonged decline due to plagues and successive empires. Additionally, Iraq holds religious significance in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>. It has a deep biblical history.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Since independence in 1932, Iraq has experienced spells of significant <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iraq">military growth</a> alongside periods of <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">instability and conflict</a>. It was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Iraq</a> was then established by the British in 1921. It transitioned into an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">independent kingdom</a> in 1932. Following a coup in 1958, Iraq became a <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Iraq" title="First Republic of Iraq">republic</a>, first led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Qasim">Abdul Karim Qasim</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> took <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">power in 1968</a>, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">one-party state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, who presided over <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war against Iran</a> from 1980 to 1988 and then with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Kuwait</a> in 1990. In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">U.S.-led coalition force</a> <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupied Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">overthrowing Saddam</a> and triggering an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">sectarian violence</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">ended in 2011</a>. From 2013 to 2017, Iraq faced another <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war</a> with the rise and defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, as a result of an Islamist insurgency from 2011 to 2013. Today <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">post-war conflict</a> continues at a lower scale, hampering the stability of Iraq alongside the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">rising influence of Iran</a>, since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-dec11-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a>, Iraq is considered an <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">emerging middle power</a>. It is home to a diverse population, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">wildlife</a>. Most Iraqis are Muslim, while significant minorities include <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Iraq">Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqis</a> are ethnically diverse; mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Domcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabakis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are the official languages of Iraq, while <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> are spoken regionally. Iraq, home to one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">largest oil reserves in the world</a>, has a significant <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">oil and gas industry</a>. It is also popular for its agriculture and tourism. At present, Iraq <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">is rebuilding</a> with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">foreign support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iraq_–_The_northeast-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and is thus ultimately of <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Another possible etymology for the name is from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> word erāg, meaning "lowlands".<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> An Arabic <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">fertile</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">ʿIrāq ʿAjamī</a> ("Persian Iraq"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-38">[35]</a> for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-38">[35]</a> The term historically included the plain south of the <a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a> and did not include the northernmost and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">westernmost</a> parts of the modern territory of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-39">[36]</a> Prior to the middle of the 19th century, the term Eyraca Arabica was commonly used to describe Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a> was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. As an Arabic word, عراق ʿirāq means "hem", "shore", "bank", or "edge", so that the name by folk etymology came to be interpreted as "the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>", such as at the south and east of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> Plateau, which forms the northern and western edge of the "al-Iraq arabi" area.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic pronunciation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʕiˈrɑːq]</a>. In English, it is either <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːk/</a> (the only pronunciation listed in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> and the first one in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈræk/</a> (listed first by <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">MQD</a>, the American Heritage Dictionary,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> and the Random House Dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a>) When the British established the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> king on 23 August 1921, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a>, the official English name of the country changed from Mesopotamia to the endonymic Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-1990-46">[43]</a> Since January 1992, the official name of the state is "Republic of Iraq" (Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq), reaffirmed in the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/250px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/330px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg/500px-Shanidar_Cave_-_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="3257" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Shanidar Cave, where the remains of eight adults and two infant <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago were found<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> The "<a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle of Civilisation">Cradle of Civilisation</a>" is a common term for the area comprising modern Iraq as it was home to the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian civilisation</a>, which arose in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Euphrates_river_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris-Euphrates river system">Tigris-Euphrates river valley</a> of southern Iraq in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Maisels2005-52">[49]</a> It was there, in the late <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>, that the world's first known <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">writing system</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-:5-53">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> were also the first known to harness the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> and create <a href="/wiki/City_States" class="mw-redirect" title="City States">city states</a>; their writings record the first known evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Written_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Law">written law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">organised religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maisels2005-52">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. The major city states of the early Sumerian period were <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maisels2005-52">[49]</a> The cities to the north like <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a>, Arbela (modern <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) were also extant in what was to be called Assyria from the 25th century BC; however, at this stage, they were Sumerian-ruled administrative centres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> Between 65,000 BC and 35,000 BC, northern Iraq was home to a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> culture, archaeological remains of which have been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar Cave</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> This region is also the location of a number of pre-Neolithic burials, dating from approximately 11,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3-55">[52]</a> Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq, together with a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, was a centre of a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture known as <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA), where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time. In Iraq, this period has been excavated at sites like <a href="/wiki/M%27lefaat" title="M'lefaat">M'lefaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik 9</a>. The following Neolithic period, <a href="/wiki/PPNB" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNB">PPNB</a>, is represented by rectangular houses. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and burnt lime (Vaisselle blanche). Finds of <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> tools from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> are evidences of early trade relations. Further important sites of human advancement were <a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> (circa 7100 BC),<a href="#cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3-55">[52]</a> a number of sites belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid" title="Tell al-'Ubaid">Tell al-'Ubaid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> (between 6500 BC and 3800 BC).<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The respective periods show ever-increasing levels of advancement in agriculture, tool-making and architecture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3></div> In the 26th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> created a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Zage-Si" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-Zage-Si">Lugal-Zage-Si</a>, the priest-king of <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area, then conquered <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, making it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> It was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> originates, which includes the tale of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Flood">The Great Flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The origin and location of Akkad remain unclear. Its people spoke <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic language">East Semitic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Between the 29th and 24th centuries BC, a number of kingdoms and city states within Iraq began to have Akkadian speaking dynasties, including <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_of_Akkad_(frontal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg/220px-Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg/330px-Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg/440px-Sargon_of_Akkad_%28frontal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>Bronze head of an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> ruler from <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, presumably depicting either <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, or Sargon's grandson <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a></figcaption></figure> However, the Sumerians remained generally dominant until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2124 BC), based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> in central Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> founded the empire, conquered all of the city states of southern and central Iraq, and subjugated the kings of Assyria, thus uniting the Sumerians and Akkadians in one state. The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> after the long-lived civilization of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. He then set about expanding his empire, conquering <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and had victories that did not result into a full conquest against the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaites</a> of the Levant. The empire of Akkad likely fell in the 22nd century BC, within 180 years of its founding, ushering in a "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Age</a>" with no prominent imperial authority until the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>. The region's political structure may have reverted to the status quo ante of local governance by <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zettler24-60">[57]</a> After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in the late 22nd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a> occupied the south for a few decades, while Assyria reasserted its independence in the north.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Most of southern Mesopotamia was again united under one ruler during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a>, most notably during the rule of the prolific king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>. His accomplishments include the completion of construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ziggurat_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ziggurat of Ur">Great Ziggurat of Ur</a>, begun by his father <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> In 1792 BC, an <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> ruler named <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> came to power and immediately set about building Babylon into a major city, declaring himself its king. Hammurabi conquered southern and central Iraq, as well as Elam to the east and Mari to the west, then engaged in a protracted war with the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> for domination of the region, creating the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>. He eventually prevailed over the successor of Ishme-Dagan and subjected Assyria and its Anatolian colonies. By the middle of the eighteenth century BC, the Sumerians had lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a distinct people.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> It is from the period of Hammurabi that southern Iraq came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, while the north had already coalesced into <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> hundreds of years before. However, his empire was short-lived, and rapidly collapsed after his death, with both Assyria and southern Iraq, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>, falling back into native Akkadian hands. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_(3)_(32577951406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg/220px-A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg/330px-A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg/440px-A_lion_on_the_Ishtar_Gate_of_Babylon_reconstructed_with_original_bricks_at_the_Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_575_BCE_%283%29_%2832577951406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a relief from the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, which display symbols of the Babylonian god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>.</figcaption></figure> After this, another foreign people, the <a href="/wiki/Language_Isolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Isolate">Language Isolate</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, seized control of Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Iraq was from this point divided into three polities: <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> in the south central region, and the <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a> in the far south. The Sealand Dynasty was finally conquered by Kassite Babylonia circa 1380 BC. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1365–1020 BC) saw Assyria rise to be the most powerful nation in the known world. Beginning with the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a>, Assyria destroyed the rival <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> Empire, annexed huge swathes of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> for itself, annexed northern Babylonia from the Kassites, forced the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Empire">Egyptian Empire</a> from the region, and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicians">Cilicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmunites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> At its height, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> stretched from <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caucasus">The Caucasus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>), and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coasts of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. In 1235 BC, <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> of Assyria took the throne of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> (1200–900 BC), Babylonia was in a state of chaos, dominated for long periods by Assyria and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. The Kassites were driven from power by Assyria and Elam, allowing native south Mesopotamian kings to rule Babylonia for the first time, although often subject to Assyrian or Elamite rulers. However, these Akkadian kings were unable to prevent new waves of <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> migrants entering southern Iraq, and during the 11th century BC <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a> entered Babylonia from <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">The Levant</a>, and these were followed in the late 10th to early 9th century BC by the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> However, the Chaldeans were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3></div> After a period of comparative decline in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, it once more began to expand with the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Assyrian Empire">Neo Assyrian Empire</a> (935–605 BC). Because of its geopolitical dominance and ideology based in <a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">world domination</a>, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is by many researchers regarded to have been the first <a href="/wiki/World_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="World empire">world empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> At its height, the empire was the strongest military power in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAberbach20034-75">[72]</a> Iraq became the centre of an empire stretching from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> in the east, to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in the west, and from <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caucasus">The Caucasus</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> It was during this period that an Akkadian-influenced form of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> was adopted by the Assyrians as their <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, and Mesopotamian Aramaic began to supplant Akkadian as the spoken language of the general populace of both Assyria and Babylonia. The descendant dialects of this tongue survive amongst the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> of southern Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> of northern Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> are first mentioned in written history (circa 850 BC) in the annals of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> gallery at the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a legacy of great cultural significance. The political structures established by the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">universal rule</a> promulgated by the Neo-Assyrian kings inspired similar ideas of rights to <a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">world domination</a> in later empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire became an important part of later folklore and literary traditions in northern Mesopotamia. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and thus in turn also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, was profoundly affected by the period of Neo-Assyrian rule; numerous Biblical stories appear to draw on earlier Assyrian mythology and history and the Assyrian impact on early Jewish theology was immense. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire is prominently remembered today for the supposed excessive brutality of the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian army</a>, the Assyrians were not excessively brutal when compared to other civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In the late 7th century BC, the Assyrian Empire tore itself apart with a series of brutal civil wars, weakening itself to such a degree that a coalition of its former subjects, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, were able to attack Assyria, finally bringing its empire down by 605 BC.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (620–539 BC) succeeded that of Assyria. It failed to attain the size, power or longevity of its predecessor; however, it came to dominate <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">The Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, and to defeat <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Initially, Babylon was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, who had migrated to the region in the late 10th or early 9th century BC. Its greatest king, <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, rivalled <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> as the greatest king of Babylon. However, by 556 BC, the Chaldeans had been deposed by the Assyrian-born <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> and his son and regent <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/250px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/330px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/500px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A partial view of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> The transfer of empire to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> marked the first time the city, and southern Mesopotamia in general, had risen to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> since the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a>. The period of Neo-Babylonian rule saw unprecedented economic and population growth and a renaissance of culture and artwork. <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> in 605 BC. The empire Nebuchadnezzar inherited was among the most powerful in the world, in which he quickly reinforced his father's alliance with the Medes by marrying Cyaxares's daughter or granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Babylon">Amytis</a>. Some sources suggest that the famous <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, were built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife (though the existence of these gardens is debated). Nebuchadnezzar's 43-year reign would bring with it a golden age for Babylon, which was to become the most powerful kingdom in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> In the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a> defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a> and Mesopotamia was subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. The Achaemenids made <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> their main capital. The Chaldeans disappeared at around this time, though both Assyria and Babylonia endured and thrived under Achaemenid rule (see <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>). Their kings retained Assyrian Imperial Aramaic as the language of empire, together with the Assyrian imperial infrastructure, and an Assyrian style of art and architecture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the late 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the region, putting it under <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> rule for over two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> (247 BC – 224 AD) from Persia conquered the region during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I of Parthia</a> (r. 171–138 BC). From northwestern Mesopotamia, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> invaded western parts of the region <a href="/wiki/Roman-Parthian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Parthian Wars">several times</a>, and for over four centuries they ruled part of it, that were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia province</a>, until it was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th century. For a short period they also ruled Assyria, which was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria Provincia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to take hold in Iraq (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>) between the 1st and 3rd centuries, and Assyria became a centre of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a>. A number of independent states evolved in the north during the Parthian era, such as <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanids</a> of Persia under <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> destroyed the Parthian Empire and conquered the region in 224 AD. During the 240s and 250s AD, the Sassanids gradually conquered the independent states, culminating with Assur in 256 AD. The region became the frontier and battleground between the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Age">Middle Age</h3></div> The first organised conflict between invading Arab-Muslim forces and occupying Sassanid domains in Mesopotamia seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>'s successful campaign which saw all of Iraq come under Arab rule within a year, with the exception of the Sassanid Empire's capital, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. By the end of 638, the Muslims had conquered all of the Western Sassanid provinces (including modern Iraq), and the last Sassanid Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a>, had fled to central and then northern Persia, where he was killed in 651.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Islamic expansions constituted the largest of the Semitic expansions in history. These new arrivals established two new garrison cities, at <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, near ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in the south and established <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in these cities, while the north remained largely <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> and Christian in character.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> built the city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. Baghdad was the largest <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, peaking at a population of more than a million,<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> and was the centre of learning during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> destroyed the city and burned its library during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a> in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> In 1257, <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> besieged Baghdad, sacked the city and massacred many of the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Estimates of the number of dead range from 200,000 to a million.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagdad1258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/250px-Bagdad1258.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/330px-Bagdad1258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/500px-Bagdad1258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">The siege of Baghdad</a> by the Mongols</figcaption></figure> The Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate and Baghdad's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>. The city has never regained its previous pre-eminence as a major centre of culture and influence. Some historians believe that the Mongol invasion destroyed much of the <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> infrastructure that had sustained Mesopotamia for millennia. Other historians point to <a href="/wiki/Soil_salination" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil salination">soil salination</a> as the culprit in the decline in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The mid-14th-century <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> ravaged much of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The best estimate for the Middle East is a death rate of roughly one-third.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In 1401, a warlord of Mongol descent, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> (Timur Lenk), invaded Iraq. After the capture of Baghdad, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Timur also conducted massacres of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> population, hitherto still the majority population in northern Mesopotamia, and it was during this time that the ancient Assyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> was finally abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Safavid_wars" title="Portuguese–Safavid wars">Portuguese–Safavid wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Portuguese_conflicts_(1580-1589)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1580-1589)">Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1580-1589)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Safavid_Iran_(1501%E2%80%931736).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg/220px-Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg/330px-Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg/440px-Map_of_Safavid_Iran_%281501%E2%80%931736%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Map of Safavid Iran (1501–1736)</figcaption></figure> During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sheep_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sheep Turkmen">Black Sheep Turkmen</a> ruled the area now known as Iraq. In 1466, the <a href="/wiki/White_Sheep_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sheep Turkmen">White Sheep Turkmen</a> took control. From 1508, as with all territories of the former White Sheep Turkmen, Iraq fell into the hands of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> in 1639, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Baghdad">eyalet of Baghdad</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Persian Wars">wars</a> with the neighbouring rival, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Iran</a>. Throughout most of the period of Ottoman rule (1533–1918), the territory of present-day Iraq was a battle zone between the rival regional empires and tribal alliances. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_1624.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraq_1624.png/250px-Iraq_1624.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraq_1624.png/330px-Iraq_1624.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraq_1624.png/500px-Iraq_1624.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> protectorate of Iraq and Kuwait in the 17th century. Persian -Portuguese war of 1624<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toprak2-94">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1523, the Portuguese commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Tenreiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Tenreiro (page does not exist)">António Tenreiro</a> crossed from Aleppo to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> trying to make alliances with local lords in the name of the <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">Portuguese king</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In 1550, the local kingdom of Basra and tribal rulers relied on the Portuguese against the Ottomans, after which the Portuguese threatened several times to invoke an invasion and conquest of Basra. From 1595, the Portuguese acted as military protectors of Basra,<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> and in 1624 they helped the Ottoman pasha of Basra to repel a Persian invasion. The Portuguese were granted a share of customs revenue and exemption from tolls. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631,_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg/250px-Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg/330px-Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg/500px-Conquest_of_Mosul_by_Mustafa_Pasha_in_1631%2C_a_Turkish_soldier_in_the_foreground_holding_a_severed_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (Nineveh) by <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha">Mustafa Pasha</a> in 1631, a Turkish soldier in the foreground holding a severed head. L., C. (Stecher), 1631–1650.</figcaption></figure> From approximately 1625 to 1668, Basra and the Delta marshes were in the hands of local chiefs independent of the Ottoman administration in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Toprak2-94">[91]</a> In the 17th century, the frequent conflicts with the Safavids had sapped the strength of the Ottoman Empire and had weakened its control over its provinces. The nomadic population swelled with the influx of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. Bedouin raids on settled areas became impossible to curb.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk dynasty of Iraq">Mamluk dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgian</a><a href="#cite_note-bbs-98">[95]</a> origin who succeeded in obtaining autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a>, suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>, restored order and introduced a programme of modernisation of economy and military. In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> from Najd <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">attacked Karbala in Iraq</a>, killing up to 5,000 people and plundering the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and imposed their direct control over Iraq. The population of Iraq, estimated at 30 million in 800 AD, was only 5 million at the start of the 20th century. By the 19th century, Baghdad emerged as a leading center for Jewish learning.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-100">[97]</a> The achievements of the Ottoman reforms in the 19th century, including the enactment of constitutions in 1876 and 1908, were beneficial to the people, laying the foundation for modern constitutional thought.<a href="#cite_note-:03-101">[98]</a> Despite challenges faced during these reforms, they represented a sophisticated expression of reformation, attempting to modernize society by introducing new concepts like the nation-state, citizenship, representation, voting, civic freedoms, separation of powers, and accountability.<a href="#cite_note-:03-101">[98]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottomans sided with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a> against the Central Powers, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> forces invaded the country and initially suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Turkish army during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a> (1915–1916). However, the British began to gain the upper hand, and were further aided by the support of local <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a>. In 1916, the British and French made a plan for the post-war division of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> British forces regrouped and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">captured Baghdad</a> in 1917, and defeated the Ottomans. An armistice was signed in 1918. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Iraq:_1921–1958">Kingdom of Iraq: 1921–1958</h3></div> Iraq's modern history began in the wake of World War I, as the region emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Arab forces, inspired by the promise of independence, had helped dismantle the Ottoman hold on the Middle East, but the dream of a united, sovereign Arab state was soon dashed.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Despite agreements made with <a href="/wiki/Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein ibn Ali">Hussein ibn Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Makkah</a>, the European powers had different plans for the region. Following the British withdrawal of support for a <a href="/wiki/Arab_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab state">unified Arab state</a>, Hussein's son, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>, briefly declared the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Syria">Kingdom of Syria</a> in 1920, encompassing parts of what are now <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> However, the kingdom was short-lived, crushed by local opposition and the military might of France, which had been granted a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syria">mandate over Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouri_Al-Saeed,_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/170px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/255px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg/340px-Nouri_Al-Saeed%2C_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri Pasha</a> served eight terms as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">prime minister</a></figcaption></figure>In Iraq, under British mandate, tensions were rising as local forces increasingly resisted foreign control.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">rebellion erupted</a>, challenging British authority, and the need for a new strategy became clear.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1921)" title="Cairo Conference (1921)">Cairo Conference</a>, led by British officials including <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, decided that Faisal, now exiled in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, would become the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Iraq">king of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> This decision was seen as a way to maintain British influence in the region while placating local demands for leadership.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Upon his coronation, he focused on unifying a land formerly divided into three <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman provinces">Ottoman provinces</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mosul_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire">Baghdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basra_vilayet" title="Basra vilayet">Basra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> He worked hard to gain the support of Iraq's diverse population, including both <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a>, and paid special attention to the country's Shiite communities, symbolically choosing the date of his coronation to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid al-Ghadeer</a>, a key day for Shiite Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> His reign laid the foundations of modern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Faisal worked to establish key state institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> His education reforms included the founding of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt_University" title="Ahl al-Bayt University">Ahl al-Bayt University</a> in Baghdad, and he encouraged the migration of Syrian exiles to Iraq to serve as doctors and educators.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Faisal also envisioned infrastructural links between Iraq, Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Jordan</a>, including plans for a railway and an <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline">oil pipeline to the Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Although Faisal succeeded in securing greater autonomy for Iraq, British influence remained strong, particularly in the oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_of_1930" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930">Iraq signed a treaty with Britain</a> that gave the country a measure of political independence while maintaining British control over key aspects, including military presence and oil rights.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> By 1932, Iraq gained formal independence, becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Faisal's reign was marked by his efforts to balance the pressures of external influence and internal demands for sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> He was admired for his diplomatic skill and his commitment to steering Iraq towards self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Untimely, he died from a heart attack on 8 September 1933, leaving his son <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">Ghazi</a> to inherit the throne.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> King Ghazi's reign was brief and turbulent, due to numerous coup attempts.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Ghazi died in a motor accident in 1939, passing the throne to his young son, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a>, who ascended to the throne at just 3 years old.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Faisal II's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Crown Prince Abdullah</a>, assumed regency until the young king came of age.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> On 1 April 1941, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and installed a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">pro-German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">pro-Italian</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> invaded Iraq for fear that the government might cut oil supplies to <a href="/wiki/Western_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western nations">Western nations</a> because of its links to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> The war started on 2 May, and the British, together with loyal <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Levies">Assyrian Levies</a>, defeated the forces of Al-Gaylani, forcing an armistice on 31 May.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Regency of King Faisal II began in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> The hopes for Iraq's future under Faisal II were high, but the nation remained divided.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> Iraq's Sunni-dominated monarchy struggled to reconcile the diverse ethnic and religious groups, particularly the Shiite, Assyrian, Jewish and Kurdish populations, who felt marginalised.<a href="#cite_note-:02-103">[100]</a> In 1958, these tensions culminated in a military coup, inspired by the revolutionary wave sweeping across the Arab world, particularly in <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_and_Ba'athist_Iraq">Republic and Ba'athist Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arif_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arif_bath.jpg/250px-Arif_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arif_bath.jpg/330px-Arif_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Arif_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the revolution in Iraq, including <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abd as-Salam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Abdul-Karim Qasim">Abdal-Karim Qasim</a></figcaption></figure> A coup d'état known as the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> in 1958 was led by the Brigadier General and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> This revolt was strongly anti-imperial and anti-monarchical in nature and had strong socialist elements.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Faysal_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Faysal II">Faisal II</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri al-Sa'id">Nuri al-Sa'id</a>, along with the royal family, were killed brutally.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> Qasim controlled Iraq through military rule and in 1958 he began a process of forcibly reducing surplus land owned by a few citizens and having the state redistribute the land.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahab_al-Shawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf">Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf</a> led an uprising in Mosul against Qasim. The uprising was crushed by the government forces.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> Qasim claimed <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> as part of Iraq, when the former was granted independence in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> The United Kingdom deployed its army on <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraq–Kuwait border</a>, which forced Qasim to back down.<a href="#cite_note-:13-104">[101]</a> He was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">February 1963 coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[102]</a> However internal division within Ba'athist factions caused another coup in November, which brought Colonel Abdul Salam Arif to power.<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[102]</a> The new regime recognised Kuwait's independence.<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[102]</a> Iraq participated in the Six Day War in 1967, against Israel. After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[102]</a> Under his rule, Iraq participated in the Six Day War in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/250px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/330px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg/500px-Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was the president from 1979 until <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">his overthrow</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> Arif was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> came to power, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> as the president of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> However, the government gradually came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, Iraq's then vice-president.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> Saddam sought to achieve stability between Iraq's ethnic and religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">first Iraqi–Kurdish war</a> ended in 1970, after which a peace treaty was signed between Saddam and Barzani, granting autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> He introduced free health care and education, nationalised oil, promoted women's rights and developed infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">second Iraqi–Kurdish war</a> began and <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">border clashes with Iran</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>. Iran supported Kurdish militants.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">Algiers Agreement</a> signed in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and Saddam resolved the dispute and Iran withdrew support for the Kurds, resulting in their defeat in the war.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> In 1973, Iraq participated in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> against Israel, alongside <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> An attempt to ban an annual pilgrimage to Karbala caused an <a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">uprising by Shia Muslims across Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> Another Shia uprising took place from 1979 to 1980, as a followup to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> On 16 July 1979, Saddam acceded to the presidency and chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">supreme executive body</a> in July 1979.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> Following months of cross-border raids with Iran, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (or First Persian Gulf War).<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> Taking advantage of the post-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> chaos in Iran, Iraq captured some territories in southwest Iran, but Iran recaptured all of the lost territories within two years, and for the next six years Iran was on the offensive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Sunni-led Arab countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States supported Iraq throughout the war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> In 1981, Israel destroyed a nuclear reactor of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> In midst of the war, between 1983 to 1986, Kurds led <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">rebellion against the regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> In retaliation, the government-coordinated <a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a> led to the killing of 50,000–100,000 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> During the war, Saddam extensively used <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">chemical weapons</a> against Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> The war, which ended in <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> in 1988, killed between half a million and 1.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-:15-106">[103]</a> Kuwait's refusal to waive Iraq's debt and reducing oil prices pushed Saddam to take military action against it.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> On 2 August 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi forces invaded</a> and annexed Kuwait as its <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">19th governorate</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> This led to military intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">US-led alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in southern Iraq and Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> Iraq also attempted to invade Saudi Arabia and attacked Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> Iraq's armed forces were devastated during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> Sanctions were imposed on Iraq, following the invasion of Kuwait, which resulted in economic decline.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> After the end of the war in 1991, Iraqi Kurds and Shia Muslims in northern and southern Iraq led several <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">uprisings against the government</a>, but these were repressed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> It is estimated that as many as 100,000 people, including many civilians, were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> During the uprisings, the US, UK, Turkey and France, claiming authority under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">UNSC Resolution 688</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> to protect Kurdish population from attacks. As a result, autonomy was given to the Kurds, and the region fell out of the Iraqi government's control.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> A second rebellion by Shi'as emerged in 1999, after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Sadr_(jurist)" title="Muhammad al-Sadr (jurist)">Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a> from 1994 to 1997, around 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> engaged in conflict, which would merge with the upcoming war.<a href="#cite_note-:6-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_invasion_and_war:_2003–2017">2003 invasion and war: 2003–2017</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Iraq (2011–present)">History of Iraq (2011–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/250px-SaddamStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/330px-SaddamStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/500px-SaddamStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_statue_destruction" title="Saddam Hussein statue destruction">Statue of Saddam Hussein being toppled</a> in Baghdad, 09 April 2003</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> began planning the overthrow of Saddam's government. In 2002, the U.S Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Resolution_to_Authorize_the_Use_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_Against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq">joint resolution to</a> authorize the use of its military against Iraq and the UN Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441">UNSCR 1441</a>. On 20 March 2003, a United States-organized coalition of its allies <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded Iraq</a>, under the pretext that Iraq had failed to abandon its <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction program</a>. Following the invasion, the U.S established the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> to govern Iraq. In May 2003 <a href="/wiki/L._Paul_Bremer" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Paul Bremer">L. Paul Bremer</a>, the chief executive of the CPA, issued orders to <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">exclude Ba'ath Party members</a> from the new Iraqi government and to <a href="/wiki/CPA_Order_2" class="mw-redirect" title="CPA Order 2">disband the Iraqi Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner-108">[105]</a> The decision dissolved the largely Sunni Iraqi Army and excluded many of the country's former government officials,<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> including 40,000 school teachers who had joined it simply to keep their jobs,<a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner-108">[105]</a> helping to bring about a chaotic post-invasion environment.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–06)">An insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S-led coalition</a>-rule of Iraq began in summer within elements of the former Iraqi secret police and army, who formed guerrilla units. In fall 2003, <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadist</a> groups began targeting coalition forces. Various Sunni militias were created, for example <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>. The insurgency included intense inter-ethnic violence between Sunnis and Shias.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-111">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a> scandal came to light in late 2003. The <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a>—a Shia militia created in the summer of 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a>—began to fight Coalition forces in April 2004.<a href="#cite_note-mehdi-112">[109]</a> 2004 saw Sunni and Shia militants fighting against each other, the new <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a> installed in June 2004, and against Coalition forces, as well as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">First Battle of Fallujah</a> in April and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a> in November. The Mahdi army would kidnap Sunni civilians as part of a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-:70-113">[110]</a> Insurgent attacks increased in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:39-114">[111]</a> During 2006, fighting continued and reached its highest levels of violence, more <a href="/wiki/Haditha_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Haditha killings">war crimes scandals</a> were made public, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> the leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> was killed by US forces and Iraq's former dictator <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was hanged for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:40-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:41-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-117">[114]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_spring_fighting_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq spring fighting of 2008">fighting continued</a> and Iraq's newly trained armed forces launched attacks against militants. Crime and violence initially spiked in the months following <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:44-119">[116]</a> but despite the initial increase in violence, in November 2009, Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Interior Ministry</a> officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level since the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:45-120">[117]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdrawal of US troops</a> in 2011, the insurgency continued and Iraq suffered from political instability. Claim of WMDs and Saddam's links with Al-Qaeda was based on documents provided by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and the British government that were later <a href="/wiki/Duelfer_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Duelfer Report">found to be unreliable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:46-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:47-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:48-123">[120]</a> It has been argued though that the U.S. was actually pursuing national objectives to expand their spheres of power.<a href="#cite_note-:49-124">[121]</a> The war in Iraq has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:50-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:51-126">[123]</a> In February 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests <a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">spread to Iraq</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:52-127">[124]</a> but the initial protests did not topple the government. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Movement" title="Iraqi National Movement">Iraqi National Movement</a> boycotted Parliament for several weeks in late 2011 and early 2012, claiming that the Shiite-dominated government was striving to sideline Sunnis. In 2012 and 2013, levels of violence increased and armed groups inside Iraq were increasingly galvanised by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Both Sunnis and Shias crossed the border to fight in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-128">[125]</a> Shi'as supported the government of Bashar al-Assad, while Sunnis supported opposition. In December 2012, Sunni Arabs <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests" title="2012–2013 Iraqi protests">protested</a> against the government, who they claimed marginalised them.<a href="#cite_note-:53-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-:54-130">[127]</a> During 2013, Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the Iraq's population in an attempt to undermine confidence in the <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>-led government.<a href="#cite_note-latimes2701-131">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul,_Northern_Iraq,_Western_Asia._16_November,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul%2C_Northern_Iraq%2C_Western_Asia._16_November%2C_2016.jpg/250px-ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul%2C_Northern_Iraq%2C_Western_Asia._16_November%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul%2C_Northern_Iraq%2C_Western_Asia._16_November%2C_2016.jpg/330px-ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul%2C_Northern_Iraq%2C_Western_Asia._16_November%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul%2C_Northern_Iraq%2C_Western_Asia._16_November%2C_2016.jpg/500px-ISOF_APC_on_the_street_of_Mosul%2C_Northern_Iraq%2C_Western_Asia._16_November%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">Iraqi Special Operations Forces</a> (ISOF) <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvee</a> on the street of Mosul, Northern Iraq, 16 November 2016 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Battle of Mosul</a></figcaption></figure> In 2014, Sunni insurgents belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> terrorist group seized control of large swathes of land including several major cities, like <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> creating hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced persons</a> amid reports of atrocities by ISIL fighters.<a href="#cite_note-:55-132">[129]</a> On 4 June 2014, the insurgents began their efforts to capture <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. The Iraqi army officially had 30,000 soldiers and another 30,000 federal police stationed in the city, facing a 1,500-member attacking force. The Iraqi forces' actual numbers were much lower due to "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">ghost soldiers</a>", severely reducing combat ability.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-ghost-133">[130]</a> After six days of combat and massive desertions, Iraqi soldiers received orders to retreat. The city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> fell under ISIL's control. An estimated 500,000 civilians fled from the city. By late June, the government had lost control of its borders with both <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:56-134">[131]</a> al-Maliki called for a national <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on 10 June following the attack on Mosul. However, despite the security crisis, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraq's parliament</a> did not allow Maliki to declare a state of emergency; many legislators boycotted the session because they opposed expanding the prime minister's powers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-135">[132]</a> After an inconclusive election in April 2014, Nouri al-Maliki served as caretaker-Prime-Minister.<a href="#cite_note-guar11-8-14-136">[133]</a> On 11 August, Iraq's highest court ruled that PM Maliki's bloc was the largest in parliament, meaning Maliki could stay Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-guar11-8-14-136">[133]</a> By 13 August, however, the president had tasked <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> with forming a new government, and the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and some Iraqi politicians expressed their wish for a new leadership in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:57-137">[134]</a> On 14 August, Maliki stepped down.<a href="#cite_note-:58-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:59-139">[136]</a> On 8 September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> became prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-:60-140">[137]</a> Abadi promised to stamp out corruption and ease sectarian tensions.<a href="#cite_note-BBC30Apr16-141">[138]</a> Intermittent conflict between Sunni, <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shia</a> and Kurdish factions has led to increasing debate about the splitting of Iraq into three autonomous regions: Kurdistan in the northeast, a Sunni state in the west and a Shia state in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-:61-142">[139]</a> In response to rapid territorial gains made by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> in early 2014, and its universally-condemned <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of captives by ISIL">executions</a> and reported <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">human rights abuses</a>, many states <a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against ISIL">began to intervene</a> against it in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a>. ISIL began losing ground in both Iraq and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-:63-143">[140]</a> Tens of thousands of civilians have been killed in Iraq in ISIL-linked violence.<a href="#cite_note-:64-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:65-145">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">genocide of Yazidis by ISIL</a> has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:66-146">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">2016 Karrada bombing</a> killed nearly 400 civilians and injured hundreds more.<a href="#cite_note-:67-147">[144]</a> On 17 March 2017, a US-led coalition <a href="/wiki/2017_Mosul_airstrike" title="2017 Mosul airstrike">airstrike in Mosul</a> killed more than 200 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:68-148">[145]</a> By December 2017, ISIL had no remaining territory in Iraq, following the <a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">2017 Western Iraq campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-victory_parade-149">[146]</a> On 9 December 2017, then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraqi Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> declared victory over <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> and announced full liberation of borders with Syria from Islamic State militants.<a href="#cite_note-:69-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">Protest in Baghdad</a> in 2019, were the largest incident of <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil unrest</a> Iraq has experienced since the 2003 invasion.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> In September 2017, a <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">referendum</a> was held regarding <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish independence</a> in Iraq. 92% of Iraqi Kurds voted in favor of independence.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The referendum was regarded as illegal by the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> In March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigris_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Tigris Shield">military operations</a> to eliminate active Kurdish separatist fighters in the far north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932018_Iraqi_protests" title="2015–2018 Iraqi protests">September</a> as rallies to protest corruption, unemployment, and public service failures turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">Protests</a> started again on 1 October 2019, against corruption, unemployment and inefficient public services, before they escalated into calls to overthrow the administration and to stop <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention</a>. The government at times reacted harshly, resulting in over 500 deaths by 12 December 2019. On 27 December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/K-1_Air_Base_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 Air Base attack">K-1 Air Base was attacked</a> by more than 30 rockets, killing a U.S. civilian contractor and injuring others. The U.S. blamed the Iranian-backed <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a> militia. Later that month, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">bombed five Kata'ib Hezbollah militia's positions in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. On 31 December, dozens of Iraqi Shia militiamen and their supporters marched into the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">surrounded the U.S. embassy</a>. Three days later, amid rising tensions between the United States and Iran, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">launched a drone strike on a convoy traveling near Baghdad Airport</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, Iranian major-general and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) and <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> commander, the second most powerful person of Iran;<a href="#cite_note-nrc3Jan-156">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a>, deputy commander of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> (PMF or PMU); four senior Iranian officers; and four Iraqi officers. Following <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">months of protests</a> that broke out across Iraq in October 2019 and the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Adel Abdul Mahdi</a> and his cabinet, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi" title="Mustafa Al-Kadhimi">Mustafa al-Kadhimi</a> became a leading contender for the Premiership.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> On 9 April 2020, he was named by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barham_Salih" title="Barham Salih">Barham Salih</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister-designate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister-designate">prime minister-designate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> On 30 November 2021, the political bloc led by Shia leader <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a> was confirmed the winner of the October <a href="/wiki/2021_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Iraqi parliamentary election">election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/2022_Iraqi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Iraqi political crisis">A period of political crisis and near-deadlock</a> of eleven months followed.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> On 27 July 2022, the parliament building was <a href="/wiki/2022_Iraq_parliament_attack" title="2022 Iraq parliament attack">stormed by protesters</a> for the second time in a week.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of governance while US-endorsed sectarian political system has driven increased levels of violent terrorism and sectarian conflicts within Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The country has been in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">prolonged drought</a> since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the Iraq's farmland is at risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year."<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/250px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/330px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg/500px-Cheekha_Dar_seen_from_Halgurd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheekha_Dar" title="Cheekha Dar">Cheekha Dar</a>, highest point in Iraq</figcaption></figure> Iraq lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="29th parallel north">29°</a> and <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="38th parallel north">38° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/39th_meridian_east" title="39th meridian east">39°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_meridian_east" title="49th meridian east">49° E</a> (a small area lies west of 39°). Spanning 437,072 km2 (168,754 sq mi), it is the 58th-largest country in the world. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border" title="Iran–Iraq border">the east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Iraq–Syria border">the west</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">southeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the southwest</a>. It has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Further north, but below the main headwaters only, the country easily encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain</a>. Two major rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, run south through Iraq and into the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, thence the Persian Gulf. Broadly flanking this estuary (known as arvandrūd: اروندرود among Iranians) are marshlands, semi-agricultural. Flanking and between the two major rivers are fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial plains">alluvial plains</a>, as the rivers carry about 60,000,000 m3 (78,000,000 cu yd) of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> annually to the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>. The central part of the south, which slightly tapers in favour of other countries, is natural vegetation marsh mixed with rice paddies and is humid, relative to the rest of the plains.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iraq has the northwestern end of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros mountain range</a> and the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around the city of Karbala, is home to world's largest oasis of palm trees.<a href="#cite_note-:35-168">[165]</a> In 2023, it surpassed Saudi Arabia's <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:35-168">[165]</a> Rocky deserts cover about 40 percent of Iraq. Another 30 percent is mountainous with bitterly cold winters. The north of the country is mostly composed of mountains; the highest point being at 3,611 m (11,847 ft). Iraq is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_forest_steppe" title="Zagros Mountains forest steppe">Zagros Mountains forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_steppe" title="Middle East steppe">Middle East steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_shrub_desert" title="Mesopotamian shrub desert">Mesopotamian shrub desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Iran_Nubo-Sindian_desert_and_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert">South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq#Climate" title="Geography of Iraq">Climate of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/260px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/390px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/520px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_IRQ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Iraq 1991–2020</figcaption></figure> Much of Iraq has a hot <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climate with <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> influence. Summer temperatures average above 40 °C (104 °F) for most of the country and frequently exceed 48 °C (118.4 °F). Winter temperatures infrequently exceed 15 °C (59.0 °F) with maxima roughly 5 to 10 °C (41.0 to 50.0 °F) and night-time lows 1 to 5 °C (33.8 to 41.0 °F). Typically, precipitation is low; most places receive less than 250 mm (9.8 in) annually, with maximum rainfall occurring during the winter months. Rainfall during the summer is rare, except in northern parts of the country. The northern mountainous regions have cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">Iraq is highly vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The country is subject to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, and suffers from increasing <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> for a human population that rose tenfold between 1890 and 2010 and continues to rise.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-172">[169]</a> The country's electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-DW-174">[171]</a> Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of Iraqi governance while the political system has exacerbated sectarian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karam-176">[173]</a> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-177">[174]</a> The country has been in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">prolonged drought</a> since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the country's farmland is at risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2023-178">[175]</a> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year".<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-179">[176]</a> However, in 2023, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</a> announced that government was working on a wider "Iraqi vision for climate action". The plan would include promoting clean and renewable energy, new irrigation and water treatment projects and reduced industrial gas flaring, he said. Sudani said Iraq was "moving forward to conclude contracts for constructing renewable energy power plants to provide one-third of our electricity demand by 2030". In addition, Iraq will plant 5 million trees across the country and will create green belts around cities to act as windbreaks against dust storms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> In the same year, Iraq and <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> signed a $27 billion energy deal that aims to increase oil production and boost the country's capacity to produce energy with four oil, gas and renewables projects. According to experts, the project will "accelerate Iraq's path to energy self-sufficiency and advance Iraq's collective climate change objectives".<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/250px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/330px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg/500px-Asiatic_Lion_Cub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4557" data-file-height="3038" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> has remained a prominent symbol since ancient times</figcaption></figure> The wildlife of Iraq includes its <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatt1959-184">[181]</a> Iraq has multiple and diverse biomes which include the mountainous region in the north to the wet <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshlands</a> along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, while western part of the country comprises mainly <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and some semi-arid regions. Many of Iraq's bird species were endangered, including seven of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and 12 of its <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species. The <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian marches</a> in the middle and south are home to approximately 50 species of birds, and rare species of fish.<a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-185">[182]</a> At risk are some 50% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Marbled_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbled teal">marbled teal</a> population that live in the marshes, along with 60% of the world's population of <a href="/wiki/Basra_reed-warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra reed-warbler">Basra reed-warbler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-185">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a>, in the present-day extinct in the region, has remained a prominent symbol of the country throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Sass-186">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a>, during the time of Saddam's government, caused there a significant drop in biological life.<a href="#cite_note-Med-O-Med-187">[184]</a> Since the 2003–2011, flow is restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover.<a href="#cite_note-Med-O-Med-187">[184]</a> Iraqi corals are some of the most extreme heat-tolerant as the seawater in this area ranges between 14 and 34 °C.<a href="#cite_note-sr-188">[185]</a> Aquatic or semi-aquatic wildlife occurs in and around these, the major lakes are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Habbaniyah" title="Lake Habbaniyah">Lake Habbaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Qadisiyah" title="Lake Qadisiyah">Lake Qadisiyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar" title="Lake Tharthar">Lake Tharthar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1995-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/306px-Abdul_Latif_Rashid_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> since 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_(54266610408)_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg/171px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg/257px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg/342px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Iraq_Prime_Minister_Al-Sudani_%2854266610408%29_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1463" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed al-Sudani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> since 2022</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">federal government of Iraq</a> is defined under the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The federal government is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial</a> branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. Aside from the federal government, there are regions (made of one or more governorates), governorates, and districts within Iraq with jurisdiction over various matters as defined by law.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-190">[187]</a> The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a> and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-:12-190">[187]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> meeting at Baghdad</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Alliance (Iraq)">National Alliance</a> is the main Shia parliamentary bloc, and was established as a result of a merger of Prime Minister Nouri Maliki's <a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Alliance">Iraqi National Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-191">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Movement" title="Iraqi National Movement">Iraqi National Movement</a> is led by <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Allawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyad Allawi">Iyad Allawi</a>, a secular Shia widely supported by Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-191">[188]</a> The party has a more consistent anti-sectarian perspective than most of its rivals.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-191">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a> is dominated by two parties, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iraq)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Masood_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Masood Barzani">Masood Barzani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-191">[188]</a> Baghdad is Iraq's capital, home to the seat of government.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-192">[189]</a> Located in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>, which contains governmental headquarters and the army, in addition to containing the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">American embassy</a> and the headquarters of foreign organisations and agencies for other countries. According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Iraq was the third most <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-192">[189]</a> Under Saddam, the government employed 1 million employees, but this increased to around 7 million in 2016. In combination with decreased oil prices, the government budget deficit is near 25% of GDP as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law of Iraq</a></div> In October 2005, the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> was approved in a referendum with a 78% overall majority, although the percentage of support varied widely between the country's territories.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The new constitution was backed by the Shia and Kurdish communities, but was rejected by Arab Sunnis. Under the terms of the constitution, the country conducted <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_parliamentary_election,_December_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi parliamentary election, December 2005">fresh nationwide parliamentary elections</a> on 15 December 2005. All three major <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iraq">ethnic groups in Iraq</a> voted along ethnic lines, as did Assyrian and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">Turcoman</a> minorities. Law no. 188 of the year 1959 (Personal Status Law)<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> made polygamy extremely difficult, granted child custody to the mother in case of divorce, prohibited repudiation and marriage under the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-196">[193]</a> Article 1 of Civil Code also identifies Islamic law as a formal source of law.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Iraq had no Sharia courts but civil courts used Sharia for issues of personal status including marriage and divorce. In 1995 Iraq introduced Sharia punishment for certain types of criminal offences.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> The code is based on French civil law as well as Sunni and Jafari (<a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a>) interpretations of Sharia.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">CPA</a> chief executive L. Paul Bremer said he would veto any constitutional draft stating that sharia is the principal basis of law.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The declaration enraged many local Shia clerics,<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> and by 2005 the US had relented, allowing a role for sharia in the constitution to help end a stalemate on the draft constitution.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Penal_Code" title="Iraqi Penal Code">Iraqi Penal Code</a> is the statutory law of Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_equipment_of_the_Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces">List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_F-16_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2243" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, the main combat aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a>, during a take-off</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/200px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg/400px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="717" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">ISOF</a> during training in <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, 2021</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">ISOF</a> during training in <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, 2021<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces" title="Iraqi security forces">Iraqi security forces</a> are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Defence, as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau (CTB), which oversees the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">Iraqi Special Operations Forces</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Mobilization Committee">Popular Mobilisation Committee</a> (PMC). Both CTB and PMC report directly to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>. MOD forces include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Air Defence Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The defence ministry also runs a Joint Staff College, training army, navy, and air force officers, with support from the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_-_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Training Mission - Iraq">NATO Training Mission — Iraq</a>. The college was established at <a href="/wiki/Ar_Rustamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Rustamiyah">Ar Rustamiyah</a> on 27 September 2005.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The centre runs Junior Staff and Senior Staff Officer Courses designed for <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenants</a> to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">majors</a>. The current Iraqi armed forces were rebuilt on an American foundation. The army consists of 13 infantry divisions and one <a href="/wiki/Motorised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorised infantry">motorised infantry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-205">[202]</a> Each division consists of four brigades and comprises 14,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:33-205">[202]</a> Before 2003, Iraq was mostly equipped with Soviet-made military equipment, but since then, the country has turned to Western suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-:33-205">[202]</a> The Iraqi air force is designed to support ground forces with surveillance, reconnaissance, and troop lift. Two reconnaissance squadrons use light aircraft, three helicopter squadrons are used to move troops, and one air transportation squadron uses <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> transport aircraft to move troops, equipment, and supplies. The air force currently has 5,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800 <a href="/wiki/Marines_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marines (military)">marines</a>. The navy consists of an operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two marine battalions, designed to protect shorelines and inland waterways from insurgent infiltration. On 4 November 2019, more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> personnel left <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> for the 10th rotation of Task Group <a href="/wiki/Taji" class="mw-redirect" title="Taji">Taji</a>, based north of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The Australian contingent mentors the Iraqi School of Infantry, where the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Security_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Security Forces">Iraqi Security Forces</a> are trained. However, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s contribution was reduced from 250 to 120 ADF personnel, which, along with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, had trained over 45,000 ISF members before that.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> On 17 November 2008, the U.S and Iraq agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Framework_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Framework Agreement">Strategic Framework Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> On 5 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi parliament">parliament</a> voted for a resolution that urges the government to work on expelling U.S troops from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:10-210">[207]</a> The resolution was passed two days after <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">an U.S drone strike</a> that killed <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-210">[207]</a> The resolution specifically calls for ending of 2014 agreement allowing the U.S to help Iraq against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State groups</a> by sending troops.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> This resolution will also signify ending an agreement with Washington to station troops in Iraq as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> vows to retaliate after the killing.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> On 28 September 2020, Washington made preparations to withdraw diplomats from Iraq, as a result of Iranian-backed militias firing rockets at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">American Embassy in Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-210">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-213">[210]</a> The officials said that the move was seen as an escalation of American confrontation with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> The US significantly <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%932021)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021)">reduced its military presence in Iraq</a> after <a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">the defeat of ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg/220px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg/440px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al Sudani</a> meets with Secretary <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> in Munich, Germany, 2023.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/250px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg/500px-Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani_and_Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin-2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> during a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, 2024</figcaption></figure>Throughout the history, Iraq has followed different foreign policies under various regimes. Under monarchical rule, it was <a href="/wiki/Pro-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Western">pro-Western</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a>, an alliance against the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saadabad" title="Treaty of Saadabad">Saadabad Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> During Abdul Karim Qasim, Iraq withdrew from the pact, formed close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and claimed Kuwait as a part of Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-:23-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-217">[214]</a> while successive regimes recognised Kuwait's independence.<a href="#cite_note-:23-216">[213]</a> Until 2003, Iraq was considered as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq maintained ties with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">pro-Soviet countries</a> and had close trade relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-216">[213]</a> It provided financial support to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and aid for the post-war reconstruction in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-216">[213]</a> But received <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">support from the US</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">France</a> during the war with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">relations were deteriorated</a> as a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> This led to the invasion of Iraq, which was strongly opposed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-217">[214]</a> After the end of the war, Iraq sought to improve relations with neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-in-221">[218]</a> Since the situation eased, Iraq re-engaged with its Arab neighbors while maintaining relations with Iran in an attempt to position Iraq as a country that would not exacerbate the security concerns of its neighbors and seeking a pragmatic balance in foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-in-221">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Relations with Iran</a> have flourished since 2005 by the exchange of high-level visits.<a href="#cite_note-in-221">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Relations with Turkey</a> are mixed with tensions and cooperation, largely because of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>, as clashes between <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> continue.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> In October 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish parliament">Turkish parliament</a> renewed a law that gives Turkish forces the ability to pursue rebels over the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">border in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project" title="Southeastern Anatolia Project">"Great Anatolia Project"</a> reduced Iraq's water supply and affected agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-172">[169]</a> The prime minister has sought to normalize <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iraq–Syria relations">relations with Syria</a> in order to expand co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> In 2022, Iraq also finished paying reparations to Kuwait for its invasion.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Recently foreign ministers of Iraq and Kuwait have announced that they were working on a definitive agreement on border demarcation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg/220px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg/330px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg/440px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>States with which Iraq has diplomatic relations.</figcaption></figure> The country is an emerging middle power and has been playing the role of a mediator for several regional crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:34-228">[225]</a> Baghdad hosted direct mediation talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-:34-228">[225]</a> It has taken on the role of mediator attempting to mediate between Egypt, Jordan, and Iran after its success in mediating between Saudi Arabia and Iran and expressed its willingness to mediate and find a solution for the ongoing Yemeni crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:36-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-:36-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Since 2019, Iraq has attempted to play a mediating role between the U.S and Iran following the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump Administration">administration</a> from the landmark <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">2015 Iranian nuclear deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:36-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Earlier, Baghdad hosted Iran–U.S nuclear deal in 2012 under the Obama administration. Iraq has also attempt to mediate between Turkey and Syria, as well between Bashar al-Assad's government, the opposition groups and the Arab League during the civil war in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Iraq strengthened regional economic cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-strategiecs.com-235">[232]</a> It is playing an influential role in the global oil market.<a href="#cite_note-strategiecs.com-235">[232]</a> Iraq is also seeking to deepen its ties with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> China and GCC countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar have invested in various sectors.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> In 2021, Baghdad hosted regional security summit, that included Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, France, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> It has also hosted an economic conference in 2023, for Economic Integration and Regional Stability.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> On 12 February 2009, Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:37-241">[238]</a> Under the provisions of this treaty, Iraq is considered a party with declared stockpiles of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:37-241">[238]</a> Because of their late accession, Iraq is the only State Party exempt from the existing timeline for destruction of their chemical weapons.<a href="#cite_note-:37-241">[238]</a> However, this progressive diplomacy of Iraq has been met by numerous challenges, such as the rising influence of the United States and Iran in Iraq's political arena, post-war impact and chaos, and identity crisis among Iraq's diverse population.<a href="#cite_note-strategiecs.com-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_ISIL-controlled_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory">Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL_occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul">Mass executions in ISIL occupied Mosul</a></div> Relations between Iraq and its <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurds">Kurdish population</a> have been sour in recent history, especially with <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaign</a> against them in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a> After <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">uprisings during the early 90s</a>, many Kurds fled their homeland and <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zones</a> were established in northern Iraq to prevent more conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a> Despite historically poor relations, some progress has been made, and Iraq elected its first Kurdish president, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> is now an official language of Iraq alongside <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> according to Article 4 of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT rights in Iraq</a> remain limited. Although <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">decriminalised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> remains <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">stigmatised in Iraqi society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory</a> have been recorded as highly violated.<a href="#cite_note-:38-243">[240]</a> It included <a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_Islamic_State-occupied_Mosul" title="Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul">mass executions in Islamic State-occupied</a> part of Mosul, <a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">genocide of the Yazidis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, and expulsion of Assyrian Christians in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:38-243">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorates of Iraq</a></div> Iraq is composed of eighteen <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: muhafadhat, singular muhafadhah). The governorates are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">districts</a> (or qadhas), which are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">sub-districts</a> (or nawāḥī). A nineteenth governorate, <a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a>, is unrecognised by the Iraqi government. <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="30%">Clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its eighteen governorates, and partially recognized Halabja. <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/360px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/540px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg/720px-Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" usemap="#ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5" resource="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Governorates_including_partially_recognized_Halabja.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_30de456dbfe705b5"><area href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="261,89,257,90,257,90,258,91,258,91,258,92,258,92,259,93,259,93,259,93,259,94,259,95,259,95,258,95,257,95,257,95,257,96,257,97,256,98,256,98,255,98,255,99,254,99,254,100,253,100,253,100,254,101,254,101,255,102,255,102,255,102,256,102,257,103,257,103,258,103,258,103,259,103,259,103,260,103,261,104,261,104,262,104,263,104,264,104,264,104,264,104,265,104,266,104,267,103,267,102,267,102,266,102,266,101,266,100,266,100,266,99,267,99,267,99,267,98,267,98,267,98,267,98,266,98,265,97,265,97,265,97,264,97,264,96,264,96,265,95,265,95,265,95,265,95,266,94,265,93,264,93,264,92,264,92,263,91,262,90,262,90,261,89,261,89,261,88,260,88,260,88,261,88" alt="Halabja Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Ninawa_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="135,26,153,39,167,32,177,35,178,28,186,27,202,38,195,42,172,66,170,79,156,82,151,90,158,103,138,103,137,111,96,101,100,84,98,66,100,47,117,44" alt="Ninawa Governorate" title="Ninawa Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="178,27,177,35,167,30,154,39,135,23,142,22,149,12,155,15,161,12,186,19,192,14,196,18,187,27" alt="Dohuk Governorate" title="Dohuk Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Arbil_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="188,26,195,15,203,17,200,26,204,29,214,19,228,45,214,47,213,58,222,71,187,73,181,88,169,84,176,62,201,39" alt="Arbil Governorate" title="Arbil Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="215,47,213,60,222,72,217,72,222,89,211,101,224,112,236,122,252,100,254,110,267,100,261,82,274,76,273,73,253,76,238,67,234,50" alt="Sulaymaniyah Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="216,74,221,89,201,116,169,99,164,89,181,86,187,73" alt="Kirkuk Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="222,113,238,122,254,102,254,110,244,130,241,147,260,167,248,181,226,174,217,185,209,177,215,170,212,166,204,166,208,149,202,144" alt="Diyala Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Salah_ad_Din_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="138,105,158,103,151,91,168,78,170,87,166,89,169,99,201,118,212,102,223,111,210,125,201,143,208,147,203,166,201,170,193,158,174,155,174,146,161,132,158,142,156,137,156,126,150,132,138,124" alt="Salah ad Din Governorate" title="Salah ad Din Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="96,102,136,113,141,125,148,134,155,129,154,139,169,158,176,157,194,159,201,169,196,175,188,175,188,178,195,181,194,194,187,196,176,180,172,188,175,201,166,204,186,222,174,229,161,252,154,282,127,260,68,227,29,218,31,214,30,210,21,212,20,205,23,204,13,172,79,133,87,131,97,116" alt="Al Anbar Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="210,167,214,172,210,175,207,176,201,178,195,175,203,167" alt="Baghdad Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="190,175,207,177,210,182,210,188,227,199,232,210,220,215,220,220,208,215,204,219,194,201,200,198,194,194,196,182,190,179" alt="Babil Governorate" title="Babil Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="188,197,198,195,195,202,201,212,185,220,166,203,178,201,183,205" alt="Karbala Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="212,184,216,185,223,177,230,176,248,182,260,166,267,176,262,183,266,187,280,191,274,210,279,217,274,225,249,226,232,209,218,190,212,190" alt="Wasit Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al_Najaf_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="183,219,199,212,201,220,205,216,210,219,208,241,218,249,186,309,156,282,161,253,176,230,185,223" alt="Al Najaf Governorate" title="Al Najaf Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="212,219,219,220,232,209,251,227,253,240,236,235,228,238,231,241,224,252,218,248,208,241,210,229" alt="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="273,226,279,218,274,211,280,191,300,207,305,205,324,231,319,255,302,253,299,258,290,258,282,248" alt="Maysan Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="251,226,272,226,283,249,288,259,299,258,299,281,295,279,279,283,268,272,248,271,252,258" alt="Dhi Qar Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Al_Muthanna_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="234,236,252,239,248,271,267,272,277,282,285,299,279,338,275,341,216,335,185,309,219,250,224,253" alt="Al Muthanna Governorate" title="Al Muthanna Governorate" /><area href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" shape="poly" coords="302,256,318,255,318,264,330,264,330,283,343,296,350,306,329,303,309,300,299,304,281,339,286,296,281,288,281,282,294,279,299,281" alt="Basra Governorate" title="Basra Governorate" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Iraq exhibiting its governorates.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td width="70%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">Al-Qādisiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg/250px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg/330px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg/500px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Historical economic growth of Iraq</figcaption></figure> Iraq is an <a href="/wiki/Oil-rich_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil-rich country">oil-rich</a> upper-middle-income country (<a href="/wiki/IFAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IFAD">IFAD</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:28-244">[241]</a> Along with the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Algeria, Iraq is one of the leading contributors to the economy of the Arab world and constitute 72% of the region’s GDP together.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The economy of Iraq is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings.<a href="#cite_note-:28-244">[241]</a> The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 18%–30% unemployed and a per capita GDP of $4,812.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-244">[241]</a> Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-usaid11-247">[244]</a> The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates little employment.<a href="#cite_note-usaid11-247">[244]</a> Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.<a href="#cite_note-usaid11-247">[244]</a> The official currency in Iraq is the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a>. The Central Provisional Authority issued new dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by <a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> using modern anti-forgery techniques.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cramer" title="Jim Cramer">Jim Cramer</a>'s 20 October 2009 endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a> on <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> has further piqued interest in the investment.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Prior to the 2003 invasion, Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">centrally planned economy</a> prohibited the foreign ownership of businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> to keep the foreign goods out .<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-251">[248]</a> Oil was nationalised in 1972 and its revenue was spent on government development projects.<a href="#cite_note-:31-251">[248]</a> Iraq was one of the most advanced countries in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-:31-251">[248]</a> But it faced economic decline as a result of sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-:31-251">[248]</a> After <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> quickly began issuing many binding orders <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatising</a> the Iraqi economy and opening it up to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:31-251">[248]</a> On 20 November 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> of creditor countries agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members.<a href="#cite_note-:71-252">[249]</a> Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the invasion, and had grown another $5 billion by 2004.<a href="#cite_note-:71-252">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> was to be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<a href="#cite_note-:71-252">[249]</a> Five years after the invasion, an estimated 2.4 million people were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a> (with a further two million refugees outside Iraq), four million Iraqis were considered food-insecure (a quarter of children were chronically malnourished) and only a third of Iraqi children had access to safe drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-253">[250]</a> In 2022, and after more than 30 years after the <a href="/wiki/UN_Compensation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Compensation Commission">United Nations Compensation Commission</a> was created to ensure restitution for Kuwait following the invasion of 1990, the reparations body announced that Iraq has paid a total of $52.4 billion in war reparations to Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international NGOs</a> face challenges in carrying out their mission, leaving their assistance "piecemeal and largely conducted undercover, hindered by insecurity, a lack of coordinated funding, limited operational capacity and patchy information".<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-253">[250]</a> International NGOs have been targeted and during the first 5 years, 94 aid workers were killed, 248 injured, 24 arrested or detained and 89 kidnapped or abducted.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-253">[250]</a> The war have left heavy impact on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>, Iraq has shown positive signs of recovery.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> The Kurdish and Shia populated regions of Iraq have experienced economic boom since the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-261">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> is economically more stable. In recent years, Sunni-populated provinces in Iraq have also made economic progress, as evidenced by numerous new construction projects.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> In 2025, parliament speaker <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Mashhadani" title="Mahmoud al-Mashhadani">Mahmoud al-Mashhadani</a> stressed that that Iraq is stable in terms of security and economy and has taken a non-aligned approach.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> In addition, Iraq is an agricultural country.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> Tourism in Iraq stands to be a major growth sector, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iraq" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq">archaeological tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">religious tourism</a> while the country is also considered to be a potential location for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/250px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/330px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Street_in_Babylon.jpg/500px-Street_in_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed portion of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> Iraq was an important <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a> for many years but that changed dramatically during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war with Iran</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq by the U.S and allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> As Iraq continues to develop and stabilizes, tourism in Iraq is still facing many challenges, and little has been made by the government to meet its tremendous potential as a global tourist destination, and gain the associated economic benefits, mainly due to conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Sites from Iraq's ancient past are numerous and many that are close to large cities have been excavated. Babylon has seen major recent restoration; known for its famous <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat_of_Ur" title="Ziggurat of Ur">Ziggurat</a> (the inspiration for the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">Seven Wonders of the World</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, making it a prime destination. <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, a rival to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, has also seen significant restoration and reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-:32-272">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, one of the first Sumerian cities, which is near <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyya</a>, has been partially restored.<a href="#cite_note-:32-272">[269]</a> This is a list of examples of some significant sites in a country with a tremendous archaeological and historic wealth.<a href="#cite_note-:32-272">[269]</a> Iraq is considered to be a potential location for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> The tourism in Iraq includes also making pilgrimages to <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam_(Shia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)">holy Shia Islamic sites</a> near <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-261">[258]</a> Since 2003, Najaf and Karbala have experienced economic boom, due to religious tourism.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-261">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a> is the second largest museum in Iraq after the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It contains ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> artefacts. Saddam Hussein built hundreds of palaces and monuments across the country. Some of them include <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace" title="Al-Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/As-Salam_Palace" title="As-Salam Palace">As-Salam Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radwaniyah_Palace" title="Radwaniyah Palace">Radwaniyah Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vince-2016-274">[271]</a> Al-Faw Palace is currently occupied by the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Iraq</a>. Since Saddam's overthrow, the palaces are open to tourists, though they are not officially functioning, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">government of Iraq</a> is considering to sell them for useful purposes. A majority of these structures were built after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>, when Iraq was put under sanctions by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-Vince-2016-274">[271]</a> Saddam reconstructed part of Babylon, one of the world's earliest cities, using bricks inscribed with his name to associate himself with the region's past glories.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> One of his palaces in Basra was turned into a museum, despite it was time when Iraq allied with the US was engaged in war with the ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transport in Iraq</a></div> Iraq has a modern network of motorways. <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Iraq">Roadways</a> extended 45,550 km (28,300 mi).<a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-277">[274]</a> The roadway also connect Iraq to neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sites.google.com-277">[274]</a> There are more than seven million passenger cars, over million commercial taxis, buses, and trucks in use. On major motorways the maximum speed is 110 km/h (68 mph).<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Many of the roads were constructed in the late 1970s and early 1980s and were designed with a 20-year lifespan.<a href="#cite_note-:25-279">[276]</a> Most of these facilities were damaged in enduring wars, that Iraq experienced.<a href="#cite_note-:25-279">[276]</a> Since then traffic has been a serious issue, specially in Baghdad. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Iraqi Republic Railways</a> is the responsible body for railway transportation in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:26-280">[277]</a> The railway infrastructure consists of 2,405 km (1,494 mi) of track, 109 stations, 31 locomotives and 1,685 units of rolling stock.<a href="#cite_note-:26-280">[277]</a> The government is attempting to establish railway links with Turkey, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia to complete a continuous Euro-Gulf rail route.<a href="#cite_note-:26-280">[277]</a> Currently, a large project is underway to connect Karbala and Najaf. Most of Iraq's oil exports are done through its ports.<a href="#cite_note-:25-279">[276]</a> Basra is the only coastal governorate of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:25-279">[276]</a> It is home to all of Iraq's six ports — <a href="/wiki/Abu_Flous_Port" title="Abu Flous Port">Abu Flous Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Al Başrah Oil Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Amaya_Oil_Terminal" title="Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal">Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Zubair_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Khor Al Zubair Port">Khor Al Zubair Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Basra" title="Port of Basra">Port of Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr_Port" title="Umm Qasr Port">Umm Qasr Port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-279">[276]</a> Iraq has about 104 airports as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:26-280">[277]</a> Major airports at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaimaniyah_International_Airport" title="Sulaimaniyah International Airport">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_International_Airport" title="Kirkuk International Airport">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Najaf_International_Airport" title="Al Najaf International Airport">Najaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-280">[277]</a> The government is constructing international airports for <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah_Airport" title="Nasiriyah Airport">Nasiriyah Airport</a> is in partnership with China and reoping of Mosul Airport, which was closed during the 2013–2017 civil war.<a href="#cite_note-:26-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-283">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_energy">Oil and energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Energy in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_(ABOT).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/250px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/330px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg/500px-Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal_%28ABOT%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Basra oil terminal, southern Iraq</figcaption></figure> With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275×1010 m3) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Oil production levels reached 3.4 million barrels per day by December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Only about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a> have been drilled in Iraq, compared with about 1 million wells in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> Iraq was one of the founding members of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> During the 1970s Iraq produced up to 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels per day</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions imposed against Iraq</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990 crippled the country's oil sector. The <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq" title="International sanctions against Iraq">sanctions</a> prohibited Iraq from exporting oil until 1996 and Iraq's output declined by 85% in the years following the First <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. The sanctions were lifted in 2003 after the US-led invasion removed Saddam Hussein from power, but development of Iraq's oil resources has been hampered by the ongoing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-290">[287]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a>, despite improved security and billions of dollars in oil revenue, Iraq still generates about half the electricity that customers demand, leading to protests during the hot summer months.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_oil_law_(2007)" title="Iraq oil law (2007)">Iraq oil law</a>, a proposed piece of legislation submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> in 2007, has failed to gain approval due to disagreements among Iraq's various political blocs.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Al Başrah Oil Terminal</a> is a trans-shipment facility from the pipelines to the tankers and uses <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">supertankers</a>. According to a US Study from May 2007, between 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) and 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) of Iraq's declared oil production over the past four years could have been siphoned off through corruption or smuggling.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in American care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Some reports that the government has reduced corruption in public procurement of oil; however, reliable reports of bribery and kickbacks to government officials persist.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Ministry of Oil</a> awarded service contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera091211-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-298">[295]</a> Oil fields contracted include the "super-giant" <a href="/wiki/Majnoon_oil_field" title="Majnoon oil field">Majnoon oil field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Field" title="Halfaya Field">Halfaya Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West Qurna Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-298">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> won a deal to develop Rumaila, the largest oil field in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> On 14 March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said Iraq's oil output jumped by half a million barrels a day in February to average 3.6 million barrels a day. The country had not pumped that much oil since 1979, when Saddam Hussein rose to power.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> However, on 14 July 2014, as sectarian strife had taken hold, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Field" title="Kirkuk Field">Kirkuk</a> oilfields in the north of the country, taking them from Iraq's control. Baghdad condemned the seizure and threatened "dire consequences" if the fields were not returned.<a href="#cite_note-KurdsOilfields-302">[299]</a> On 2018, the UN estimated that oil accounts for 99% of Iraq's revenue.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-290">[287]</a> As of 2021, the oil sector provided about 92% of foreign exchange earnings.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iraq">Water supply and sanitation in Iraq</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:5._Lake_Dukan,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/200px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/300px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/400px-5._Lake_Dukan%2C_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Dukan" title="Lake Dukan">Lake Dukan</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg/200px-Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg/300px-Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg/400px-Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3539" data-file-height="2297" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul Dam</a></div></div></div></div></div> Three decades of war greatly cut the existing <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water resources management</a> system for several major cities. This prompted widespread <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> shortfalls thus poor <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water</a> and service quality.<a href="#cite_note-watercrisis-172">[169]</a> This is combined with few businesses and households who are fully environmentally aware and legally compliant however the large lakes, as pictured, alleviate supply relative to many comparators in Western Asia beset by more regular drought. Access to potable water diverges among governorates and between urban and rural areas. 91% of the population has access to potable water. Forming this figure: in rural areas, 77% of people have access to improved (treated or fully naturally filtered) drinking water sources; and 98% in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-UNWater-304">[301]</a> Much water is discarded during treatment, due to much outmoded equipment, raising energy burden and reducing supply.<a href="#cite_note-UNWater-304">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Investment in post-invasion Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/250px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/330px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg/500px-Al_Faw_Grand_Port-Dec2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The image shows a cargo ship docked at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, highlighting the progress and activity as the port nears completion.</figcaption></figure> Although many infrastructure projects had already begun, at the end of 2013 Iraq had a housing crisis. The then war-ravaged country was set to complete 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, confirmed the Minister for Construction and Housing.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> In 2009, the Iraq Britain Business Council formed. Its key impetus was House of Lords member and trade expert <a href="/wiki/Emma_Nicholson,_Baroness_Nicholson_of_Winterbourne" title="Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne">Lady Nicholson</a>. In 2013, South Korean firm <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a> reached a deal to build <a href="/wiki/Bismayah_New_City" title="Bismayah New City">Bismayah New City</a> of about 600,000 residents in 100,000 homes.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> launched the second phase of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a> via winning bid of project head contractor <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a> at $2.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> In late 2023, the government announced that it will build a total of 15 new cities across Iraq, in an attempt to tackle a persistent housing problem, according to officials.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> This project falls under the government's plan and strategy to establish new residential cities outside city centres, aiming to alleviate the urban housing crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:27-309">[306]</a> The first 5 new cities will be located in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, while another 10 new residential cities will be launched in other governorates.<a href="#cite_note-:27-309">[306]</a> The initial phase of the [housing] plan began in late 2023, when <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al-Sudani</a> laid the foundation stone of Al-Jawahiri city.<a href="#cite_note-:27-309">[306]</a> Located west of the capital, the new city will host 30,000 housing units which will cost $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:27-309">[306]</a> It is expected to be completed in four to five years. According to officials, none of it is financed by the government.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-iraqinews.com-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-309">[306]</a> In 2024, and during a visit to Baghdad by Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a>, a quadrilateral memorandum of understanding regarding cooperation in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Development_Road" title="Iraq Development Road">Iraq Development Road</a> project was signed between Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Türkiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-312">[309]</a> The deal was inked by the transportation ministers from each country.<a href="#cite_note-:62-313">[310]</a> The 1,200-km project with railway and motorways which will connect the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Faw_Port" title="Grand Faw Port">Grand Faw Port</a>, aimed to be the largest port in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-:62-313">[310]</a> It is planned to be completed by 2025 to the Turkish border at an expected cost of $17 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:62-313">[310]</a> According to officials, it is a strategic national project for Iraq, and will become the largest sea port in the Middle East, as such strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position.<a href="#cite_note-:42-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> According to beliefs, it would rival Egypt's Suez Canal.<a href="#cite_note-:62-313">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">List of largest cities of Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></div> The 2021 estimate of the total Iraqi population is 43,533,592.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-316">[313]</a> Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Issawi1988-317">[314]</a> In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> It is the most populous country in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Iraq is made up of three former administrative divisions (vilayets) of the Ottoman Empire — Mosul, Basra and Baghdad — which were designated as concentration of different ethnic groups. Iraq's native population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, but also includes other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kawliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawliya">Kawliya</a>. A report by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Research_Service" title="European Parliamentary Research Service">European Parliamentary Research Service</a> suggests that, in 2015, there were 24 million Arabs (14 million <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and 9 million <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>); 4.7 million Sunni <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> (plus 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Faili_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Faili Kurds">Faili Kurds</a> and 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Kaka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka'i">Kaka'i</a>); 3 million (mostly Sunni) <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmens</a>; 1 million <a href="/wiki/Black_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Iraqis">Black Iraqis</a>; 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a>); 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>; 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>; 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Gypsies_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies in Iraq">Roma</a>; 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>; 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a>; 1,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>; and a few hundred <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPRS-320">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">List of cities in Iraq</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Iraq <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/120px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/250px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Site,_Mosel,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosul"><img alt="Mosul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg/120px-Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg/250px-Presidential_Site%2C_Mosel%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate"> Baghdad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,719,477</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate"> Babylon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">455,741 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basra"><img alt="Basra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/120px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/180px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg/240px-Bridge_of_Basra_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="635" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erbil"><img alt="Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/120px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/180px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg/240px-Views_around_the_city_center_of_Erbil_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Governorate"> Nineveh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,361,819</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diwaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwaniyah">Diwaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate"> Al-Qādisiyyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">403,796 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"> Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,340,827</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate"> Wasit</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">389,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate"> Erbil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,550,071</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate"> Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate"> Kirkuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">972,272</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Az Zubayr</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate"> Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">300,751 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate"> Najaf as-Sharif</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">747,261</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate"> Diyala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate"> Karbala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">711,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anbar_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Governorate"> Anbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,884 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate"> Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">676,492</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anbar_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Governorate"> Anbar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">223,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate"> Dhi Qar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">558,446</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate"> Muthanna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate"> Maysan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">527,472</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate"> Dohuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">211,964 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/250px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/330px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg/500px-Ethnoreligious_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 7em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Sunni Arabs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Shiite Arabs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Sunni Kurds</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Assyrians</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Yazidis</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Turkmen</div> </div> Map of all majority-group clusters of the country's ethnic groups in large, deliberately grouped, census output areas as at the 2006 to 2008 study </figcaption></figure>As per recent estimates, out of Iraq's total population, 75–80% are <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, 15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> and 9–13% <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a> (Turcoman).<a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-322">[319]</a> Remaining includes the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> (500,000–700,000), <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a> (486,000), Kaka'i (110,000–200,000), <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> (1,500), <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a> (200,000–500,000), <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians</a> (150,000), <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya</a> (50,000–200,000), <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a> (30,000–50,000), <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a> (20,000), and <a href="/wiki/Chechens_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechens in Iraq">Chechens</a> (2,500).<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Ethnic groups in Iraq are spread across various regions. According to the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, citing a 1987 Iraqi government estimate,<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> the population of Iraq is 75–80% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> followed by 15–20% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> In addition, the estimate claims that other minorities form 5% of the country's population, including the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a> (Turcoman), <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak people">Shabak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka'i">Kaka'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsies_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies in Iraq">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a>, Mandaeans, and <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[3]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> points out that figures from the 1987 census, as well as the 1967, 1977, and 1997 censuses, "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because the Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups; consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities, such as Iraq's third largest ethnic group – the Turkmens in Northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Many ethnic groups have faced significant turning points throughout the history of Iraq, specially since 2003. Within Arabs, around 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> live in southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> In southern Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Afro_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Iraqis">there is a community of Iraqis of African</a> descent, a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> practiced in the Islamic Caliphate beginning before the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a> of the 9th century, and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>'s role as a key port.<a href="#cite_note-zanj-329">[326]</a> Kurds primarily inhabit the Kurdistan Region, while Turkmen are mainly found in the Turkmeneli region and Kirkuk. Yazidis are concentrated in Sinjar and <a href="/wiki/Shekhan_District" title="Shekhan District">Shekhan</a> district, and Assyrians, who are predominantly Christian, reside in the Nineveh Plains in Northern Iraq, where they are in majority. Due to Arabisation policies and seizing better opportunities, many moved to big cities like Baghdad and Basra. The historic Assyrian Quarter in Baghdad housed 150,000 Assyrians in 2003. Most of them fled, following the escalation of war, and today only 1,500 Assyrians remained. Smaller groups such as the Kawliya, Circassians, and Armenians are primarily located in Baghdad and other governorates of Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/220px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/330px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/440px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Children in a village near the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></figcaption></figure> The main languages spoken in Iraq are <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian Arabic language">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> languages (specifically <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Neo-Aramaic">Chaldean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a> dialects).<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shanks_2016_loc=57-331">[328]</a> In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac script">Syriac script</a>. Other smaller minority languages include <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaki_language" title="Shabaki language">Shabaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Prior to the invasion in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was the sole official language. Since the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> was approved in 2005, both Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are recognised (Article 4) as official languages of Iraq, while three other languages, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, are also recognised as <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages">minority languages</a>. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> (Article 4): The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion in Iraq</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Iraq">Judaism in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/250px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/330px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/500px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Shrine in Karbala, showing use of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></figcaption></figure> Religions in Iraq are dominantly <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-332">[329]</a> The CIA <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a> estimated in 2015 that between 90 and 95% of Iraqis followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with 61–64% being Shia and 29–34% being Sunni. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a> accounted for 1%, and the rest (1-4%) practiced <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, and other religions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-332">[329]</a> An older 2011 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> estimated that 51% of Muslims in Iraq see themselves as <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, 42% as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, while 5% as "just a Muslim".<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> Iraq is also home to two of the holiest places among the Shi'as – <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> Shia Muslims are mostly concentrated in southern Iraq and in parts of north region and Baghdad. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Triangle" title="Sunni Triangle">Sunni Triangle region</a>, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>, where Sunnis make majority. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a> has its roots from the conception of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> in the 5th century AD, predating the existence of Islam in the region of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:2-335">[332]</a> Iraqi Christians are predominantly native <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-336">[333]</a> There is also a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a> in Iraq who had fled <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-336">[333]</a> Christians numbered over 1.4 million in 1987 or 8% of the estimated population of 16.3 million and 550,000 in 1947 or 12% of the population of 4.6 millions.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> After the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, violence against Christians rose, with reports of abduction, torture, bombings, and killings.<a href="#cite_note-besieged-338">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-339">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-336">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">post-2003 war</a> has displaced much of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">remaining Christian community from their homeland</a> as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-1-344">[341]</a> Iraq is home to one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">oldest Jewish communities in the Middle East</a> and the first Jewish diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-:1-345">[342]</a> In 1948, the Jewish population was estimated at 200,000, although some sources suggest the population may have been even higher.<a href="#cite_note-:1-345">[342]</a> After the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, Jews emigrated, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">fleeing persecution in Iraq</a>, while 100,000 of them remained.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> By the time Saddam Hussein came to power, their population had reached 15,000.<a href="#cite_note-:18-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-348">[345]</a> Under his rule, the population dwindled—not due to persecution, but because the government lifted travel restrictions, allowing many Jews to emigrate abroad and visiting Iraq occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-:17-349">[346]</a> At this point, around 1,500 Jews remained.<a href="#cite_note-:16-350">[347]</a> After 2003, fear among the Jewish community increased, leading to their further decline.<a href="#cite_note-:20-351">[348]</a> Today, it is estimated that only around 400 Jews remain in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:21-352">[349]</a> Iraq is home to over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">250 Jewish sites</a>. There are also small <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> minority populations of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarsan">Yarsan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yezidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi">Yezidis</a> remaining.<a href="#cite_note-:3-339">[336]</a> Prior to 2003 their numbers together may have been 2 million, the majority Yarsan, a non-Islamic religion with roots in pre-Islamic and pre-Christian religion.<a href="#cite_note-:3-339">[336]</a> Yazidis are mostly concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-339">[336]</a> Mandaeans live primarily around Baghdad, Fallujah, Basra and <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-354">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-339">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_and_refugees">Diaspora and refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian exodus from Iraq</a></div> The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora" title="Iraqi diaspora">Iraqi diaspora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commission for Refugees">UN High Commission for Refugees</a> has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis fled the country after the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">multinational</a> invasion of Iraq in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> The UN Refugee agency estimated in 2021 that 1.1 million were displaced within the country.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> In 2007, the UN said that about 40% of Iraq's middle class was believed to have fled and that most had fled systematic persecution and had no desire to return.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> Subsequently, the diaspora seemed to be returning, as security improved; the Iraqi government claimed that 46,000 refugees returned to their homes in October 2007 alone.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> In 2011, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-361">[358]</a> More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the US-led invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:7-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-361">[358]</a> According to official <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">US Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> statistics, 58,811 Iraqis had been granted refugee-status citizenship as of 25 May 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> in 2011, numerous Iraqis in Syria returned to their native country.<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> To escape the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, over 252,000 <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> of varying ethnicities have fled to Iraq since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health in Iraq</a></div> In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 6.84% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> This is down from a peak life expectancy of 71.31 years in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> Iraq had developed a centralised free health care system in the 1970s using a hospital based, capital-intensive model of <a href="/wiki/Curative_care" title="Curative care">curative care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-368">[365]</a> The country depended on large-scale imports of medicines, medical equipment and even nurses, paid for with oil export income, according to a "Watching Brief" report issued jointly by the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UN Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> in July 2003.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-368">[365]</a> Unlike other poorer countries, which focused on mass health care using primary care practitioners, Iraq developed a Westernised system of sophisticated hospitals with advanced medical procedures, provided by specialist physicians.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-368">[365]</a> The UNICEF/WHO report noted that prior to 1990, 97% of the urban dwellers and 71% of the rural population had access to free primary health care; just 2% of hospital beds were privately managed.<a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-368">[365]</a> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shi'a Al-Sudani</a> officially inaugurated Shaab General Hospital, Baghdad's first new general hospital in nearly 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-:22-369">[366]</a> The 246-bed facility, which was a long-delayed project was completed under a collaborative management model, which boasts state-of-the-art infrastructure, with advanced medical equipment, and a full range of healthcare services according to Sudani.<a href="#cite_note-:22-369">[366]</a> Minister of Health Salih Hasnawi highlighted the ministry's accomplishments over the past two years, including the construction of 13 new hospitals, three specialised centres, two burn units, and 25 kidney treatment centres in different governorates, while plans are in place to build 16 new hospitals, each with 100 beds, to be managed by qualified companies.<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> In the same year, the government launched the implementation of a joint operation and management programme for modern hospitals at the newly opened Najaf Teaching Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/250px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg/500px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>University students in Iraq, 2016</figcaption></figure> Before 1990 and later 2003, Iraq already had an advanced and successful education system.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-373">[370]</a> However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-373">[370]</a> During his rule, Saddam turned Iraq into a leading centre of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-373">[370]</a> Since the implementation of the MDGs, education has shown improvement in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-373">[370]</a> Enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012, reaching six million students.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> By 2015–2016, around 9.2 million children were attending school, with a steady annual increase of 4.1% in enrollment rates.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> However, the rapid increase in primary education students has strained the system.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> Education receives only 5.7% of government spending, leading to a lack of investment in schools and poor educational rankings in the region.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> UNICEF found that funding has been wasted, resulting in increasing dropout and repetition rates.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> Dropout rates range from 1.5% to 2.5%, with girls being affected more due to economic or family reasons. Repetition rates have reached almost 17%, causing a loss of approximately 20% of education funding in 2014–2015.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> Regional disparities greatly impact enrollment rates for children in primary education in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> Conflict-ridden areas like Saladin Governorate have seen over 90% of school-age children out of school due to the conversion of schools into shelters or military bases.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> Limited resources strain the education system, hindering access to education.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> However, efforts have been made to reopen closed schools, with success seen in Mosul, where over 380,000 children are back in school.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> Access to education varies depending on location, and there are disparities between boys and girls.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-374">[371]</a> In 2024, the government inaugurated 790 new schools across the country, as part of a framework agreement with China to build 1,000 schools. This initiative aims to address overcrowding and the issue of triple shifts in schools, which have been exacerbated by the destruction caused by years of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:29-375">[372]</a> Many schools have had to operate multiple shifts, sometimes giving students as little as four hours of learning per day, which negatively affects educational outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:29-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-376">[373]</a> The school construction project stems from a 2021 agreement between the Iraqi and Chinese governments to build 1,000 schools. Additionally, the Iraqi Prime Minister announced that the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) will soon collaborate with the private sector to build 400 more schools, addressing the current shortage of over 8,000 schools in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:29-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-376">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a></div> Iraq's culture has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient Mesopotamian culture. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world including <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>. The culture of Iraq or Mesopotamia is one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> histories and is considered one of the most influential cultures in the world. Mesopotamian legacy went on to influence and shape the civilisations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> in different ways such as inventing <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">astrology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-21">[18]</a> Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups that have each contributed in different ways to the country's long and rich heritage. The country is known for its poets, architects, painters and sculptors, who are among the best in the region, some of them being world-class. Iraq is known for producing fine <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpets">carpets</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art of Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraqi art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/250px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/330px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">Wasiti</a>'s illustrations served as an inspiration for the modern Baghdad art movement in the 20th-century.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a></figcaption></figure> There were several interconnected traditions of art in ancient Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Dynasty developed in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> between 750 and 945, primarily in its heartland of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The Abbasids were influenced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian art traditions</a> and later influenced <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Persian</a> as well as Central Asian styles. Between the 8th and 13th centuries during the Abbasid period, pottery achieved a high level of sophistication, calligraphy began to be used to decorate the surface of decorative objects and illuminated manuscripts, particularly <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Q'ranic</a> texts became more complex and stylised. Iraq's first art school was established during this period, allowing artisans and crafts to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_School" title="Baghdad School">Baghdad School</a>, this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Online-379">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iraq" title="Architecture of Iraq">Architecture of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg/220px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg/330px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg/440px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (1950–2016), an acclaimed architect</figcaption></figure> The architecture of Iraq has a long history, encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC and features both the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-380">[377]</a> Baghdad and Mosul have plethora of cultural and heritage buildings. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">historic mosques in Baghdad</a> and Basra, <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_and_monasteries_in_Nineveh" title="List of churches and monasteries in Nineveh">old churches in Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">synagogues in Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-380">[377]</a> Modern prominent architects include <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Al_Bayati" title="Basil Al Bayati">Basil Bayati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifat_Chadirji" title="Rifat Chadirji">Rifat Chadirji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hisham_N._Ashkouri" title="Hisham N. Ashkouri">Hisham N. Ashkouri</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-:24-380">[377]</a> The capital, Ninus or <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>, and some 200 years after <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> passed over its site, then mere mounds of earth. It remained buried until 1845, when Botta and <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Layard</a> discovered the ruins of the Assyrian cities. The principal remains are those of <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, 16 km (10 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>; of Nimroud, supposed to be the ancient Calah; and of Kouyunjik, in all probability the ancient Nineveh. In these cities are found fragments of several great buildings which seem to have been palace-temples. They were constructed chiefly of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">sun-dried bricks</a>, and all that remains of them is the lower part of the walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings, portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some works connected with the drainage. Recent years modern buildings includes shopping malls and high-rise towers. Important cultural institutions in the capital include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> – rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a> but have since returned to normal.<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> The National Theatre of Iraq was looted during the 2003 invasion, but efforts are underway to restore it. The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 cinemas were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/250px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg/500px-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1_2_-_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5101" data-file-height="3247" /></a><figcaption>Facade of Temple at <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> near Mosul was declared <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1985<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a></figcaption></figure> Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the <a href="/wiki/Music_and_Ballet_school_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Music and Ballet school Baghdad">Music and Ballet School Baghdad</a>. Baghdad also features a number of museums including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> – which houses the world's largest and finest collection of artefacts and relics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraqi</a> civilisations; some of which were <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">stolen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>. On 2021, it was announced that Iraq had reclaimed about 17,000 looted artefacts, which was considered to be the biggest repatriation.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraqi literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/170px-Cuneiform_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/255px-Cuneiform_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuneiform_script.jpg/340px-Cuneiform_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>An Akkadian inscription</figcaption></figure> The literature in Iraq is often referred to as "Mesopotamian literature" due to the flourishing of various civilisations as a result of the mixture of these cultures and has been called Mesopotamian or Babylonian literature in allusion to the geographical territory that such cultures occupied in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> between the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> The Sumerian literature was unique because it does not belong to any known linguistic root. Its appearance began with symbols of the things denoting it, then it turned with time to the cuneiform line on tablets. The literature during this time were mainly about mythical and epic texts dealing with creation issues, the emergence of the world, the gods, descriptions of the heavens, and the lives of heroes in the wars that broke out between the nomads and the urbanites. They also deal with religious teachings, moral advice, astrology, legislation, and history. One of which was the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, which is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> During the Abbasid Caliphate, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which was a public academy and intellectual fulcrum, hosted numerous scholars and writers. A number of stories in <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> feature famous Abbasid figures.<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a> Iraq has various medieval poets, most remarkably <a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Hariri of Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Mutanabbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>. In modern times, various languages are used in Iraqi literature including Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, although the Arabic literature remains the most influential literature. Notably poets include <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri">Jawahiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safa_Khulusi" title="Safa Khulusi">Safa Khulusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunya_Mikhail" title="Dunya Mikhail">Dunya Mikhail</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/250px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/330px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/500px-The_Queen%27s_gold_lyre_from_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur._C._2500_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Queen's gold <a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">lyre</a> from the Royal Cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> Iraq is known primarily for its rich <a href="/wiki/Arabian_maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian maqam">maqam</a> heritage which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a> is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. Al-maqam al-Iraqi is the collection of sung poems written either in one of the 16 meters of classical Arabic or in Iraqi dialect (Zuhayri).<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> This form of art is recognised by UNESCO as "an intangible heritage of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-389">[386]</a> In 1936, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq Radio (page does not exist)">Iraq Radio</a> was established with an ensemble made up entirely of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, with the exception of the percussion player.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-389">[386]</a> At the nightclubs of Baghdad, ensembles consisted of oud, qanun and two percussionists, while the same format with a <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> were used on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-389">[386]</a> The most famous singer of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps <a href="/wiki/Salima_Pasha" title="Salima Pasha">Salima Pasha</a> (later Salima Murad).<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-389">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-390">[387]</a> The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-389">[386]</a> The most famous early composer from Iraq was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Aharon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Aharon (page does not exist)">Ezra Aharon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Za%27arur" title="Yusuf Za'arur">Yusuf Za'arur</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Za'arus formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-389">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iraq">Media of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_films" title="List of Iraqi films">List of Iraqi films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Iraq,_Number_5,_June_5,_1920_WDL10101.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-170px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-255px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf/page1-340px-Al-Iraq%2C_Number_5%2C_June_5%2C_1920_WDL10101.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>An image showing a page from Iraq newspaper, 5 June 1920</figcaption></figure> Iraq was home to the second television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernise, English telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd.">Pye Limited</a> built and commissioned a television broadcast station in the capital city of Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> After the end of the full state control in 2003, there was a period of significant growth in the broadcast media in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> By 2003, according to a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> report, there were 20 radio stations from 0.15 to 17 television stations owned by Iraqis, and 200 Iraqi newspapers owned and operated. Iraqi media expert and author of a number of reports on this subject, Ibrahim Al Marashi, identifies four stages of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 where they had been taking the steps that have significant effects on the way for the later of the Iraqi media since then. Stages are: pre-invasion preparation, and the war and the actual choice of targets, the first post-war period, and a growing insurgency and hand over power to the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Allawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyad Allawi">Iyad Allawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosulDolma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/250px-MosulDolma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/330px-MosulDolma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MosulDolma.jpg/500px-MosulDolma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a>, a popular Iraqi dish</figcaption></figure> Iraqi cuisine can be traced back some 10,000 years – to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Ancient Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Tablets</a> found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals – the first cookbooks in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraq</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, was home to many sophisticated and highly advanced civilisations, in all fields of knowledge – including the culinary arts.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> However, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval era</a> when Baghdad was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> that the Iraqi kitchen reached its zenith.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> Today the cuisine of Iraq reflects this rich inheritance as well as strong influences from the culinary traditions of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> Some characteristic ingredients of Iraqi cuisine include – vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Aubergine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubergine">aubergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courgette" class="mw-redirect" title="Courgette">courgette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilli</a>, cereals such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, pulses and legumes such as <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannellini#White_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannellini">cannellini</a>, fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Date_Palm#Dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Date Palm">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus fruits</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> Similarly with other countries of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, chicken and especially lamb are the favourite meats. Most dishes are served with rice – usually <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati</a>, grown in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">marshes</a> of southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a> wheat is used in many dishes, having been a staple in the country since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Ancient Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-394">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sport in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/250px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/330px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG/500px-Basra_International_Stadium_Opening.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Stadium" title="Basra International Stadium">Basra International Stadium</a> at its opening</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kick_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick boxing">kick boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> are also popular sports. The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Football_Association" title="Iraq Football Association">Iraq Football Association</a> is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq national football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a>. It was founded in 1948, and has been a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> since 1950 and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> since 1971. Iraq were champions of the <a href="/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2007 AFC Asian Cup">2007 AFC Asian Cup</a>, and they participated in the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2009_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2009 FIFA Confederations Cup">2009 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iraq" title="Outline of Iraq">Outline of Iraq</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The Federation Council is envisioned by article 65 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">constitution</a> as a upper house but has never convened, meaning the legislature de-facto practices as a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> system solely under the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْعِرَاق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-ʿIrāq; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: عێراق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Êraq, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: ܥܝܪܐܩ </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga\/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Jumh\u016briyya al-\u02bfIr\u0101q"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Jumh\u016briyyat al-\u2018Ir\u0101q.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga/Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Jumhūriyya al-ʿIrāq</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Jumh%C5%ABriyyat_al-%E2%80%98Ir%C4%81q.oga" title="File:Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: کۆماری عێراق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Komarî Êraq </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iq.parliament.iq/ku/ده-ستور/">"دەستووری کۆماری عێراق"</a> (in Kurdish). Parliament of Iraq. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiq.parliament.iq%2Fku%2F%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005">"Constitution of Iraq"</a>. Constitute. Retrieved 31 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=111c">"National Profiles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D111c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iraq/">"Iraqi religions"</a>. www.state.gov. Office of International Religious Freedom. 12 May 2021. <q>The constitution establishes Islam as the official religion and states no law may be enacted contradicting the "established provisions of Islam." It provides for freedom of religious belief and practice for all individuals, including Muslims, Christians, Yezidis, and Sabean-Mandeans, but does not explicitly mention followers of other religions or atheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Iraqi+religions&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meri-k.org/publication/without-a-federal-council-state-building-in-iraq-remains-elusive/">"Without a Federation Council, State-building in Iraq remains elusive | MERI"</a>. www.meri-k.org. Retrieved 26 March 2025. <q>The problem here does not lie in the topic, but in the fact that Iraq's shaky Parliament is enjoying a monopoly in the country's supreme legislative body and not subject to any form of checks and balances. Iraq was meant to have a Federation Council, an upper chamber, that can play a vital role in the country's democracy, state-building and rule-of-law. This Council was mandated in Articles 48 and 65 of the 2005 Constitution, and was meant to be created during the term of the first Parliament (2006-2010).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meri-k.org&rft.atitle=Without+a+Federation+Council%2C+State-building+in+Iraq+remains+elusive+%7C+MERI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meri-k.org%2Fpublication%2Fwithout-a-federal-council-state-building-in-iraq-remains-elusive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/articles/can-the-federation-council-help-address-iraqs-ongoing-state-crisis/">"Can the Federation Council help address Iraq's ongoing 'state' crisis? - Kalam"</a>. 13 March 2025. Retrieved 26 March 2025. <q>Article 65 of Iraq's 2005 Constitution calls for the establishment of a second legislative chamber known as the Federation Council (FC). However, this article remains dormant, awaiting 'to be regulated by law' – just like many other suspended constitutional provisions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+the+Federation+Council+help+address+Iraq%27s+ongoing+%27state%27+crisis%3F+-+Kalam&rft.date=2025-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalam.chathamhouse.org%2Farticles%2Fcan-the-federation-council-help-address-iraqs-ongoing-state-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomani2018" class="citation web cs1">Chomani, Kamal (8 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timep.org/2018/11/08/iraqs-missing-federation-council/">"Iraq's Missing Federation Council"</a>. The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy -. Retrieved 26 March 2025. <q>The Iraqi parliament's upper house, constitutionally defined as the Federation Council, has never been established. Establishing the Federation Council would be a step forward in Iraq's democratization and ability to resolve disputes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tahrir+Institute+for+Middle+East+Policy+-&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Missing+Federation+Council&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.aulast=Chomani&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimep.org%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Firaqs-missing-federation-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iraq-population/#:~:text=Iraq%202025%20population%20is%20estimated,280%20people%20per%20mi2).">"Iraq Population (2025) - Worldometer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Population+%282025%29+-+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Firaq-population%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIraq%25202025%2520population%2520is%2520estimated%2C280%2520people%2520per%2520mi2%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/38495-planning-ministry-announces-key-census-results-population-reaches-46-million-118-thousand.html">"Planning Ministry Announces Key Census Results: Population Reaches 46 Million 118 Thousand"</a>. Iraqi News Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planning+Ministry+Announces+Key+Census+Results%3A+Population+Reaches+46+Million+118+Thousand&rft.pub=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fina.iq%2Feng%2F38495-planning-ministry-announces-key-census-results-population-reaches-46-million-118-thousand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.IQ-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IQ_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=433,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, November 2023 Edition. (Iraq)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 November 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+November+2023+Edition.+%28Iraq%29&rft.date=2024-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D433%2C%26s%3DNGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-15"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IQ">"Gini Index - Iraq"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+-+Iraq&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DIQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Maisels1993" class="citation book cs1">Keith Maisels, Charles (1993). The Near East: The Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization". Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04742-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04742-5"><bdi>978-0-415-04742-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Near+East%3A+The+Archaeology+in+the+%22Cradle+of+Civilization%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04742-5&rft.aulast=Keith+Maisels&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq">"Iraq | History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iraq+%7C+History%2C+Map%2C+Flag%2C+Population%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_History_Encyclopedia-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_Encyclopedia_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_Encyclopedia_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1859/mesopotamian-inventions/">"Mesopotamian Inventions"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mesopotamian+Inventions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1859%2Fmesopotamian-inventions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Mesopotamia/">"Mesopotamia"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mesopotamia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FMesopotamia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutas1998" class="citation book cs1">Gutas, Dimitri (1998). Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd/8th–10th Centuries). London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Thought%2C+Arabic+Culture%3A+The+Graeco-Arabic+Translation+Movement+in+Baghdad+and+Early+Abbasid+Society+%282nd%2F8th%E2%80%9310th+Centuries%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-dec11-24"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-dec11_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasu2011" class="citation news cs1">Basu, Moni (18 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html">"Deadly Iraq war ends with exit of last U.S. troops"</a>. CNN.com. Retrieved 18 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Deadly+Iraq+war+ends+with+exit+of+last+U.S.+troops&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Moni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Firaq-troops-leave%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2022" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Kali (18 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq">"How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq">the original</a> on 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Much+Influence+Does+Iran+Have+in+Iraq%3F&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fin-brief%2Fhow-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJpnAAAAMAAJ">Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939</a>. H.M. Stationery Office. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJpnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-iraq-2021/215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons">"2.15. Religious and ethnic minorities, and stateless persons"</a>. European Union Agency for Asylum. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Agency+for+Asylum&rft.atitle=2.15.+Religious+and+ethnic+minorities%2C+and+stateless+persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuaa.europa.eu%2Fcountry-guidance-iraq-2021%2F215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en">"Iraq's Constitution"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebrd.com/news/2023/ebrd-welcomes-iraq-as-its-latest-member.html">"EBRD welcomes Iraq as its latest member"</a>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EBRD+welcomes+Iraq+as+its+latest+member&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebrd.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2Febrd-welcomes-iraq-as-its-latest-member.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/846201597292562703/pdf/Iraq-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf">"Iraq - Reconstruction and Investment"</a> (PDF). 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+-+Reconstruction+and+Investment&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F846201597292562703%2Fpdf%2FIraq-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraq_–_The_northeast-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_–_The_northeast_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/The-northeast">"Iraq – The northeast"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iraq+%E2%80%93+The+northeast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIraq%2FThe-northeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/">"A Balancing Act | Strategic Monitor 2018–2019"</a>. www.clingendael.org. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Balancing+Act+%7C+Strategic+Monitor+2018%E2%80%932019&rft.pub=www.clingendael.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clingendael.org%2Fpub%2F2018%2Fstrategic-monitor-2018-2019%2Fa-balancing-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/987321468159610496/pdf/802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf">"Iraq's Tourism Potential"</a> (PDF). 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Tourism+Potential&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Far%2F987321468159610496%2Fpdf%2F802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. 10 December 1979. Retrieved 23 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft.date=1979-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Diraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalloran2000" class="citation web cs1">Halloran, John A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm">"Sumerian Lexicon"</a>. <q>The name of the very ancient city of URUK- City of Gilgamesh is made up from the UR-city and UK- thought to mean existence (a-ku, a-Ki & a-ko. The Aramaic and Arabic root of IRQ and URQ denotes rivers or tributaries at the same times referring to condensation (of water).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Lexicon&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Halloran&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumerian.org%2Fsumerlex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Wilhelm Eilers (1983). "Iran and Mesopotamia". In E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "often said to be from Arabic araqa, covering notions such as "perspiring, deeply rooted, well-watered", which may reflect the impression the lush river-land made on desert Arabs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">etymonline.com</a>; see also "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRassam2005" class="citation book cs1">Rassam, Suha (31 October 2005). Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day. Gracewing Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1"><bdi>978-0-85244-633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-633-1&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Suha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworth1998">Bosworth 1998</a>, p. 538. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernhardsson-97_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnus_Thorkell_Bernhardsson2005" class="citation book cs1">Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVHtRZwU-cAC&pg=PAPA97">Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology And Nation Building in Modern Iraq</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70947-8"><bdi>978-0-292-70947-8</bdi></a>. <q>The term Iraq did not encompass the regions north of the region of Tikrit on the Tigris and near Hīt on the Euphrates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+a+Plundered+Past%3A+Archaeology+And+Nation+Building+in+Modern+Iraq&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70947-8&rft.au=Magnus+Thorkell+Bernhardsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVHtRZwU-cAC%26pg%3DPAPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1767" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Thomas (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlttD01OMU4C&q=Eyraca">A New Geographical and Historical Grammar</a>. Sands, Murray, and Cochran. Retrieved 22 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Geographical+and+Historical+Grammar&rft.pub=Sands%2C+Murray%2C+and+Cochran&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlttD01OMU4C%26q%3DEyraca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1761" class="citation magazine cs1">Martin, Benjamin (1761). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxdbAAAAYAAJ&q=Eyraca">"Philosophical Geography of Turkey in Asia"</a>. A New and Comprehensive System of Philology or A Treatise of the Literary Arts and Sciences, According to their Present State. The General Magazine of Arts and Sciences, Philosophical, Philological, Mathematical, and Mechanical. Vol. 3, no. 2. London: W. Owen. p. 363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+New+and+Comprehensive+System+of+Philology+or+A+Treatise+of+the+Literary+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+According+to+their+Present+State.&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Geography+of+Turkey+in+Asia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=363&rft.date=1761&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxdbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DEyraca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoesch1939" class="citation journal cs1">Boesch, Hans H. (1 October 1939). "El-'Iraq". Economic Geography. 15 (4): 325–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F141771">10.2307/141771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0095">0013-0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/141771">141771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geography&rft.atitle=El-%27Iraq&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1939-10-01&rft.issn=0013-0095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F141771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F141771&rft.aulast=Boesch&rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iraq">"Definition of IRAQ"</a>. merriam-webster.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+IRAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314173050/http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0228100.html">"Iraq"</a>. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. 14 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0228100.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage%C2%AE+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+Fourth+Edition.+2000.&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F81%2FI0228100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/iraq">"Meaning of Iraq"</a>. InfoPlease. 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoPlease&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+Iraq&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fdictionary%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-1990-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times-1990_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-02-bk-1977-story.html">"How Mesopotamia Became Iraq (and Why It Matters)"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 2 September 1990. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+Mesopotamia+Became+Iraq+%28and+Why+It+Matters%29&rft.date=1990-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-09-02-bk-1977-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_47-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304074809/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">"Iraq, Ministry of Interior – General Directorate for Nationality: Iraqi Constitution (2005)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%2C+Ministry+of+Interior+%E2%80%93+General+Directorate+for+Nationality%3A+Iraqi+Constitution+%282005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinationality.gov.iq%2Fattach%2Firaqi_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dds.crl.edu/item/252545">"DDS Center for Research Libraries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDS+Center+for+Research+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdds.crl.edu%2Fitem%2F252545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4df40.html">"Refworld | Iraq: Resolution No. 460 of 1991 (Official toponymy)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%26%23124%3B+Iraq%3A+Resolution+No.+460+of+1991+%28Official+toponymy%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6b4df40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Tim (2007). Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-186-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Archaeology%3A+A+Chronological+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-186-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2010" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Owen (2010). "The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave". Smithsonian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Skeletons+of+Shanidar+Cave%22&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maisels2005-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maisels2005_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maisels2005_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maisels2005_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Keith_Maisels2005" class="citation book cs1">Charles Keith Maisels (24 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">The Near East: Archaeology in the 'Cradle of Civilization'</a>. Routledge. pp. 6–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66469-6"><bdi>978-1-134-66469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Near+East%3A+Archaeology+in+the+%27Cradle+of+Civilization%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66469-6&rft.au=Charles+Keith+Maisels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-KFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-53"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKandela2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kandela, Peter (July 2000). "The history and ancient civilisations of Iraq". The Lancet. 356 (9224): 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2800%2902460-0">10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02460-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+history+and+ancient+civilisations+of+Iraq&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=9224&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2800%2902460-0&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft.aulast=Kandela&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Edwards, Owen (March 2010). "The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave". Smithsonian. Retrieved 17 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_pp._3_55-1">b</a> Ralph S. Solecki, Rose L. Solecki, and Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004). The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 3–5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585442720" title="Special:BookSources/9781585442720">9781585442720</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-66-0">978-1-885923-66-0</a> p.2, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html">http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115070526/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html">Archived</a> 15 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C". </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Roux, Georges (1993), Ancient Iraq (Penguin) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arthistoryproject.com/timeline/the-ancient-world/mesopotamia/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/gilgamesh-5-the-story-of-the-flood/">"The Story of the Flood"</a>. Obelisk Art History. Retrieved 2 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Obelisk+Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthistoryproject.com%2Ftimeline%2Fthe-ancient-world%2Fmesopotamia%2Fthe-epic-of-gilgamesh%2Fgilgamesh-5-the-story-of-the-flood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/akkad/">"Akkad"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akkad&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fakkad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zettler24-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Zettler24_60-0">^</a> Zettler (2003), pp. 24–25. "Moreover, the Dynasty of Akkade's fall did not lead to social collapse, but the re-emergence of the normative political organization. The southern cities reasserted their independence, and if we know little about the period between the death of Sharkalisharri and the accession of Urnamma, it may be due more to accidents of discovery than because of widespread 'collapse.' The extensive French excavations at Tello produced relevant remains dating right through the period." </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/akkad/">"Akkad and the Akkadian Empire"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Akkad+and+the+Akkadian+Empire&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fakkad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Gutians/">"Gutians"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Gutians&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FGutians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ziggurats/explore/zig.html">"The Ziggurat of Ur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Ziggurat+of+Ur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesopotamia.co.uk%2Fziggurats%2Fexplore%2Fzig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation book cs1">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu">The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/71">71–72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8"><bdi>978-0-226-45238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45238-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Renger, Johannes M.. "Hammurabi". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Feb. 2025, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hammurabi">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hammurabi</a>. Accessed 2 April 2025. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Kassite". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Apr. 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kassite">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kassite</a>. Accessed 2 April 2025 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> J. A. Brinkman, "Kassiten (Kassû)," RLA, vol. 5 (1976–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuseum" class="citation web cs1">Museum, British. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/">"Kassite"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kassite&rft.aulast=Museum&rft.aufirst=British&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fkassite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ashur-uballit I". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 May. 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashur-uballit-I">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashur-uballit-I</a>. Accessed 2 April 2025 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> A. Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> George Roux – Ancient Iraq – p 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDüring2020" class="citation book cs1">Düring, Bleda S (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NLKDwAAQBAJ">The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47874-8"><bdi>978-1-108-47874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperialisation+of+Assyria%3A+An+Archaeological+Approach&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47874-8&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCring&rft.aufirst=Bleda+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NLKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiverani2017" class="citation book cs1">Liverani, Mario (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ">"Thoughts on the Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Kingship"</a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7"><bdi>978-1-118-32524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Thoughts+on+the+Assyrian+Empire+and+Assyrian+Kingship%22.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=536&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32524-7&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhsmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAberbach20034-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAberbach20034_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAberbach2003">Aberbach 2003</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Neo-Assyrian_Empire/">"Neo-Assyrian Empire"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Neo-Assyrian+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FNeo-Assyrian_Empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAberbach2003" class="citation book cs1">Aberbach, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0qHDAAAQBAJ">Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History</a>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1766-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1766-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-1766-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Turning+Points+in+Jewish+Intellectual+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1766-9&rft.aulast=Aberbach&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0qHDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2017" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ">A Companion to Assyria</a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Hoboken. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32524-7"><bdi>978-1-118-32524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Hoboken&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32524-7&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhsmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_J2018" class="citation web cs1">Joshua J, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nebuchadnezzar_II/">"Nebuchadnezzar II"</a>. World History Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Nebuchadnezzar+II&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Joshua+J&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FNebuchadnezzar_II%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/research/past-field-projects/seleucia-tigris-iraq-1927-32-1936-37.html">"Seleucia on the Tigris"</a>. Umich.edu. 29 December 1927. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seleucia+on+the+Tigris&rft.pub=Umich.edu&rft.date=1927-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsa.umich.edu%2Fkelsey%2Fresearch%2Fpast-field-projects%2Fseleucia-tigris-iraq-1927-32-1936-37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mesopotamia-historical-region-Asia/Mesopotamia-from-c-320-bce-to-c-620-ce">"History of Mesopotamia - Ancient Empires, Sumerians, Babylonians"</a>. britannica.com. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Mesopotamia+-+Ancient+Empires%2C+Sumerians%2C+Babylonians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMesopotamia-historical-region-Asia%2FMesopotamia-from-c-320-bce-to-c-620-ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation cs2">Nicholson, Oliver (22 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3135">"Mesopotamia, Roman"</a>, The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 11 October 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Mesopotamia%2C+Roman&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-3135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation document cs1">"Largest Cities Through History" (Document). Geography.about.com. 6 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft.date=2011-04-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815080358/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/conclusion.html">"The Islamic World to 1600: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge (Conclusion)"</a>. Acs.ucalgary.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/conclusion.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600%3A+The+Arts%2C+Learning%2C+and+Knowledge+%28Conclusion%29&rft.pub=Acs.ucalgary.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Flearning%2Fconclusion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014420/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Three.html">"Battuta's Travels: Part Three – Persia and Iraq"</a>. Sfusd.k12.ca.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html">the original</a> on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battuta%27s+Travels%3A+Part+Three+%E2%80%93+Persia+and+Iraq&rft.pub=Sfusd.k12.ca.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfusd.k12.ca.us%2Fschwww%2Fsch618%2FIbn_Battuta%2FBattuta%27s_Trip_Three.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Frazier, Ian (25 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=4">"Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad"</a>. The New Yorker. p. 4. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Annals+of+history%3A+Invaders%3A+Destroying+Baghdad&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005-04-25&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F04%2F25%2F050425fa_fact4%3FcurrentPage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1">"Irrigation Systems, Ancient". Waterencyclopedia.com. 11 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irrigation+Systems%2C+Ancient&rft.pub=Waterencyclopedia.com&rft.date=2009-01-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131180742/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html">"The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)"</a>. The University of Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600%3A+The+Mongol+Invasions+%28The+Black+Death%29&rft.pub=The+University+of+Calgary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Fmongols%2FblackDeath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Jean_Lopez2005" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn Jean Lopez (14 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216075334/http://old.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp">"Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online"</a>. Nationalreview.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp">the original</a> on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A+with+John+Kelly+on+The+Great+Mortality+on+National+Review+Online&rft.pub=Nationalreview.com&rft.date=2005-09-14&rft.au=Kathryn+Jean+Lopez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.nationalreview.com%2Finterrogatory%2Fkelly200509140843.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation document cs1">"Tamerlane – Timur the Lame Biography" (Document). Asianhistory.about.com. 15 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamerlane+%E2%80%93+Timur+the+Lame+Biography&rft.pub=Asianhistory.about.com&rft.date=2010-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Nestorians, or Ancient Church of the East at Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toprak2-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toprak2_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toprak2_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToprak1981" class="citation book cs1">Toprak, Binnaz (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA572">Islam and Political Development in Turkey</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06471-3"><bdi>978-90-04-06471-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Political+Development+in+Turkey&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06471-3&rft.aulast=Toprak&rft.aufirst=Binnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapU3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilva-Couto2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva-Couto, Dejanirah (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fashp.488">"Méthodes en histoire du monde portugais"</a>. Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. Résumés des conférences et travaux (in French). 139 (139): 292–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fashp.488">10.4000/ashp.488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0766-0677">0766-0677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire+de+l%27%C3%89cole+pratique+des+hautes+%C3%A9tudes+%28EPHE%29%2C+Section+des+sciences+historiques+et+philologiques.+R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9s+des+conf%C3%A9rences+et+travaux&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9thodes+en+histoire+du+monde+portugais&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fashp.488&rft.issn=0766-0677&rft.aulast=Silva-Couto&rft.aufirst=Dejanirah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fashp.488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/18.htm">"Iraq – The Ottoman Period, 1534–1918"</a>. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+%E2%80%93+The+Ottoman+Period%2C+1534%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Firaq%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbs-98"><a href="#cite_ref-bbs_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReidar_Visser2005" class="citation book cs1">Reidar Visser (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&pg=PAPA19">Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8799-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8799-5"><bdi>978-3-8258-8799-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basra%2C+the+Failed+Gulf+State%3A+Separatism+And+Nationalism+in+Southern+Iraq&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-8799-5&rft.au=Reidar+Visser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCC4ffbOv_YC%26pg%3DPAPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowen2008" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6J2Q3TlJpMC&q=1805+saudi+karbala&pg=PA73">The History of Saudi Arabia</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34012-3"><bdi>978-0-313-34012-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166388162">166388162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166388162&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34012-3&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6J2Q3TlJpMC%26q%3D1805%2Bsaudi%2Bkarbala%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-100"><a href="#cite_ref-auto6_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/dsegal2k/docs/ben2/260?ff=true">"EIGHT YEARSI NASIA AND AFRICAFROM 1846 TO 1855"</a>. issuu. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=issuu&rft.atitle=EIGHT+YEARSI+NASIA+AND+AFRICAFROM+1846+TO+1855.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdsegal2k%2Fdocs%2Fben2%2F260%3Fff%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouriraq.org/article/ottoman-rule-iraq-1500-1920">"The Ottoman Rule in Iraq (1500-1920) | ouraq"</a>. www.ouriraq.org. Retrieved 23 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ouriraq.org&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Rule+in+Iraq+%281500-1920%29+%7C+ouraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouriraq.org%2Farticle%2Fottoman-rule-iraq-1500-1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf">p.8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317073736/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS094.pdf">Archived</a> 17 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_103-28">ac</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldroubiMahmoud" class="citation web cs1">Aldroubi, Mina; Mahmoud, Sinan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2021/08/23/the-three-kings-of-iraq-how-a-short-lived-monarchy-changed-the-country-forever/">"The three kings of Iraq: How a short-lived monarchy changed the country forever"</a>. The National. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=The+three+kings+of+Iraq%3A+How+a+short-lived+monarchy+changed+the+country+forever&rft.aulast=Aldroubi&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fmena%2Firaq%2F2021%2F08%2F23%2Fthe-three-kings-of-iraq-how-a-short-lived-monarchy-changed-the-country-forever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_104-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Katharine (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/dd07e7e5-ad39-4300-a0eb-f5bb698ae016">"Revolutionary Fervor: The History and Legacy of Communism in Abd al-Karim Qasim's Iraq 1958-1963"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Fervor%3A+The+History+and+Legacy+of+Communism+in+Abd+al-Karim+Qasim%27s+Iraq+1958-1963&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fitems%2Fdd07e7e5-ad39-4300-a0eb-f5bb698ae016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_105-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/p/iraq-history-sub-timeline-arif-brothers.html">"Musings on Iraq: Arif Brothers Govt (1963-68)"</a>. musingsoniraq.blogspot.com. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musingsoniraq.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Musings+on+Iraq%3A+Arif+Brothers+Govt+%281963-68%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusingsoniraq.blogspot.com%2Fp%2Firaq-history-sub-timeline-arif-brothers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_106-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofmigration.org/en/the_bath_party_in_iraq/">"The Ba'ath party in Iraq"</a>. Encyklopedie Migrace. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedie+Migrace&rft.atitle=The+Ba%27ath+party+in+Iraq&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofmigration.org%2Fen%2Fthe_bath_party_in_iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_107-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-complex-legacy-of-saddam-hussein">"The Complex Legacy of Saddam Hussein"</a>. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museums&rft.atitle=The+Complex+Legacy+of+Saddam+Hussein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fthe-complex-legacy-of-saddam-hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfiffner-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfiffner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pfiffner, James (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfiffner.gmu.edu/files/pdfs/Articles/CPA%20Orders,%20Iraq%20PDF.pdf">"US Blunders in Iraq: De-Baathification and Disbanding the Army"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_National_Security" title="Intelligence and National Security">Intelligence and National Security</a>. 25 (1). Routledge: 76–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684521003588120">10.1080/02684521003588120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153595453">153595453</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=US+Blunders+in+Iraq%3A+De-Baathification+and+Disbanding+the+Army&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684521003588120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153595453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pfiffner&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpfiffner.gmu.edu%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2FArticles%2FCPA%2520Orders%2C%2520Iraq%2520PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael R. (17 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/world/middleeast/17bremer.html">"Fateful Choice on Iraq Army Bypassed Debate"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321014740/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/world/middleeast/17bremer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fateful+Choice+on+Iraq+Army+Bypassed+Debate&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F17bremer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21528299">"Can the joy last?"</a>. The Economist. 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Can+the+joy+last%3F&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21528299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-111"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/24/iraq.main/index.html">"U.S. cracks down on Iraq death squads"</a>. CNN. 24 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+cracks+down+on+Iraq+death+squads&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F07%2F24%2Firaq.main%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mehdi-112"><a href="#cite_ref-mehdi_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Patrick (30 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3604393.stm">"Who are Iraq's Mehdi Army?"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+Iraq%27s+Mehdi+Army%3F&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3604393.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:70-113"><a href="#cite_ref-:70_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0320/p09s01-coop.html">"Al Qaeda's hand in tipping Iraq toward civil war"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 20 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda%27s+hand+in+tipping+Iraq+toward+civil+war&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0320%2Fp09s01-coop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:39-114"><a href="#cite_ref-:39_114-0">^</a> Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 414 </li> <li id="cite_note-:40-115"><a href="#cite_ref-:40_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6219861.stm">"Saddam death 'ends dark chapter'"</a>. BBC News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saddam+death+%27ends+dark+chapter%27&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6219861.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:41-116"><a href="#cite_ref-:41_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043806/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=adlWxYxfI4bE">"Saddam Hussein's Two Co-Defendants Hanged in Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> 15 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=adlWxYxfI4bE">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein%27s+Two+Co-Defendants+Hanged+in+Iraq&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601087%26sid%3DadlWxYxfI4bE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-117"><a href="#cite_ref-:43_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQassim_Abdul-Zahra2007" class="citation web cs1">Qassim Abdul-Zahra (20 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323194534/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2965027">"Saddam's Former Deputy Hanged in Iraq"</a>. Abcnews.go.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2965027">the original</a> on 23 March 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saddam%27s+Former+Deputy+Hanged+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.au=Qassim+Abdul-Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D2965027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com-118"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32955876">"After years of war, Iraqis hit by frenzy of crime"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+years+of+war%2C+Iraqis+hit+by+frenzy+of+crime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F32955876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:44-119"><a href="#cite_ref-:44_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/09/violence-grows-iraq-american-troops-withdraw/">"Violence Grows in Iraq as American troops withdraw"</a>. Fox News. 9 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Violence+Grows+in+Iraq+as+American+troops+withdraw&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2F05%2F09%2Fviolence-grows-iraq-american-troops-withdraw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:45-120"><a href="#cite_ref-:45_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208083627/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/30/us-iraq-toll-idUSTRE5AT3ZE20091130">"Iraqi civilian deaths drop to lowest level of war"</a>. Reuters. 30 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-toll-idUSTRE5AT3ZE20091130">the original</a> on 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraqi+civilian+deaths+drop+to+lowest+level+of+war&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iraq-toll-idUSTRE5AT3ZE20091130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:46-121"><a href="#cite_ref-:46_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305071446/http://www.factcheck.org/bushs_16_words_on_iraq_uranium.html">"Bush's "16 Words" on Iraq & Uranium: He May Have Been Wrong But He Wasn't Lying"</a>. FactCheck.org. 26 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/bushs_16_words_on_iraq_uranium.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush%27s+%2216+Words%22+on+Iraq+%26+Uranium%3A+He+May+Have+Been+Wrong+But+He+Wasn%27t+Lying&rft.pub=FactCheck.org&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2Fbushs_16_words_on_iraq_uranium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:47-122"><a href="#cite_ref-:47_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorger2004" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (7 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/07/usa.iraq1">"There were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian.co.uk">guardian.co.uk</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a>. Retrieved 28 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=There+were+no+weapons+of+mass+destruction+in+Iraq&rft.date=2004-10-07&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Foct%2F07%2Fusa.iraq1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:48-123"><a href="#cite_ref-:48_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21829269">"John Simpson: 'The Iraq memories I can't rid myself of'"</a>. BBC News. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=John+Simpson%3A+%27The+Iraq+memories+I+can%27t+rid+myself+of%27&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-21829269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:49-124"><a href="#cite_ref-:49_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Ruairidh (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fjglobfaul.6.2.0166">"Promoting democracy or pursuing hegemony? An analysis of U.S. involvement in the Middle East"</a>. Journal of Global Faultlines. 6 (2): 166–167, 171–172, 174, 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fjglobfaul.6.2.0166">10.13169/jglobfaul.6.2.0166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-7825">2397-7825</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/jglobfaul.6.2.0166">10.13169/jglobfaul.6.2.0166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216721272">216721272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Faultlines&rft.atitle=Promoting+democracy+or+pursuing+hegemony%3F+An+analysis+of+U.S.+involvement+in+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E167%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172%2C+174%2C+179&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2397-7825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216721272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Fjglobfaul.6.2.0166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fjglobfaul.6.2.0166&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ruairidh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Fjglobfaul.6.2.0166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:50-125"><a href="#cite_ref-:50_125-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/10/iraq.iraqtimeline">151,000 civilians killed since Iraq invasion</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 10 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-:51-126"><a href="#cite_ref-:51_126-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/14/world/fg-iraq14">Civilian deaths may top 1 million, poll data indicate</a>". <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 14 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-127"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSly2011" class="citation news cs1">Sly, Liz (12 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/12/AR2011021202100.html">"Egyptian revolution sparks protest movement in democratic Iraq"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Egyptian+revolution+sparks+protest+movement+in+democratic+Iraq&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft.aulast=Sly&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F12%2FAR2011021202100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalem2012" class="citation web cs1">Salem, Paul (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619200757/http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/">"INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict"</a>. Middle East Voices (<a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/">the original</a> on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSIGHT%3A+Iraq%27s+Tensions+Heightened+by+Syria+Conflict&rft.pub=Middle+East+Voices+%28Voice+of+America%29&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeastvoices.voanews.com%2F2012%2F11%2Finsight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:53-129"><a href="#cite_ref-:53_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20860647">"Iraq Sunni protests in Anbar against Nouri al-Maliki"</a>. BBC News. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+Sunni+protests+in+Anbar+against+Nouri+al-Maliki&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20860647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:54-130"><a href="#cite_ref-:54_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20887739">"Protests engulf west Iraq as Anbar rises against Maliki"</a>. BBC News. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Protests+engulf+west+Iraq+as+Anbar+rises+against+Maliki&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20887739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes2701-131"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes2701_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/01/27/car-bombing-kills-26-in-baghdad/">"Suicide bomber kills 32 at Baghdad funeral march"</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suicide+bomber+kills+32+at+Baghdad+funeral+march&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2F01%2F27%2Fcar-bombing-kills-26-in-baghdad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:55-132"><a href="#cite_ref-:55_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27897648">"Iraq crisis: Battle grips vital Baiji oil refinery"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+crisis%3A+Battle+grips+vital+Baiji+oil+refinery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-27897648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera-ghost-133"><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera-ghost_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Salhy" class="citation web cs1">al-Salhy, Suadad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/11/how-iraqs-ghost-soldiers-helped-isil">"Iraq forces rebuilding the troops"</a>. aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+forces+rebuilding+the+troops&rft.aulast=al-Salhy&rft.aufirst=Suadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F12%2F11%2Fhow-iraqs-ghost-soldiers-helped-isil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:56-134"><a href="#cite_ref-:56_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27966774">"Sunni militants 'seize Iraq's western border crossings'"</a>. BBC. 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunni+militants+%27seize+Iraq%27s+western+border+crossings%27&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-27966774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-135"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/6/13/obamaa-s-iraq-dilemmafightingisilputsusandiranonthesameside.html">"Obama's Iraq dilemma: Fighting ISIL puts US and Iran on the same side"</a>. america.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=america.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Iraq+dilemma%3A+Fighting+ISIL+puts+US+and+Iran+on+the+same+side&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F6%2F13%2Fobamaa-s-iraq-dilemmafightingisilputsusandiranonthesameside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guar11-8-14-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guar11-8-14_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guar11-8-14_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Ackerman_and_agencies2014" class="citation web cs1">Spencer Ackerman and agencies (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/11/us-iraqi-maliki-accuses-president">"Kerry slaps down Maliki after he accuses Iraqi president of violating constitution"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kerry+slaps+down+Maliki+after+he+accuses+Iraqi+president+of+violating+constitution&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft.au=Spencer+Ackerman+and+agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Faug%2F11%2Fus-iraqi-maliki-accuses-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:57-137"><a href="#cite_ref-:57_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalama2014" class="citation web cs1">Salama, Vivian (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212654/http://www.stripes.com/tensions-high-in-iraq-as-support-for-new-pm-grows-1.297997">"Tensions high in Iraq as support for new PM grows"</a>. Stripes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/tensions-high-in-iraq-as-support-for-new-pm-grows-1.297997">the original</a> on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stripes&rft.atitle=Tensions+high+in+Iraq+as+support+for+new+PM+grows&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.aulast=Salama&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Ftensions-high-in-iraq-as-support-for-new-pm-grows-1.297997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:58-138"><a href="#cite_ref-:58_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/iraq/article4177222.ece">"White House hails al-Maliki departure as 'major step forward'"</a>. The Times. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=White+House+hails+al-Maliki+departure+as+%27major+step+forward%27&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2Farticle4177222.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:59-139"><a href="#cite_ref-:59_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/08/15/iraq-al-maliki-backs-new-prime-minister/">"Iraq's new prime minister-designate vows to fight corruption, terrorism"</a>. Fox News. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+new+prime+minister-designate+vows+to+fight+corruption%2C+terrorism&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2F08%2F15%2Firaq-al-maliki-backs-new-prime-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:60-140"><a href="#cite_ref-:60_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmaliky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Almaliky, Muhamed H. (16 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2015-01-16/mending-iraq">"Mending Iraq"</a>. Foreign Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Mending+Iraq&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=Almaliky&rft.aufirst=Muhamed+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fmiddle-east%2F2015-01-16%2Fmending-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC30Apr16-141"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC30Apr16_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36176910">"Iraqi Shia protesters storm Baghdad parliament"</a>. BBC News. 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Shia+protesters+storm+Baghdad+parliament&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36176910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:61-142"><a href="#cite_ref-:61_142-0">^</a> The Revenge of Geography, p 353, Robert D. Kaplan – 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-143"><a href="#cite_ref-:63_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/report-isil-gaining-ground-libya-160601045240672.html">"Report: ISIL losing in Iraq, Syria; gaining in Libya"</a>. Al Jazeera. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report%3A+ISIL+losing+in+Iraq%2C+Syria%3B+gaining+in+Libya&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F06%2Freport-isil-gaining-ground-libya-160601045240672.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:64-144"><a href="#cite_ref-:64_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/19/middleeast/iraq-civilian-death-toll/">"Nearly 19,000 civilians killed in Iraq in 21-month period, report says"</a>. CNN. 19 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022084819/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/19/middleeast/iraq-civilian-death-toll/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+19%2C000+civilians+killed+in+Iraq+in+21-month+period%2C+report+says&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F01%2F19%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-civilian-death-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:65-145"><a href="#cite_ref-:65_145-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/west-mosul-mass-civilian-casualties-death-isis-iraq-us-coalition-aleppo-russia-a7853586.html">The world's lack of outrage over tens of thousands of civilian deaths in Mosul is shameful</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 21 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-:66-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:66_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html">"The UN has blamed "Islamic State" in the genocide of the Yazidis"</a>. Радио Свобода. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 19 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=The+UN+has+blamed+%22Islamic+State%22+in+the+genocide+of+the+Yazidis&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svoboda.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F26909669.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:67-147"><a href="#cite_ref-:67_147-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/12/world/iraq-terrorism-faceless-victims/index.html">In Iraq, terrorism's victims go unnamed</a>". CNN. 12 January 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-:68-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:68_148-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-air-strike-mosul-200-civilians-killed-isis-northern-iraq-pentagon-central-command-islamic-state-a7651451.html">US admits it conducted Mosul air strike 'at location' where '200' civilians died</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144628/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-air-strike-mosul-200-civilians-killed-isis-northern-iraq-pentagon-central-command-islamic-state-a7651451.html">Archived</a> 1 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Independent. 26 March 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-victory_parade-149"><a href="#cite_ref-victory_parade_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Aboulenein2017" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed Aboulenein (10 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-parade/iraq-holds-victory-parade-after-defeating-islamic-state-idUSKBN1E407Z">"Iraq holds victory parade after defeating Islamic State"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+holds+victory+parade+after+defeating+Islamic+State&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft.au=Ahmed+Aboulenein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-iraq-parade%2Firaq-holds-victory-parade-after-defeating-islamic-state-idUSKBN1E407Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:69-150"><a href="#cite_ref-:69_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNehal_Mostafa2017" class="citation web cs1">Nehal Mostafa (9 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/iraq-announces-end-war-liberation-borders-syria-abadi/">"Iraq announces end of war against IS, liberation of borders with Syria: Abadi"</a>. iraqinews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iraqinews.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+announces+end+of+war+against+IS%2C+liberation+of+borders+with+Syria%3A+Abadi&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.au=Nehal+Mostafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinews.com%2Firaq-war%2Firaq-announces-end-war-liberation-borders-syria-abadi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Audrey (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/07/why-iraqs-protesters-are-still-in-the-streets/">"Why Iraq's Protesters Are Still in the Streets"</a>. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+Iraq%27s+Protesters+Are+Still+in+the+Streets&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F11%2F07%2Fwhy-iraqs-protesters-are-still-in-the-streets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20170927-iraqi-kurds-vote-overwhelmingly-independence-referendum">"92% of Iraqi Kurds back independence from Baghdad, election commission says"</a>. France 24. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=92%25+of+Iraqi+Kurds+back+independence+from+Baghdad%2C+election+commission+says&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20170927-iraqi-kurds-vote-overwhelmingly-independence-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds/iraqcourt-rules-no-region-can-secede-after-kurdish-independence-bid-idUSKBN1D617O">"Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid"</a>. Reuters. 6 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+court+rules+no+region+can+secede+after+Kurdish+independence+bid&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds%2Firaqcourt-rules-no-region-can-secede-after-kurdish-independence-bid-idUSKBN1D617O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-turkey/turkey-will-drain-terror-swamp-in-iraqs-qandil-erdogan-says-idUSKBN1J71CJ">"Turkey will drain 'terror swamp' in Iraq's Qandil, Erdogan says"</a>. Reuters. 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+will+drain+%27terror+swamp%27+in+Iraq%27s+Qandil%2C+Erdogan+says&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-iraq-turkey%2Fturkey-will-drain-terror-swamp-in-iraqs-qandil-erdogan-says-idUSKBN1J71CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Al Jazeera and News Agencies. (5 October 2019). "Iraq protests: All the latest updates." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-protests-latest-updates-191004085506824.html">Al Jazeera website</a> Retrieved 5 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc3Jan-156"><a href="#cite_ref-nrc3Jan_156-0">^</a> (in Dutch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2020/01/03/vs-doden-topgeneraal-iran-vrees-voor-escalatie-groeit-a3985625#/handelsblad/2020/01/03/#101">'VS doden topgeneraal Iran, vrees voor escalatie groeit' (US kill top general Iran, fear for escalation grows)</a>. <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a>, 3 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iraqi-spy-chief-mustafa-al-kadhimi-rumoured-to-be-prime-ministerial-contender-1.957356">"Iraqi spy chief Mustafa al-Kadhimi rumoured to be prime ministerial contender"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National (Abu Dhabi)</a>. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+%28Abu+Dhabi%29&rft.atitle=Iraqi+spy+chief+Mustafa+al-Kadhimi+rumoured+to+be+prime+ministerial+contender&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Firaqi-spy-chief-mustafa-al-kadhimi-rumoured-to-be-prime-ministerial-contender-1.957356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN21R18Z">"Iraq names its third prime minister in 10 weeks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+names+its+third+prime+minister+in+10+weeks&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidCAKCN21R18Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuan2021" class="citation news cs1">Yuan, Shawn (30 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/30/iraq-announces-final-results-of-the-october-legislative-election">"Muqtada al-Sadr bloc confirmed big winner of Iraq's election"</a>. www.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Muqtada+al-Sadr+bloc+confirmed+big+winner+of+Iraq%27s+election&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Firaq-announces-final-results-of-the-october-legislative-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/12/iraqi-mps-from-firebrand-cleric-moqtada-sadrs-bloc-resign">"Iraqi MPs from Muqtada al-Sadr's bloc resign"</a>. aljazeera.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Iraqi+MPs+from+Muqtada+al-Sadr%27s+bloc+resign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F6%2F12%2Firaqi-mps-from-firebrand-cleric-moqtada-sadrs-bloc-resign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaghdad2022" class="citation web cs1">Baghdad, Associated Press in (30 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/30/iraq-protesters-storm-parliament-again-baghdad-iran">"Protesters storm Iraq parliament again amid unrest over Iran-backed groups"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Protesters+storm+Iraq+parliament+again+amid+unrest+over+Iran-backed+groups&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft.aulast=Baghdad&rft.aufirst=Associated+Press+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjul%2F30%2Firaq-protesters-storm-parliament-again-baghdad-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin2023" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Alissa J. (18 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/world/middleeast/iraq-war-20th-anniversary.html">"20 Years After U.S. Invasion, Iraq Is a Freer Place, but Not a Hopeful One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=20+Years+After+U.S.+Invasion%2C+Iraq+Is+a+Freer+Place%2C+but+Not+a+Hopeful+One&rft.date=2023-03-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Alissa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F18%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-war-20th-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaram2023" class="citation web cs1">Karam, Patricia (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/sudanis-premiership-is-failing-in-the-iraqi-fight-against-corruption/">"Sudani's Premiership Is Failing in the Iraqi Fight Against Corruption"</a>. Arab Center Washington DC. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Center+Washington+DC&rft.atitle=Sudani%27s+Premiership+Is+Failing+in+the+Iraqi+Fight+Against+Corruption&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.aulast=Karam&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabcenterdc.org%2Fresource%2Fsudanis-premiership-is-failing-in-the-iraqi-fight-against-corruption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukas2023" class="citation web cs1">Lukas, Stefan (26 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/economy-and-ecology/iraq-is-running-out-of-water-6872/">"Iraq is running out of water"</a>. ips-journal.eu. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ips-journal.eu&rft.atitle=Iraq+is+running+out+of+water&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-journal.eu%2Ftopics%2Feconomy-and-ecology%2Firaq-is-running-out-of-water-6872%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2023" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Winthrop (25 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/07/25/iraq-kurdistan-climate-change-rivers-tigris-euphrates/">"The Cradle of Civilization Is Drying Up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Cradle+of+Civilization+Is+Drying+Up&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Winthrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F07%2F25%2Firaq-kurdistan-climate-change-rivers-tigris-euphrates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubinDenton2023" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Alissa J.; Denton, Bryan (30 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/world/middleeast/iraq-water-crisis-desertification.html">"A Climate Warning from the Cradle of Civilization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Climate+Warning+from+the+Cradle+of+Civilization&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Alissa+J.&rft.au=Denton%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F07%2F29%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-water-crisis-desertification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071126-11.html">"Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America"</a>. 26 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Principles+for+a+Long-Term+Relationship+of+Cooperation+and+Friendship+Between+the+Republic+of+Iraq+and+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2F11%2F20071126-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:35-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:35_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:35_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEditor2024" class="citation web cs1">Editor, Chief (14 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iina.news/karbala-the-largest-palm-oasis-in-the-world/">"Karbala: The Largest Palm Oasis in the World"</a>. IRAQ INTERNATIONAL NEWS AGENCY. Retrieved 7 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRAQ+INTERNATIONAL+NEWS+AGENCY&rft.atitle=Karbala%3A+The+Largest+Palm+Oasis+in+the+World&rft.date=2024-10-14&rft.aulast=Editor&rft.aufirst=Chief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iina.news%2Fkarbala-the-largest-palm-oasis-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-169"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C.; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iraq.un.org/en/194355-migration-environment-and-climate-change-iraq,%20https://iraq.un.org/en/194355-migration-environment-and-climate-change-iraq">"Migration, Environment, and Climate Change in Iraq"</a>. iraq.un.org. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iraq.un.org&rft.atitle=Migration%2C+Environment%2C+and+Climate+Change+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firaq.un.org%2Fen%2F194355-migration-environment-and-climate-change-iraq%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Firaq.un.org%2Fen%2F194355-migration-environment-and-climate-change-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-iraq">"Climate Risk Profile: Iraq"</a>. Climatelinks. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climatelinks&rft.atitle=Climate+Risk+Profile%3A+Iraq&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatelinks.org%2Fresources%2Fclimate-change-risk-profile-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-watercrisis-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watercrisis_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watercrisis_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watercrisis_172-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/all-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis">"'All the trees have died': Iraqis face intensifying water crisis"</a>. Al Jazeera. 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27All+the+trees+have+died%27%3A+Iraqis+face+intensifying+water+crisis&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F5%2Fall-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcnews.com-173"><a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iraq-explosion-fire-power-station-heat-wave-electricity-rcna97123">"Blasts at power station fire cut off electricity in much of scorching Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Blasts+at+power+station+fire+cut+off+electricity+in+much+of+scorching+Iraq&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq-explosion-fire-power-station-heat-wave-electricity-rcna97123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-174"><a href="#cite_ref-DW_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/iraq-substation-fire-causes-major-power-outage/a-66386036">"Iraq substation fire causes major power outage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Iraq+substation+fire+causes+major+power+outage&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firaq-substation-fire-causes-major-power-outage%2Fa-66386036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-175"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin2023" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Alissa J. (18 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/world/middleeast/iraq-war-20th-anniversary.html">"20 Years After U.S. Invasion, Iraq Is a Freer Place, but Not a Hopeful One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=20+Years+After+U.S.+Invasion%2C+Iraq+Is+a+Freer+Place%2C+but+Not+a+Hopeful+One&rft.date=2023-03-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Alissa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F18%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-war-20th-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karam-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Karam_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaram2023" class="citation web cs1">Karam, Patricia (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/sudanis-premiership-is-failing-in-the-iraqi-fight-against-corruption/">"Sudani's Premiership Is Failing in the Iraqi Fight Against Corruption"</a>. Arab Center Washington DC. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Center+Washington+DC&rft.atitle=Sudani%27s+Premiership+Is+Failing+in+the+Iraqi+Fight+Against+Corruption&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.aulast=Karam&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabcenterdc.org%2Fresource%2Fsudanis-premiership-is-failing-in-the-iraqi-fight-against-corruption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukas-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Lukas_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukas2023" class="citation web cs1">Lukas, Stefan (26 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/economy-and-ecology/iraq-is-running-out-of-water-6872/">"Iraq is running out of water"</a>. ips-journal.eu. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ips-journal.eu&rft.atitle=Iraq+is+running+out+of+water&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-journal.eu%2Ftopics%2Feconomy-and-ecology%2Firaq-is-running-out-of-water-6872%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers-2023-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers-2023_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2023" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Winthrop (25 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/07/25/iraq-kurdistan-climate-change-rivers-tigris-euphrates/">"The Cradle of Civilization Is Drying Up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Cradle+of+Civilization+Is+Drying+Up&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Winthrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F07%2F25%2Firaq-kurdistan-climate-change-rivers-tigris-euphrates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-179"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubinDenton2023" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Alissa J.; Denton, Bryan (30 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/world/middleeast/iraq-water-crisis-desertification.html">"A Climate Warning from the Cradle of Civilization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Climate+Warning+from+the+Cradle+of+Civilization&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Alissa+J.&rft.au=Denton%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F07%2F29%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-water-crisis-desertification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/iraqi-prime-minister-promises-action-to-tackle-climate-change-transition-to-renewables">"Iraqi prime minister promises action to tackle climate change, transition to renewables"</a>. PBS News. 12 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+News&rft.atitle=Iraqi+prime+minister+promises+action+to+tackle+climate+change%2C+transition+to+renewables&rft.date=2023-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Firaqi-prime-minister-promises-action-to-tackle-climate-change-transition-to-renewables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/news/iraq-announces-new-plans-tackle-climate-change">"Iraq announces new plans to tackle climate change, will plant 5 million trees"</a>. The New Arab. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Iraq+announces+new+plans+to+tackle+climate+change%2C+will+plant+5+million+trees&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Firaq-announces-new-plans-tackle-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iraq-totalenergies-sign-27-bln-deal-energy-projects-2023-07-10/">"Iraq, TotalEnergies sign massive oil, gas, renewables deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq%2C+TotalEnergies+sign+massive+oil%2C+gas%2C+renewables+deal&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Firaq-totalenergies-sign-27-bln-deal-energy-projects-2023-07-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/article/2023/09/empowering-iraq-the-27-billion-deal-for-iraqs-energy-sufficiency/">"Empowering Iraq: 27$ Billion Deal for Iraq's Energy Sufficiency"</a>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Empowering+Iraq%3A+27%24+Billion+Deal+for+Iraq%27s+Energy+Sufficiency&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2023%2F09%2Fempowering-iraq-the-27-billion-deal-for-iraqs-energy-sufficiency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatt1959-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatt1959_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatt,_R._T.1959" class="citation book cs1">Hatt, R. T. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56350/MP106.pdf?sequence=1">The mammals of Iraq</a> (PDF). Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mammals+of+Iraq&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Museum+of+Zoology%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Hatt%2C+R.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F56350%2FMP106.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildlife_Extra-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wildlife_Extra_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wildlife_Extra_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/good-iraqimarshes.html#cr">"Iraq's Marshes Show Progress toward Recovery"</a>. Wildlife Extra. Retrieved 7 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Marshes+Show+Progress+toward+Recovery&rft.pub=Wildlife+Extra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifeextra.com%2Fgo%2Fnews%2Fgood-iraqimarshes.html%23cr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjamin_Sass-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_Sass_186-0">^</a> Benjamin Sass, Joachim Marzahn. Aramaic and figural stamp impressions on bricks of the sixth century B.C. from Babylon. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. Pp. 181-182. </li> <li id="cite_note-Med-O-Med-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Med-O-Med_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med-O-Med_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medomed.org/featured_item/the-marshlands-of-mesopotamia-cultural-landscape-irak/">"The Marshlands of Mesopotamia, IRAK"</a>. Med-O-Med. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Med-O-Med&rft.atitle=The+Marshlands+of+Mesopotamia%2C+IRAK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedomed.org%2Ffeatured_item%2Fthe-marshlands-of-mesopotamia-cultural-landscape-irak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sr-188"><a href="#cite_ref-sr_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_PohlSameh_W._Al-MuqdadiMalik_H._AliNadia_Al-Mudaffar_Fawzi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas Pohl; Sameh W. Al-Muqdadi; Malik H. Ali; Nadia Al-Mudaffar Fawzi; Hermann Ehrlich; Broder Merkel (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945051">"Discovery of a living coral reef in the coastal waters of Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 4 (1): 4250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatSR...4.4250P">2014NatSR...4.4250P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep04250">10.1038/srep04250</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945051">3945051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24603901">24603901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+living+coral+reef+in+the+coastal+waters+of+Iraq&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4250&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3945051%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24603901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep04250&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatSR...4.4250P&rft.au=Thomas+Pohl&rft.au=Sameh+W.+Al-Muqdadi&rft.au=Malik+H.+Ali&rft.au=Nadia+Al-Mudaffar+Fawzi&rft.au=Hermann+Ehrlich&rft.au=Broder+Merkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3945051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1995-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott1995_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1995" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Derek A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEDwAAAAMAAJ">A directory of wetlands in the Middle East</a>. IUCN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0270-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0270-4"><bdi>978-2-8317-0270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+directory+of+wetlands+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0270-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Derek+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEDwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_190-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Government-and-society">"Iraq – Government and society"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iraq+%E2%80%93+Government+and+society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIraq%2FGovernment-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-gpi-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_191-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_191-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11730332">"Guide to political groups in Iraq"</a>. BBC News. 11 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Guide+to+political+groups+in+Iraq&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11730332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21696954-two-new-governments-month-abadi-agonistes">"Abadi agonistes"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Abadi+agonistes&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21696954-two-new-governments-month-abadi-agonistes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Thomas2005" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Thomas (25 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218133809/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677">"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"</a>. ABC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677">the original</a> on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution+Adopted+by+Voters&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D1248677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055355/http://apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/iraq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf">"Iraq Personal Status Law of 1959 (ABA Translation)"</a> (PDF). American Bar Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/iraq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Personal+Status+Law+of+1959+%28ABA+Translation%29&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.americanbar.org%2Frol%2Fpublications%2Firaq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco1-196"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco1_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf">"Women In Personal Status Laws: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria"</a> (PDF). SHS Papers in Women's Studies/ Gender Research, No. 4. UNESCO. July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SHS+Papers+in+Women%27s+Studies%2F+Gender+Research%2C+No.+4&rft.atitle=Women+In+Personal+Status+Laws%3A+Iraq%2C+Jordan%2C+Lebanon%2C+Palestine%2C+Syria&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Ffileadmin%2FMULTIMEDIA%2FHQ%2FSHS%2Fpdf%2FWomen_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/iraq.htm">"Iraq, Republic of"</a>. Law.emory.edu. 16 March 1983. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%2C+Republic+of&rft.pub=Law.emory.edu&rft.date=1983-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.emory.edu%2Fifl%2Flegal%2Firaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox,_Jonathan2008" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&pg=PAPA238">A World Survey of Religion and the State</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47259-3"><bdi>978-1-139-47259-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Survey+of+Religion+and+the+State&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-47259-3&rft.au=Fox%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE0NcgxNaKEC%26pg%3DPAPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530225211/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/iraq/islam-and-legal-system/religion-law-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-personal-status-code">"Religion, Law, and Iraq's Personal Status Code"</a>. Islamopedia Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/iraq/islam-and-legal-system/religion-law-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-personal-status-code">the original</a> on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Law%2C+and+Iraq%27s+Personal+Status+Code&rft.pub=Islamopedia+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamopediaonline.org%2Fcountry-profile%2Firaq%2Fislam-and-legal-system%2Freligion-law-and-iraq%25E2%2580%2599s-personal-status-code&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4276149">"Bremer will reject Islam as source for law"</a>. NBC News. 16 February 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Bremer+will+reject+Islam+as+source+for+law&rft.date=2004-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna4276149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/02/20084916951281437.html">"Shia fume over Bremer sharia threat"</a>. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shia+fume+over+Bremer+sharia+threat&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F02%2F20084916951281437.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrollBorger2005" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory; Borger, Julian (22 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/22/iraq.rorycarroll">"US relents on Islamic law to reach Iraq deal"</a>. London: The Guardian, 21 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+relents+on+Islamic+law+to+reach+Iraq+deal&rft.date=2005-08-22&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=Borger%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Faug%2F22%2Firaq.rorycarroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en">"Iraq's constitution 2005"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+constitution+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Articles/NTMI_A_10_05.htm">NATO opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211242/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Articles/NTMI_A_10_05.htm">Archived</a> 12 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – NATO Training Mission – Iraq </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csis.org/files/publication/100422_GulfMilBal.pdf">"Military balance"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191050/http://csis.org/files/publication/100422_GulfMilBal.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+balance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsis.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F100422_GulfMilBal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabaviation.com/en-us/airpower/iraqiairforce.aspx">"Arab Aviation > Air Power > Iraqi Air Force"</a>. arabaviation.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arabaviation.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Aviation+%3E+Air+Power+%3E+Iraqi+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabaviation.com%2Fen-us%2Fairpower%2Firaqiairforce.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104091431/https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/6474585/iraqis-take-on-military-training-from-aust/">"Iraqis take on military training from Aust"</a>. The Islander. 4 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/6474585/iraqis-take-on-military-training-from-aust/">the original</a> on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Islander&rft.atitle=Iraqis+take+on+military+training+from+Aust&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theislanderonline.com.au%2Fstory%2F6474585%2Firaqis-take-on-military-training-from-aust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825022056/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf">"US-Iraq SOFA"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US-Iraq+SOFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Finfocus%2Firaq%2FSE_SOFA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414161624/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SFA.pdf">"Strategic Framework Agreement"</a> (PDF). p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081127-2.html">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategic+Framework+Agreement&rft.pages=8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2008%2F11%2F20081127-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_210-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-09-26/axis-of-resistance-explained-iran-israel">"What is the Iran-backed Axis of Resistance, and what does it mean for Israel?"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Iran-backed+Axis+of+Resistance%2C+and+what+does+it+mean+for+Israel%3F&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2024-09-26%2Faxis-of-resistance-explained-iran-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/iraqi-parliament-votes-to-expel-us-troops-awaits-government-approval/a-51892888">"Iraqi parliament votes to expel US troops"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+parliament+votes+to+expel+US+troops&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firaqi-parliament-votes-to-expel-us-troops-awaits-government-approval%2Fa-51892888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/us-to-send-more-troops-to-middle-east-as-iran-vows-retaliation-after-killing-of-top-general-as-it-happened/a-51874503">"US to send more troops to Middle East"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+to+send+more+troops+to+Middle+East&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fus-to-send-more-troops-to-middle-east-as-iran-vows-retaliation-after-killing-of-top-general-as-it-happened%2Fa-51874503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/armed-group-in-iraq-demands-u-s-forces-withdraw-by-end-of-2021-threatens-violence">"Armed group in Iraq demands U.S. forces withdraw by end of 2021, threatens violence"</a>. PBS. 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armed+group+in+Iraq+demands+U.S.+forces+withdraw+by+end+of+2021%2C+threatens+violence&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fshow%2Farmed-group-in-iraq-demands-u-s-forces-withdraw-by-end-of-2021-threatens-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWongJakesSchmitt2020" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward; Jakes, Lara; Schmitt, Eric (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/politics/pompeo-embassy-baghdad-iraq.html">"Pompeo Threatens to Close U.S. Embassy in Iraq Unless Militias Halt Attacks"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/politics/pompeo-embassy-baghdad-iraq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pompeo+Threatens+to+Close+U.S.+Embassy+in+Iraq+Unless+Militias+Halt+Attacks&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Jakes%2C+Lara&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F29%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fpompeo-embassy-baghdad-iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/iraqs-monarchy-toppled">"Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled | EBSCO Research Starters"</a>. www.ebsco.com. Retrieved 1 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ebsco.com&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Monarchy+Is+Toppled+%7C+EBSCO+Research+Starters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebsco.com%2Fresearch-starters%2Fhistory%2Firaqs-monarchy-toppled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_216-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeraint" class="citation web cs1">Geraint, Hughes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/cold/articles/hughes.html">"Who used whom? Baathist Iraq and the Cold War, 1968–1990"</a>. Institute of Historical Research. Defence Studies Department, King's College London. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Who+used+whom%3F+Baathist+Iraq+and+the+Cold+War%2C+1968%E2%80%931990&rft.aulast=Geraint&rft.aufirst=Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.history.ac.uk%2Fhistory-in-focus%2Fcold%2Farticles%2Fhughes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_217-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawat2022" class="citation web cs1">Rawat, Yash (30 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepamphlet.in/english/reminiscing-saddam-hussein-and-india-iraq-ties/">"Reminiscing Saddam Hussein and India-Iraq Ties"</a>. The Pamphlet. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pamphlet&rft.atitle=Reminiscing+Saddam+Hussein+and+India-Iraq+Ties&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft.aulast=Rawat&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepamphlet.in%2Fenglish%2Freminiscing-saddam-hussein-and-india-iraq-ties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cirs.qatar.georgetown.edu/event/middle-power-politics-middle-east-working-group-i/">"Middle Power Politics in the Middle East Working Group I"</a>. Center for International and Regional Studies. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+International+and+Regional+Studies&rft.atitle=Middle+Power+Politics+in+the+Middle+East+Working+Group+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcirs.qatar.georgetown.edu%2Fevent%2Fmiddle-power-politics-middle-east-working-group-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://origins.osu.edu/article/century-us-relations-iraq">"A Century of U.S. Relations with Iraq | Origins"</a>. origins.osu.edu. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=origins.osu.edu&rft.atitle=A+Century+of+U.S.+Relations+with+Iraq+%7C+Origins&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Farticle%2Fcentury-us-relations-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/gulf-war">"Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved 3 April 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones+in+the+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1989-1992%2Fgulf-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-in-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-in_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_221-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeepika2018" class="citation journal cs1">Deepika, Saraswat (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=4824&lid=2828">"Iraq's Relations with its Arab Neighbours and Iran: Quest for a Pragmatic Balance"</a>. Research Fellow. Indian Council of World Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Fellow&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Relations+with+its+Arab+Neighbours+and+Iran%3A+Quest+for+a+Pragmatic+Balance&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Deepika&rft.aufirst=Saraswat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icwa.in%2Fshow_content.php%3Flang%3D1%26level%3D3%26ls_id%3D4824%26lid%3D2828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/10/turkey-relations-with-iraq-become-explosive/">"Turkey: Relations with Iraq become explosive"</a>. Ipsnews.net. 30 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Relations+with+Iraq+become+explosive&rft.pub=Ipsnews.net&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2007%2F10%2Fturkey-relations-with-iraq-become-explosive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/19/world/meast/turkey-attack/index.html">"24 soldiers killed in attack in Turkey"</a>. CNN. 19 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=24+soldiers+killed+in+attack+in+Turkey&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fturkey-attack%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/82ca2e3c-6369-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56">"Why water is a growing faultline between Turkey and Iraq"</a>. Financial Times. 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Why+water+is+a+growing+faultline+between+Turkey+and+Iraq&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F82ca2e3c-6369-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/iraqi-pm-al-sudani-visits-syria-to-normalize-relations/a-66248830">"Iraqi PM al-Sudani visits Syria to normalize relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Iraqi+PM+al-Sudani+visits+Syria+to+normalize+relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firaqi-pm-al-sudani-visits-syria-to-normalize-relations%2Fa-66248830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/iraq-and-kuwait-seek-to-solve-contested-border-issue-211370a9">"Iraq And Kuwait Seek To Solve Contested Border Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's (newspaper)">Barron's</a>. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=Iraq+And+Kuwait+Seek+To+Solve+Contested+Border+Issue&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Firaq-and-kuwait-seek-to-solve-contested-border-issue-211370a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzhari2023" class="citation news cs1">Azhari, Timour (16 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-pm-visits-syria-first-trip-since-syrian-war-2023-07-16/">"Iraqi PM Sudani, Syria's Assad hold talks on security, water in Damascus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraqi+PM+Sudani%2C+Syria%27s+Assad+hold+talks+on+security%2C+water+in+Damascus&rft.date=2023-07-16&rft.aulast=Azhari&rft.aufirst=Timour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Firaqi-pm-visits-syria-first-trip-since-syrian-war-2023-07-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:34_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngland2021" class="citation news cs1">England, Andrew (18 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/852e94b8-ca97-4917-9cc4-e2faef4a69c8">"Saudi and Iranian officials hold talks to patch up relations"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+and+Iranian+officials+hold+talks+to+patch+up+relations&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F852e94b8-ca97-4917-9cc4-e2faef4a69c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:36_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_229-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStudies" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Studies, Middle East, politics, GCC, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Nuclear deal, Yemen, Trump, MENA, Turkey, Gulf Crisis, Qatar,Future for Advanced Research and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futureuae.com/.tar/Mainpage/Item/8519/the-winning-mediator-analyzing-why-iraq-seeks-a-regional-de-escalation-role">"مركز المستقبل - Analyzing why Iraq seeks a regional de-escalation role"</a>. Futureuae (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Futureuae&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84+-+Analyzing+why+Iraq+seeks+a+regional+de-escalation+role&rft.aulast=Studies&rft.aufirst=Middle+East%2C+politics%2C+GCC%2C+Iran%2C+Syria%2C+Iraq%2C+Egypt%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+UAE%2C+Nuclear+deal%2C+Yemen%2C+Trump%2C+MENA%2C+Turkey%2C+Gulf+Crisis%2C+Qatar%2CFuture+for+Advanced+Research+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffutureuae.com%2F.tar%2FMainpage%2FItem%2F8519%2Fthe-winning-mediator-analyzing-why-iraq-seeks-a-regional-de-escalation-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAP" class="citation web cs1">AP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iraq-confirms-hosting-talks-between-rivals-iran-saudi-arabia/">"Iraq confirms hosting talks between rivals Iran, Saudi Arabia"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+confirms+hosting+talks+between+rivals+Iran%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.au=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Firaq-confirms-hosting-talks-between-rivals-iran-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG2023" class="citation web cs1">G, C. (21 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stimson.org/2023/fragile-agency-iraqs-potential-as-an-intermediary-for-regional-dialogue/">"Fragile agency: Iraq's potential as an intermediary for regional dialogue • Stimson Center"</a>. Stimson Center. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stimson+Center&rft.atitle=Fragile+agency%3A+Iraq%27s+potential+as+an+intermediary+for+regional+dialogue+%E2%80%A2+Stimson+Center&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stimson.org%2F2023%2Ffragile-agency-iraqs-potential-as-an-intermediary-for-regional-dialogue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadad2023" class="citation web cs1">Hadad, Hamzeh (25 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfr.eu/article/a-golden-opportunity-how-iraq-can-benefit-from-regional-calm/">"A golden opportunity: How Iraq can benefit from regional calm"</a>. ECFR. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECFR&rft.atitle=A+golden+opportunity%3A+How+Iraq+can+benefit+from+regional+calm&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Hadad&rft.aufirst=Hamzeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Farticle%2Fa-golden-opportunity-how-iraq-can-benefit-from-regional-calm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1">m.naharnet.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.naharnet.com/stories/en/23705-iraq-to-launch-mediation-to-end-syria-crisis">https://m.naharnet.com/stories/en/23705-iraq-to-launch-mediation-to-end-syria-crisis</a>. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.naharnet.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F23705-iraq-to-launch-mediation-to-end-syria-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.majalla.com/node/319581/politics/iraq%E2%80%99s-al-sudani-becomes-latest-turkey-syria-mediator">"Iraq's al-Sudani becomes the latest Turkey-Syria mediator"</a>. en.majalla.com. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.majalla.com&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+al-Sudani+becomes+the+latest+Turkey-Syria+mediator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.majalla.com%2Fnode%2F319581%2Fpolitics%2Firaq%25E2%2580%2599s-al-sudani-becomes-latest-turkey-syria-mediator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-strategiecs.com-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strategiecs.com_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strategiecs.com_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strategiecs.com_235-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strategiecs.com/en/analyses/iraqs-return-to-the-regional-arena-possibilities-and-opportunities">"Iraqʹs Return to the Regional Arena: Possibilities and Opportunities"</a>. strategiecs.com. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=strategiecs.com&rft.atitle=Iraq%CA%B9s+Return+to+the+Regional+Arena%3A+Possibilities+and+Opportunities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrategiecs.com%2Fen%2Fanalyses%2Firaqs-return-to-the-regional-arena-possibilities-and-opportunities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLayal2022" class="citation web cs1">Layal, Niazy (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.net/documents/62a9917b71502GCCIRAQLAYAL.pdf">"Tumultuous yet Promising: The Evolution of GCC-Iraq Relations"</a> (PDF). Gulf Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tumultuous+yet+Promising%3A+The+Evolution+of+GCC-Iraq+Relations&rft.pub=Gulf+Research+Center&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=Layal&rft.aufirst=Niazy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.net%2Fdocuments%2F62a9917b71502GCCIRAQLAYAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFyrashed2023" class="citation web cs1">yrashed (17 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/how-the-war-in-iraq-changed-the-world-and-what-change-could-come-next/">"How the war in Iraq changed the world—and what change could come next"</a>. Atlantic Council. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=How+the+war+in+Iraq+changed+the+world%E2%80%94and+what+change+could+come+next&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft.au=yrashed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fmenasource%2Fhow-the-war-in-iraq-changed-the-world-and-what-change-could-come-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounis2021" class="citation web cs1">Younis, Nussaibah (14 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfr.eu/article/mediation-nation-iraqs-new-role-in-iranian-saudi-talks/">"Mediation nation: Iraq's new role in Iranian-Saudi talks"</a>. ECFR. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECFR&rft.atitle=Mediation+nation%3A+Iraq%27s+new+role+in+Iranian-Saudi+talks&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Younis&rft.aufirst=Nussaibah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Farticle%2Fmediation-nation-iraqs-new-role-in-iranian-saudi-talks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/article/iraq-middle-easts-new-power-broker">"Iraq Is the Middle East's New Power Broker | Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foreignpolicy.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+Is+the+Middle+East%27s+New+Power+Broker+%7C+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Farticle%2Firaq-middle-easts-new-power-broker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/27071-pm-we-will-host-baghdad-2023-conference-on-economic-integration-and-regional-stability.html">"PM: We will host Baghdad 2023 Conference on Economic Integration and Regional Stability"</a>. Iraqi News Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft.atitle=PM%3A+We+will+host+Baghdad+2023+Conference+on+Economic+Integration+and+Regional+Stability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fina.iq%2Feng%2F27071-pm-we-will-host-baghdad-2023-conference-on-economic-integration-and-regional-stability.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:37-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:37_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_241-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opcw.org/news/article/iraq-joins-the-chemical-weapons-convention">"Iraq Joins the Chemical Weapons Convention"</a>. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons -Opcw.org. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Joins+the+Chemical+Weapons+Convention&rft.pub=The+Organisation+for+the+Prohibition+of+Chemical+Weapons+-Opcw.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opcw.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Firaq-joins-the-chemical-weapons-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/02/24/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death/">"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:38-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:38_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:38_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nadiasinitiative.org/the-genocide">"The Genocide"</a>. Nadia's Initiative. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nadia%27s+Initiative&rft.atitle=The+Genocide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nadiasinitiative.org%2Fthe-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_244-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifad.org/en/w/countries/iraq">"Iraq"</a>. IFAD. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFAD&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifad.org%2Fen%2Fw%2Fcountries%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shafaq.com/en/Economy/Iraq-Top-5-Arab-economy-in-2024">"Iraq: Top 5 Arab economy in 2024"</a>. Shafaq News. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shafaq+News&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Top+5+Arab+economy+in+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshafaq.com%2Fen%2FEconomy%2FIraq-Top-5-Arab-economy-in-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shafaq.com/en/Economy/Iraq-four-Arab-nations-dominate-70-of-regional-GDP-in-2024">"Iraq, four Arab nations dominate 70% of regional GDP in 2024"</a>. Shafaq News. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shafaq+News&rft.atitle=Iraq%2C+four+Arab+nations+dominate+70%25+of+regional+GDP+in+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshafaq.com%2Fen%2FEconomy%2FIraq-four-Arab-nations-dominate-70-of-regional-GDP-in-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usaid11-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usaid11_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usaid11_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usaid11_247-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015353/https://www.inma-iraq.com/sites/default/files/10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf">"Unemployment Threatens Democracy in Iraq"</a> (PDF). USAID Iraq. January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inma-iraq.com/sites/default/files/10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unemployment+Threatens+Democracy+in+Iraq&rft.pub=USAID+Iraq&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inma-iraq.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515093736/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/IraqCurrencyExchange.html">"Iraq Currency Exchange"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/IraqCurrencyExchange.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Currency+Exchange&rft.pub=Coalition+Provisional+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa-iraq.org%2Fbudget%2FIraqCurrencyExchange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdio,_Sam" class="citation web cs1">Odio, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724214847/http://dinarprofits.com/iraqi_dinar_information/jim_cramer_mad_money/">"Jim Cramer (CNBC Mad Money) On The Iraqi Dinar"</a>. DinarProfits.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dinarprofits.com/iraqi_dinar_information/jim_cramer_mad_money/">the original</a> on 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DinarProfits.com&rft.atitle=Jim+Cramer+%28CNBC+Mad+Money%29+On+The+Iraqi+Dinar&rft.au=Odio%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdinarprofits.com%2Firaqi_dinar_information%2Fjim_cramer_mad_money%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraqs-economy-past-present-future">"Iraq's economy: Past, present, future"</a>. Reliefweb.int. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+economy%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+future&rft.pub=Reliefweb.int&rft.date=2003-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Firaq%2Firaqs-economy-past-present-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_251-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_251-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_251-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTooze2023" class="citation web cs1">Tooze, Adam (24 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adamtooze.substack.com/p/chartbook-204-iraqs-economic-impasse">"Chartbook 204: Iraq's economic impasse twenty years after the invasion"</a>. Chartbook. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chartbook&rft.atitle=Chartbook+204%3A+Iraq%27s+economic+impasse+twenty+years+after+the+invasion.&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadamtooze.substack.com%2Fp%2Fchartbook-204-iraqs-economic-impasse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:71-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:71_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:71_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:71_252-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/https://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713">"G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief"</a>. 21 November 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713">the original</a> on 21 November 2004. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=G7%2C+Paris+Club+Agree+on+Iraq+Debt+Relief&rft.date=2004-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2FnewsArticle.jhtml%3Ftype%3DworldNews%26storyID%3D6874713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI1-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_253-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Bailey_and_Rachel_Atkinson2012" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Bailey and Rachel Atkinson (19 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515071043/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1089&title=humanitarian-action-iraq">"Humanitarian action in Iraq: putting the pieces together"</a>. Overseas Development Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1089&title=humanitarian-action-iraq">the original</a> on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanitarian+action+in+Iraq%3A+putting+the+pieces+together&rft.pub=Overseas+Development+Institute&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.au=Sarah+Bailey+and+Rachel+Atkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D1089%26title%3Dhumanitarian-action-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111632">"Iraq makes final reparation payment to Kuwait for 1990 invasion"</a>. UN News. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+makes+final+reparation+payment+to+Kuwait+for+1990+invasion&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2022%2F02%2F1111632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4491607">"Iraqi holy cities bow to capitalist impulse"</a>. NBC News. 10 March 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraqi+holy+cities+bow+to+capitalist+impulse&rft.date=2004-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna4491607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Firaqs-economic-boom-bypasses-man-on-street%2Fnews-story%2F34c1c90faabc5b73eddb8508f084c3b5&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=HIGH-Segment-2-SCORE&V21spcbehaviour=appendend">"Economic boom bypasses man on street"</a>. The Australian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Economic+boom+bypasses+man+on+street&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fsubscribe%2Fnews%2F1%2F%3FsourceCode%3DTAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL%26dest%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%252Fnation%252Fworld%252Firaqs-economic-boom-bypasses-man-on-street%252Fnews-story%252F34c1c90faabc5b73eddb8508f084c3b5%26memtype%3Danonymous%26mode%3Dpremium%26v21%3DHIGH-Segment-2-SCORE%26V21spcbehaviour%3Dappendend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2354596">"How Iraq can boost its economic recovery"</a>. Arab News. 13 August 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=How+Iraq+can+boost+its+economic+recovery&rft.date=2023-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2354596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auis.edu.krd/iris/publications/underbelly_iraqs_economic_boom">"The Underbelly of Iraq's 'Economic Boom'"</a>. IRIS. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRIS&rft.atitle=The+Underbelly+of+Iraq%27s+%27Economic+Boom%27&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauis.edu.krd%2Firis%2Fpublications%2Funderbelly_iraqs_economic_boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/292817">"The Mini Economic Boom in Iraq That Is Hardly Reported"</a>. Arab News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=The+Mini+Economic+Boom+in+Iraq+That+Is+Hardly+Reported&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F292817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240611-the-pilgrimage-sites-of-iraqs-timeless-and-holy-cities">"The pilgrimage sites of Iraq's timeless and holy cities"</a>. www.bbc.com. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=The+pilgrimage+sites+of+Iraq%27s+timeless+and+holy+cities&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20240611-the-pilgrimage-sites-of-iraqs-timeless-and-holy-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alarabiya.net-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alarabiya.net_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alarabiya.net_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alarabiya.net_261-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/art-and-culture/2013/04/04/Iraq-s-holy-cities-enjoy-boom-in-religious-tourism">"Iraq's holy cities enjoy boom in religious tourism"</a>. 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+holy+cities+enjoy+boom+in+religious+tourism&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Flife-style%2Fart-and-culture%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2FIraq-s-holy-cities-enjoy-boom-in-religious-tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbrahim2023" class="citation news cs1">Ebrahim, Hudhaifa (21 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230614191954/https://themedialine.org/top-stories/prosperity-comes-to-sunni-provinces-of-iraq/">"Prosperity Comes to Sunni Provinces of Iraq - The Media Line"</a>. The Media Line. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themedialine.org/top-stories/prosperity-comes-to-sunni-provinces-of-iraq/">the original</a> on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Media+Line&rft.atitle=Prosperity+Comes+to+Sunni+Provinces+of+Iraq+-+The+Media+Line&rft.date=2023-01-21&rft.aulast=Ebrahim&rft.aufirst=Hudhaifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemedialine.org%2Ftop-stories%2Fprosperity-comes-to-sunni-provinces-of-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/blog/baghdad-revisited-iraq-balances-tightrope">"Baghdad revisited: Iraq balances on a tightrope"</a>. Middle East Institute. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Baghdad+revisited%3A+Iraq+balances+on+a+tightrope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fblog%2Fbaghdad-revisited-iraq-balances-tightrope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFinternationalbanker2024" class="citation web cs1">internationalbanker (19 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalbanker.com/finance/iraq-continues-to-play-a-delicate-geopolitical-and-economic-balancing-act/">"Iraq Continues to Play a Delicate Geopolitical and Economic Balancing Act"</a>. International Banker. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Banker&rft.atitle=Iraq+Continues+to+Play+a+Delicate+Geopolitical+and+Economic+Balancing+Act&rft.date=2024-11-19&rft.au=internationalbanker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalbanker.com%2Ffinance%2Firaq-continues-to-play-a-delicate-geopolitical-and-economic-balancing-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/38539-al-mashhadani-iraqs-economy-and-security-are-stable-and-it-has-adopted-a-non-aligned-stance.html">"Al-Mashhadani: Iraq's economy and security are stable, and it has adopted a non-aligned stance"</a>. Iraqi News Agency. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Al-Mashhadani%3A+Iraq%27s+economy+and+security+are+stable%2C+and+it+has+adopted+a+non-aligned+stance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fina.iq%2Feng%2F38539-al-mashhadani-iraqs-economy-and-security-are-stable-and-it-has-adopted-a-non-aligned-stance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/notfound.html">"ERROR"</a>. www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rudaw.net&rft.atitle=ERROR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fnotfound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/10000817/Iraq-the-worlds-next-big-eco-tourism-destination.html">"Iraq: the world's next big eco-tourism destination?"</a>. Telegraph. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+the+world%27s+next+big+eco-tourism+destination%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Ftravelnews%2F10000817%2FIraq-the-worlds-next-big-eco-tourism-destination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190524-iraqis-turn-budding-ecotourism-save-marshes">"Iraqis turn to budding ecotourism to save marshes"</a>. France 24. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Iraqis+turn+to+budding+ecotourism+to+save+marshes&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190524-iraqis-turn-budding-ecotourism-save-marshes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://savethetigris.org/new-project-launched-to-promote-socio-economic-growth-through-eco-tourism-and-heritage-preservation-in-dhi-qar-iraq/">"New Project Launched to Promote Socio-Economic Growth through Eco-Tourism and Heritage Preservation in Dhi Qar, Iraq"</a>. Save the Tigris Foundation. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Save+the+Tigris+Foundation&rft.atitle=New+Project+Launched+to+Promote+Socio-Economic+Growth+through+Eco-Tourism+and+Heritage+Preservation+in+Dhi+Qar%2C+Iraq&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsavethetigris.org%2Fnew-project-launched-to-promote-socio-economic-growth-through-eco-tourism-and-heritage-preservation-in-dhi-qar-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/article/iraq-war-seen-devastating-for-world-tourism-sector.154980">"Iraq war seen devastating for world tourism sector"</a>. Times of Malta. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Iraq+war+seen+devastating+for+world+tourism+sector&rft.date=2003-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticle%2Firaq-war-seen-devastating-for-world-tourism-sector.154980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/18557-after-years-of-bloody-conflict-iraq-is-enjoying-a-mini-boom-in-tourism.html">"After years of bloody conflict, Iraq is enjoying a 'mini-boom' in tourism"</a>. Iraqi News Agency. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft.atitle=After+years+of+bloody+conflict%2C+Iraq+is+enjoying+a+%27mini-boom%27+in+tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fina.iq%2Feng%2F18557-after-years-of-bloody-conflict-iraq-is-enjoying-a-mini-boom-in-tourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_272-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_272-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/547671468040505626/pdf/780700BRI0QN870nowledge0note0series.pdf">"Iraq's Tourism Potential"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Tourism+Potential&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fpt%2F547671468040505626%2Fpdf%2F780700BRI0QN870nowledge0note0series.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211110210/https://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-iraq/report">"Travel And Tourism in Iraq"</a>. Euromonitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-iraq/report">the original</a> on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromonitor&rft.atitle=Travel+And+Tourism+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromonitor.com%2Ftravel-and-tourism-in-iraq%2Freport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vince-2016-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vince-2016_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vince-2016_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVince2016" class="citation web cs1">Vince, Owen (4 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://failedarchitecture.com/architecture-after-excess-the-palaces-of-saddams-baghdad/">"Architecture After Excess: The Palaces of Saddam's Baghdad"</a>. Failed Architecture. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Failed+Architecture&rft.atitle=Architecture+After+Excess%3A+The+Palaces+of+Saddam%27s+Baghdad&rft.date=2016-09-04&rft.aulast=Vince&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffailedarchitecture.com%2Farchitecture-after-excess-the-palaces-of-saddams-baghdad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mypluralist.com/2023/02/27/saddam-hussein-iraq/">"Ruins, Palaces And Cult Of Saddam Hussein"</a>. MyPluralist. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyPluralist&rft.atitle=Ruins%2C+Palaces+And+Cult+Of+Saddam+Hussein&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmypluralist.com%2F2023%2F02%2F27%2Fsaddam-hussein-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawler2016" class="citation web cs1">Lawler, Andrew (7 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/160411-iraq-saddam-palace-basra-art-museum#:~:text=Iraq%20Is%20Turning%20Saddam%20Hussein's%20Palace%20Into%20a%20Museum&text=Saddam's%20former%20palace%20in%20Basra,turning%20it%20into%20a%20museum.">"Iraq Is Turning Saddam Hussein's Palace Into a Museum"</a>. Andrew Lawler. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Lawler&rft.atitle=Iraq+Is+Turning+Saddam+Hussein%27s+Palace+Into+a+Museum&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F160411-iraq-saddam-palace-basra-art-museum%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIraq%2520Is%2520Turning%2520Saddam%2520Hussein%27s%2520Palace%2520Into%2520a%2520Museum%26text%3DSaddam%27s%2520former%2520palace%2520in%2520Basra%2Cturning%2520it%2520into%2520a%2520museum.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sites.google.com-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sites.google.com_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sites.google.com_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/roadnumberingsystems/home/route-lists/iraq-national-roads">"Road numbering systems - Iraq national roads"</a>. sites.google.com. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Road+numbering+systems+-+Iraq+national+roads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Froadnumberingsystems%2Fhome%2Froute-lists%2Firaq-national-roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627032731/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905">"Iraq: France's Alstom signs high-speed highways with KRG deal"</a>. BBC News. 24 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905">the original</a> on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+France%27s+Alstom+signs+high-speed+highways+with+KRG+deal&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13909905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_279-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_279-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_279-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/iraq-transportation">"Iraq - Country Commercial Guide | Transportation"</a>. www.trade.gov. International Trade Administration. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trade.gov&rft.atitle=Iraq+-+Country+Commercial+Guide+%7C+Transportation&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Firaq-transportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_280-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_280-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_280-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_280-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627032731/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905">"Iraq: France's Alstom signs high-speed highways with KRG deal"</a>. BBC News. 24 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905">the original</a> on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+France%27s+Alstom+signs+high-speed+highways+with+KRG+deal&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13909905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2024" class="citation web cs1">Kumar, Pramod (17 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agbi.com/aviation/2024/07/iraq-signs-deals-to-advance-new-civil-airport-project/">"Iraq signs deals to advance new civil airport project"</a>. AGBI. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AGBI&rft.atitle=Iraq+signs+deals+to+advance+new+civil+airport+project&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Pramod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agbi.com%2Faviation%2F2024%2F07%2Firaq-signs-deals-to-advance-new-civil-airport-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTastekin2021" class="citation web cs1">Tastekin, Fehim (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2021/01/turkey-iraq-france-ankara-lost-construction-project-in-mosul.html">"France scores big Iraqi construction project at Turkey's expense"</a>. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=France+scores+big+Iraqi+construction+project+at+Turkey%27s+expense&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Tastekin&rft.aufirst=Fehim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2021%2F01%2Fturkey-iraq-france-ankara-lost-construction-project-in-mosul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Frbiu_03-2017_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frbiu.com/articles/500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala">"$500 Million Airport Scandal Exposes Industrial Scale Corruption in Holy Karbala"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)">Foreign Relations Bureau - Iraq</a>. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%24500+Million+Airport+Scandal+Exposes+Industrial+Scale+Corruption+in+Holy+Karbala&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbiu.com%2Farticles%2F500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html">"World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Most Recent Estimates"</a>. Energy Information Administration. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Proved+Reserves+of+Oil+and+Natural+Gas%2C+Most+Recent+Estimates&rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Finternational%2Freserves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/10/04/iraq.oil.reserves/index.html">"Iraqi oil reserves estimated at 143B barrels"</a>. CNN. 4 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Iraqi+oil+reserves+estimated+at+143B+barrels&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F10%2F04%2Firaq.oil.reserves%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/3/iraqs-flood-of-cheap-oil-could-rock-world-markets-/?page=all">"Iraq's flood of 'cheap oil' could rock world markets"</a>. The Washington Times. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+flood+of+%27cheap+oil%27+could+rock+world+markets&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F3%2Firaqs-flood-of-cheap-oil-could-rock-world-markets-%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109035129/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html">"U.S. Electricity Imports from and Electricity Exports to Canada and Mexico Data for 2008"</a>. 26 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Electricity+Imports+from+and+Electricity+Exports+to+Canada+and+Mexico+Data+for+2008&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fcneaf%2Felectricity%2Fepa%2Fepat6p3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/164.htm">"Iraq facts and figures"</a>. OPEC. Retrieved 7 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+facts+and+figures&rft.pub=OPEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F164.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqidinar123.com/opec-announces-it-will-absorb/">"OPEC Announces it Will Absorb The Increase in Iraq's"</a>. Iraqidinar123. Retrieved 29 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OPEC+Announces+it+Will+Absorb+The+Increase+in+Iraq%27s&rft.pub=Iraqidinar123&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqidinar123.com%2Fopec-announces-it-will-absorb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalamur2018" class="citation news cs1">Calamur, Krishnadev (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/03/iraq-oil/555827/">"Oil Was Supposed to Rebuild Iraq"</a>. The Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825">1072-7825</a>. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Oil+Was+Supposed+to+Rebuild+Iraq&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.aulast=Calamur&rft.aufirst=Krishnadev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2018%2F03%2Firaq-oil%2F555827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128000162">"Iraqi Minister Resigns Over Electricity Shortages"</a>. NPR.org. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Minister+Resigns+Over+Electricity+Shortages&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D128000162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Lionel Beehner and Greg Bruno, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-iraqis-cannot-agree-oil-law">Backgrounder: Why Iraqis Cannot Agree on an Oil Law</a>, Council on Foreign Relations (last updated 22 February 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Ahmed Rasheed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-oil-law/iraq-oil-law-deal-festers-as-crisis-drags-on-idUSTRE80P0S720120126">Iraq oil law deal festers as crisis drags on</a>, Reuters (26 January 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlanz,_James2007" class="citation news cs1">Glanz, James (12 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/oil/2007/0512billionsoil.htm">"Billions in Oil Missing in Iraq, US Study Says"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Billions+in+Oil+Missing+in+Iraq%2C+US+Study+Says&rft.date=2007-05-12&rft.au=Glanz%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fsecurity%2Foil%2F2007%2F0512billionsoil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noT9auswz0A">"Inside Story – Iraq's missing billions"</a>. YouTube. 29 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/noT9auswz0A">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+Story+%E2%80%93+Iraq%27s+missing+billions&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnoT9auswz0A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214351/https://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/iraq/">"Iraq Country Profile"</a>. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/iraq">the original</a> on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Country+Profile&rft.pub=Business+Anti-Corruption+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-anti-corruption.com%2Fcountry-profiles%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera091211-297"><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera091211_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/12/200912117243440687.html">"Oil firms awarded Iraq contracts"</a>. English.aljazeera.net. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+firms+awarded+Iraq+contracts&rft.pub=English.aljazeera.net&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2F12%2F200912117243440687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera090630-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera090630_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera090630_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/06/200963093615637434.html">""BP group wins Iraq oil contract", Al Jazeera English, 30 June 2009"</a>. English.aljazeera.net. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22BP+group+wins+Iraq+oil+contract%22%2C+Al+Jazeera+English%2C+30+June+2009&rft.pub=English.aljazeera.net&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2F06%2F200963093615637434.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Wong, Edward (28 June 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/world/asia/29chinairaq.html">"China Opens Oil Field in Iraq"</a>. The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> 1 October 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqidinar123.com/export-of-iraq/">"Development is Main Dependent on Export of Iraq"</a>. Iraq123 News. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> 14 March 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304914904579438860227481506">"Iraq's Oil Output Surges to Highest Level in Over 30 Years"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. </li> <li id="cite_note-KurdsOilfields-302"><a href="#cite_ref-KurdsOilfields_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tensions-mount-between-baghdad-and-iraqs-kurds/2014/07/11/7baeea5e-2bfe-4d07-942b-1653af3d60a3_story.html">"Tensions mount between Baghdad and Kurdish region as Kurds seize oil fields"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tensions+mount+between+Baghdad+and+Kurdish+region+as+Kurds+seize+oil+fields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Ftensions-mount-between-baghdad-and-iraqs-kurds%2F2014%2F07%2F11%2F7baeea5e-2bfe-4d07-942b-1653af3d60a3_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/ebusiness/2021/11/13/دين-العراق-الخارجي-انخفض-إلى-20-مليار">"مستشار الكاظمي يؤكد تراجع دين العراق إلى 20 مليار دولار بفضل انتعاش أسعار النفط"</a>. الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+20+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Febusiness%2F2021%2F11%2F13%2F%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%B6-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-20-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNWater-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNWater_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNWater_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUN_Iraq_Joint_Analysis_and_Policy_Unit2013" class="citation web cs1">UN Iraq Joint Analysis and Policy Unit (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqicivilsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Water-Factsheet.pdf">"Water in Iraq Factsheet"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+in+Iraq+Factsheet&rft.date=2013-03&rft.au=UN+Iraq+Joint+Analysis+and+Policy+Unit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqicivilsociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F02%2FWater-Factsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Matt (16 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-housing-idUSL5N0HC2GD20130916">"Iraq faces chronic housing shortage, needs foreign investment -minister"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+faces+chronic+housing+shortage%2C+needs+foreign+investment+-minister&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Firaq-housing-idUSL5N0HC2GD20130916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investpromo.gov.iq/bismayah/">"Bismayah – National Investment Commission"</a>. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bismayah+%E2%80%93+National+Investment+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestpromo.gov.iq%2Fbismayah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-ports-int-idUSKBN28X1C3">"Iraq to sign $2.625 billion Grand Faw port contract with S.Korea's Daewoo"</a>. Reuters. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+to+sign+%242.625+billion+Grand+Faw+port+contract+with+S.Korea%27s+Daewoo&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Firaq-ports-int-idUSKBN28X1C3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/construction/iraq-approves-plans-for-15-new-cities-vd1esfgl">"Iraq approves plans for 15 new cities"</a>. www.zawya.com. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zawya.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+approves+plans+for+15+new+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fconstruction%2Firaq-approves-plans-for-15-new-cities-vd1esfgl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_309-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_309-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_309-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_309-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/30598-in-abu-ghraib-district-al-sudani-places-the-cornerstone-for-future-al-jawahiri-city.html">"In Abu Ghraib district, Al-Sudani places the foundation stone for Al-Jawahiri city"</a>. Iraqi News Agency. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft.atitle=In+Abu+Ghraib+district%2C+Al-Sudani+places+the+foundation+stone+for+Al-Jawahiri+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fina.iq%2Feng%2F30598-in-abu-ghraib-district-al-sudani-places-the-cornerstone-for-future-al-jawahiri-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/iraq-breaks-ground-on-2-billion-project-to-build-new-city-1.2016197">"Iraq Breaks Ground on $2 Billion Project to Build New City"</a>. BNN. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNN&rft.atitle=Iraq+Breaks+Ground+on+%242+Billion+Project+to+Build+New+City&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnnbloomberg.ca%2Firaq-breaks-ground-on-2-billion-project-to-build-new-city-1.2016197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iraqinews.com-311"><a href="#cite_ref-iraqinews.com_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq/iraq-to-unveil-10-new-cities-in-different-governorates/">"Iraq to unveil 10 new cities in different governorates"</a>. Iraqi News. 27 December 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+to+unveil+10+new+cities+in+different+governorates&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinews.com%2Firaq%2Firaq-to-unveil-10-new-cities-in-different-governorates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-turkey-qatar-uae-sign-preliminary-deal-cooperate-development-road-project-2024-04-22/">"Iraq, Turkey, Qatar, UAE sign preliminary deal to cooperate on Development Road project"</a>. Reuters. 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq%2C+Turkey%2C+Qatar%2C+UAE+sign+preliminary+deal+to+cooperate+on+Development+Road+project&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Firaq-turkey-qatar-uae-sign-preliminary-deal-cooperate-development-road-project-2024-04-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_313-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_313-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_313-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_313-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/iraqs-al-faw-port-to-become-largest-in-middle-east/">"Iraq's Al Faw port to become largest in Middle East"</a>. Global Construction Review. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Construction+Review&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Al+Faw+port+to+become+largest+in+Middle+East&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalconstructionreview.com%2Firaqs-al-faw-port-to-become-largest-in-middle-east%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2021/04/14/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-next-phase-of-grand-faw-port/">"PM lays Foundation Stone for next phase of Grand Faw Port | Iraq Business News"</a>. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+lays+Foundation+Stone+for+next+phase+of+Grand+Faw+Port+%7C+Iraq+Business+News&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraq-businessnews.com%2F2021%2F04%2F14%2Fpm-lays-foundation-stone-for-next-phase-of-grand-faw-port%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-315"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-316"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issawi1988-317"><a href="#cite_ref-Issawi1988_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Philip_Issawi1988" class="citation book cs1">Charles Philip Issawi (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PAPA17">The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0"><bdi>978-0-19-504951-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fertile+Crescent%2C+1800%E2%80%931914%3A+A+Documentary+Economic+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504951-0&rft.au=Charles+Philip+Issawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2TGkO7G43oC%26pg%3DPAPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1">"Iraqi population reaches about 35 million"</a>. Aswat Al Iraq. 27 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1">the original</a> on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+population+reaches+about+35+million&rft.pub=Aswat+Al+Iraq&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.aswataliraq.info%2F%28S%28s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55%29%29%2FDefault1.aspx%3Fpage%3Darticle_page%26id%3D153148%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2003" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geodata00john">Geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia</a>. Thomson-Gale. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geodata00john/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5581-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5581-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-5581-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geo-data%3A+the+world+geographical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Thomson-Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5581-5&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeodata00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPRS-320"><a href="#cite_ref-EPRS_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/548988/EPRS_BRI(2015)548988_REV1_EN.pdf">"Minorities in Iraq Pushed to the brink of existence"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Research_Service" title="European Parliamentary Research Service">European Parliamentary Research Service</a>. 2015. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Iraq+Pushed+to+the+brink+of+existence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=European+Parliamentary+Research+Service&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FBRIE%2F2015%2F548988%2FEPRS_BRI%282015%29548988_REV1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/cities/">"Iraq cities"</a>. citypopulation.de. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Iraq+cities&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Firaq%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassem2016-322"><a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBassem2016" class="citation web cs1">Bassem, Wassim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912130041/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. <q>Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkmen origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul, located in the center of the Ninevah province...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Turkmens+call+for+independent+province&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bassem&rft.aufirst=Wassim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F10%2Fturkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raseef22.net/english/article/1093878-arabs-in-iran-persians-in-iraq-a-little-baghdad-in-the-heart-of-tehran">"Arabs in Iran, Persians in Iraq: A little Baghdad in the heart of Tehran"</a>. Raseef22. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raseef22&rft.atitle=Arabs+in+Iran%2C+Persians+in+Iraq%3A+A+little+Baghdad+in+the+heart+of+Tehran&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraseef22.net%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2F1093878-arabs-in-iran-persians-in-iraq-a-little-baghdad-in-the-heart-of-tehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLogan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, Darren L. (2010). "A Remnant Remaining: Armenians amid Northern Iraq's Christian Minority". Iran & the Caucasus. 14 (1): 143–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338410X12743419189540">10.1163/157338410X12743419189540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703837">25703837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=A+Remnant+Remaining%3A+Armenians+amid+Northern+Iraq%27s+Christian+Minority&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338410X12743419189540&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Darren+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061015/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html">"Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures"</a>. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 18 September 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechens+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Between+Original+and+Host+Cultures&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2002-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fpublication%2F12785%2Fchechens_in_the_middle_east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICG-326"><a href="#cite_ref-ICG_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808043240/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Iraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf">"Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 2008. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Iraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+Iraqi+Kurds%3A+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.org%2Fimages%2FIraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://associationforiranianstudies.org/content/%E2%80%9Cpersians%E2%80%9D-iraq-exile-and-diaspora-iran-iraq-war">"The "Persians" of Iraq: Exile and Diaspora in the Iran-Iraq War | Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) | انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی"</a>. associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=associationforiranianstudies.org&rft.atitle=The+%22Persians%22+of+Iraq%3A+Exile+and+Diaspora+in+the+Iran-Iraq+War+%7C+Association+for+Iranian+Studies+%28AIS%29+%7C+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C+%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassociationforiranianstudies.org%2Fcontent%2F%25E2%2580%259Cpersians%25E2%2580%259D-iraq-exile-and-diaspora-iran-iraq-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharp2003" class="citation news cs1">Sharp, Heather (3 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2807821.stm">"Iraq's 'devastated' Marsh Arabs"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+%27devastated%27+Marsh+Arabs&rft.date=2003-03-03&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2807821.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zanj-329"><a href="#cite_ref-zanj_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Timothy (2 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/world/middleeast/03basra.html">"In Iraq's African Enclave, Color Is Plainly Seen"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203060958/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/world/middleeast/03basra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Iraq%27s+African+Enclave%2C+Color+Is+Plainly+Seen&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F03basra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJastrow2006" class="citation cs2">Jastrow, Otto O. (2006), "Iraq", in Versteegh, Kees; Eid, Mushira; Elgibali, Alaa; Woidich, Manfred; Zaborski, Andrzej (eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 414, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14474-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14474-3"><bdi>978-90-04-14474-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14474-3&rft.aulast=Jastrow&rft.aufirst=Otto+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanks_2016_loc=57-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanks_2016_loc=57_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShanks2016" class="citation cs2">Shanks, Kelsey (2016), Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. 57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-52043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-52043-6"><bdi>978-1-317-52043-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Ethno-Politics%3A+Defending+Identity+in+Iraq&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-52043-6&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_332-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130209/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"Iraq - the World Factbook"</a>. 27 April 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">the original</a> on 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+-+the+World+Factbook&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/18/the-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they-believe-and-how-they-view-each-other/">"Iraq's unique place in the Sunni-Shia divide – Pew Research Center"</a>. Pew Research Center. 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+unique+place+in+the+Sunni-Shia+divide+%E2%80%93+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F06%2F18%2Fthe-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they-believe-and-how-they-view-each-other%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> On Point: The United States Army In Operation Iraqi Freedom – Page 265, Gregory Fontenot – 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_335-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_335-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/magazine/fact-sheet-christianity-in-iraq-33110/">"Fact Sheet: Christianity in Iraq"</a>. CNEWA. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNEWA&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Christianity+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnewa.org%2Fmagazine%2Ffact-sheet-christianity-in-iraq-33110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_336-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_336-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowcottJones2014" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen; Jones, Sam (8 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003137/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum">"Isis persecution of Iraqi Christians has become genocide, says religious leaders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum">the original</a> on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+persecution+of+Iraqi+Christians+has+become+genocide%2C+says+religious+leaders&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Faug%2F08%2Fisis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/61897/iraq-christians-live-in-fear-of-death-squads">"IRAQ: Christians live in fear of death squads"</a>. IRIN Middle East. IRIN. 19 October 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRIN+Middle+East&rft.atitle=IRAQ%3A+Christians+live+in+fear+of+death+squads&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F61897%2Firaq-christians-live-in-fear-of-death-squads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-besieged-338"><a href="#cite_ref-besieged_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2008" class="citation news cs1">Harrison, Frances (13 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7295145.stm">"Christians besieged in Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Christians+besieged+in+Iraq&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7295145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_339-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_339-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_339-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_339-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-iraq-2021/215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons">"2.15. Religious and ethnic minorities, and stateless persons | European Union Agency for Asylum"</a>. euaa.europa.eu. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euaa.europa.eu&rft.atitle=2.15.+Religious+and+ethnic+minorities%2C+and+stateless+persons+%7C+European+Union+Agency+for+Asylum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuaa.europa.eu%2Fcountry-guidance-iraq-2021%2F215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28686998">"Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh"</a>. BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+Christians+flee+as+Islamic+State+takes+Qaraqosh&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-28686998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120907133733/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/A453003E-DEC4-491A-9069-81255C27A7FA.html2006">"Population 'under attack', Radio Free Europe"</a>. Rferl.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/A453003E-DEC4-491A-9069-81255C27A7FA.html2006">the original</a> on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+%27under+attack%27%2C+Radio+Free+Europe&rft.pub=Rferl.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticle%2F2007%2F05%2FA453003E-DEC4-491A-9069-81255C27A7FA.html2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMardean_Isaac2011" class="citation news cs1">Mardean Isaac (24 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/24/iraq-minorities-assyrians">"The desperate plight of Iraq's Assyrians and other minorities"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+desperate+plight+of+Iraq%27s+Assyrians+and+other+minorities&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft.au=Mardean+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fdec%2F24%2Firaq-minorities-assyrians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3529364.stm">"Analysis: Iraq's Christians under attack"</a>. BBC News. 2 August 2004. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Iraq%27s+Christians+under+attack&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3529364.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-1-344"><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph-1_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcQuade2014" class="citation news cs1">McQuade, Romsin (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html">"Iraq's persecuted Assyrian Christians are in limbo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+persecuted+Assyrian+Christians+are+in+limbo&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=McQuade&rft.aufirst=Romsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F11000168%2FIraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_345-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2003" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Andrea (27 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-07-27-iraq-jews-usat_x.htm">"Embattled Jewish community down to last survivors"</a>. Usatoday.com. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Embattled+Jewish+community+down+to+last+survivors&rft.date=2003-07-27&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2003-07-27-iraq-jews-usat_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/now-baghdads-last-jews-have-some-hope/28042122.html">"Now Baghdad's last Jews have some hope"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 15 April 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Now+Baghdad%27s+last+Jews+have+some+hope&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnow-baghdads-last-jews-have-some-hope%2F28042122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-347"><a href="#cite_ref-:18_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargit2021" class="citation web cs1">Margit, Maya (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themedialine.org/life-lines/history/the-end-of-exile-iraqi-jew-recalls-escape-from-baghdad-70-years-ago/">"The End of Exile: Iraqi Jew Recalls Escape From Baghdad 70 Years Ago"</a>. The Media Line. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Media+Line&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Exile%3A+Iraqi+Jew+Recalls+Escape+From+Baghdad+70+Years+Ago&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Margit&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemedialine.org%2Flife-lines%2Fhistory%2Fthe-end-of-exile-iraqi-jew-recalls-escape-from-baghdad-70-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-348"><a href="#cite_ref-:19_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amwaj.media/article/once-thriving-iraq-s-jews-on-verge-of-vanishing">"Once thriving, Iraq's Jews on verge of vanishing"</a>. Amwaj.media. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amwaj.media&rft.atitle=Once+thriving%2C+Iraq%27s+Jews+on+verge+of+vanishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famwaj.media%2Farticle%2Fonce-thriving-iraq-s-jews-on-verge-of-vanishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-349"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/12/archives/iraqi-jews-leave-in-a-steady-flow-5-or-6-families-going-weekly.html#">"Iraqi Jews Leave in a Steady Flow"</a>. The New York Times. 12 December 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Jews+Leave+in+a+Steady+Flow&rft.date=1971-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F12%2F12%2Farchives%2Firaqi-jews-leave-in-a-steady-flow-5-or-6-families-going-weekly.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-350"><a href="#cite_ref-:16_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShenon1990" class="citation news cs1">Shenon, Philip (12 December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/world/standoff-gulf-synagogue-s-keeper-tells-standing-watch-for-baghdad-s-dwindling.html">"Standoff in the Gulf"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Standoff+in+the+Gulf&rft.date=1990-12-12&rft.aulast=Shenon&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F12%2F12%2Fworld%2Fstandoff-gulf-synagogue-s-keeper-tells-standing-watch-for-baghdad-s-dwindling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-351"><a href="#cite_ref-:20_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBy1998" class="citation web cs1">By (13 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/11/13/in-iraq-respect-for-the-jews-baghdad-a-tiny-minority-that-has-seen-good-days-and-bad-is-treated-well-under-saddam-hussein/">"In Iraq, respect for the Jews Baghdad: A tiny minority that has seen good days and bad is treated well under Saddam Hussein"</a>. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=In+Iraq%2C+respect+for+the+Jews+Baghdad%3A+A+tiny+minority+that+has+seen+good+days+and+bad+is+treated+well+under+Saddam+Hussein.&rft.date=1998-11-13&rft.au=By&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1998%2F11%2F13%2Fin-iraq-respect-for-the-jews-baghdad-a-tiny-minority-that-has-seen-good-days-and-bad-is-treated-well-under-saddam-hussein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-352"><a href="#cite_ref-:21_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFijao2018" class="citation web cs1">ijao (23 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijao.ca/a-group-of-young-iraqis-risk-imprisonment-to-reconnect-with-their-countrys-jewish-past/">"A Group of Young Iraqis Risk Imprisonment to Reconnect With Their Country's Jewish Past"</a>. Iraqi Jewish Association Of Ontario. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+Jewish+Association+Of+Ontario&rft.atitle=A+Group+of+Young+Iraqis+Risk+Imprisonment+to+Reconnect+With+Their+Country%27s+Jewish+Past&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.au=ijao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijao.ca%2Fa-group-of-young-iraqis-risk-imprisonment-to-reconnect-with-their-countrys-jewish-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/stories/yazidis-iraq-between-rock-and-hard-place_en">"The Yazidis in Iraq: between a rock and a hard place - European Commission"</a>. civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+Yazidis+in+Iraq%3A+between+a+rock+and+a+hard+place+-+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu%2Fnews-stories%2Fstories%2Fyazidis-iraq-between-rock-and-hard-place_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-354"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Saadi" class="citation web cs1">Al-Saadi, Qais. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfri-irak.com/en/article/the-mandaean-sabians-twenty-years-after-the-american-occupation-political-and-social-transformations-in-iraq-and-the-diaspora-2024-01-05">"The Mandaean Sabians, twenty years after the American occupation"</a>. cfri-irak.com. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cfri-irak.com&rft.atitle=The+Mandaean+Sabians%2C+twenty+years+after+the+American+occupation&rft.aulast=Al-Saadi&rft.aufirst=Qais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcfri-irak.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-mandaean-sabians-twenty-years-after-the-american-occupation-political-and-social-transformations-in-iraq-and-the-diaspora-2024-01-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm">"Warnings of Iraq refugee crisis"</a>. BBC News. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Warnings+of+Iraq+refugee+crisis&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6286129.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030941/http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq/2007/iraq-a-displacement-crisis/">"A displacement crisis"</a>. 30 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq/2007/iraq-a-displacement-crisis/">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+displacement+crisis&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Firaq%2F2007%2Firaq-a-displacement-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLochhead2007" class="citation news cs1">Lochhead, Carolyn (16 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/01/16/MNG2MNJBIS1.DTL">"40% of middle class believed to have fled crumbling nation"</a>. The San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=40%25+of+middle+class+believed+to+have+fled+crumbling+nation&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft.aulast=Lochhead&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F16%2FMNG2MNJBIS1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation news cs1">Black, Ian (22 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,2214918,00.html">"Iraqi refugees start to head home"</a> (PDF). The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iraqi+refugees+start+to+head+home&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FIraq%2FStory%2F0%2C%2C2214918%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/will-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html">"Will Iraq's 1.3 million refugees ever be able to go home?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Will+Iraq%27s+1.3+million+refugees+ever+be+able+to+go+home%3F&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fwill-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_360-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11724378">"Christian areas targeted in Baghdad attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Christian+areas+targeted+in+Baghdad+attacks&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11724378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_361-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabahJervis2007" class="citation news cs1">Sabah, Zaid; Jervis, Rick (23 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-03-22-christians-iraq_N.htm">"Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq"</a>. USA Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Christians%2C+targeted+and+suffering%2C+flee+Iraq&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.aulast=Sabah&rft.aufirst=Zaid&rft.au=Jervis%2C+Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2007-03-22-christians-iraq_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210131849/http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=df4c47c9de5ba110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=68439c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD">"USCIS – Iraqi Refugee ProcessingFact Sheet"</a>. Uscis.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextchannel=68439c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD&vgnextoid=df4c47c9de5ba110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD">the original</a> on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USCIS+%E2%80%93+Iraqi+Refugee+ProcessingFact+Sheet&rft.pub=Uscis.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Fportal%2Fsite%2Fuscis%2Fmenuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a%2F%3Fvgnextchannel%3D68439c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD%26vgnextoid%3Ddf4c47c9de5ba110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/51c0399c9.html">"Iraqi refugees flee war-torn Syria and seek safety back home"</a>. UNHCR. 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+refugees+flee+war-torn+Syria+and+seek+safety+back+home&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F51c0399c9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302192733/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=103">"Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. data2.unhcr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/5">the original</a> on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data2.unhcr.org&rft.atitle=Situation+Syria+Regional+Refugee+Response&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata2.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fsituations%2Fsyria%2Flocation%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214323/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&cat_code=8">"Health"</a>. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health&rft.pub=SESRIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-infigures.php%3Fc_code%3D24%26cat_code%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215053/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&cat_code=7">"Demography"</a>. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demography&rft.pub=SESRIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-infigures.php%3Fc_code%3D24%26cat_code%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000400/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-linecharts.php?ind_code=12&c_code=24">"Life expectancy at birth, total (Iraq)"</a>. SESRIC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28Iraq%29&rft.pub=SESRIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-linecharts.php%3Find_code%3D12%26c_code%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corpwatch-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corpwatch_368-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corpwatch_368-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corpwatch_368-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corpwatch_368-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717084814/http://www.warprofiteers.com/article.php?id=14290">"High-Tech Healthcare in Iraq, Minus the Healthcare"</a>. CorpWatch. 8 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warprofiteers.com/article.php?id=14290">the original</a> on 17 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Tech+Healthcare+in+Iraq%2C+Minus+the+Healthcare&rft.pub=CorpWatch&rft.date=2007-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warprofiteers.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D14290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-369">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_369-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_369-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2024/12/29/baghdad-opens-first-general-hospital-in-nearly-40-years/">"Baghdad opens first General Hospital in nearly 40 years"</a>. Iraq Business News. 29 December 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraq+Business+News&rft.atitle=Baghdad+opens+first+General+Hospital+in+nearly+40+years&rft.date=2024-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraq-businessnews.com%2F2024%2F12%2F29%2Fbaghdad-opens-first-general-hospital-in-nearly-40-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalem2024" class="citation web cs1">Salem, Amr (17 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq/iraq-opens-new-hospital-in-baghdads-medical-city/">"Iraq opens new hospital in Baghdad's Medical City"</a>. Iraqi News. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+opens+new+hospital+in+Baghdad%27s+Medical+City&rft.date=2024-11-17&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Amr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinews.com%2Firaq%2Firaq-opens-new-hospital-in-baghdads-medical-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/396047/Iraqi-PM-inaugurates-joint-operation-program-for-modern-hospitals-in-Najaf">"Iraqi PM inaugurates joint operation program for modern hospitals in Najaf"</a>. Kurdistan24. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+PM+inaugurates+joint+operation+program+for+modern+hospitals+in+Najaf&rft.pub=Kurdistan24&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fstory%2F396047%2FIraqi-PM-inaugurates-joint-operation-program-for-modern-hospitals-in-Najaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ina.iq/eng/33867-al-sudani-declares-that-six-provinces-will-use-hospital-joint-management-system-with-global-companies.html">"Al-Sudani declares that six provinces will use hospital joint management system with global companies"</a>. Iraqi News Agency. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Al-Sudani+declares+that+six+provinces+will+use+hospital+joint+management+system+with+global+companies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fina.iq%2Feng%2F33867-al-sudani-declares-that-six-provinces-will-use-hospital-joint-management-system-with-global-companies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Santisteban-2005-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_373-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_373-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Santisteban-2005_373-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Santisteban2005" class="citation journal cs1">de Santisteban, Agustin Velloso (2005). "Sanctions, War, Occupation and the De-Development of Education in Iraq". International Review of Education. 51 (1): 59–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IREdu..51...59S">2005IREdu..51...59S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11159-005-0587-8">10.1007/s11159-005-0587-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144395039">144395039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=Sanctions%2C+War%2C+Occupation+and+the+De-Development+of+Education+in+Iraq&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144395039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11159-005-0587-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005IREdu..51...59S&rft.aulast=de+Santisteban&rft.aufirst=Agustin+Velloso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef.org-374">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_374-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804182022/https://www.unicef.org/iraq/TheCostOfEducationInIraq-EN.pdf">"The Cost and Benefit of Education in Iraq"</a> (PDF). unicef.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/iraq/TheCostOfEducationInIraq-EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicef.org&rft.atitle=The+Cost+and+Benefit+of+Education+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Firaq%2FTheCostOfEducationInIraq-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-375">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_375-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_375-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_375-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shafaq.com/en/Iraq/PM-Al-Sudani-opens-790-model-schools-nationwide-under-Iraq-China-Framework-Agreement">"PM Al-Sudani opens 790 model schools nationwide under Iraq-China Framework Agreement"</a>. Shafaq News. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shafaq+News&rft.atitle=PM+Al-Sudani+opens+790+model+schools+nationwide+under+Iraq-China+Framework+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshafaq.com%2Fen%2FIraq%2FPM-Al-Sudani-opens-790-model-schools-nationwide-under-Iraq-China-Framework-Agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_376-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalem2024" class="citation web cs1">Salem, Amr (24 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq/iraq-opens-790-new-schools/">"Iraq opens 790 new schools"</a>. Iraqi News. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+opens+790+new+schools&rft.date=2024-11-24&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Amr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinews.com%2Firaq%2Firaq-opens-790-new-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWijdan" class="citation book cs1">Wijdan, A. Contemporary Art From The Islamic World. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Art+From+The+Islamic+World&rft.pages=166&rft.aulast=Wijdan&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> Dabrowska, K. and Hann, G., Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-Online-379"><a href="#cite_ref-Online_379-0">^</a> "Baghdad school", in: Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school">Online:</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-380">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_380-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_380-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_380-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcade.stanford.edu/blogs/contemporary-iraqi-architects">"Contemporary Iraqi Architects"</a>. ARCADE. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARCADE&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Iraqi+Architects&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcade.stanford.edu%2Fblogs%2Fcontemporary-iraqi-architects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024195710/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/pressreleases/20031209_Dec9_Iraq_Symphony.html">"President Bush, Secretary Powell welcome Iraqi musicians to Kennedy - Information about the Iraqi Dinar"</a>. 24 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa-iraq.org/pressreleases/20031209_Dec9_Iraq_Symphony.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush%2C+Secretary+Powell+welcome+Iraqi+musicians+to+Kennedy+-+Information+about+the+Iraqi+Dinar&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa-iraq.org%2Fpressreleases%2F20031209_Dec9_Iraq_Symphony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/277/">"Hatra"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Hatra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F277%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArraf2021" class="citation news cs1">Arraf, Jane (3 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/03/world/middleeast/iraq-looted-artifacts-return.html">"Iraq Reclaims 17,000 Looted Artifacts, Its Biggest-Ever Repatriation"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraq+Reclaims+17%2C000+Looted+Artifacts%2C+Its+Biggest-Ever+Repatriation&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Arraf&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-looted-artifacts-return.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifepersona.com/mesopotamian-literature-characteristics-authors-historical-context">"Mesopotamian Literature: Characteristics, Authors, Historical Context"</a>. Life Persona. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+Persona&rft.atitle=Mesopotamian+Literature%3A+Characteristics%2C+Authors%2C+Historical+Context&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifepersona.com%2Fmesopotamian-literature-characteristics-authors-historical-context&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epic-of-Gilgamesh">"Epic of Gilgamesh"</a>. britannica.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEpic-of-Gilgamesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutas1998" class="citation book cs1">Gutas, Dimitri (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cm_KK6Ubk8C&pg=PA53">Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʻAbbāsid Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th Centuries)</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 53–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06132-2"><bdi>978-0-415-06132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Thought%2C+Arabic+Culture%3A+The+Graeco-Arabic+Translation+Movement+in+Baghdad+and+Early+%CA%BBAbb%C4%81sid+Society+%282nd%E2%80%934th%2F8th%E2%80%9310th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06132-2&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cm_KK6Ubk8C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTouma1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Habib_Hassan_Touma" title="Habib Hassan Touma">Touma, Habib Hassan</a> (1996). The Music of the Arabs. Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-081-3"><bdi>978-1-57467-081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-081-3&rft.aulast=Touma&rft.aufirst=Habib+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/home">"UNESCO - Intangible Heritage Home"</a>. ich.unesco.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Intangible+Heritage+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kojaman-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_389-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_389-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_389-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_389-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_389-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKojaman" class="citation web cs1">Kojaman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangoor.com/72page42.html">"Jewish Role in Iraqi Music"</a>. Retrieved 9 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Role+in+Iraqi+Music&rft.au=Kojaman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dangoor.com%2F72page42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manasseh-390"><a href="#cite_ref-Manasseh_390-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManasseh2004" class="citation news cs1">Manasseh, Sara (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202084829/http://www.soas.ac.uk/ahrbmusicanddance/newsletter/musicanddance3.pdf">"An Iraqi samai of Salim Al-Nur"</a> (PDF). Newsletter. No. 3. London: Arts and Humanities Research Board Research Centre for Cross-Cultural Music and Dance Performance. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/ahrbmusicanddance/newsletter/musicanddance3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsletter&rft.atitle=An+Iraqi+samai+of+Salim+Al-Nur&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Manasseh&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fahrbmusicanddance%2Fnewsletter%2Fmusicanddance3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlattenberger" class="citation web cs1">Blattenberger, Kirt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfcafe.com/references/popular-electronics/middle-east-first-tv-station-popular-electronics-june-1955.htm">"Middle East Gets Its First Television Station, June 1955 Popular Electronics"</a>. RF Cafe. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RF+Cafe&rft.atitle=Middle+East+Gets+Its+First+Television+Station%2C+June+1955+Popular+Electronics&rft.aulast=Blattenberger&rft.aufirst=Kirt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfcafe.com%2Freferences%2Fpopular-electronics%2Fmiddle-east-first-tv-station-popular-electronics-june-1955.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com/صناعة-الخبر-في-الفضائيات-العراقية/سمير-داود-حنوش/قول">"صناعة "الخبر" في الفضائيات العراقية"</a>. الترا عراق | Ultra Iraq. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%26%23124%3B+Ultra+Iraq&rft.atitle=%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultrairaq.ultrasawt.com%2F%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9%2F%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%2F%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Marashi2007" class="citation web cs1">Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=asc_papers">"Toward an Understanding of Media Policy and Media Systems in Iraq"</a>. Center for Global Communications Studies, Occasional Paper Series. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Understanding+of+Media+Policy+and+Media+Systems+in+Iraq&rft.series=Center+for+Global+Communications+Studies%2C+Occasional+Paper+Series&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Al-Marashi&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1058%26context%3Dasc_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salloum-394">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_394-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/3592">"Foods of Iraq: Enshrined With A Long History"</a>. ThingsAsian. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foods+of+Iraq%3A+Enshrined+With+A+Long+History&rft.pub=ThingsAsian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thingsasian.com%2Fstories-photos%2F3592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eraq-e-ajami">"ʿErāq-E ʿAjam(ī)"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFEr%C4%81q-E+%CA%BFAjam%28%C4%AB%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VIII%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=538&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feraq-e-ajami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shadid, Anthony 2005. Night Draws Near. Henry Holt and Co., <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">NY</a>, US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7602-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7602-6">0-8050-7602-6</a>.</li> <li>Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glass" title="Charles Glass">Charles Glass</a>, "The Northern Front: A Wartime Diary"' Saqi Books, London, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-770-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-770-3">0-86356-770-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/">A Dweller in Mesopotamia</a>, being the adventures of an official artist in the garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">layered PDF</a> format).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/">By Desert Ways to Baghdad</a>, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) With illustrations and a map, 1908 (1909 ed.) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">layered PDF</a> format).</li> <li>Benjamin Busch, "'Today is Better than Tomorrow'. A Marine returns to a divided Iraq", <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>, October 2014, pp. 29–44.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N3248.pdf">Global Arms Exports to Iraq 1960–1990, Rand Research report</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyman2006" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-991-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-991-6"><bdi>1-84176-991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+1941%3A+The+Battles+for+Basra%2C+Habbaniya%2C+Fallujah+and+Baghdad&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84176-991-6&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolk2005" class="citation book cs1">Polk, William Roe (2005). Understanding Iraq. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-764-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iraq&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-764-1&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Roe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (1996). Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16052-4"><bdi>978-0-312-16052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+From+Sumer+to+Saddam&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16052-4&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIraqi_Constitution" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">"Iraqi Constitution"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Interior – General Directorate For Nationality. 30 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Constitution&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Interior+%E2%80%93+General+Directorate+For+Nationality&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinationality.gov.iq%2Fattach%2Firaqi_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTripp2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles R. H.</a> (2002). A History of Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraq" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Iraq <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iraq">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iraq&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IQ">Key Development Forecasts for Iraq</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ur.gov.iq/">Ur Portal</a> – gateway to government sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidency.iq/EN/">Presidency</a> – official website of the president of Iraq</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo.iq/">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Iraq</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosit.gov.iq">Statistics</a> – Official website of Central Statistical Organization</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqiembassy.us/page/iraqs-history-an-interactive-timeline">"History"</a> – Iraqi History at Embassy of the Republic of Iraq in Washington</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/20px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/40px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Iraq">Wikimedia Atlas of Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304934">Iraq</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011–present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives (legislative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/40px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/40px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/60px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Iraq at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" class="extiw" title="c:العراق">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Iraq">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="q:Iraq">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="voy:Iraq">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121814095">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8055148947783454950004">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205757/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCBPBdMfmXtd4M8cvJXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4072920-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077342">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118646205">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118646205">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564211">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35236339">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129392&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX450598">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/128719">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/16863">Norway</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/192">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547811705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b0525ccb-15e9-3c56-81fa-471db3b31cfa">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/6170e51f-4a52-4042-8784-148ad83c248b">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ZPkcc7xJ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026389428">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003409">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035696">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12588">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/irak--ulke">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iraq&params=33_N_44_E_type:country_region:IQ">33°N 44°E / 33°N 44°E / 33; 44</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&oldid=1283861489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&oldid=1283861489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federal_republics" title="Category:Federal republics">Federal republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_OPEC" title="Category:Member states of OPEC">Member states of OPEC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Category:Member states of the Arab League">Member states of the Arab League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1932" title="Category:States and territories established in 1932">States and territories established in 1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Asian_countries" title="Category:West Asian countries">West Asian countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Countries in Asia">Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:Kurdish-speaking countries and territories">Kurdish-speaking countries and territories</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kurdish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kurdish-language text">Articles containing Kurdish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Imperial_Aramaic_(700-300_BCE)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text">Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Kurdish-language_sources_(ku)" title="Category:CS1 Kurdish-language sources (ku)">CS1 Kurdish-language sources (ku)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: requires URL">CS1 errors: requires URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)">Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2025">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2021">Use dmy dates from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use British English from January 2025">Use British English from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 April 2025, at 02:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Iraq</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 266 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58f486c48d-75g7k","wgBackendResponseTime":423,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.900","walltime":"4.533","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29471,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":855467,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":66669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":88,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1392843,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3767.210 1 -total"," 46.43% 1749.170 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.04% 905.793 229 Template:Cite_web"," 12.40% 467.113 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 9.02% 339.720 81 Template:Cite_news"," 4.25% 159.930 30 Template:Cite_book"," 4.18% 157.613 3 Template:Sfn"," 3.54% 133.526 2 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 3.05% 114.878 2 Template:Native_name"," 3.05% 114.865 1 Template:Osmrelation-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.375","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25889827,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAP\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAberbach2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed_Aboulenein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Marashi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Saadi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAldroubiMahmoud\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmaliky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArraf2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzhari2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaghdad2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassem2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlattenberger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesch1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowcottJones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalamur2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollBorger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Keith_Maisels2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Philip_Issawi1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeepika2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüring2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrahim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditor2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoundation\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFox,_Jonathan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrahm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeraint\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlanz,_James2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutas1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHadad2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalloran2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatt,_R._T.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIraqi_Constitution\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJastrow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_J2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandela2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaram2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKathryn_Jean_Lopez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_Maisels1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKojaman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiverani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochhead2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukas2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLyman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnus_Thorkell_Bernhardsson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManasseh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardean_Isaac2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargit2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1761\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuseum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNehal_Mostafa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdio,_Sam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfiffner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQassim_Abdul-Zahra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRassam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawat2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidar_Visser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRubinDenton2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSabahJervis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalama2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalem2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalem2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSalmon1767\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Bailey_and_Rachel_Atkinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanks2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva-Couto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_Ackerman_and_agencies2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudies\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTastekin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_PohlSameh_W._Al-MuqdadiMalik_H._AliNadia_Al-Mudaffar_Fawzi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooze2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToprak1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTouma1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_Iraq_Joint_Analysis_and_Policy_Unit2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVince2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner,_Thomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijdan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongJakesSchmitt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Salhy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Santisteban2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFijao2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFinternationalbanker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFyrashed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 33,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite document\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 227,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Iraq topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 6,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 33,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal:Iraq/Governorates Image Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58f486c48d-6tf7d","timestamp":"20250404022646","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iraq","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q796","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q796","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-05T02:45:43Z","dateModified":"2025-04-04T02:25:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/Flag_of_Iraq.svg","headline":"sovereign state in Western Asia"}</script> </body> </html>