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id="toc-GATT_negotiations_before_Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay_Round:_1986–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay_Round:_1986–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Uruguay Round: 1986–1994 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay_Round:_1986–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministerial_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministerial_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Ministerial conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministerial_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doha_Round_(Doha_Agenda):_2001–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doha_Round_(Doha_Agenda):_2001–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Doha Round (Doha Agenda): 2001–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doha_Round_(Doha_Agenda):_2001–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Key Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Key Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Key_Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Trade_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Trade_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 World Trade Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Trade_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WTO_Annual_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WTO_Annual_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 WTO Annual Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WTO_Annual_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Trade_Statistical_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Trade_Statistical_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 World Trade Statistical Review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Trade_Statistical_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_of_the_trading_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_the_trading_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Principles of the trading system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_the_trading_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organizational structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision-making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision-making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Decision-making </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision-making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dispute settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_and_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_and_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Accession and membership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accession_and_membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accession and membership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accession_and_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Accession process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_and_observers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_and_observers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Members and observers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_and_observers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_director-general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_director-general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Office of director-general </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Office_of_director-general-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Office of director-general subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Office_of_director-general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_directors-general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_directors-general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 List of directors-general </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_directors-general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_Director-General_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_Director-General_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 2020 Director-General selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_Director-General_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">World Trade Organization</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" > 138 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAreldhandelsorganisasie" title="Wêreldhandelsorganisasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wêreldhandelsorganisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welthandelsorganisation" title="Welthandelsorganisation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Welthandelsorganisation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85%E1%89%B5" title="የአለም ንግድ ድርጅት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአለም ንግድ ድርጅት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منظمة التجارة العالمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة التجارة العالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Mundial_d%27o_Comercio" title="Organización Mundial d'o Comercio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Organización Mundial d'o Comercio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisacion_mondi%C3%A2la_du_com%C3%A8r%C3%A7o" title="Organisacion mondiâla du comèrço – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Organisacion mondiâla du comèrço" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Mundial_del_Comerciu" title="Organización Mundial del Comerciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Organización Mundial del Comerciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emu_Atyguasu_Hetatet%C3%A3gua" title="Ñemu Atyguasu Hetatetãgua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemu Atyguasu Hetatetãgua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmumd%C3%BCnya_Ticar%C9%99t_T%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1" title="Ümumdünya Ticarət Təşkilatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ümumdünya Ticarət Təşkilatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="دونیا تیجارت قورومو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونیا تیجارت قورومو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_Padagangan_Gumi" title="Organisasi Padagangan Gumi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Organisasi Padagangan Gumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_B%C5%8D%CD%98-e%CC%8Dk_Cho%CD%98-chit" title="Sè-kài Bō͘-e̍k Cho͘-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-kài Bō͘-e̍k Cho͘-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Бөтә донъя сауҙа ойошмаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөтә донъя сауҙа ойошмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сусветная гандлёвая арганізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусветная гандлёвая арганізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сусьветная гандлёвая арганізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сусьветная гандлёвая арганізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Световна търговска организация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Световна търговска организация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_trgovinska_organizacija" title="Svjetska trgovinska organizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetska trgovinska organizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aozadur_Bedel_ar_C%27henwerzh" title="Aozadur Bedel ar C'henwerzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aozadur Bedel ar C'henwerzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_Mundial_del_Comer%C3%A7" title="Organització Mundial del Comerç – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organització Mundial del Comerç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_obchodn%C3%AD_organizace" title="Světová obchodní organizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světová obchodní organizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefydliad_Masnach_y_Byd" title="Sefydliad Masnach y Byd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sefydliad Masnach y Byd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO" title="WTO – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="WTO" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منضمة التجارة لعالمية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="منضمة التجارة لعالمية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welthandelsorganisation" title="Welthandelsorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Welthandelsorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailma_Kaubandusorganisatsioon" title="Maailma Kaubandusorganisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maailma Kaubandusorganisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Παγκόσμιος Οργανισμός Εμπορίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκόσμιος Οργανισμός Εμπορίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Mundial_del_Comercio" title="Organización Mundial del Comercio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización Mundial del Comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monda_Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Komerco" title="Monda Organizaĵo pri Komerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monda Organizaĵo pri Komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munduko_Merkataritza_Erakundea" title="Munduko Merkataritza Erakundea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Munduko Merkataritza Erakundea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سازمان تجارت جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان تجارت جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="World Trade Organization" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimshandilsfelagsskapurin" title="Heimshandilsfelagsskapurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heimshandilsfelagsskapurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_du_commerce" title="Organisation mondiale du commerce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation mondiale du commerce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wr%C3%A2ldhannelsorganisaasje" title="Wrâldhannelsorganisaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wrâldhannelsorganisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Mundial_do_Comercio" title="Organización Mundial do Comercio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Organización Mundial do Comercio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A0%E0%AA%A8" title="વિશ્વ વેપાર સંગઠન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિશ્વ વેપાર સંગઠન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Mo-yi_Ch%C3%BB-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Sṳ-kie Mo-yi Chû-chṳt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ-kie Mo-yi Chû-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="세계무역기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계무역기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar_Kasuwanci_ta_Duniya" title="Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Առևտրի համաշխարհային կազմակերպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առևտրի համաշխարհային կազմակերպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="विश्व व्यापार संगठन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्व व्यापार संगठन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_trgovinska_organizacija" title="Svjetska trgovinska organizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetska trgovinska organizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondal_organizuro_pri_komerco" title="Mondal organizuro pri komerco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mondal organizuro pri komerco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunglo_ti_Komersio_ti_Lubong" title="Gunglo ti Komersio ti Lubong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gunglo ti Komersio ti Lubong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Mundial_del_Commercio" title="Organisation Mundial del Commercio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Organisation Mundial del Commercio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundal_Organisation_del_Comercie" title="Mundal Organisation del Comercie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mundal Organisation del Comercie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0avi%C3%B0skiptastofnunin" title="Alþjóðaviðskiptastofnunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðaviðskiptastofnunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_mondiale_del_commercio" title="Organizzazione mondiale del commercio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organizzazione mondiale del commercio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="ארגון הסחר העולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארגון הסחר העולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paheman_Padagangan_Donya" title="Paheman Padagangan Donya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paheman Padagangan Donya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಶ್ವ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дуния сатыу-алыу организация – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Дуния сатыу-алыу организация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მსოფლიო სავაჭრო ორგანიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსოფლიო სავაჭრო ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowethyans_Kenwerth_an_Bys" title="Kowethyans Kenwerth an Bys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kowethyans Kenwerth an Bys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirika_la_Biashara_Duniani" title="Shirika la Biashara Duniani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirika la Biashara Duniani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizasyon_mondyal_di_komers" title="Organizasyon mondyal di komers – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Organizasyon mondyal di komers" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Бүткүл Дүйнөлүк Соода Уюму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бүткүл Дүйнөлүк Соода Уюму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisazion_Mundiela_dl_Cumerz" title="Organisazion Mundiela dl Cumerz – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Organisazion Mundiela dl Cumerz" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81" title="ອົງການການຄ້າໂລກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອົງການການຄ້າໂລກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_mercaturae_mundanae" title="Ordo mercaturae mundanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ordo mercaturae mundanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaules_Tirdzniec%C4%ABbas_organiz%C4%81cija" title="Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welthandelsorganisatioun" title="Welthandelsorganisatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Welthandelsorganisatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulio_prekybos_organizacija" title="Pasaulio prekybos organizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulio prekybos organizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werreldhanjelsorganisaasje" title="Werreldhanjelsorganisaasje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Werreldhanjelsorganisaasje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereskedelmi_Vil%C3%A1gszervezet" title="Kereskedelmi Világszervezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereskedelmi Világszervezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="विश्व व्यापार सङ्गठन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विश्व व्यापार सङ्गठन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Светска трговска организација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светска трговска организација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikambanana_eran-Tany_momba_ny_Varotra" title="Fikambanana eran-Tany momba ny Varotra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikambanana eran-Tany momba ny Varotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="ലോക വ്യാപാര സംഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോക വ്യാപാര സംഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जागतिक व्यापार संघटना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जागतिक व्यापार संघटना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="منظمة التجارة العالميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منظمة التجارة العالميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_Padagangan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Padagangan Dunia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Organisasi Padagangan Dunia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourganiza%C3%A7on_Mundial_de_l_Quem%C3%A9rcio" title="Ourganizaçon Mundial de l Quemércio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ourganizaçon Mundial de l Quemércio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дэлхийн Худалдааны Байгууллага – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн Худалдааны Байгууллага" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="ကမ္ဘာ့ကုန်သွယ်ရေးအဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာ့ကုန်သွယ်ရေးအဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldhandelsorganisatie" title="Wereldhandelsorganisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldhandelsorganisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="विश्व व्यापार सङ्गठन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्व व्यापार सङ्गठन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="वर्ल्ड ट्रेड अर्गेनाइजेसन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वर्ल्ड ट्रेड अर्गेनाइजेसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="世界貿易機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界貿易機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%86-%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дерригдуьненан йохц-иэцаран кхоллам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дерригдуьненан йохц-иэцаран кхоллам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdens_handelsorganisasjon" title="Verdens handelsorganisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdens handelsorganisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdshandelsorganisasjonen" title="Verdshandelsorganisasjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verdshandelsorganisasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacion_Mondiala_del_Com%C3%A8rci" title="Organizacion Mondiala del Comèrci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Organizacion Mondiala del Comèrci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahon_savdo_tashkiloti" title="Jahon savdo tashkiloti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jahon savdo tashkiloti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਪਾਰ ਸੰਗਠਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਪਾਰ ਸੰਗਠਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ورلڈ ٹریڈ آرگنائزیشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورلڈ ٹریڈ آرگنائزیشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نړیوال سوداګریز سازمان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړیوال سوداګریز سازمان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Chried_Aaganizieshan" title="Wol Chried Aaganizieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wol Chried Aaganizieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80" title="អង្គការពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង្គការពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisassion_Mondial_d%C3%ABl_Comersi" title="Organisassion Mondial dël Comersi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Organisassion Mondial dël Comersi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welthannelsorganisatschoon" title="Welthannelsorganisatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Welthannelsorganisatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiatowa_Organizacja_Handlu" title="Światowa Organizacja Handlu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światowa Organizacja Handlu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mundial_do_Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Organização Mundial do Comércio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização Mundial do Comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Mondial%C4%83_a_Comer%C8%9Bului" title="Organizația Mondială a Comerțului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organizația Mondială a Comerțului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisaziun_mundiala_da_commerzi" title="Organisaziun mundiala da commerzi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Organisaziun mundiala da commerzi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Світова торгова орґанізація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Світова торгова орґанізація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Всемирная торговая организация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемирная торговая организация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Аан дойдутааҕы эргиэн тэрилтэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойдутааҕы эргиэн тэрилтэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_Bot%C3%ABrore_e_Tregtis%C3%AB" title="Organizata Botërore e Tregtisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizata Botërore e Tregtisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ලෝක වෙළෙඳ සංවිධානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෝක වෙළෙඳ සංවිධානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World Trade Organization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="عالمي واپار جي تنظيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عالمي واپار جي تنظيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetov%C3%A1_obchodn%C3%A1_organiz%C3%A1cia" title="Svetová obchodná organizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svetová obchodná organizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetovna_trgovinska_organizacija" title="Svetovna trgovinska organizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetovna trgovinska organizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕێکخراوەی دانوستانی جیھانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێکخراوەی دانوستانی جیھانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Светска трговинска организација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светска трговинска организација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_trgovinska_organizacija" title="Svjetska trgovinska organizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svjetska trgovinska organizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="World Trade Organization" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailman_kauppaj%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="Maailman kauppajärjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailman kauppajärjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldshandelsorganisationen" title="Världshandelsorganisationen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världshandelsorganisationen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Organisasyon_ng_Pangangalakal" title="Pandaigdigang Organisasyon ng Pangangalakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandaigdigang Organisasyon ng Pangangalakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உலக வணிக அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலக வணிக அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%81%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бөтендөнья сәүдә оешмасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөтендөнья сәүдә оешмасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5" title="ప్రపంచ వాణిజ్య సంస్థ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రపంచ వాణిజ్య సంస్థ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="องค์การการค้าโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การการค้าโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Созмони Ҷаҳонии Тиҷорат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Созмони Ҷаҳонии Тиҷорат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_Ticaret_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" title="Dünya Ticaret Örgütü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya Ticaret Örgütü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Світова організація торгівлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світова організація торгівлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="عالمی تجارتی ادارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی تجارتی ادارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="دۇنيا سودا تەشكىلاتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دۇنيا سودا تەشكىلاتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizasion_mondia%C5%82e_del_comerso" title="Organizasion mondiałe del comerso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Organizasion mondiałe del comerso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail%27man_torguindorganizacii" title="Mail'man torguindorganizacii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mail'man torguindorganizacii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BA%A1i_Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Tổ chức Thương mại Thế giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổ chức Thương mại Thế giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjin%C3%A7nance_pol_Comiece_daegnrece" title="Adjinçnance pol Comiece daegnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adjinçnance pol Comiece daegnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="World Trade Organization" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世界贸易组织" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46_13_27_N_06_08_58_E_">46°13′27″N 06°08′58″E / 46.22417°N 6.14944°E / 46.22417; 6.14944</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intergovernmental trade organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WTO" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WTO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="WTO (disambiguation)">WTO (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">World Trade Organization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Organisation mondiale du commerce (in French) Organización Mundial del Comercio (in Spanish)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Organization_(logo_and_wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/220px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/330px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/440px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="111" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:WTO_members_and_observers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/WTO_members_and_observers.svg/250px-WTO_members_and_observers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/WTO_members_and_observers.svg/375px-WTO_members_and_observers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/WTO_members_and_observers.svg/500px-WTO_members_and_observers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Members, dually represented by the EU</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Observers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-participant states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Not applicable</div></div> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">WTO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1 January 1995; 29 years ago (1995-01-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Centre_William_Rappard" title="Centre William Rappard">Centre William Rappard</a>, Geneva, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=World_Trade_Organization&params=46_13_27_N_06_08_58_E_">46°13′27″N 06°08′58″E / 46.22417°N 6.14944°E / 46.22417; 6.14944</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">166 members (162 UN member states, the European Union, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan)</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official languages </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English, French, Spanish<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (since 2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">CHF 197,203,900 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">623 (December 2023)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wto.org">wto.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> that regulates and facilitates <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a> Governments use the organization to establish, revise, and enforce the rules that govern international trade in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">United Nations System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization, with 166 members representing over 98% of global trade and global <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[11]</a> The WTO facilitates trade in goods, <a href="/wiki/Trade_in_services" title="Trade in services">services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> among participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreements</a>, which usually aim to reduce or eliminate <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">quotas</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">restrictions</a>; these agreements are signed by representatives of member governments<a href="#cite_note-underst-12">[12]</a>: fol.9–10  and ratified by their legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-13">[13]</a> It also administers independent <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a> for enforcing participants' adherence to trade agreements and resolving trade-related disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The organization prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> It officially commenced operations on 1 January 1995, pursuant to the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a>, thus replacing the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) that had been established in 1948. Its top decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference, which is composed of all members and usually <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">convenes biennially</a>; consensus is emphasized in all decisions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Day-to-day functions are handled by the General Council, made up of representatives from all members.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A Secretariat of over 600 personnel, led by the Director-General and four deputies, provides administrative, professional, and technical services.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The WTO's annual budget is roughly 220 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>, which is contributed by members based on their proportion of international trade.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Studies show the WTO has increased trade and reduced trade barriers.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-22">[22]</a> It has also influenced trade agreement generally; the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Preferential_trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential trade agreement">preferential trade agreements (PTAs)</a> explicitly reference the WTO, with substantial portions of text copied from WTO agreements.<a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Goal 10</a> of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> also referenced WTO agreements as instruments of reducing inequality.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> However, critics contend that the benefits of WTO-facilitated <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> are not shared equally.<a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polity-26">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="History of the World Trade Organization">History of the World Trade Organization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteandKeynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/220px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/330px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/440px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption> The economists <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry White</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> The WTO precursor <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) was established by a multilateral treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation—such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> (founded 1944) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (founded 1944 or 1945). A comparable international institution for trade, named the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Organization" title="International Trade Organization">International Trade Organization</a> never started as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S</a>. and other signatories did not ratify the establishment treaty,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS-2007-pg_4-30">[30]</a> and so GATT slowly became a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> international organization.<a href="#cite_note-B81-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GATT_negotiations_before_Uruguay">GATT negotiations before Uruguay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: GATT negotiations before Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></div> Seven rounds of negotiations occurred under <a href="/wiki/GATT" class="mw-redirect" title="GATT">GATT</a> (1949 to 1979). The first real[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> GATT trade rounds (1947 to 1960) concentrated on further reducing <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>. Then the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a> in the mid-sixties brought about a GATT <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">anti-dumping</a> agreement and a section on development. The Tokyo Round during the seventies represented the first major attempt to tackle trade barriers that do not take the form of tariffs, and to improve the system, adopting a series of agreements on <a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade" title="Non-tariff barriers to trade">non-tariff barriers</a>, which in some cases interpreted existing GATT rules, and in others broke entirely new ground. Because not all GATT members accepted these <a href="/wiki/Plurilateral_agreement" title="Plurilateral agreement">plurilateral agreements</a>, they were often informally called "codes". (The Uruguay Round amended several of these codes and turned them into multilateral commitments accepted by all WTO members. Only four remained plurilateral (those on government procurement, bovine meat, civil aircraft, and dairy products), but in 1997 WTO members agreed to terminate the bovine meat and dairy agreements, leaving only two.<a href="#cite_note-GY-33">[33]</a>) Despite attempts in the mid-1950s and 1960s to establish some form of institutional mechanism for international trade, the GATT continued to operate for almost half a century as a semi-institutionalized multilateral treaty régime on a provisional basis.<a href="#cite_note-F17-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay_Round:_1986–1994">Uruguay Round: 1986–1994</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uruguay Round: 1986–1994">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></div> Well before GATT's 40th anniversary (due in 1987–1988), GATT members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalizing</a> world economy.<a href="#cite_note-G4-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-UR-36">[36]</a> In response to problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration (structural deficiencies, spill-over impacts of certain countries' policies on world trade which GATT could not manage, etc.), a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Este" title="Punta del Este">Punta del Este</a>, Uruguay, launched the eighth GATT round—known as the Uruguay Round—in September 1986.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In the biggest negotiating mandate on trade ever agreed, the Uruguay Round talks aimed to extend the trading system into several new areas, notably trade in services and intellectual property, and to reform trade in the sensitive sectors of agriculture and textiles; all the original GATT articles were up for review.<a href="#cite_note-UR-36">[36]</a> The Final Act concluding the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> Round and officially establishing the WTO regime was signed on 15 April 1994, during the ministerial meeting at <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco—hence known as the <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The GATT still exists as the WTO's umbrella treaty for trade in goods, updated as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations (a distinction is made between GATT 1994, the updated parts of GATT, and GATT 1947, the original agreement which is still the heart of GATT 1994).<a href="#cite_note-G4-35">[35]</a> GATT 1994 is not, however, the only legally binding agreement included via the Final Act at Marrakesh; a long list of about 60 agreements, annexes, decisions, and understandings was adopted. The agreements fall into six main parts: <ul><li>the Agreement Establishing the WTO</li> <li>the Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods, including the GATT 1994 and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Related_Investment_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Related Investment Measures">Trade Related Investment Measures</a> (TRIMS)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">General Agreement on Trade in Services</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li>dispute settlement<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>reviews of governments' trade policies<a href="#cite_note-OL-41">[41]</a></li></ul> In terms of the WTO's <a href="#Principles_of_the_trading_system">principle relating to tariff "ceiling-binding" (No. 3)</a>, the Uruguay Round has been successful in increasing binding commitments by both developed and developing countries, as may be seen in the percentages of tariffs bound before and after the 1986–1994 talks.<a href="#cite_note-PT-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministerial_conferences">Ministerial conferences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ministerial conferences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_(9305956531).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289305956531%29.jpg/220px-Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289305956531%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289305956531%29.jpg/330px-Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289305956531%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289305956531%29.jpg/440px-Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289305956531%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Nations, Geneva">Palace of Nations</a> (Geneva, Switzerland)</figcaption></figure> The highest decision-making body of the WTO, the <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conference</a>, usually meets every two years.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions. The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements. Some meetings, such as the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1996">inaugural ministerial conference</a> in Singapore and the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2003">Cancun conference</a> in 2003<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> involved arguments between developed and developing economies referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">agricultural subsidies</a>; while others such as the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999">Seattle conference</a> in 1999 provoked large demonstrations. The <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001">fourth ministerial conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> in 2001 approved China's entry to the WTO and launched the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a> which was supplemented by the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005">sixth WTO ministerial conference</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>) which agreed to phase out agricultural export subsidies and to adopt the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Everything_but_Arms" title="Everything but Arms">Everything but Arms</a> initiative to phase out tariffs for goods from the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. At the sixth WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005 in December, WTO launched the <a href="/wiki/Aid_for_Trade" title="Aid for Trade">Aid for Trade</a> initiative and it is specifically to assist developing countries in <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> as included in the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_8" title="Sustainable Development Goal 8">Sustainable Development Goal 8</a> which is to increase aid for trade support and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12) was due to be held in <a href="/wiki/Nur-Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur-Sultan">Nur-Sultan</a>, Kazakhstan, in June 2020 but was canceled because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. It was later held in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland from 12–17 June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Thirteenth Ministerial Conference (MC13) was held in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, U.A.E. on 26–29 February 2024,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and extended to Friday 1 March 2024 to complete deliberations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doha_Round_(Doha_Agenda):_2001–present">Doha Round (Doha Agenda): 2001–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Doha Round (Doha Agenda): 2001–present">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></div> The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a>, at the fourth ministerial conference in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar in November 2001. This was to be an ambitious effort to make globalization more inclusive and help the world's poor, particularly by slashing barriers and subsidies in farming.<a href="#cite_note-Ec65-50">[50]</a> The initial agenda comprised both further <a href="/wiki/Trade_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade liberalization">trade liberalization</a> and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-ECdoha-51">[51]</a> Progress stalled over differences between <a href="/wiki/Developed_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nations">developed nations</a> and the major <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> on issues such as industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade<a href="#cite_note-crs-2-52">[52]</a> particularly against and between the EU and the US over their maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">agricultural subsidies</a>—seen to operate effectively as trade barriers. Repeated attempts to revive the talks proved unsuccessful,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> though the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Ministerial Declaration</a> in 2013<a href="#cite_note-wtoBali-54">[54]</a> addressed bureaucratic barriers to commerce.<a href="#cite_note-bbcBali-55">[55]</a> As of June 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a>, the future of the Doha Round remained uncertain: the work programme lists 21 subjects in which the original deadline of 1 January 2005 was missed, and the round remains incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The conflict between free trade on industrial goods and services but retention of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> on <a href="/wiki/Farm_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm subsidies">farm subsidies</a> to domestic <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural sector">agricultural sectors</a> (requested by <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Substantiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantiation">substantiation</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> on agricultural products (requested by developing countries) remain the major obstacles. This impasse has made it impossible to launch new WTO negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round. As a result, there have been an increasing number of bilateral <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade agreements">free trade agreements</a> between governments.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> As of July 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a> there were various negotiation groups in the WTO system for the current stalemated agricultural trade negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Functions">edit</a>]</div> Promotion of growth by facilitating trade is the most important function of WTO. Other important functions include: <ul><li>It oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements (with the exception that it does not enforce any agreements when China came into the WTO in December 2001)<a href="#cite_note-iisd-functions-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-WTOmain-functions-60">[60]</a></li> <li>It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes.<a href="#cite_note-B17-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deere_decision-making-62">[62]</a></li></ul> Additionally, it is WTO's duty to review and propagate the national trade policies and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making.<a href="#cite_note-WTOmain-functions-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deere_decision-making-62">[62]</a> Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing</a>, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training:<a href="#cite_note-AT-63">[63]</a> <ol><li>The WTO shall facilitate the implementation, administration, and operation and further the objectives of this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and shall also provide the framework for the implementation, administration, and operation of the multilateral Trade Agreements.</li> <li>The WTO shall provide the forum for negotiations among its members concerning their multilateral trade relations in matters dealt with under the Agreement in the Annexes to this Agreement.</li> <li>The WTO shall administer the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.</li> <li>The WTO shall administer a Trade Policy Review Mechanism.</li> <li>to achieve greater coherence in global economic policymaking, the WTO shall cooperate, as appropriate, with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and with the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD) and its affiliated agencies.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ol> The above five listings are the additional functions of the World Trade Organization. As globalization proceeds in today's society, the necessity of an <a href="/wiki/International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization">International Organization</a> to manage the trading systems has been of vital importance. As the trade volume increases, issues such as protectionism, trade barriers, subsidies, violation of intellectual property arise due to the differences in the trading rules of every nation. The World Trade Organization serves as the mediator between the nations when such problems arise. WTO could be referred to as the product of globalization and also as one of the most important organizations in today's globalized society. The WTO is also a center of economic research and analysis: regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization.<a href="#cite_note-EA-65">[65]</a> Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>, the IMF and the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-B17-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_Publications">Key Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key Publications">edit</a>]</div> The WTO is recognized for producing authoritative <a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">annual reports</a> that provide clarity on the complexities of global trade. These documents are essential for anyone involved with or interested in trade policies and trends.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Trade_Report">World Trade Report</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World Trade Report">edit</a>]</div> The World Trade Report stands as a key publication from the WTO. It delves into the current trade trends and policy challenges, offering comprehensive insights into the evolving dynamics of the global multilateral trading system and its <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> implications.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WTO_Annual_Report">WTO Annual Report</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: WTO Annual Report">edit</a>]</div> The WTO Annual Report compiles a complete overview of the organization's activities, operations, and progress over the year. Detailed reports on the WTO's budget and staffing highlight its commitment to transparency and accountability within the realm of global trade management.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Trade_Statistical_Review">World Trade Statistical Review</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World Trade Statistical Review">edit</a>]</div> The World Trade Statistical Review has taken the place of the previously issued International Trade Statistics. As the WTO's premier source for annual trade data, it provides thorough analysis and statistics on the latest developments in world trade, proving to be an indispensable resource for global trade information.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_of_the_trading_system">Principles of the trading system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Principles of the trading system">edit</a>]</div> The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. That is, it is concerned with setting the rules of "trade policy". Five principles are of particular importance in understanding both the pre-1994 GATT and the WTO: <ol><li>Non-discrimination. It has two major components: the <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a> (MFN) treatment and the <a href="/wiki/National_treatment" title="National treatment">national treatment</a>. Both are embedded in the main WTO agreements on goods, services, and intellectual property, but their precise scope and nature differ across these areas. The MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e., a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members.<a href="#cite_note-H42-70">[70]</a> "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members."<a href="#cite_note-PT-42">[42]</a> Some exceptions exist, such as when states participate in a free trade agreement or for preferential treatment given to developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have entered the market) and was introduced to tackle <a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade" title="Non-tariff barriers to trade">non-tariff barriers to trade</a> (e.g. technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods).<a href="#cite_note-H42-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Reciprocity. It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of <a href="/wiki/Free_rider_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Free rider problem">free-riding</a> that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the gain available from <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateral</a> liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will materialize.<a href="#cite_note-H43-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Binding and enforceable commitments. The <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal instrument</a> known as a schedule (list) of concessions.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures.<a href="#cite_note-PT-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-H43-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Transparency. The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Policy_Review_Mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade Policy Review Mechanism (page does not exist)">Trade Policy Review Mechanism</a> (TPRM).<a href="#cite_note-H44-74">[74]</a> The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">quotas</a> and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports.<a href="#cite_note-PT-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Safety values. In specific circumstances, governments are able to <a href="/wiki/Trade_restriction" title="Trade restriction">restrict trade</a>. The WTO's agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health and plant health.<a href="#cite_note-wto.org-75">[75]</a></li></ol> There are three types of provision in this direction: <ol><li>articles allowing for the use of trade measures to attain non-economic objectives;</li> <li>articles aimed at ensuring "fair competition"; members must not use environmental protection measures as a means of disguising protectionist policies.<a href="#cite_note-wto.org-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>provisions permitting intervention in trade for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-H44-74">[74]</a></li></ol> Exceptions to the MFN principle also allow for preferential treatment of <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, regional <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">free trade areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs unions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-underst-12">[12]</a>: fol.93  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organizational structure">edit</a>]</div> The highest authority of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which must meet at least every two years.<a href="#cite_note-whosewto-77">[77]</a> The Ministerial Conference met most recently in June 2022 in Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In between each Ministerial Conference, the daily work is handled by three bodies whose membership is the same; they only differ by the terms of reference under which each body is constituted:<a href="#cite_note-whosewto-77">[77]</a> <ul><li>The General Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">The Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li>The Trade Policy Review Body</li></ul> The General Council, whose Chair as of 2020 is <a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(diplomat)" title="David Walker (diplomat)">David Walker</a> of New Zealand,<a href="#cite_note-wtodg-79">[79]</a> has the following subsidiary bodies which oversee committees in different areas: <dl><dt>Council for Trade in Goods</dt> <dd>There are 11 committees under the jurisdiction of the Goods Council each with a specific task. All members of the WTO participate in the committees. The Textiles Monitoring Body is separate from the other committees but still under the jurisdiction of the Goods Council. The body has its chairman and only 10 members. The body also has several groups relating to textiles.<a href="#cite_note-WTO_subsidiary_bodies-80">[80]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</dt> <dd>Information on intellectual property in the WTO, news and official records of the activities of the TRIPS Council, and details of the WTO's work with other international organizations in the field.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Council for Trade in Services</dt> <dd>The Council for Trade in Services operates under the guidance of the General Council and is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">General Agreement on Trade in Services</a> (GATS). It is open to all WTO members and can create subsidiary bodies as required.<a href="#cite_note-WTO-Services_council-82">[82]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Trade Negotiations Committee</dt> <dd>The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) is the committee that deals with the current trade talks round. The chair is WTO's director-general. As of June 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a> the committee was tasked with the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WTO-TNC-83">[83]</a></dd></dl> The Service Council has three subsidiary bodies: financial services, domestic regulations, GATS rules, and specific commitments.<a href="#cite_note-WTO_subsidiary_bodies-80">[80]</a> The council has several different committees, working groups, and working parties.<a href="#cite_note-WTO-chart-84">[84]</a> There are committees on the following: Trade and Environment; Trade and Development (Subcommittee on <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">Least-Developed Countries</a>); <a href="/wiki/Regional_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Trade Agreement">Regional Trade Agreements</a>; Balance of Payments Restrictions; and Budget, Finance and Administration. There are working parties on the following: Accession. There are working groups on the following: Trade, debt and finance; and Trade and technology transfer. As of 31 December 2022, the number of WTO staff on a regular budget is 340 women and 283 men.<a href="#cite_note-WTO_2022-12-31-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision-making">Decision-making</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decision-making">edit</a>]</div> The WTO describes itself as "a rules-based, member-driven organization—all decisions are made by the member governments, and the rules are the outcome of negotiations among members".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The WTO Agreement foresees votes where consensus cannot be reached, but the practice of consensus dominates the process of decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harold_Steinberg" title="Richard Harold Steinberg">Richard Harold Steinberg</a> (2002) argues that although the WTO's consensus governance model provides law-based initial bargaining, trading rounds close through power-based bargaining favoring Europe and the U.S., and may not lead to <a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto improvement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispute_settlement">Dispute settlement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dispute settlement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispute settlement in the WTO">Dispute settlement in the WTO</a></div> The WTO's dispute-settlement system "is the result of the evolution of rules, procedures and practices developed over almost half a century under the GATT 1947".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 1994, the WTO members agreed on the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) annexed to the "Final Act" signed in Marrakesh in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Dispute settlement is regarded by the WTO as the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and as a "unique contribution to the stability of the global economy".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> WTO members have agreed that, if they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally.<a href="#cite_note-UnSD-92">[92]</a> The operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves case-specific panels<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> appointed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB),<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> the Director-General and the WTO Secretariat,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> arbitrators,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and advisory experts.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The priority is to settle disputes, preferably through a mutually agreed solution, and provision has been made for the process to be conducted in an efficient and timely manner so that "If a case is adjudicated, it should normally take no more than one year for a panel ruling and no more than 16 months if the case is appealed... If the complainant deems the case urgent, consideration of the case should take even less time.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> WTO member nations are obliged to accept the process as exclusive and compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to a 2018 study in the Journal of Politics, states are less likely and slower to enforce WTO violations when the violations affect states in a diffuse manner.<a href="#cite_note-:1-101">[101]</a> This is because states face collective action problems with pursuing litigation: they all expect other states to carry the costs of litigation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-101">[101]</a> A 2016 study in International Studies Quarterly challenges that the WTO dispute settlement system leads to greater increases in trade.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> However, the dispute settlement system cannot be used to resolve trade disputes that arise from political disagreements. When Qatar requested the establishment of a dispute panel concerning measures imposed by the UAE, other GCC countries and the US were quick to dismiss its request as a political matter, stating that national security issues were political and not appropriate for the WTO dispute system.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Since 2019, when the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump administration</a> blocked appointments to the body, the Appellate Body has been unable to enforce WTO rules and punish violators of WTO rules.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and 15 other WTO members agreed to a Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). This gave access to an alternative appellate mechanism (arbitration as an appellate mechanism) while the Appellate Body is not functional.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_and_membership">Accession and membership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Accession and membership">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization accession and membership">World Trade Organization accession and membership</a></div> The process of becoming a WTO member is unique to each applicant country, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and the current trade regime.<a href="#cite_note-AS-106">[106]</a> The process takes about five years, on average, but it can last longer if the country is less than fully committed to the process or if political issues interfere. The shortest accession negotiation was that of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyz Republic</a>, while the longest was that of Russia, which, having first applied to join GATT in 1993, was approved for membership in December 2011 and became a WTO member on 22 August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-rusmem-107">[107]</a> Kazakhstan also had a long accession negotiation process. The Working Party on the Accession of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> was established in 1996 and was approved for membership in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The second longest was that of Vanuatu, whose Working Party on the Accession of Vanuatu was established on 11 July 1995. After a final meeting of the Working Party in October 2001, Vanuatu requested more time to consider its accession terms. In 2008, it indicated its interest to resume and conclude its WTO accession. The Working Party on the Accession of Vanuatu was reconvened informally on 4 April 2011 to discuss Vanuatu's future WTO membership. The re-convened Working Party completed its mandate on 2 May 2011. The General Council formally approved the Accession Package of Vanuatu on 26 October 2011. On 24 August 2012, the WTO welcomed Vanuatu as its 157th member.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> An offer of accession is only given once consensus is reached among interested parties.<a href="#cite_note-M64-110">[110]</a> A 2017 study argues that "political ties rather than issue-area functional gains determine who joins" and shows "how geopolitical alignment shapes the demand and supply sides of membership".<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[111]</a> The "findings challenge the view that states first liberalize trade to join the GATT/WTO. Instead, democracy and foreign policy similarity encourage states to join."<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_process">Accession process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accession process">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTO_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WTO_enlargement.svg/400px-WTO_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WTO_enlargement.svg/600px-WTO_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WTO_enlargement.svg/800px-WTO_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>WTO accession progress:<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Draft Working Party Report or Factual Summary adopted</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Goods or Services offers submitted</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Working party meetings</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Memorandum on Foreign Trade Regime submitted</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Working party established</div></figcaption></figure> A country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council, and has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements.<a href="#cite_note-BM-113">[113]</a> The application is submitted to the WTO in a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-114">[114]</a> After all necessary background information has been acquired, the working party focuses on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The working party determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules.<a href="#cite_note-AS-106">[106]</a> The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other working party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff levels and market access for goods and services. The new member's commitments are to apply equally to all WTO members under normal non-discrimination rules, even though they are negotiated bilaterally.<a href="#cite_note-BM-113">[113]</a> For instance, as a result of joining the WTO, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> offered a 15 per cent ceiling <a href="/wiki/Bound_tariff_rate" title="Bound tariff rate">bound tariff rate</a> on accessing its market for goods. Together with the tariff bindings being <a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad valorem">ad valorem</a> there are no specific or compound rates. Moreover, there are no <a href="/wiki/Tariff-rate_quota" title="Tariff-rate quota">tariff-rate quotas</a> on both industrial and agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Armenia's economic and trade performance growth was noted since its first review in 2010, especially its revival from the 2008 global financial crisis, with an average annual 4% GDP growth rate, despite some fluctuations. <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>'s economy was marked by low inflation, diminishing poverty, and essential progress in enhancing its macroeconomic steadiness in which trade in goods and services, which is the equivalent of 87% of GDP, played a growing role.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> When the bilateral talks conclude, the working party sends to the general council or ministerial conference an accession package, which includes a summary of all the working party meetings, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_of_Accession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocol of Accession (page does not exist)">Protocol of Accession</a> (a draft membership treaty), and lists ("schedules") of the member to be commitments. Once the general council or ministerial conference approves of the terms of accession, the applicant's parliament must ratify the Protocol of Accession before it can become a member.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some countries may have faced tougher and a much longer accession process due to challenges during negotiations with other WTO members, such as Vietnam, whose negotiations took more than 11 years before it became an official member in January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_and_observers">Members and observers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Members and observers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Member states of the World Trade Organization</a></div> The WTO has 166 members and 23 observer governments.<a href="#cite_note-memberlist-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-120">[120]</a> Most recently, on 26 February 2024 at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi, Comoros and Timor Leste were approved to became the 165th and 166th members.<a href="#cite_note-:10-120">[120]</a> In addition to states, the European Union, and each EU country in its own right,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> is a member. WTO members do not have to be fully independent states; they need only be a customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations. Thus Hong Kong has been a member since 1995 (as "Hong Kong, China" since 1997) predating the People's Republic of China, which joined in 2001 after 15 years of negotiations. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> acceded to the WTO in 2002 as the "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>."<a href="#cite_note-J109-122">[122]</a> The WTO Secretariat omits the official titles (such as Counsellor, First Secretary, Second Secretary and Third Secretary) of the members of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s Permanent Mission to the WTO, except for the titles of the Permanent Representative and the Deputy Permanent Representative.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> As of 2007, WTO members represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, observers must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers. A number of international intergovernmental organizations have also been granted observer status to WTO bodies.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Ten UN members have no affiliation with the WTO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agreements">Agreements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Agreements">edit</a>]</div> The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. Member countries must sign and ratify all WTO agreements on accession.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> A discussion of some of the most important agreements follows. The <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agreement on Agriculture</a> came into effect with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. The AoA has three central concepts, or "pillars": domestic support, <a href="/wiki/Market_access" title="Market access">market access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Export subsidies">export subsidies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">General Agreement on Trade in Services</a> was created to extend the multilateral trading system to <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector of industry">service sector</a>, in the same way as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided such a system for merchandise trade. The agreement entered into force in January 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a>—also known as the SPS Agreement—was negotiated during the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a> of GATT, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. Under the SPS agreement, the WTO sets constraints on members' policies relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection, and labeling) as well as animal and plant health (imported pests and diseases). The <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade</a> is an international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the end of 1994. The object ensures that technical negotiations and standards, as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/WTO_Agreement_on_Customs_Valuation" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation">Agreement on Customs Valuation</a>, formally known as the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT, prescribes methods of customs valuation that Members are to follow. Chiefly, it adopts the "transaction value" approach. In December 2013, the biggest agreement within the WTO was signed and known as the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Trade_Deal_Reached-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_director-general">Office of director-general</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Office of director-general">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General of the World Trade Organization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cwr_lake_facade2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cwr_lake_facade2.jpg/220px-Cwr_lake_facade2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cwr_lake_facade2.jpg/330px-Cwr_lake_facade2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Cwr_lake_facade2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the World Trade Organization in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> The procedures for the appointment of the WTO director-general were updated in January 2003,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and include quadrennial terms.<a href="#cite_note-wtodg-79">[79]</a> Additionally, there are four deputy directors-general. As of 13 June 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a> under director-general <a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a>, the four deputy directors-general are: <ul><li>Angela Ellard of the United States (as of 4 May 2021)</li> <li>Anabel González of Costa Rica (as of 4 May 2021)</li> <li>Ambassador Jean-Marie Paugam of France (as of 4 May 2021)</li> <li>Ambassador Xiangchen Zhang of China (as of 4 May 2021)<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_directors-general">List of directors-general</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List of directors-general">edit</a>]</div> Source: Official website<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Sutherland_(1985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peter_Sutherland_%281985%29.jpg/100px-Peter_Sutherland_%281985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peter_Sutherland_%281985%29.jpg/150px-Peter_Sutherland_%281985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peter_Sutherland_%281985%29.jpg/200px-Peter_Sutherland_%281985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="2392" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sutherland" title="Peter Sutherland">Peter Sutherland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Ireland</td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Renato_Ruggiero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Renato_Ruggiero.jpg/100px-Renato_Ruggiero.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Renato_Ruggiero.jpg/150px-Renato_Ruggiero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Renato_Ruggiero.jpg/200px-Renato_Ruggiero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ruggiero" title="Renato Ruggiero">Renato Ruggiero</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Italy</td> <td>1995–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_Moore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mike_Moore.jpg/100px-Mike_Moore.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mike_Moore.jpg/150px-Mike_Moore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mike_Moore.jpg/201px-Mike_Moore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="323" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> New Zealand</td> <td>1999–2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg/100px-Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg/150px-Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg/200px-Supachai_Panitchpakdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="750" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Thailand</td> <td>2002–2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pascal_Lamy,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pascal_Lamy%2C_2006.jpg/100px-Pascal_Lamy%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pascal_Lamy%2C_2006.jpg/150px-Pascal_Lamy%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pascal_Lamy%2C_2006.jpg/200px-Pascal_Lamy%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="559" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> France</td> <td>2005–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg/100px-Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg/150px-Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg/199px-Roberto_Azevedo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="359" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> Brazil</td> <td>2013–2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Okonjo-Iweala,_Ngozi_(2008_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Okonjo-Iweala%2C_Ngozi_%282008_portrait%29.jpg/100px-Okonjo-Iweala%2C_Ngozi_%282008_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Okonjo-Iweala%2C_Ngozi_%282008_portrait%29.jpg/150px-Okonjo-Iweala%2C_Ngozi_%282008_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Okonjo-Iweala%2C_Ngozi_%282008_portrait%29.jpg/200px-Okonjo-Iweala%2C_Ngozi_%282008_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Nigeria</td> <td>2021– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_Director-General_selection">2020 Director-General selection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2020 Director-General selection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization#2020_Director-General_selection" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General of the World Trade Organization § 2020 Director-General selection</a></div> In May 2020, Director-General <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azevedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Azevedo">Roberto Azevedo</a> announced that he would step down on 31 August 2020.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> As of October 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit">[update]</a>, a nomination and selection process is currently under way with eight candidates and the final selection is expected on 7 November 2020 with the consensus of 164 member countries.<a href="#cite_note-yoodecision-135">[135]</a> A strong consensus had formed around the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> but on 28 October it emerged that the US representative was opposed to her appointment.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> WTO members made history on 15 February 2021 when the General Council agreed by consensus to select Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala of Nigeria as the organization's seventh Director-General. Okonjo-Iweala became the first woman and the first African to be chosen as Director-General. Her term, renewable, will expire on 31 August 2025.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> The WTO derives most of the income for its annual budget from contributions by its Members. These are established according to a formula based on their share of international trade. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>2023 Top 10 Members' contributions to the consolidated budget of the WTO<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>22,808,985</td> <td>11.667% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>21,031,890</td> <td>10.758% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>14,058,405</td> <td>7.191% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>7,411,405</td> <td>3.791% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>7,387,945</td> <td>3.779% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>7,274,555</td> <td>3.721% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>5,778,980</td> <td>2.956% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td>5,501,370</td> <td>2.814% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>5,350,835</td> <td>2.737% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>4,940,285</td> <td>2.527% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Others</td> <td>93,955,345</td> <td>48.059% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">TOTAL</th> <th>195,500,000</th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism of the World Trade Organization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></div> Although tariffs and other trade barriers have been significantly reduced thanks to GATT and WTO, the promise that free trade will accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase people's incomes has been questioned by many critics.<a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[25]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a> argues that there is a "paradox" in neo-liberal beliefs regarding free trade because the economic growth of developing countries was higher in the 1960–1980 period compared to the 1980–2000 period even though its trade policies are now far more liberal than before. Also, there are results of research that show that new countries actively reduce trade barriers only after becoming significantly rich. From the results of the study, WTO critics argue that trade liberalization does not guarantee economic growth and certainly not poverty alleviation.<a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[25]</a> He also cites the example of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>; in the early 1990s, El Salvador removed all quantitative barriers to imports and also cut tariffs. However, the country's economic growth remained weak. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, which only began reforming its economy in the late 1980s, saw a great deal of success by deciding to follow <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">China's economic model</a> and liberalizing slowly along with implementing safeguards for domestic commerce. Vietnam has largely succeeded in accelerating economic growth and reducing poverty without immediately removing substantial trade barriers.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[25]</a> Critics also put forward the view that the benefits derived from WTO facilitated free trade are not shared equally.<a href="#cite_note-Polity-26">[26]</a> This criticism is usually supported by historical accounts of the outcomes of negotiations and/or data showing that the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, especially in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where economic inequality was growing at the time even though economic growth is very high.<a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[25]</a> In addition, WTO approaches aiming to reduce trade barriers can harm developing countries. Trade liberalization that is too early without any prominent domestic barriers is feared to trap the developing economies in the primary sector, which often does not require skilled labor. And when these developing countries decide to advance their economy utilizing industrialization, the premature domestic industry cannot immediately skyrocket as expected, making it difficult to compete with other countries whose industries are more advanced.<a href="#cite_note-:8-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> Studies show that the WTO boosted trade.<a href="#cite_note-:3-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Research shows that in the absence of the WTO, the average country would face an increase in tariffs on their exports by 32 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-:5-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO is one way in which trade is increased.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> According to a 2017 study in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Economic_Law" title="Journal of International Economic Law">Journal of International Economic Law</a>, "nearly all recent preferential trade agreements (PTAs) reference the WTO explicitly, often dozens of times across multiple chapters. Likewise, in many of these same PTAs we find that substantial portions of treaty language—sometime the majority of a chapter—is copied verbatim from a WTO agreement... the presence of the WTO in PTAs has increased over time."<a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism of the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affiliate_Trade_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Affiliate Trade Statistics">Foreign Affiliate Trade Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Indications_of_Goods_(Registration_and_Protection)_Act,_1999" title="Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999">Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_administrative_law" title="Global administrative law">Global administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Standards_in_the_World_Trade_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Standards in the World Trade Organisation">Labour Standards in the World Trade Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of members of the World Trade Organization (page does not exist)">List of members of the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade" title="Non-tariff barriers to trade">Non-tariff barriers to trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Formula" title="Swiss Formula">Swiss Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">United Nations Commission on International Trade Law</a> (UNCITRAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Report" title="World Trade Report">World Trade Report</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm">Members and Observers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910105304/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm">Archived</a> 10 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at WTO official website </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/div_e.htm">Languages, Documentation and Information Management Division</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224151405/http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/div_e.htm">Archived</a> 24 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at WTO official site </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/15/nigerias-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-confirmed-as-wto-chief">"Nigeria's Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala confirmed as WTO chief"</a>. the Guardian. 15 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301094825/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/15/nigerias-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-confirmed-as-wto-chief">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+Ngozi+Okonjo-Iweala+confirmed+as+WTO+chief&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fnigerias-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-confirmed-as-wto-chief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/anrep23_e.htm">"WTO Annual Report 2023"</a>. www.wto.org. p. 199. 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Retrieved 2 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+the+WTO+Secretariat&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fsecre_e%2Fintro_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatley2019" class="citation book cs1">Oatley, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJoDwAAQBAJ">International Political Economy</a> (6th ed.). 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Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+the+WTO+and+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fcoher_e%2Fwto_un_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/winter00/krueger.html">"The Reporter Archives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518033322/http://www.nber.org/reporter/winter00/krueger.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2017. 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Retrieved 12 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+wrong+with+the+WTO+and+how+to+fix+it&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-745-67245-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Rorden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fen-us%2FWhat%2527s%2BWrong%2Bwith%2Bthe%2BWTO%2Band%2BHow%2Bto%2BFix%2BIt-p-9780745672458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <ul><li>A. E. Eckes Jr., US Trade History, 73</li> <li>A. Smithies, Reflections on the Work of Keynes, 578–601</li> <li>N. 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Retrieved 15 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Trade+Organization%3A+Background+and+Issues&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalaglawcenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fassets%2Fcrs%2F98-928.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B81-31"><a href="#cite_ref-B81_31-0">^</a> It was contemplated that the GATT would apply for several years until the ITO came into force. However, since the ITO never materialized, the GATT gradually became the focus for international governmental cooperation on trade matters, with economist Nicholas Halford overseeing the implementation of GATT in members' policies. (P. van den Bossche, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, 81; J. H. Jackson, Managing the Trading System, 134). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/gattbilaterals_e/indexbyround_e.htm">"WTO | GATT bilateral negotiating material by Round"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730211639/https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/gattbilaterals_e/indexbyround_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+GATT+bilateral+negotiating+material+by+Round&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs_e%2Fgattbilaterals_e%2Findexbyround_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GY-33"><a href="#cite_ref-GY_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm">"The GATT Years: from Havana to Marrakesh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041211025038/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm">Archived</a> 11 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Trade Organization. </li> <li id="cite_note-F17-34"><a href="#cite_ref-F17_34-0">^</a> Footer, M. E. Analysis of the World Trade Organization, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-G4-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G4_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4_35-1">b</a> P. Gallagher, The First Ten Years of the WTO, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-UR-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UR_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UR_36-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact5_e.htm">"The Uruguay Round"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320103620/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact5_e.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Trade Organization. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a20qAQAAMAAJ">Press Communiqué, Issues 1604–1664</a>. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1994. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316035154/https://books.google.com/books?id=a20qAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023. <q>... the GATT has just completed its eighth—and by far the most ambitious—round of negotiations, the Uruguay Round, launched in September 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+Communiqu%C3%A9%2C+Issues+1604%E2%80%931664&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=General+Agreement+on+Tariffs+and+Trade&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da20qAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2005" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Peter (15 December 2005). "Looking back, looking forward". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwM7dDO22-MC">The First Ten Years of the WTO: 1995–2005</a>. Collected courses of the Academy of European Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521862158" title="Special:BookSources/9780521862158"><bdi>9780521862158</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214033012/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwM7dDO22-MC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023. <q>The Uruguay Round had a four-year time frame when it was launched in 1986 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Looking+back%2C+looking+forward&rft.btitle=The+First+Ten+Years+of+the+WTO%3A+1995%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Collected+courses+of+the+Academy+of+European+Law&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.isbn=9780521862158&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwM7dDO22-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto_e.htm">"Legal texts – Marrakesh agreement"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525093037/http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+texts+%E2%80%93+Marrakesh+agreement&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs_e%2Flegal_e%2F04-wto_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine2004" class="citation journal cs1">Erskine, Daniel (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol2/iss1/2/">"Resolving Trade Disputes, the Mechanisms of GATT/WTO Dispute Resolution"</a>. Santa Clara Journal of International Law. 2 (1): 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416222738/http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol2/iss1/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Clara+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Resolving+Trade+Disputes%2C+the+Mechanisms+of+GATT%2FWTO+Dispute+Resolution&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.scu.edu%2Fscujil%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OL-41"><a href="#cite_ref-OL_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm1_e.htm">"Overview: a Navigational Guide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315073728/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm1_e.htm">Archived</a> 15 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Trade Organization. For the complete list of "The Uruguay Round Agreements", see: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm">"WTO legal texts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214090600/http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Trade Organization.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtradelaw.net/uragreements/">"Uruguay Round Agreements, Understandings, Decisions and Declarations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223022/http://www.worldtradelaw.net/uragreements/">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. WorldTradeLaw.net.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PT_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PT_42-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm#seebox">Principles of the Trading System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041211091642/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm#seebox">Archived</a> 11 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WTO official site </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/minist_e/min11_e/min11_e.htm">"Ministerial conferences – Eighth WTO Ministerial Conference"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913034215/https://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/minist_e/min11_e/min11_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerial+conferences+%E2%80%93+Eighth+WTO+Ministerial+Conference&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2FtheWTO_e%2Fminist_e%2Fmin11_e%2Fmin11_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah2006" class="citation journal cs1">Farah, Paolo Davide (4 August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". Legal Issues of Economic Integration. 33 (3). Kluwer Law International: 263–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54648%2FLEIE2006016">10.54648/LEIE2006016</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916768">916768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legal+Issues+of+Economic+Integration&rft.atitle=Five+Years+of+China+WTO+Membership.+EU+and+US+Perspectives+about+China%27s+Compliance+with+Transparency+Commitments+and+the+Transitional+Review+Mechanism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-304&rft.date=2006-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D916768%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.54648%2FLEIE2006016&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min05_e/min05_e.htm">"Ministerial conferences – Hong Kong 6th Ministerial"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124061659/https://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/minist_e/min05_e/min05_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerial+conferences+%E2%80%93+Hong+Kong+6th+Ministerial&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fminist_e%2Fmin05_e%2Fmin05_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm">"Ministerial conferences – Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference – Geneva Switzerland"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821112302/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerial+conferences+%E2%80%93+Twelfth+WTO+Ministerial+Conference+%E2%80%93+Geneva+Switzerland&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fminist_e%2Fmc12_e%2Fmc12_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news23_e/gc_25jul23_e.htm">"Members examine 'road map' for MC13 on the WTO's reform of its deliberative function"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821035407/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news23_e/gc_25jul23_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+examine+%27road+map%27+for+MC13+on+the+WTO%27s+reform+of+its+deliberative+function&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews_e%2Fnews23_e%2Fgc_25jul23_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/minist_e.htm">"Ministerial conferences"</a>. World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306211034/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/minist_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerial+conferences&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fminist_e%2Fminist_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/mc13_29feb24_e.htm">"WTO 13th Ministerial Conference extended by one day to facilitate outcomes"</a>. World Trade Organization. 29 February 2029. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ec65-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Ec65_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7218551">"In the twilight of Doha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 27 July 2006. p. 65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112095722/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7218551">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=In+the+twilight+of+Doha&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2006-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D7218551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECdoha-51"><a href="#cite_ref-ECdoha_51-0">^</a> European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/eu-and-wto/doha/index_en.htm">"The Doha Round"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230100307/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/eu-and-wto/doha/index_en.htm">Archived</a> 30 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-crs-2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-crs-2_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson2008" class="citation web cs1">Fergusson, Ian F. 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WTO official site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929143518/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/s_coun_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Services+Council%2C+its+Committees+and+other+subsidiary+bodies&rft.pub=WTO+official+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fserv_e%2Fs_coun_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTO-TNC-83"><a href="#cite_ref-WTO-TNC_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/tnc_e.htm">"The Trade Negotiations Committee"</a>. WTO official site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125165156/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/tnc_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trade+Negotiations+Committee&rft.pub=WTO+official+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdda_e%2Ftnc_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTO-chart-84"><a href="#cite_ref-WTO-chart_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org2_e.htm">"WTO organization chart"</a>. WTO official site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080814144315/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org2_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+organization+chart&rft.pub=WTO+official+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fwhatis_e%2Ftif_e%2Forg2_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTO_2022-12-31-85"><a href="#cite_ref-WTO_2022-12-31_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/intro_e.htm">"Secretariat and budget overview"</a>. WTO. 31 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516060623/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/intro_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WTO&rft.atitle=Secretariat+and+budget+overview&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fsecre_e%2Fintro_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm#decision_making">Decision-making</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111084450/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm#decision_making">Archived</a> 11 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at WTO official site </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/1/51.short">Decision-Making in the World Trade Organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825050917/http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/1/51.short">Archived</a> 25 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Abstract from Journal of International Economic Law at Oxford Journals </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Steinberg, Richard H. "In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO." International Organization. Spring 2002. pp. 339–374. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s2p1_e.htm">"1.2 The Dispute Settlement Understanding"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317103153/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s2p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.2+The+Dispute+Settlement+Understanding&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc1s2p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Stewart-Dawyer, The WTO Dispute Settlement System, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> S. Panitchpakdi, The WTO at ten, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-UnSD-92"><a href="#cite_ref-UnSD_92-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/disp1_e.htm">Settling Disputes:a Unique Contribution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314030521/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/disp1_e.htm">Archived</a> 14 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WTO official site </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s3p1_e.htm">"3.3 Panels"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317103228/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s3p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.3+Panels&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc3s3p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s1p1_e.htm">"3.1 The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103603/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s1p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.1+The+Dispute+Settlement+Body+%28DSB%29&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc3s1p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s4p1_e.htm">"3.4 Appellate Body"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050302040836/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s4p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.4+Appellate+Body&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc3s4p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s2p1_e.htm">"3.2 The Director-General and the WTO Secretariat"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050302040327/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s2p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.2+The+Director-General+and+the+WTO+Secretariat&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc3s2p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s5p1_e.htm">"3.5 arbitrators"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317103237/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s5p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.5+arbitrators&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc3s5p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s6p1_e.htm">"3.6 Experts"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317103241/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c3s6p1_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.6+Experts&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc3s6p1_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s3p3_e.htm">""Mutually Agreed Solutions" as "Preferred Solution""</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317103205/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s3p3_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Mutually+Agreed+Solutions%22+as+%22Preferred+Solution%22&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc1s3p3_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s3p3_e.htm">"1.3 Functions, objectives and key features of the dispute settlement system"</a>. WTO official website. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317103205/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c1s3p3_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.3+Functions%2C+objectives+and+key+features+of+the+dispute+settlement+system&rft.pub=WTO+official+website&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fdisp_settlement_cbt_e%2Fc1s3p3_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsPelc2018" class="citation journal cs1">Johns, Leslie; Pelc, Krzysztof J. 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Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+texts+%E2%80%93+the+WTO+agreements&rft.pub=WTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs_e%2Flegal_e%2Flegal_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm">Understanding the WTO – Intellectual property: protection and enforcement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801061139/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm">Archived</a> 1 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. WTO. 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Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Summary+of+the+Final+Act+of+the+Uruguay+Round&rft.pub=Wto.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs_e%2Flegal_e%2Fursum_e.htm%23dAgreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Trade_Deal_Reached-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Trade_Deal_Reached_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarocostas,_John2013" class="citation web cs1">Zarocostas, John (7 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwd.com/business-news/government-trade/global-trade-deal-reached-7303060?module=latest-articles">"Global Trade Deal Reached"</a>. WWD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211015613/http://www.wwd.com/business-news/government-trade/global-trade-deal-reached-7303060?module=latest-articles">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Trade+Deal+Reached&rft.pub=WWD&rft.date=2013-12-07&rft.au=Zarocostas%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwd.com%2Fbusiness-news%2Fgovernment-trade%2Fglobal-trade-deal-reached-7303060%3Fmodule%3Dlatest-articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.wto.org/imrd/directdoc.asp?DDFDocuments/t/WT/L/509.doc">"WT/L/509"</a>. 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World Trade Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812063741/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/ddgs_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Organization&rft.atitle=Deputy+Directors-General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fdg_e%2Fddgs_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/exdgs_e.htm">"Previous GATT and WTO Directors-General"</a>. WTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030132441/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/exdgs_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Previous+GATT+and+WTO+Directors-General&rft.pub=WTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fdg_e%2Fexdgs_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieWilliams2020" class="citation news cs1">Beattie, Alan; Williams, Aime (14 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3cc4df3d-8329-4de8-8f14-ce063d0cd9b8">"WTO chief Roberto Azevêdo to step down early"</a>. The Financial Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3cc4df3d-8329-4de8-8f14-ce063d0cd9b8">the original</a> on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=WTO+chief+Roberto+Azev%C3%AAdo+to+step+down+early&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Williams%2C+Aime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3cc4df3d-8329-4de8-8f14-ce063d0cd9b8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoodecision-135"><a href="#cite_ref-yoodecision_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/10/12/national/politics/Yoo-Myunghee-WTO-Moon-Jaein/20201012172600409.html">"Moon, allies intensify campaign for Yoo Myung-hee to head WTO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joongang_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Joongang Daily">Joongang Daily</a>. 12 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013025403/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/10/12/national/politics/Yoo-Myunghee-WTO-Moon-Jaein/20201012172600409.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon%2C+allies+intensify+campaign+for+Yoo+Myung-hee+to+head+WTO&rft.pub=Joongang+Daily&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2F2020%2F10%2F12%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2FYoo-Myunghee-WTO-Moon-Jaein%2F20201012172600409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaschuk2020" class="citation news cs1">Baschuk, Bryce (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-28/wto-panel-said-to-recommend-nigeria-s-candidate-for-top-post">"U.S. Sows WTO Turmoil by Vetoing Front-Runner for Top Job"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031110805/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-28/wto-panel-said-to-recommend-nigeria-s-candidate-for-top-post">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sows+WTO+Turmoil+by+Vetoing+Front-Runner+for+Top+Job&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Baschuk&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-10-28%2Fwto-panel-said-to-recommend-nigeria-s-candidate-for-top-post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/dgno_15feb21_e.htm">"History is made: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala chosen as Director-General"</a>. 15 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605025358/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/dgno_15feb21_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+is+made%3A+Ngozi+Okonjo-Iweala+chosen+as+Director-General&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews_e%2Fnews21_e%2Fdgno_15feb21_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Trade_Organization2023" class="citation book cs1">World Trade Organization (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/anrep23_e.htm">WTO Annual Report 2023</a> (PDF). pp. 198–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-870-7428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-870-7428-7"><bdi>978-92-870-7428-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WTO+Annual+Report+2023&rft.pages=198-199&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-92-870-7428-7&rft.au=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fres_e%2Fpublications_e%2Fanrep23_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Rodrick_HowToSave.pdf">"How to Save Globilization From Its Cheerleaders"</a> (PDF). 8 February 2016. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208100820/http://dev.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Rodrick_HowToSave.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2016. 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OUP Oxford. pp. 171–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956589-4"><bdi>978-0-19-956589-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214033000/https://books.google.com/books?id=-U_1KMg6GkgC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2024. 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World Trade Review. 18 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474745617000544">10.1017/S1474745617000544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-7456">1474-7456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Review&rft.atitle=Trade+Gains+from+Legal+Rulings+in+the+WTO+Dispute+Settlement+System&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1474745617000544&rft.issn=1474-7456&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Wonkyu&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Dukgeun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1474745617000544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bown, Chad P. 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Retrieved 24 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Economic+Success+of+GATT%2FWTO+Dispute+Settlement&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=811-823&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F0034653041811680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28108505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bown&rft.aufirst=Chad+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fa%2Ftpr%2Frestat%2Fv86y2004i3p811-823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Trade+Organization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bown, Chad P. (2004). "Trade Policy under the GATT/WTO: Empirical Evidence of the Equal Treatment Rule". 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"Trade and Women – Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization". Journal of International Economic Law 22.3 (2019): 323–354.</li> <li>Bishop, Matthew Louis, and Zhang Xiaotong. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/143106/1/Bishop%20and%20Zhang%20-%20Why%20is%20China%20a%20Reluctant%20Leader%20%28Repository%20Open%20Access%20Version%29.pdf">Why is China a reluctant leader of the World Trade Organization?</a>" New Political Economy 25.5 (2020): 755–772.</li> <li>Bowen, T. Renee, J. Lawrence Broz, and Marc-Andreas Muendler. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccd.ucsd.edu/_files/papers/bowen-broz_wto-and-us-domestic-politics.pdf">The World Trade Organization and US Domestic Politics</a>". Working Paper, 2021.</li> <li>Broude, Tomer. "The World Trade Organization: A Short Introduction". Journal of International Economic Law, vol. 14, no. 3, 2011, pp. 435–451.</li> <li>Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "The Political Economy of World Trade Organization Negotiations: The Design of the Multilateral Trading System". International Organization, vol. 57, no. 3, 2003, pp. 565–599.</li> <li>Graziano, Daniela. "The World Trade Organization in the Global Governance Network: A Political Analysis of Its Role and Functions". Global Governance vol. 15, no. 4, 2009, pp. 467–484.</li> <li>Holland, Kenneth. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.jgu.edu.in/id/eprint/1474/1/IJIEL2021.pdf">The Trump Administration's Critique of the World Trade Organization and Its Implications for the International Trading System</a>". Indian Journal of international economic law 13 (2021): 154+.</li> <li>Jackson, John H. The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations. ( MIT Press, 2017).</li> <li>Joost, Peter. "The World Trade Organization: Structure and Jurisprudence". International Trade Law and Regulationvol. 9, no. 5, 2003, pp. 1–12.</li> <li>Karlas, Jan, and Michal Parízek. "Supply of Policy Information in the World Trade Organization: Cross-National Compliance with One-Time and Regular Notification Obligations, 1995–2014". World Trade Review 19.1 (2020): 30–50.</li> <li>Matsushita, Mitsuo, et al. The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy (Oxford University Press, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logobook.kz/af/11074554/2287/0199284563_sample.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Palmeter, David, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Niall Meagher. Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization (Cambridge University Press, 2022.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8oxVEAAAQBAJ&dq=World+Trade+Organization+&pg=PR21">online</a></li> <li>Pearson, Margaret M. "China in Geneva: lessons from China's early years in the World Trade Organization" in New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy (Stanford University Press, 2022) pp. 242–275.</li> <li>Qureshi, Asif H. The World Trade Organization: implementing international trade norms. The World Trade Organization (Manchester University Press, 2022).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Organization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_trade" title="Template:International trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_trade" title="Template talk:International trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">Absolute advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_account" title="Capital account">Capital account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">Current account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export-oriented industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_capital_outflow" title="Net capital outflow">Net capital outflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World Trade Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">Bilateral investment treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of the Corn Laws">Repeal of the Corn Laws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedollarisation" title="Dedollarisation">Dedollarisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan,_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia">Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsaharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_exporting_countries_by_product_category" title="List of top exporting countries by product category">Exports by product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_and_spacecraft_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports">Aircraft & Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_component_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft component exports">Aircraft parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_exports" title="List of countries by aluminium exports">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_automotive_component_exports" title="List of countries by automotive component exports">Car parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal#Major_exporters" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_exports" title="List of countries by coffee exports">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_computer_exports" title="List of countries by computer exports">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_exports" title="List of countries by copper exports">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cotton_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cotton exports">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_diamond_exports" title="List of countries by diamond exports">Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity exports">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electronics_exports" title="List of countries by electronics exports">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_engine_exports" title="List of countries by engine exports">Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gas_turbine_exports" title="List of countries by gas turbine exports">Gas turbines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_exports" title="List of countries by gold exports">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_integrated_circuit_exports" title="List of countries by integrated circuit exports">Integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-ore_exports_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-ore exports by country">Iron ore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_live_animal_exports" title="List of countries by live animal exports">Live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refined_petroleum_exports" title="List of countries by refined petroleum exports">Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pharmaceutical_exports" title="List of countries by pharmaceutical exports">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_photovoltaics_exports" title="List of countries by photovoltaics exports">Photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ship_exports" title="List of countries by ship exports">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production#Exports" title="List of countries by steel production">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telecommunications_equipment_exports" title="List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telephone_exports" title="List of countries by telephone exports">Telephones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_textile_exports" title="List of countries by textile exports">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_truck_exports" title="List of countries by truck exports">Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicle_exports" title="List of countries by vehicle exports">Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine#Exporting_countries" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_trade" title="Category:International trade">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_trade" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International trade">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_organizations" title="Template:International organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_organizations" title="Template talk:International organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_organizations_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organizations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:International_organizations" title="Category:International organizations">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cultural <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">IGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural IGOs (<a href="/wiki/Category:International_cultural_organizations" title="Category:International cultural organizations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122962735">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000102746736">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312770601">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2145784-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94018277">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12341756k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12341756k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577475">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35451455">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711437&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4574846">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq465cbb0rv1dmb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007599105405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000014100">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516447706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12891440?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500292980">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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