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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contested_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contested_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Contested divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contested_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At-fault_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At-fault_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>At-fault divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At-fault_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Summary divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No-fault_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No-fault_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>No-fault divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No-fault_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncontested_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncontested_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Uncontested divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncontested_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Collaborative divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Electronic divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediated_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediated_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Mediated divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediated_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamy_and_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy_and_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Polygamy and divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy_and_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cohabitation_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cohabitation_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cohabitation effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cohabitation_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divorce_and_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce_and_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Divorce and relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce_and_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Effects on children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_and_socioeconomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_and_socioeconomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Academic and socioeconomic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_and_socioeconomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Psychological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconduct_and_substance_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconduct_and_substance_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Misconduct and substance abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconduct_and_substance_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce_of_elderly_couples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce_of_elderly_couples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Divorce of elderly couples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce_of_elderly_couples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.8</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sweden subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Social attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_same-sex_married_couples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_same-sex_married_couples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In same-sex married couples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_same-sex_married_couples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In same-sex married couples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_same-sex_married_couples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rights_of_spouses_to_custody_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_of_spouses_to_custody_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Rights of spouses to custody of children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_of_spouses_to_custody_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religion and divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gender and divorce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_and_divorce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender and divorce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serious_medical_illnesses_gender_disparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serious_medical_illnesses_gender_disparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Serious medical illnesses gender disparity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serious_medical_illnesses_gender_disparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Roman_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Roman_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Greco-Roman culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Mali Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularisation_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularisation_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Secularisation in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularisation_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Islamic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.8</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.9</span> <span>Early America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patterns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Celebrity culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Divorce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egskeiding" title="Egskeiding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egskeiding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="طلاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طلاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorciu" title="Divorciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Divorciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Fanma" title="Boşanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boşanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بوشانما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوشانما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="বিবাহবিচ্ছেদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবাহবিচ্ছেদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sarak" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-i%C3%A2n" title="Lī-iân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-iân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Развод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Развод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Развод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Развод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diborsyo" title="Diborsyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diborsyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Развод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Развод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr-dimezi%C3%B1" title="Torr-dimeziñ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Torr-dimeziñ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorci" title="Divorci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Divorci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Уйрăлу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уйрăлу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diborsyo" title="Diborsyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Diborsyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozvod" title="Rozvod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozvod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilsmisse" title="Skilsmisse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skilsmisse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheidung" title="Scheidung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scheidung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abielulahutus" title="Abielulahutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abielulahutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B6%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Διαζύγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαζύγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcio" title="Divorcio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Divorcio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorco" title="Divorco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Divorco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibortzio" title="Dibortzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dibortzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="طلاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طلاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Divorce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skieding_(houlik)" title="Skieding (houlik) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skieding (houlik)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colscaradh" title="Colscaradh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colscaradh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcio" title="Divorcio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Divorcio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%98%BC" title="이혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saki" title="Saki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ամուսնալուծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամուսնալուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="विवाह-विच्छेद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विवाह-विच्छेद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razvod_braka" title="Razvod braka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Razvod braka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceraian" title="Perceraian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perceraian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6gskilna%C3%B0ur" title="Lögskilnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lögskilnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorzio" title="Divorzio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Divorzio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גירושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גירושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಿಚ್ಛೇದನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಚ್ಛೇದನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Ажырасу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ажырасу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaka" title="Talaka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Talaka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C3%B2s" title="Divòs – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Divòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divortium" title="Divortium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Divortium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7ir%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Šķiršanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķiršanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrybos" title="Skyrybos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skyrybos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorzi" title="Divorzi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Divorzi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Válás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Válás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Развод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Развод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വിവാഹമോചനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവാഹമോചനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorzju" title="Divorzju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Divorzju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="घटस्फोट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="घटस्फोट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceraian" title="Perceraian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perceraian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လင်ခန်းမယားခန်း ပြတ်စဲခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်ခန်းမယားခန်း ပြတ်စဲခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtscheiding" title="Echtscheiding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Echtscheiding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="सम्बन्ध विच्छेद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सम्बन्ध विच्छेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%9A" title="離婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="離婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilsmisse" title="Skilsmisse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skilsmisse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilsmisse" title="Skilsmisse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skilsmisse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଛାଡ଼ପତ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛାଡ଼ପତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikohni_bekor_qilish" title="Nikohni bekor qilish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikohni bekor qilish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਤਲਾਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਲਾਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="طلاق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طلاق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%98%D9%87" title="پرېژه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرېژه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozw%C3%B3d" title="Rozwód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozwód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C3%B3rcio" title="Divórcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Divórcio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divor%C8%9B" title="Divorț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Divorț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aqanakuy" title="T'aqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'aqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Развод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Развод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorci" title="Divorci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Divorci" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorziu" title="Divorziu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Divorziu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දික්කසාද නීති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දික්කසාද නීති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Divorce" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="طلاق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طلاق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozvod_(man%C5%BEelstvo)" title="Rozvod (manželstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozvod (manželstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%8Ditev" title="Ločitev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ločitev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تەڵاق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەڵاق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Развод – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Развод" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razvod" title="Razvod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Razvod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avioero" title="Avioero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avioero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilsm%C3%A4ssa" title="Skilsmässa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skilsmässa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diborsiyo" title="Diborsiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diborsiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="திருமண முறிவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருமண முறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%83" title="Аерылышу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аерылышу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="విడాకులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విడాకులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="การหย่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหย่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Талоқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Талоқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Fanma" title="Boşanma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boşanma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Розлучення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розлучення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="طلاق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طلاق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C3%B2rsio" title="Divòrsio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Divòrsio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ly_h%C3%B4n" title="Ly hôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ly hôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divoir%C3%A7aedje" title="Divoirçaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Divoirçaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%9A" title="離婚 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="離婚" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%9A" title="离婚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="离婚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%98" title="גט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Creuzbourg" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Creuzbourg" data-mw-revid="1220053444"><bdi>Creuzbourg</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Creuzbourg" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Creuzbourg">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Creuzbourg" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Creuzbourg">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">15:07, 21 April 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(Sweden)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 15:07, 21 April 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Creuzbourg" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Creuzbourg" data-mw-revid="1220053444"><bdi>Creuzbourg</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Creuzbourg" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Creuzbourg">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Creuzbourg" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Creuzbourg">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Sweden)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce&diff=prev&oldid=1220053444" title="Divorce">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce&direction=prev&oldid=1220053444" title="Divorce">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce&diff=cur&oldid=1220053444" title="Divorce">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce&direction=next&oldid=1220053444" title="Divorce">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce&diff=next&oldid=1220053444" title="Divorce">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Termination of a marital union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about dissolution of marriage. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Divorce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Divorce (disambiguation)">Divorce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Divorcee" redirects here. 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title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Divorce</b> (also known as <b>dissolution of marriage</b>) is the process of terminating a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> or marital union.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce usually entails the canceling or reorganising of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">bonds of matrimony</a> between a married couple under the rule of law of the particular country or state. It can be said to be a legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the legal process of ending a marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorce laws <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">vary considerably</a> around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in most countries, divorce requires the sanction of a court or other authority in a legal process, which may involve issues of <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution of property">distribution of property</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a> (spousal support), <a href="/wiki/Child_visitation_/_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Child visitation / access">child visitation / access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parenting_time" title="Parenting time">parenting time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a>, and division of debt. In most countries, <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> is required by law, so divorce allows each former partner to marry another person. </p><p>Divorce is different from <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>, which declares the marriage null and void, with <a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">legal separation</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> separation (a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">separation</a> while remaining legally married) or with <i>de facto separation</i> (a process where the spouses informally stop cohabiting). Reasons for divorce vary, from sexual incompatibility or lack of independence for one or both spouses to a <a href="/wiki/Personality_clash" title="Personality clash">personality clash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only countries that do not allow divorce are the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. In the Philippines, divorce for non-Muslim Filipinos is not legal unless one spouse is an <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrant">undocumented immigrant</a> and satisfies certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican City is a theocratic state ruled by the head of the Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Christian views on divorce">and does not allow for divorce</a>. Countries that have relatively recently legalized divorce are <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1975, although from 1910 to 1940 it was possible both for the civil and religious marriage), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (1987),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1991),<sup id="cite_ref-State_pp_102_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_pp_102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (1991; from 1976 was allowed only for non-Catholics),<sup id="cite_ref-State_pp_102_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_pp_102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (1995),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (2011). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>Grounds for divorce vary widely from country to country. Marriage may be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Personal_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal status">status</a>, or a combination of these.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where it is seen as a contract, the refusal or inability of one spouse to perform the obligations stipulated in the contract may constitute a <a href="/wiki/Ground_for_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground for divorce">ground for divorce</a> for the other spouse. In contrast, in some countries (such as Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divorce is purely <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no fault</a>. This means it does not matter what the reasons are that a party or parties want to separate. They can separate of their own free will without having to prove someone is at fault for the divorce. Many jurisdictions offer both the option of a <i>no fault</i> divorce as well as an <i>at fault</i> divorce. This is the case, for example, in many <a href="/wiki/Grounds_for_divorce_(United_States)" title="Grounds for divorce (United States)">states of the US</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though divorce laws vary between <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, there are two basic approaches to divorce: fault based and no-fault based. However, even in some jurisdictions that do not require a party to claim fault of their partner, a court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property, debts, evaluating custody, shared care arrangements and support. In some jurisdictions, one spouse may be forced to pay the attorney's fees of another spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laws vary as to the waiting period before a divorce is effective. Also, residency requirements vary. However, issues of division of property are typically determined by the law of the jurisdiction in which the property is located.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, divorce laws differ from country to country, reflecting differing legal and cultural traditions. In some countries, particularly (but not only) in some former communist countries, divorce can be obtained only on one single general ground of "irretrievable breakdown of the marriage" (or a similar formulation). Yet, what constitutes such a "breakdown" of the marriage is interpreted very differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, ranging from very liberal interpretations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to quite restrictive ones (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, there must be an "irretrievable and complete disintegration of matrimonial life", but there are many restrictions to granting a divorce).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separation constitutes a ground of divorce in some European countries (in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, e.g., a divorce is granted on the basis of a 1-year separation if both spouses consent, or 3-year separation if only one spouse consents).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that "separation" does not necessarily mean separate residences – in some jurisdictions, living in the same household but leading a separate life (e.g., eating, sleeping, socializing, etc. separately) is sufficient to constitute <i>de facto</i> separation; this is explicitly stated, e.g., in the family laws of Latvia<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorce laws are not static; they often change reflecting evolving social norms of societies. In the 21st century, many European countries have made changes to their divorce laws, in particular by reducing the length of the necessary periods of separation, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Scotland" title="Divorce in Scotland">Scotland</a> in 2006 (1 or 2 years from the previous 2 or 5 years); <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country#France" title="Divorce law by country">France</a> in 2005 (2 years from the previous 6 years),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 2005 (2 years from the previous 4 years),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country#Greece" title="Divorce law by country">Greece</a> in 2008 (2 years from the previous 4 years).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries have completely overhauled their divorce laws, such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country#Portugal" title="Divorce law by country">Portugal in 2008</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Belgium" title="Divorce in Belgium">new divorce law</a> also came into force in September 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, creating a new system that is primarily no-fault.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country#Bulgaria" title="Divorce law by country">Bulgaria</a> also modified its divorce regulations in 2009. Also in <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country#Italy" title="Divorce law by country">Italy</a>, new laws came into force in 2014 and 2015 with significant changes in Italian law in matter of divorce: apart from shortening of the period of obligatory separation (6 months for consensual separations and 1 year for contested ones from the previous 3 years), are allowed other forms of getting a divorce – as an alternative to court proceedings, i.e. the negotiations with the participation of an advocate or agreement made before the registrar of Public Registry Office.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> by contrast is a European country where the divorce law still remains conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liberalization of divorce laws is not without opposition, particularly in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Indeed, in the US, certain conservative and religious organizations are lobbying for laws which restrict divorce. In 2011, in the US, the Coalition for Divorce Reform was established, describing itself as an organization "dedicated to supporting efforts to reduce unnecessary divorce and promote healthy marriages".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2022)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Divorce#undue" title="Talk:Divorce">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> of the Roman Catholic Church founds the concept of marriage on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Christianity" title="Natural law">natural moral law</a>, elaborated by St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, supplemented by the revealed <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a>. The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor Angelicus</a> has been partially shared by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in the course of history.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <p>In some jurisdictions, the courts will seldom apply principles of fault, but might willingly hold a party liable for a breach of a fiduciary duty to his or her spouse. Grounds for divorce differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction in the worldwide. Some states have <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a>; some states require a declaration of fault on the part of one partner or both; some states allow either method.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most jurisdictions, a divorce must be certified or ordered by a Judge in a court of law to come into effect. The terms of the divorce are usually determined by the courts, though they may take into account prenuptial agreements or post-nuptial agreements, or ratify terms that the spouses may have agreed to privately, while in other areas, agreements related to the marriage have to be rendered in writing to be enforceable. In the absence of agreement, a contested divorce may be stressful to the spouses. </p><p>In some countries,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2012)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> when the spouses agree to divorce and to the terms of the divorce, it can be certified by a non-judiciary administrative entity. The effect of a divorce is that both parties are free to marry again if a filing in an appellate court does not overturn the decision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contested_divorce">Contested divorce</h4></div> <p>Contested divorces mean that one of several issues are required to be heard by a judge at trial level—this is more expensive, and the parties will have to pay for a lawyer's time and preparation. In such a divorce the spouses are not able to agree on issues for instance child custody and division of marital assets. In such situations, the litigation process takes longer to conclude.<sup id="cite_ref-DSA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judge controls the outcome of the case. Less adversarial approaches to <a href="/wiki/Divorce_settlement" title="Divorce settlement">divorce settlements</a> have recently emerged, such as mediation and collaborative divorce settlement, which negotiate mutually acceptable resolution to conflicts. This principle in the United States is called 'Alternative Dispute Resolution' and has gained popularity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At-fault_divorce">At-fault divorce</h4></div> <p>Before the late 1960s, nearly all countries that permitted divorce required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible with the marriage. This was termed "grounds" for divorce (popularly called "fault") and was the only way to terminate a marriage. No-fault divorce is available in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States and other Western countries. </p><p>Fault-based divorces can be contested; evaluation of offences may involve allegations of <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> of the parties working together to get the divorce, or <a href="/wiki/Condonation" title="Condonation">condonation</a> by approving the offence, <a href="/wiki/Connivance" title="Connivance">connivance</a> by tricking someone into committing an offence, or <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a> by the other party. Contested fault divorces can be expensive, and not usually practical as eventually most divorces are granted. Comparative rectitude is a doctrine used to determine which spouse is more at fault when both spouses are guilty of breaches.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grounds for a divorce which a party could raise and need to prove included </p> <ul><li>desertion</li> <li>abandonment (typically 1 year)</li> <li>cruelty</li> <li>habitual drunkenness</li> <li>drug addiction</li> <li>adultery</li></ul> <p>The requirement of proving a ground was revised and withdrawn by the terms of 'no-fault' statutes, which became popular in many Western countries in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 'no-fault' jurisdictions divorce can be obtained either on a simple allegation of 'irreconcilable differences,' 'irretrievable break-down', or 'incompatibility' with respect to the marriage relationship, or on the ground of <span class="nowrap">de facto</span> separation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary_divorce">Summary divorce</h4></div> <p>A summary or simple divorce, available in some jurisdictions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements or can agree on key issues beforehand. </p><p>Key factors: </p> <ul><li>Short duration of marriage (less than five years)</li> <li>Absence of children (or, in some jurisdictions, prior allocation of child custody and of child-support direction and amount)</li> <li>Absence or minimal value of real property at issue and any associated encumbrances such as mortgages</li> <li>Absence of agreed-as-marital property above a given value threshold (around $35,000 not including vehicles)</li> <li>Absence, with respect to each spouse, of claims to personal property above a given value threshold, typically the same as that for total marital property, with such claims including claims to exclusive previous ownership of property described by the other spouse as marital</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="No-fault_divorce">No-fault divorce</h4></div> <p>Most Western jurisdictions have a <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a> system, in which a divorce can be granted based only on the assertion by one of the parties that the marriage has broken down irretrievably, without any need for an allegation or proof of fault.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application can be made by either party or by both parties jointly. </p><p>In jurisdictions adopting the no-fault principle, some courts may still take fault into account when determining some aspects of the terms of the divorce decree, for example, the division of property and debts and provision of spousal support. Some behaviors that may constitute marital fault, such as violence, cruelty, or substance abuse may also be considered when determining child custody, but child custody judgements are made based on a different fundamental standard: the child's or children's best interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncontested_divorce">Uncontested divorce</h4></div> <p>It is estimated that upwards of 95% of divorces in the U.S. are "uncontested",<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the two parties are able to come to an agreement (either with or without lawyers/mediators/collaborative counsel) about the property, children, and support issues. This is also known as Mutual Consent Divorce or simply Mutual Divorce. When the parties can agree and present the court with a fair and equitable agreement, approval of the divorce is typically guaranteed. If the two parties cannot come to an agreement, they may ask the court to decide how to split property and deal with the custody of their children. Though this may be necessary, the courts would prefer parties to come to an agreement prior to entering court. </p><p>Where the issues are not complex and the parties are cooperative, a settlement often can be directly negotiated between them. In the majority of cases, forms are acquired from their respective state websites and a filing fee is paid to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most U.S. states charge between $175 and $350 for a simple divorce filing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative divorce">Collaborative divorce</a> and mediated divorce are considered uncontested divorces. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, many <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state court</a> systems are experiencing an increasing proportion of <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_se" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro se">pro se</a></i> (<i>i.e.</i>, litigants represent themselves without a lawyer) in divorce cases.<sup id="cite_ref-prose_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prose-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, courts in urban areas of California report that almost 80% of new divorces are filed <i>pro se</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-trends_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trends-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collaborative_divorce">Collaborative divorce</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative divorce">Collaborative divorce</a> is a method for divorcing couples to come to an agreement on divorce issues. In a collaborative divorce, the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">attorneys</a> who are trained in the collaborative divorce process and in mediation and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist or divorce coaches. The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests, but with complete information and full professional support. </p><p>Once the collaborative divorce starts, the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding, should the <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_law" title="Collaborative law">collaborative law</a> process end prematurely. Most attorneys who practise collaborative divorce claim that it can be more cost-effective than other divorce methods, <i>e.g.</i>, going to court.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_divorce">Electronic divorce</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, for example, allows two persons to file an <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">electronic</a> request for <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault</a> <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative divorce">collaborative divorce</a> in a non <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal entity">entity</a>. In specific cases, with no <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a>, or common address, can be completed within one hour.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emery_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediated_divorce">Mediated divorce</h4></div> <p>Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation. In a divorce mediation session, a mediator facilitates the discussion between the two parties by assisting with communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences. At the end of the mediation process, the separating parties have typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that can be submitted to the court. Mediation sessions can include either party's attorneys, a neutral attorney, or an attorney-mediator who can inform both parties of their legal rights, but does not provide advice to either, or can be conducted with the assistance of a facilitative or transformative mediator without attorneys present at all. Some mediation companies, such as Wevorce, also pair clients with counselors, financial planners and other professionals to work through common mediation sticking points.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce mediators may be attorneys who have experience in divorce cases, or they may be professional mediators who are not attorneys, but who have training specifically in the area of family court matters. Divorce mediation can be significantly less costly, both financially and emotionally, than litigation. The adherence rate to mediated agreements is much higher than that of adherence to court orders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polygamy_and_divorce">Polygamy and divorce</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is a significant structural factor governing divorce in countries where this is permitted. Little-to-no analysis has been completed to explicitly explain the link between marital instability and polygyny which leads to divorce. The frequency of divorce rises in polygynous marriages compared to monogamous relationships. Within polygynous unions, differences in conjugal stability are found to occur by wife order. There are 3 main mechanisms through which polygyny affects divorce: economic restraint, sexual satisfaction, and childlessness. Many women escape economic restraint through divorcing their spouses when they are allowed to initiate a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Just_divorced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Just_divorced.jpg/220px-Just_divorced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Just_divorced.jpg/330px-Just_divorced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Just_divorced.jpg/440px-Just_divorced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>"JUST DIVORCED!" hand-written on an automobile's rear window.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <p>In the western world as a whole, two thirds of divorces are initiated by women.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, 69% of divorces are initiated by women and this may be due to higher sensitivity to relationship difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An annual study in the UK by management consultants <a href="/wiki/Grant_Thornton" title="Grant Thornton">Grant Thornton</a>, estimates the main <a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">proximate causes</a> of divorce based on surveys of matrimonial lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-gt_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main causes in 2004 were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> – 27%</li> <li>Family strains (e.g., from the inlaws) – 18%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> – 17%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlife_crisis" title="Midlife crisis">Midlife crisis</a> – 13%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addictions</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">gambling</a> – 6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholism</a> – 6%</li> <li>Other factors – 13%</li></ul> <p>According to this survey, husbands engaged in extramarital affairs in 75% of cases, and wives in 25%. In cases of family strain, wives' families were the primary source of strain in 78%, compared to 22% of husbands' families. Emotional and physical abuse were more evenly split, with wives affected in 60% and husbands in 40% of cases. In 70% of workaholism-related divorces it was husbands who were the cause, and in 30%, wives. The 2004 survey found that 93% of divorce cases were petitioned by wives, very few of which were contested. 53% of divorces were marriages that had lasted 10 to 15 years, with 40% ending after 5 to 10 years. The first 5 years are relatively divorce-free, and if a marriage survives more than 20 years it is unlikely to end in divorce. </p><p>Social scientists study the causes of divorce in terms of underlying factors that may motivate divorce. One of these factors is the age at which a person gets married; delaying marriage may provide more opportunity or experience in choosing a compatible partner.<sup id="cite_ref-red-v-blue_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red-v-blue-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wage, income, and sex ratios are other such underlying factors that have been included in analyses by sociologists and economists.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Couples with a high <a href="/wiki/Household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Household income">household income</a> are less likely to divorce than poor couples.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other personal factors, such as attending religious services regularly and having at least one child together, also reduce the risk of divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other factors include the <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a> itself: Spending relatively little money on the wedding, but having a relatively high number of guests in attendance (e.g., 50 or more people) and going on a <a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">honeymoon</a> trip, is associated with a lower risk of divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-cost weddings may strain marriages by causing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debt_stress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debt stress (page does not exist)">debt stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cohabitation_effect">Cohabitation effect</h3></div> <p>The elevation of divorce rates among couples who <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabited</a> before marriage is called the "cohabitation effect". Evidence suggests that although <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">this correlation is partly due to two forms of selection</a> (<i>a</i>) that persons whose moral or religious codes permit cohabitation are also more likely to consider divorce permitted by morality or religion and (<i>b</i>) that marriage based on low levels of commitment is more common among couples who cohabit than among couples who do not, such that the mean and median levels of commitment at the start of marriage are lower among cohabiting than among non-cohabiting couples), the cohabitation experience itself exerts at least some independent effect on the subsequent marital union.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a study by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_Teachman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay Teachman (page does not exist)">Jay Teachman</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Marriage_and_Family" title="Journal of Marriage and Family">Journal of Marriage and Family</a></i> found that women who have cohabited or had premarital sex with men other than their husbands have an increased risk of divorce and that this effect is strongest for women who have cohabited with multiple men before marriage. To Teachman, the fact that the elevated risk of divorce is only experienced when the premarital partner(s) is someone other than the husband indicates that premarital sex and cohabitation are now a normal part of the courtship process in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study only considers data on women in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth in the United States. Divorce is sometimes caused by one of the partners finding the other <a href="/wiki/Unattractive" class="mw-redirect" title="Unattractive">unattractive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent studies show that the cohabitation effect on divorce varies across different cultures and periods. Another article published in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Marriage_and_Family" title="Journal of Marriage and Family">Journal of Marriage and Family</a></i> found that when cohabitation was uncommon in pre-reform China, premarital cohabitation increased the likelihood of subsequent divorce, but this association disappeared when cohabitation became prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <p>Some of the effects associated with divorce include academic, behavioral, and psychological problems. Although this may not always be true, studies suggest that children from divorced families are more likely to exhibit such behavioral issues than non-divorced families.<sup id="cite_ref-Family,_Consumer_2003_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family,_Consumer_2003-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divorce_and_relationships">Divorce and relationships</h3></div> <p>Research done at <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a> on Family and Child Studies suggests that divorce of couples experiencing high conflict can positively affect families by reducing conflict in the home. There are, however, many instances when the parent-child relationship may suffer due to divorce. Financial support is many times lost when an adult goes through a divorce. The adult may be obligated to obtain additional work to maintain financial stability. This can lead to a negative relationship between the parent and child; the relationship may suffer due to a lack of attention towards the child and minimal parental supervision<sup id="cite_ref-Family,_Consumer_2003_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family,_Consumer_2003-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have also shown that parental skills decrease after a divorce occurs; however, this effect is only a temporary change. "Many researchers have shown that a disequilibrium, including diminished parenting skills, occurs in the year following the divorce but that by two years after the divorce re-stabilization has occurred and parenting skills have improved."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some couples choose divorce even when one spouse's desire to remain married is greater than the other spouse's desire to obtain a divorce. In economics, this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Zelder_Paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelder Paradox">Zelder Paradox</a> and is more familiar with marriages that have produced children and less common with childless couples.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelder1993_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelder1993-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has also found that recent divorcees report significantly higher hostility levels after the divorce than before, and that this effect applies equally to both male and female divorcees.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> study of parents' relocation after a divorce, researchers found that a move has a long-term effect on children. In the first study conducted amongst 2,000 college students on the effects of parental relocation relating to their children's well-being after divorce, researchers found major differences. In divorced families in which one parent moved, the students received less financial support from their parents compared with divorced families in which neither parent moved. These findings also imply other negative outcomes for these students, such as more distress related to the divorce and did not feel a sense of emotional support from their parents. Although the data suggests negative outcomes for these students whose parents relocate after divorce, there is insufficient research that can alone prove the overall well-being of the child<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A newer study in the <i>Journal of Family Psychology</i> found that parents who move more than an hour away from their children after a divorce are much less well off than those parents who stayed in the same location<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_children">Effects on children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_divorce" title="Effects of divorce">Effects of divorce</a></div> <p>Research has shown that children are greatly affected by the disunion of their parents' marriage. In most cases these effects are displayed in academic strain, difficulty in regulating mood and emotions, and a tendency to find outlets in harmful substances or activities such as drugs, alcohol, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_and_socioeconomic">Academic and socioeconomic</h4></div> <p>Frequently, children who have experienced a parental divorce have lower academic achievement than children from non-divorced families<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of family and school factors related to adolescents' academic performance noted that a child from a divorced family is two times more likely to drop out of high school than a child from a non-divorced family. These children from divorced families may also be less likely to attend college, resulting in the end of their academic career.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often academic problems are associated with children from <a href="/wiki/Single-parent" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-parent">single-parent</a> families. Studies have shown that this may be directly related to the economic effect of divorce. A divorce may result in the parent and children moving to an area with a higher poverty rate and a poor education system, because of the financial difficulties of a single parent.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children of divorced parents also on average achieve lower levels of socioeconomic status, income, and wealth accumulation than children of parents who remain married. These outcomes are associated with lower educational achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-Amato_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amato-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young men or women between the ages of 7 and 16 who had experienced the divorce of their parents were more likely than youths who had not experienced the divorce of their parents to leave home because of friction, to cohabit before marriage, and to parent a child before marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorce often leads to worsened academic achievement in children ages 7–12, the most heightened negative effect being reading test scores. These negative effects tend to persist, and even escalate after the divorce or separation occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Children_2014_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Children_2014-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychological">Psychological</h4></div> <p>Divorce is associated with diminished psychological well-being in children and adult offspring of divorced parents, including greater unhappiness, less satisfaction with life, weaker sense of personal control, anxiety, depression, and greater use of mental health services. A preponderance of evidence indicates that there is a causal effect between divorce and these outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Amato_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amato-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> led by the Centre for Health Equity Studies (Chess) at Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, is published in the <i>Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health</i> found that children living with just one parent after divorce suffer from more problems such as headaches, stomach aches, feelings of tension and sadness than those whose parents share custody.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children of divorced parents are also more likely to experience conflict in their own marriages, and are more likely to experience divorce themselves. They are also more likely to be involved in short-term cohabiting relationships, which often dissolve before marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Amato_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amato-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many studies that show proof of an intergenerational transmission of divorce, but this does not mean that having divorced parents will absolutely lead a child to divorce. There are two key factors that make this transmission of divorce more likely. First, inherited biological tendencies or genetic conditions may predispose a child to divorce as well as the "model of marriage" presented by the child's parents.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wall_(judge)" title="Nicholas Wall (judge)">Nicholas Wall</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Family_Division" title="President of the Family Division">President of the Family Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">English High Court</a>, "People think that post-separation parenting is easy – in fact, it is exceedingly difficult, and as a rule of thumb my experience is that the more intelligent the parent, the more intractable the dispute. There is nothing worse, for most children, than for their parents to denigrate each other. Parents simply do not realize the damage they do to their children by the battles they wage over them. Separating parents rarely behave reasonably, although they always believe that they are doing so, and that the other party is behaving unreasonably."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children involved in high-conflict divorce or custody cases can experience varying forms of psychological distress due to conflict between their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal professionals recognize that alienating behaviors are common in child custody cases, but are cautious about accepting the concept of <a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">parental alienation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bow2009_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bow2009-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research shows that children can be affected 2–4 years before the separation or divorce even occurs. This can be due to parental conflict and anticipation of a divorce, and decreased parental contact. Many couples believe that by separating, or becoming legally divorced that they are helping their children, and in situations of extreme parental conflict or abuse it most likely will be beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-Children_2014_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Children_2014-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exposure to marital conflict and instability, most often has negative consequences for children. Several mechanisms are likely to be responsible. First, observing overt conflict between parents is a direct stressor for children.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observational studies reveal that children react to inter-parental conflict with fear, anger, or the inhibition of normal behavior. Preschool children – who tend to be egocentric – may blame themselves for marital conflict, resulting in feelings of guilt and lowered self-esteem. Conflict between parents also tends to spill over and negatively affect the quality of parents' interactions with their children. Researchers found that the associations between marital conflict and children's externalizing and internalizing problems were largely mediated by parents' use of harsh punishment and parent–child conflict. Furthermore, modeling verbal or physical aggression, parents "teach" their children that disagreements are resolved through conflict rather than calm discussion. As a result, children may not learn the social skills (such as the ability to negotiate and reach compromises) that are necessary to form mutually rewarding relationships with peers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Girls and boys deal with divorce differently. For instance, girls who initially show signs of adapting well, later suffer from anxiety in romantic relationships with men. Studies also showed that girls who were separated from their fathers at a younger age tended to be angrier toward the situation as they aged. Anger and sadness were also observed as common feelings in adolescents who had experienced parental divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misconduct_and_substance_abuse">Misconduct and substance abuse</h4></div> <p>Children of divorced or separated parents exhibit increased behavioral problems and the marital conflict that accompanies parents' divorce places the child's social competence at risk. Children of divorced parents are more likely to search for outlets to cope with their emotions. For many struggling with social understanding and concepts of abuse or a lack of love in the home, drug abuse and general misconduct or violence are some of the indulgences that these children may be involved in.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divorce_of_elderly_couples">Divorce of elderly couples</h3></div> <p>In the United States of America, since the mid-1990s, the divorce rate has increased to over 50% among <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">baby boomers</a>. More and more seniors are staying single; an analysis of census data conducted at <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a> predicted that divorce numbers would continue to rise. Baby boomers who remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty than those who are married. They are also three times as likely to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payments.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Americans who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone, in addition to changing perceptions of being divorced or single. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce demography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <p>China currently holds one of the highest divorce rates in the Asia Pacific region. Compared to 2000, China's divorce rates have gone up substantially from a 0.96 crude divorce rate to 3.09 rate in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While China's divorce rate has been increasing since 2000, the highest recorded crude divorce rate in the past 20 years was in 2019 with 3.36 divorces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since 2019, China's recorded divorce rate has gone down. </p><p>China has no-fault divorce which was implemented through the New Marriage Law in 1950. This allows individuals to divorce without showing any evidence of wrongdoing. China is one of the only Asian countries which permits no-fault divorce. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of January 2021, China introduced a new policy called the "cooling-off rule".  China, seeing the rise in divorce rates increasing on a yearly basis, the <i>Marriage and Family Edition of Civil Code of the People's Republic of China</i> secured an article 1077 establishing a mandatory cooling-off period, which has two requirements. First, on the day in which authorities have received the divorce applications, both parties can withdraw the registration within 30 days, and additionally to that, after 30 days are up, couples are required to physically apply for divorce certificate, and if they do not show up, the initial divorce application will be automatically perceived as withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This novel policy has been extremely controversial, where couples are required to wait for at least 30-days before they can commence a divorce. The 30-day cooling off period is created with the aim of generating more social stability, which avoids couples from making rushed or in-the-heat-of-the-moment emotionally-charged decisions. Family stability has always been culturally rooted in China, influenced by Confucian beliefs where the harmony of family brings the success of everything.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A divorce can only be granted when couples have gone through a one-month long delay in order to make a decision. </p><p>Since the implementation of the cooling-off rule, China's Ministry of Civil Affairs discovered as sharp 72 per cent drop in divorce rates since the last quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the 30-days of cooling-off time, many couples have changed their minds, supporting the argument that most divorce decisions are made irrationally and emotionally. Although there has been a positive effect to reduce divorce in the country, Chinese citizens are not responding well to the cooling-off policy, which concerns women in marriages experiencing domestic abuse. In fact, from <i>China Digital Times</i>, a woman by the name of Kan Xiaofang died of domestic abuse because when she filed for divorce in 2021, she had to wait 30-days for the divorce to be finalized – she was "hacked to death" by her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30-day rule has angered Chinese feminists, who believes that the policy undermines the concept of freedom, and does not take into consideration of domestic violence, which runs common within Chinese households. The cooling-off policy is still relatively new today, only being less than 2-years old. Therefore, this policy is still one that needs to be examined more deeply to analyze the effect and consequences of delaying the divorce process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Divorce" title="Special:EditPage/Divorce">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>India has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world with around 1% of marriages ending in divorce. That being said, a lot of individuals split without choosing to go through the process of divorce. In fact, a large number of marriages are not registered and thus, a dissolution in such partnership would not be shown in the divorce statistics. Additionally, divorce is still stigmatized and seen as taboo amongst many families in India. </p><p>Mutual consent divorce procedure is relatively easy while a contested divorce procedure takes longer and depends on the religions of the couples.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorce is governed by various acts in India: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955">The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</a></li> <li>The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Muslim_Marriages_Act,_1939" title="Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939">Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act, 1954</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Marriage_Act,_1969" title="Foreign Marriage Act, 1969">Foreign Marriage Act, 1969</a></li> <li>The Indian Divorce Act, 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> <p>In 2020 there were around 291,000 divorces recorded in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers are lower than the previous year – reportedly due to the pandemic and a longer dissolution process. Divorces are settled in religious courts, if they are Muslim, or through 'talaq' where a married man can pronounce divorce to his wife. There are six grounds of divorce, with an additional two for Muslim marriages, which include:<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>One of the spouses has committed adultery, is an alcoholic, is addicted to drugs, is a gambler or has other vices which are difficult to cure</li> <li>One of the spouses has deserted the other spouse for two consecutive years – without consent and without legitimate reasons</li> <li>One of the spouses has been sentenced to imprisonment for five years or more</li> <li>One of the spouses has resorted to cruelty or severe ill-treatment, endangering the life of the other spouse</li> <li>One of the spouses has developed a disability or disease, preventing him or her from fulfilling the duties of husband or wife</li> <li>The spouses have irreconcilable differences as evidenced by frequent disagreements</li> <li>The husband has violated taklik talak (a promise that the husband expressly made and written onto the marriage certificate)</li> <li>One party converts from Islam to another faith</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <p>Iran introduced divorce quotas to break the rise in divorce rates amidst low marriage rates.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law grants the female party easy divorce if there is a certified document showing lack of compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part because of economic conditions one in every three marriages resulted in divorce by 2021; the high rates are linked to the shifting status of women and empowerment of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <p>In Japan, divorces were on an upward trend from the 1960s until 2002 when they hit a peak of 290,000 divorces.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan:_divorce_number_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan:_divorce_number-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While divorce rates have increased since the 1900s, they have also slightly declined since 2002. In fact, in 2020 there were approximately 193,300 divorces.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan:_divorce_number_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan:_divorce_number-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a significant decrease from the prior year, 2019, which recorded 208,489 divorces.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several types of divorces in Japan; Divorce by Agreement, Divorce by Conciliation, and Divorce by Judgement.  Divorce by Agreement (rikon), occurs when both parties mutually agree to separate and do not need to go to court. This is the most common type of divorce in Japan. Divorce by Conciliation (chotei rikon) is sought out when individuals are unable to agree on terms or separate. Thus, these cases go to court in hope to come to a mutual agreement for both parties. Lastly, Divorce by Judgement (saiban rikon) occurs when individuals are unable to reach an agreement in court during conciliation. Divorce by judgement is uncommon in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4></div> <p>Singapore has a crude divorce rate of 1.7 divorce per 1,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore has seen a decrease in divorce rates compared to previous years. In fact, 2020 marks the lowest number of divorces recorded. In 2020, there were 6,700 divorces compared to 2015–2019, which recorded an average number of 7,536 marital dissolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, most divorces were initiated by women. </p><p>Singapore requires the applicant to be married for three years before filing for divorce. That being said, if one has suffered exceptional hardship, they are eligible to file for divorce before the three years. Additionally, to get a divorce, there must be proof of an "irretrievable breakdown" of one of the four factors which include adultery, unreasonable behaviour, desertion and separation.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4></div> <p>The crude divorce rate in South Korea in 2020 was 2.1.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to prior years, the number of divorces recorded depicts that there are less filed divorces each year. Both the number of marriages and divorces decreased from 2019 by 10.7% and 3.9% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest proportion of divorces in 2020 was amongst those who have been married for 20 years or more followed by those who have been married for four years or less.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such findings may suggest that divorce has become more socially accepted in South Korea and the stigma behind separating has lessened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> <p>Taiwan's divorce rate in 2020 stood at 2.19 divorces per 1,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the lowest recorded divorce rate in the past 10 years. Many divorces in Taiwan are not done in court if there is a mutual agreement. If one of the parties does not consent to the divorce, then the other spouse may file for divorce under a valid reason of bigamy, infidelity, ill treatment or desertion. Before 2020, adultery in Taiwan was considered a crime and punishable by law.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Divorce has increased across Europe in the past decade – the rate varies between European countries. One study estimated that legal reforms accounted for about 20% increase of the divorce rates in Europe between 1960 and 2002. In 2019, Luxembourg had the highest divorce rate per 100 marriages followed by Portugal, Finland, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries in Europe with some of the lowest number of divorces per 100 marriages are Ireland and Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4></div> <p>On average, for every three new marriages in Serbia, one divorce occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, 35,570 marriages were concluded in Serbia, 10,899 marriages were divorced, and the number of divorces per 1,000 inhabitants was 1.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2></div> <p>The divorce begins formally with an application for separation of marriage to the district court.The application can be submitted by parties both jointly if the spouses agree or individually by any of the spouses who do not have to agree to divorce. Spouses who agree to divorce and do not have children under the age of 16 receive a judgment (decision) of divorce within a few weeks. If there are children under the age of 16 (including step children), the parties must wait 6 months before either or both spouses may request completion of the divorce, in order to be formally separated in marriage. If the spouses have lived apart for at least two years before the application for separation of marriage, the district court can, decide on a direct divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_England_and_Wales" title="Divorce in England and Wales">Divorce in England and Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Scotland" title="Divorce in Scotland">Divorce in Scotland</a></div> <p>In 2015, the highest divorces rates in the UK were recorded all beside the sea, with Blackpool in the top position. The UK divorce rate is estimated at 42% and in 2019, around 107,599 divorces were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest number of divorce applications are reportedly made on Divorce Day, which is always the first Monday of the new year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_United_States" title="Divorce in the United States">Divorce in the United States</a></div><p>The crude divorce rate in 2022 in the United States is 2.3 divorces. This is significantly lower than prior years, such as those in 2001 where 4.1 divorces were recorded. These recent findings suggest a downward trend of the number of people dissolving their marriage. However, divorce rates range from state to state. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a> reports that wives, with children present, filed for divorce in approximately two-thirds of cases from 1975 to 1988 in the U.S. For example, 71.4% of the cases were filed by women in 1975 and 65% were filed by women in 1988. It is estimated that upwards of 95% of divorces in the U.S. are "uncontested", because the two parties are able to come to an agreement without a hearing (either with or without lawyers/mediators/collaborative counsel) about the property, children, and support issues. </p><p>In 2000, the divorce rate reached its peak at 40% but has since slowly declined. In 2001, marriages between people of different faiths were three times more likely to get divorced than those of the same faith. In fact, in a 1993 study, members of two mainline Protestant religions had a 20% chance of being divorced in 5 years; a 33% for a Catholic and Evangelical, and a 40% chance for a Jew and a Christian. </p><p>Couples with different ethnicities and races also had distinctive divorce statistics. In 2008, a study by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenifer_L._Bratter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenifer L. Bratter (page does not exist)">Jenifer L. Bratter</a> and Rosalind B. King on the <a href="/wiki/Education_Resources_Information_Center" title="Education Resources Information Center">Education Resources Information Center</a>, found that unions between White males and non-White females as well as between Hispanics and non-Hispanic individuals, have similar or lower risks of divorce than White marriages. Unions between a White male and Black female last longer than White-White pairings or White-Asian pairings. Conversely, a White female with a Black male and White female with an Asian male are more prone to divorce than White-White pairings. </p><p>Additionally, as found in 2010, success in marriage has been associated with a higher education and older age. For example, 81% of college graduates who were over 26 years old, who wed in the 1980s, were still married 20 years later. Additionally, 65% of college graduates under 26, who married in the 1980s, were still married 20 years later. Furthermore, 49% of high school graduates under 26 years old, who married in the 1980s, were still married 20 years later. Conversely, 2.9% of adults aged 35–39 and without a college degree got divorced in the year 2009 – compared with 1.6% with a college education. </p><p>Another study looking at population differences found that a 1% increase in the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> correlated with a 1% decrease in the divorce rate. This was found to be presumably true for individuals who were financially challenged when trying to afford the legal proceedings. Nevertheless, another study from 1900 to 2008 found that there was a significant increase in the risk of divorce following a layoff and being unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <p>The crude divorce rate in Australia in 2020 was 1.9 divorces per 1,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rate has remained somewhat consistent throughout the past few years and is the same as the previous year. However, as divorces are granted after 12 months of separation, splits during COVID may not be reflected in the current divorce rate. The divorce rate has decreased substantially over the past 20 years with 2.6 divorces recorded per 1,000 residents in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to apply for divorce, one must be separated for at least 12 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_New_Zealand" title="Divorce in New Zealand">Divorce in New Zealand</a></div> <p>New Zealand's divorce rate in 2020 was 7.6 divorces per 1,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rate marks a decrease from previous years – such as those in 1983 with a crude divorce rate of 13.3. In fact, this rate has decreased significantly from the previous year, 2019, with a divorce rate of 8.4.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before filing for divorced, one must be separated for at least two years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this time, one is eligible to submit an application. If it is a joint application, divorce will take effect after one month.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one applies as a sole application, then the other spouse has the opportunity to defend it within a certain time period. Additionally, if individuals appear in court together and the judge files the divorce order, then the divorce will effective immediately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_South_Africa" title="Divorce in South Africa">Divorce in South Africa</a></div> <p>According to Statistics South Africa, the number of divorces increased by 0.3% from 25,260 divorces granted in 2015 to 25,326 granted in 2016. About 44.4% of the 2016 divorces came from marriages that did not reach their tenth wedding anniversary. About 51.1% of divorces in 2016 were filed by women while men filed 34.2% divorce cases.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_attitudes">Social attitudes</h2></div> <p>Attitudes toward divorce vary substantially across the world. Divorce is considered socially unacceptable by most of the population in certain sub-Saharan African countries such as Ghana, Uganda, Nigeria and Kenya, South Asian countries including India and Pakistan and South-East Asian countries such as the Philippines and Indonesia. The majority of the population considers divorce acceptable in Eastern Europe, East Asia, Latin America and the United States. In developed regions such as Western Europe and Japan, more than 80% of the population consider divorce socially acceptable. Divorce is also widely accepted in certain Muslim majority countries such as Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon, at least when men initiate it.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> is unusual for having a long history of accepting and celebrating divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although exact statistics are not available, Mauritania is believed to have the highest divorce rate by far in the world, and it is not unusual for adults in Mauritania to marry and divorce five to ten times during their lifetimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has shown that unhappily married couples suffer 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_same-sex_married_couples">In same-sex married couples</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_of_same-sex_couples" title="Divorce of same-sex couples">Divorce of same-sex couples</a></div> <p>The legal process of divorce by same-sex couples is generally the same as any other. </p><p>Same-sex marriage was introduced in large European countries relatively recently: France in 2013, the UK in 2014, and Germany in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, there have been relatively few studies of divorce by same-sex couples, and they have produced some conflicting information.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, such as Norway and Sweden, lesbian couples may be more likely to divorce than gay couples or opposite-sex couples.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same-sex couples in rural areas may have a higher divorce rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_of_spouses_to_custody_of_children">Rights of spouses to custody of children</h3></div> <p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, upon dissolution of a same-sex marriage, legal questions remained in the US as to the rights of spouses to custody of the biological children of their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Child custody policies include several guidelines that determine with whom the child lives following divorce, how time is divided in joint custody situations, and visitation rights. The most frequently applied custody guideline is the <i><a href="/wiki/Best_interests_of_the_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Best interests of the child">best interests of the child</a></i> standard, which takes into account the parents' preferences, the child's preferences, the interactions between parents and children, children's adjustment, and all family members' mental and physical health.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_divorce">Religion and divorce</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_divorce" title="Religion and divorce">Religion and divorce</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 290px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 288px; height: px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -4px; left: -6px; width: 300px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Samuel D. Ehrhart's "An International High Noon Divorce"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_%281906%29.jpg/300px-Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_%281906%29.jpg/450px-Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_%281906%29.jpg/600px-Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7344" data-file-height="5161" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_D._Ehrhart_-_An_International_High_Noon_Divorce_(1906).jpg" title="File:Samuel D. Ehrhart - An International High Noon Divorce (1906).jpg"> </a></div>Cartoon parodying the circus-like divorce proceedings of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Gould" title="Anna Gould">Anna Gould</a> (an American <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">heiress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialite</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Boni_de_Castellane" title="Boni de Castellane">Boni de Castellane</a> (a French <a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">nobleman</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boni de Castellane then sought an annulment from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> so that he could be free to remarry in the Church. The annulment case was not finally settled until 1924, when the highest Vatican tribunal upheld the validity of the marriage and denied the annulment. </div> </div> </div> <p>In some countries (commonly in Europe and North America), the government defines and administers marriages and divorces. While ceremonies may be performed by religious officials on behalf of the state, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and thus, civil divorce (without the involvement of a religion) is also possible. Due to differing standards and procedures, a couple can be legally unmarried, married, or divorced by the state's definition, but have a different status as defined by a religious order. Other countries use religious law to administer marriages and divorces, eliminating this distinction. In these cases, religious officials are generally responsible for interpretation and implementation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> allows, yet generally advises against divorce, and <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">it can be initiated by either the husband or the wife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a> allow divorce under some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce" title="Christian views on divorce">Christian views on divorce</a> vary: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic teaching">Catholic teaching</a> allows only <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">annulment</a>, while most other denominations discourage it except in the event of adultery. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>, in its 2014 Discipline, teaches:<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe that the only legitimate marriage is the joining of one man and one woman (Gen. 2:24; Rom. 7:2; 1 Cor. 7:10; Eph. 5:22, 23). We deplore the evils of divorce and remarriage. We regard adultery as the only scripturally justifiable grounds for divorce; and the party guilty of adultery has by his or her act forfeited membership in the church. In the case of divorce for other cause, neither party shall be permitted to marry again during the lifetime of the other; and violation of this law shall be punished by expulsion from the church (Matt. 5:32; Mark 10:11, 12). In the carrying out of these principles, guilt shall be established in accordance with judicial procedures set forth in <i>The Discipline</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish views of divorce</a> differ, with <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> considering civil divorces adequate; <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, on the other hand, require that the husband grant his wife a divorce in the form of a <i><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">The Millet System</a>, where each religious group regulates its own marriages and divorces, is still present in varying degrees in some post−Ottoman countries including Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Egypt. Several countries use <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law) to administrate marriages and divorces for Muslims. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">Marriage in Israel</a> is administered separately by each religious community (Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Druze), and there is no provision for interfaith marriages other than marrying in another country. For Jews, marriage and divorce are administered by Orthodox rabbis. Partners can file for divorce either in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical court">rabbinical court</a> or Israeli civil court.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_and_divorce">Gender and divorce</h2></div> <p>According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review, women have filed slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend is mirrored in the UK where a recent study into web search behavior found that 70% of divorce inquiries were from women. These findings also correlate with the Office for National Statistics publication "Divorces in England and Wales 2012"<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reported that divorce petitions from women outnumber those from men by 2 to 1. </p><p>Regarding divorce settlements, according to the 2004 Grant Thornton survey in the UK, women obtained a better or considerably better settlement than men in 60% of cases. In 30% of cases the assets were split 50–50, and in only 10% of cases did men achieve better settlements (down from 24% the previous year). The report concluded that the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Shared_residency_in_English_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared residency in English law">shared residence</a> orders would need to increase in order for more equitable financial divisions to become the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-gt_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some jurisdictions give unequal rights to men and women when filing for divorce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For couples following Conservative or Orthodox Jewish law (which by <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">Israeli civil law</a> includes all Jews in Israel), the husband must grant his wife a divorce through a document called a <i><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i>. Granting the 'get' obligates him to pay the woman a significant sum of money (10,000-$20,000) as stated on the religious prenuptial contract, which can be in addition to whatever prior settlement he had reached as far as continuous child support and funds he had to pay by court order in the civil divorce. If the man refuses (agreeing on condition he will not have to pay the money is still called refusing), the woman can appeal to a court or the community to pressure the husband. A woman whose husband refuses to grant the get or a woman whose husband is missing without sufficient knowledge that he died, called an <a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">agunah</a>, is still married, and therefore cannot remarry. Under Orthodox law, children of an extramarital affair involving a married Jewish woman are considered <i><a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzerim</a></i> and cannot marry non-<i>mamzerim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serious_medical_illnesses_gender_disparity">Serious medical illnesses gender disparity</h3></div> <p>Women are six times more likely to be separated or divorced soon after a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> than men. Doctors in neuro-oncology practices noticed that divorce occurred almost exclusively when the wife was the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Roman_culture">Greco-Roman culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage in ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_marriage_vows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman_marriage_vows.jpg/200px-Roman_marriage_vows.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman_marriage_vows.jpg/300px-Roman_marriage_vows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman_marriage_vows.jpg/400px-Roman_marriage_vows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>Roman married couple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than being conceived as a legal procedure, divorce in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a> was largely thought to be a private matter — defined by law, but with no specific legal action required. To divorce his wife, an Athenian man need only to dismiss her by sending her back to her family. It is unknown what would have constituted socially acceptable grounds for divorce, save for the fact that it was required by law for men to divorce adulterous women. The procedure for divorce was considerably more difficult for women. In order to initiate divorce, Athenian women were required to appear in public before the archon to state their case. This procedure was a considerable exception to standard Athenian legal conventions, which barred women from representing themselves in court, as woman-initiated divorce proceedings required a woman to represent herself as a matter of public record.<sup id="cite_ref-Divorce_in_Classical_Athens_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divorce_in_Classical_Athens-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorce was rare in early Roman culture but as their <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">empire</a> grew in power and authority <a href="/wiki/Roman_law#civil_law" title="Roman law">Roman civil law</a> embraced the maxim, "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">matrimonia debent esse libera</i></span>" ("marriages ought to be free"), and either husband or wife could renounce the marriage at will. The Christian emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius" title="Theodosius">Theodosius</a> restricted the grounds for divorce to grave cause, but this was relaxed by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> in the 6th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali_Empire">Mali Empire</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Post-classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical">post-classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a>, laws relating to divorced women were documented in the <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbuktu manuscripts">Timbuktu manuscripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3></div> <p>After the fall of the Roman Empire, familial life was regulated more by ecclesiastical authority than civil authority. The Catholic and Orthodox Church had, among others, a differing view of divorce. </p><p>The Orthodox Church recognized that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate. For the Orthodox, to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken, the violation of such a union, perceived as holy, being an offense resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners. Thus, permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the Church towards sinful man.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the influence of the Catholic Church, the divorce rate had been greatly reduced by the 9th or 10th century,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which considered marriage a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> instituted by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and indissoluble by mere human action.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although divorce, as known today, was generally prohibited in Catholic lands after the 10th century, separation of husband and wife and the <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> of marriage were well-known. What is today referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Separate_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate maintenance">separate maintenance</a>" (or "<a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">legal separation</a>") was termed "divorce a mensa et thoro" ("divorce from bed-and-board"). The husband and wife physically separated and were forbidden to live or <a href="/wiki/Cohabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohabit">cohabit</a> together, but their marital relationship did not fully terminate.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil courts">Civil courts</a> had no power over marriage or divorce. The grounds for annulment were determined by a Catholic church authority and applied in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical courts">ecclesiastical courts</a>. Annulment was for <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canonical</a> causes of impediment existing at the time of the marriage. "For in cases of total divorce, the marriage is declared null, as having been absolutely unlawful ab initio."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church held that the sacrament of marriage produced one person from two, inseparable from each other: "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being of legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage or at least incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection and cover, she performs everything."<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since husband and wife became one person upon marriage, recognition of that oneness could be rescinded only on the grounds that the unity never existed to begin with, <i>i.e.</i>, that the proclamation of marriage was erroneous and void <a href="/wiki/Ab_initio" title="Ab initio">from the start</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularisation_in_Europe">Secularisation in Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/220px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/330px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/440px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England broke with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in order to obtain an annulment.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, marriage came to be considered a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> in the newly Protestant regions of Europe, and on that basis, <a href="/wiki/Civil_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil authorities">civil authorities</a> gradually asserted their power to decree a "divortium a vinculo matrimonii", or "divorce from all the bonds of marriage". </p><p>Since no <a href="/wiki/Precedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Precedents">precedents</a> existed defining the circumstances under which marriage could be dissolved, civil courts heavily relied on the previous determinations of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastic">ecclesiastic</a> courts and freely adopted the requirements set down by those courts. As the civil courts assumed the power to dissolve marriages, courts still strictly construed the circumstances under which they would grant a divorce,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered divorce to be contrary to <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public policy (law)">public policy</a>. Because divorce was considered to be against the public interest, civil courts refused to grant a divorce if evidence revealed any hint of complicity between the husband and wife to divorce, or if they attempted to manufacture grounds for a divorce. Divorce was granted only because one party to the marriage had violated a sacred <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vow</a> to the "innocent spouse". If both husband and wife were guilty, "neither would be allowed to escape the bonds of marriage".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the idea that a marriage could be dissolved in cases in which one of the parties violated the sacred vow gradually allowed expansion of the grounds upon which divorce could be granted from those grounds which existed at the time of the marriage to grounds which occurred after the marriage, but which exemplified violation of that vow, such as <a href="/wiki/Grounds_for_divorce_(United_States)#Abandonment_or_desertion" title="Grounds for divorce (United States)">abandonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, or "extreme cruelty".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to this trend was the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>, which maintained the doctrine of marital indissolubility. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> briefly passed a law that divested marriage of all sacrament, leaving it as a secular contract that could be broken. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">four divorce tracts</a> in 1643–1645 that argued for the legitimacy of divorce on grounds of spousal incompatibility. His ideas were ahead of their time; arguing for divorce at all, let alone a version of <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a>, was extremely controversial and religious figures sought to ban his tracts.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1670 a precedent was first set with an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> allowing Lord <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_1st_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland">John Manners</a> to divorce his wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Manners,_Lady_Roos" title="Anne Manners, Lady Roos">Lady Anne Pierrepont</a>, and until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1857" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1857">Matrimonial Causes Act 1857</a>, divorce could only be obtained through a specific Act of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_(Henri-Frederic_Schopin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg/230px-Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg/345px-Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg/460px-Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine</a>, first wife of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, obtained the civil dissolution of her marriage under the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> of 1804.</figcaption></figure> <p>The move towards secularisation and liberalisation was reinforced by the individualistic and secular ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutist</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II</a> ("the Great") of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> decreed a new divorce law in 1752, in which marriage was declared to be a purely private concern, allowing divorce to be granted on the basis of mutual consent. This new attitude heavily influenced the law in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>, where it was applied to all non-Catholic Imperial subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce was legalised in France after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> on a similar basis, although the legal order of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien regime">ancien regime</a> was reinstated at the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon restoration</a> of 1816. The trend in Europe throughout the 19th century, was one of increased liberalisation; by the mid-19th century, divorce was generally granted by civil courts in the case of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg/250px-Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg/375px-Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg/500px-Marilyn_Monroe_and_Jerry_Giesler_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="5614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> signing divorce papers with celebrity attorney <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Giesler" title="Jerry Giesler">Jerry Giesler</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain, before 1857 wives were regarded as under the economic and legal protection of their husbands, and divorce was almost impossible. It required a very expensive private Act of Parliament costing perhaps £200, of the sort only the richest could possibly afford. It was very difficult to secure divorce on the grounds of adultery, desertion, or cruelty. The first key legislative victory came with the <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1857" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1857">Matrimonial Causes Act 1857</a>, which passed over the strenuous opposition of the highly traditional Church of England. The new law made divorce a civil affair of the courts, rather than a Church matter, with a new civil court in London handling all cases. The process was still quite expensive, at about £40, but now became feasible for the middle class. A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a <i>feme sole</i>, with full control of her own civil rights. Additional amendments came in 1878, which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace. The Church of England blocked further reforms until the final breakthrough came with the <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1973" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1973">Matrimonial Causes Act 1973</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the 1931 Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> for the first time recognised a right to divorce. The first law to regulate divorce was the <i>Divorce Act of 1932</i>, which passed the Republican Parliament despite the opposition of the Catholic Church and a coalition of the Agrarian Minority and Minority Basque-Navarre Catholic parties. The dictatorship of General Franco abolished the law. After the restoration of democracy, a new divorce law was passed in 1981, again over the opposition of the Catholic Church and part of the Christian Democrat party, then a part of the ruling Union of Democratic Center. During the first socialist government of <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_M%C3%A1rquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe González Márquez">Felipe González Márquez</a>, the 1981 law was amended to expedite the process of separation and divorce of marriages, which was again opposed by the Church, which called it "express divorce". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the first divorce law was introduced on 1 December 1970, despite the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democrats">Christian Democrats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered into force on 18 December 1970. In the following years, the Christian Democrats, supported also by parties opposed to the law, promoted a recall referendum. In 1974, in a referendum, the majority of the population voted against a repeal of the divorce law. A feature of the 1970 divorce law was the long period of marital separation of five years required. This period was reduced to three in 1987 and to a year in 2015, in the case of judicial separation, and six months in the case of separation by mutual agreement. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> approved divorce at referendums in 1995 and 2011 respectively. </p><p>Divorce rates increased markedly during the 20th century in developed countries, as social attitudes towards family and sex changed dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce has become commonplace in some countries, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_2">Japan</h3></div> <p>In the Edo Period (1603–1868), husbands could divorce their wives by writing letters of divorce. Frequently, their relatives or marriage arrangers kept these letters and tried to restore the marriages. Wives could not divorce their husbands. Some wives were able to gain sanctuary in certain <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> "divorce temples". After a wife had spent three years in a temple, her husband was required to divorce her.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 19th century Japan, at least one in eight marriages ended in divorce. </p><p>There are four types of divorce in Japan: divorce by agreement in which the divorce is mutual; divorce by mediation, which happens in family court; divorce by decision of family court that takes place when a couple cannot complete a divorce through mediation; and divorce by judgment of a district court.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3></div> <p>On a national level, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act</a>, passed in 1954, is an inter-religious marriage law permitting Indian nationals to marry and divorce irrespective of their religion or faith. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a>, 1955 legally permitted divorce to Hindus and other communities who chose to marry under these acts. The Indian Divorce Act 1869<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the law relating to the divorce of person professing the Christian religion. Divorce can be sought by a husband or wife on grounds including adultery, cruelty, desertion for two years, religious conversion, mental abnormality, venereal disease, and leprosy.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce is also available based on mutual consent of both the spouses, which can be filed after at least one year of separated living. Mutual consent divorce can not be appealed, and the law mandates a minimum period of six months (from the time divorce is applied for) for divorce to be granted.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contested divorce is when one of the spouses is not willing to divorce the other; in such a circumstance divorce is granted only on certain grounds according to the Hindu marriage act of 1955. While a Muslim husband can unilaterally bring an end to the marriage by pronouncing talaq,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim women must go to court, claiming any of the grounds provided under the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Muslim_Marriages_Act,_1939" title="Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939">Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first major family law reform in the last decade, the Supreme Court of India banned the Islamic practice of "Triple Talaq" (divorce by uttering of the "Talaq" word thrice by the husband). The landmark Supreme Court of India judgment was welcomed by women activists across India.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official figures of divorce rates are not available, but it has been estimated that 1 in 100 or another figure of 11 in 1,000 marriages in India end in divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various communities are governed by specific marital legislation, distinct to Hindu Marriage Act, and consequently have their own divorce laws: </p> <ul><li>The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage act, 1939<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Foreign Marriage Act, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>An amendment to the marriage laws to allow divorce based on "irretrievable breakdown of marriage" (as alleged by one of the spouses) is under consideration in India.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2010, the Union Cabinet of India approved the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill 2010, which, if cleared by Parliament, would establish "irretrievable breakdown" as a new ground for divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the proposed amendment, the court before proceeding to the merits of the case must be satisfied by the evidences produced that parties have been living apart for a continuous period of not less than three years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_law">Islamic law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce in Islam</a></div> <p>Divorce in Islam can take a variety of forms, some initiated by the husband and some initiated by the wife. The main traditional legal categories are <i>talaq</i> (<a href="/wiki/Repudiation_(marriage)" title="Repudiation (marriage)">repudiation</a>), <i>khulʿ</i> (mutual divorce/annulment), judicial divorce and oaths. The theory and practice of divorce in the Islamic world have varied according to time and place.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-modern_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-modern-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the rules of divorce were governed by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, as interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">traditional Islamic jurisprudence</a>, and they differed depending on the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical practice sometimes diverged from legal theory.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, as personal status (family) laws were codified, they generally remained "within the orbit of Islamic law", but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-modern_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-modern-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div> <p>Divorce as a means of terminating marriage is illegal for all Filipinos except <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Muslim">Filipino Muslims</a>. There is only civil annulment after a lengthy legal separation. The process is costly and long, and there are many legally married couples in extramarital relations, even without a divorce law. </p><p>Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines, known as Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1083, Title II- Marriage and Divorce, Chapter 3-Divorce allows for divorce recognized by the state. There are two <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> courts in the Philippine judicial system that hear these cases. </p><p>On 27 July 2010, <a href="/wiki/GABRIELA" class="mw-redirect" title="GABRIELA">Gabriela Women's Party</a> filed in <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Congress</a> House Bill No 1799, or the Divorce Bill of the Philippines, as one of many attempts to introduce pro-divorce legislation. Senator <a href="/wiki/Pia_Cayetano" title="Pia Cayetano">Pia Cayetano</a> has filed a separate divorce bill in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a>. During that time, the Philippines, along with Malta and the Vatican, are the three most conservative countries on the issue of divorce. The bill did not pass any level of legislation because of this. </p><p>In 2013, the divorce bill was refiled, and did not pass any level of legislation as well. </p><p>In a latest attempt, the divorce bill was refiled again in 2017. On 22 February 2018, the House of Representatives committee on population and family relations approved a bill seeking to legalize divorce, the first time in Philippine history for such a measure to pass the committee level of legislation. The majority of the members of the House of Representatives (lower house of Congress), both majority and minority blocs, are in favor of divorce, however, divorce continues to be a divisive issue in the Senate (upper house of Congress), as stark opposition is present among male senators.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_America">Early America</h3></div> <p>In colonial America, marriage was understood to be for the purpose of reproductive and economic success. Divorce was granted if either party was proven to have deceived the other about their financial or reproductive status.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">Impotence</a> as grounds for divorce required physical examination of the husband. Women with malformed genitalia would also be examined by a midwife to determine if the malformation was responsible for infertility.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum South</a>, courts were reluctant to divorce white couples. Wives were the most likely to ask for divorce, however husbands were more likely to receive one. Successful divorces initiated by husbands were often in response to the wife's infidelity with a black man. A landmark court case in 1825 set the precedent of prioritizing the raising of white children over the wife's adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1860s, marriage law changed rapidly as the definition of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> was altered to account for more and different racial categories. This sometimes forced the annulment of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">mixed-race marriages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patterns">Patterns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3></div> <p>Divorce rates increase during times of hardship, war, and major events. Divorce rates increased after World War II because people were quick to marry each other before they went to war. When soldiers returned, they found out that they did not have much in common with their spouses, so they divorced.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrity_culture">Celebrity culture</h3></div> <p>In 2024, an increasing number of "A-listers celebrities" were found to engaging in a trend of discreet "silent divorces" as opposed to high-profile public divorces in the media in past years.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce law around the world">Divorce law around the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_of_same-sex_couples" title="Divorce of same-sex couples">Divorce of same-sex couples</a> – legal aspects, divorce rates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_party" title="Divorce party">Divorce party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_commitment" title="Fear of commitment">Fear of commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_divorce" title="Grey divorce">Grey divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband_selling" title="Husband selling">Husband selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implications_of_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Implications of divorce">Implications of divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_divorces" title="List of most expensive divorces">List of most expensive divorces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_remarried_the_same_spouse" title="List of people who remarried the same spouse">List of people who remarried the same spouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janu%C3%A1rio_Louren%C3%A7o" title="Januário Lourenço">Januário Lourenço</a>, inventor of <a href="#Electronic_divorce">electronic divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_divorce_coercion_gang" title="New York divorce coercion gang">New York divorce coercion gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_physical_custody" title="Primary physical custody">Primary physical custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship counseling">Relationship counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_education" title="Relationship education">Relationship education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling_(English_custom)" title="Wife selling (English custom)">Wife selling (English custom)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Familylawcourts.gov.au&rft.atitle=Separation+and+Divorce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familylawcourts.gov.au%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FFLC%2FHome%2FSeparation%2Band%2BDivorce%2FDivorce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915203122/http://www.justice.govt.nz/family-justice/separation/divorcing">"Getting a divorce (dissolving a marriage or civil union)"</a>. <i>Justice.govt.nz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.govt.nz/family-justice/separation/divorcing">the original</a> on 15 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Getting+a+divorce+%28dissolving+a+marriage+or+civil+union%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.govt.nz%2Ffamily-justice%2Fseparation%2Fdivorcing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawron" class="citation web cs1">Gawron, Tomáš. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gawron.cz/basic-information-about-divorce-proceedings-in-the-czech-republic/">"Basic information about divorce proceedings in the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>gawron.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330035034/https://gawron.cz/basic-information-about-divorce-proceedings-in-the-czech-republic/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gawron.cz&rft.atitle=Basic+information+about+divorce+proceedings+in+the+Czech+Republic&rft.aulast=Gawron&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgawron.cz%2Fbasic-information-about-divorce-proceedings-in-the-czech-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429182558/http://www.oceansidedivorcelawfirm.com/divorce/will-my-spouse-have-to-pay-my-attorney-fees/">"Will my spouse have to pay my attorney fees?"</a>. Steven Fritsch, Attorney at Law. 12 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceansidedivorcelawfirm.com/divorce/will-my-spouse-have-to-pay-my-attorney-fees/">the original</a> on 29 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+my+spouse+have+to+pay+my+attorney+fees%3F&rft.pub=Steven+Fritsch%2C+Attorney+at+Law&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oceansidedivorcelawfirm.com%2Fdivorce%2Fwill-my-spouse-have-to-pay-my-attorney-fees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usdivorceonline.org">"Divorce Act"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926115618/http://usdivorceonline.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divorce+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusdivorceonline.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: The very fact that one of the spouses advances facts for the existence of the irretrievable breakdown itself constitutes 'a very serious indication that an irretrievable breakdown does exist" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220192803/http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Netherlands-Divorce.pdf">"Netherlands - Divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ceflonline.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Netherlands-Divorce.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ceflonline.net&rft.atitle=Netherlands+-+Divorce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceflonline.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNetherlands-Divorce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220192800/http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Poland-Divorce.pdf">"Poland - Divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ceflonline.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Poland-Divorce.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ceflonline.net&rft.atitle=Poland+-+Divorce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceflonline.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPoland-Divorce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_pol_en.htm">"European Commission - European Judicial Network - Divorce - Poland"</a>. <i>Europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924172930/http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_pol_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Commission+-+European+Judicial+Network+-+Divorce+-+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fciviljustice%2Fdivorce%2Fdivorce_pol_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The marriage can be dissolved if it has broken down. The marriage has broken down if the parties to the marriage are no longer cohabiting and if it cannot be expected that the parties will resume matrimonial cohabitation (Section 1565 (1) BGB). There is an irrefutable presumption that the marriage has broken down if the parties have been living apart for one year and both apply for divorce or if the respondent consents to the divorce. After a separation period of three years, there is an irrefutable presumption that the marriage has broken down, without any comments being required from the parties to the proceedings (Section 1566 (2) BGB)" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_ger_en.htm">ec.europa.eu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924174728/http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_ger_en.htm">Archived</a> 2014-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Section 73 of the Civil Code explains the circumstances under which spouses can be considered to be living separately, namely, if the spouses do not share a household and one of the spouses refuses outright to maintain a joint household whereby the possibility of marital cohabitation is denied. Separate occupation by spouses of a common dwelling does not necessarily signify a joint household." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_lat_en.htm">ec.europa.eu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924165742/http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_lat_en.htm">Archived</a> 2014-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angloinfo.com/france/how-to/page/france-family-marriage-partnerships-divorce">"Divorce in France"</a>. <i>Angloinfo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807225156/https://www.angloinfo.com/france/how-to/page/france-family-marriage-partnerships-divorce">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Angloinfo.com&rft.atitle=Divorce+in+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angloinfo.com%2Ffrance%2Fhow-to%2Fpage%2Ffrance-family-marriage-partnerships-divorce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binational.ch/en/?Preliminary_remarks___General">"Binational.ch - General"</a>. <i>Binational.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040951/http://www.binational.ch/en/?Preliminary_remarks___General">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Binational.ch&rft.atitle=Binational.ch+-+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binational.ch%2Fen%2F%3FPreliminary_remarks___General&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cedaw/docs/54/CEDAW-C-GRC-7.pdf">"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2.ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911080817/http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cedaw/docs/54/CEDAW-C-GRC-7.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Discrimination+against+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2FEnglish%2Fbodies%2Fcedaw%2Fdocs%2F54%2FCEDAW-C-GRC-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_spa_en.htm">"European Commission - European Judicial Network - Divorce - Spain"</a>. <i>Europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042532/http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_spa_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Commission+-+European+Judicial+Network+-+Divorce+-+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fciviljustice%2Fdivorce%2Fdivorce_spa_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Although there is no need to prove fault in order to obtain a divorce, some serious faults affect the <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1804032130%2FF&caller=list&row_id=1&numero=11&rech=14&cn=1804032130&table_name=LOI&nm=1804032150&la=F&dt=CODE+CIVIL&language=fr&fr=f&choix1=ET&choix2=ET&fromtab=loi_all&trier=promulgation&chercher=t&sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27CIVIL%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+RANK+&imgcn.x=34&imgcn.y=10">ejustice.just.fgov.be</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003042037/http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1804032130%2FF&caller=list&row_id=1&numero=11&rech=14&cn=1804032130&table_name=LOI&nm=1804032150&la=F&dt=CODE+CIVIL&language=fr&fr=f&choix1=ET&choix2=ET&fromtab=loi_all&trier=promulgation&chercher=t&sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27CIVIL%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+RANK+&imgcn.x=34&imgcn.y=10">Archived</a> 2012-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boccadutri.com/italian-divorce/">"Italian Divorce and Separation Law | Boccadutri International Law Firm"</a>. <i>Boccadutri.com</i>. 5 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013139/http://www.boccadutri.com/italian-divorce/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boccadutri.com&rft.atitle=Italian+Divorce+and+Separation+Law+%26%23124%3B+Boccadutri+International+Law+Firm&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boccadutri.com%2Fitalian-divorce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: in certain circumstances, such as where there is neither agreement of spouses nor 'fault', there is a need of a separation of between three and six years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_aus_en.htm">ec.europa.eu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924172944/http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/divorce/divorce_aus_en.htm">Archived</a> 2014-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220192757/http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Austria-Divorce.pdf">"Austria - Divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cefonline.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Austria-Divorce.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cefonline.net&rft.atitle=Austria+-+Divorce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceflonline.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FAustria-Divorce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divorcereform.us/about/">"About"</a>. Coalition For Divorce Reform. 29 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004054428/http://divorcereform.us/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Coalition+For+Divorce+Reform&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdivorcereform.us%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahman2015" class="citation web cs1">Pahman, Dylan (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/orthodoxyandheterodoxy/2015/10/20/review-orthodox-readings-aquinas-marcus-plested/">"Review of 'Orthodox Readings of Aquinas' by Marcus Plested"</a>. <i>ancientfaith.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053535/https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/orthodoxyandheterodoxy/2015/10/20/review-orthodox-readings-aquinas-marcus-plested/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>. <q>Finally, the costs of the collaborative process can and should be substantially less than that of a traditional litigated case because the attorney's time will be minimized by not having to prepare a case for trial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NC+Collaborative+Law+Attorneys&rft.pub=Williams+Law+Group&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncdivorcelaw.com%2Fpractice-areas%2Fcollaborative-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/portugal-divorce-in-one-hour/">"Portugal: Divorce in One Hour - Global Legal Monitor"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SingaporeLegalAdvice.com&rft.atitle=What+are+the+Legal+Grounds+for+Getting+a+Divorce%3F&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsingaporelegaladvice.com%2Flaw-articles%2Fwhat-are-the-grounds-for-getting-a-divorce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/642501/south-korea-divorce-rate/">"South Korea: divorce rate 2018"</a>. <i>Statista</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405181658/https://www.statista.com/statistics/642501/south-korea-divorce-rate/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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EBC. pp. 1–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-349-1"><bdi>978-81-7012-349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act%2C+1986&rft.pages=1-166&rft.pub=EBC&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7012-349-1&rft.au=V.R.Krishna+Iyer+Retd.+Judge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2010" class="citation news cs1">Chandran, Rina (11 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508165627/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2010/06/11/an-easier-end-to-unhappy-marriages-in-india/">"An easier end to unhappy marriages in India? | India Insight"</a>. <i>Blogs.reuters.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2010/06/11/an-easier-end-to-unhappy-marriages-in-india/">the original</a> on 8 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blogs.reuters.com&rft.atitle=An+easier+end+to+unhappy+marriages+in+India%3F+%26%23124%3B+India+Insight&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Findia%2F2010%2F06%2F11%2Fan-easier-end-to-unhappy-marriages-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=62464">"Press Information Bureau English Releases"</a>. <i>Pib.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119204450/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=62464">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pib.nic.in&rft.atitle=Press+Information+Bureau+English+Releases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2Ferelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D62464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.ipleaders.in/irretrievable-break-down-of-marriage-as-a-ground-for-divorce-in-india">"Irretrievable break down of marriage as a ground for divorce in India"</a>. iPleaders. 3 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209141854/http://blog.ipleaders.in/irretrievable-break-down-of-marriage-as-a-ground-for-divorce-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irretrievable+break+down+of+marriage+as+a+ground+for+divorce+in+India&rft.pub=iPleaders&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.ipleaders.in%2Firretrievable-break-down-of-marriage-as-a-ground-for-divorce-in-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-modern-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-modern_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-modern_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaaike_Voorhoeve2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maaike Voorhoeve (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">"Divorce. Modern Practice"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001">10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199764464" title="Special:BookSources/9780199764464"><bdi>9780199764464</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204102020/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorce.+Modern+Practice&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199764464&rft.au=Maaike+Voorhoeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001%2Facref-9780199764464-e-0108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-hist-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaaike_Voorhoeve2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maaike Voorhoeve (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">"Divorce. Historical Practice"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001">10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199764464" title="Special:BookSources/9780199764464"><bdi>9780199764464</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204102020/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorce.+Historical+Practice&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199764464&rft.au=Maaike+Voorhoeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001%2Facref-9780199764464-e-0108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191212/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/21/house-panel-approves-substitute-bill-on-divorce.html">"House panel approves substitute bill on divorce"</a>. <i>Cnnphilippines.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/21/house-panel-approves-substitute-bill-on-divorce.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cnnphilippines.com&rft.atitle=House+panel+approves+substitute+bill+on+divorce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fhouse-panel-approves-substitute-bill-on-divorce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/196612-explainer-house-divorce-bill">"EXPLAINER: What are the grounds, provisions in House divorce bill?"</a>. <i>Rappler.com</i>. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124221154/https://www.rappler.com/nation/196612-explainer-house-divorce-bill">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler.com&rft.atitle=EXPLAINER%3A+What+are+the+grounds%2C+provisions+in+House+divorce+bill%3F&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2F196612-explainer-house-divorce-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReis2009" class="citation book cs1">Reis, Elizabeth (2009). <i>Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex</i>. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421441849" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421441849"><bdi>978-1421441849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+in+Doubt%3A+An+American+History+of+Intersex&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Baltimore+MD%3A+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1421441849&rft.aulast=Reis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodes1997" class="citation book cs1">Hodes, Martha (1997). <i>White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the 19th-century South</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 68–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300069707" title="Special:BookSources/0300069707"><bdi>0300069707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Women%2C+Black+Men%3A+Illicit+Sex+in+the+19th-century+South&rft.pages=68-71&rft.pub=New+Haven%2C+CT%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0300069707&rft.aulast=Hodes&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe2010" class="citation book cs1">Pascoe, Peggy (2010). <i>What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 77–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199772353" title="Special:BookSources/9780199772353"><bdi>9780199772353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Comes+Naturally%3A+Miscegenation+Law+and+the+Making+of+Race+in+America&rft.pages=77-93&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199772353&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunz2011" class="citation book cs1">Kunz, Jenifer (2011). <i>Think marriages and families</i>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-16760-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-16760-9"><bdi>978-0-205-16760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+marriages+and+families.&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-205-16760-9&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=Jenifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/quiet-divorce-trend_l_65f20079e4b07b5c55cb9ece">"This Divorce Trend is Becoming More Popular with Celebs — for a Good Reason"</a>. 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Divorce+Trend+is+Becoming+More+Popular+with+Celebs+%E2%80%94+for+a+Good+Reason&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fquiet-divorce-trend_l_65f20079e4b07b5c55cb9ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Alford" title="William P. Alford">Alford, William P.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219043458/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/661">"Have You Eaten, Have You Divorced? Debating the Meaning of Freedom in Marriage in China"</a>, in <i>Realms of Freedom in Modern China</i> (William C. Kirby ed., Stanford University Press, 2004).</li> <li>Berlin, G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdrc.org/publications/386/testimony.html">"The Effects of Marriage and Divorce on Families and Children"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318221009/http://www.mdrc.org/publications/386/testimony.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Davies, P. T. & Cummings E. M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521232551/http://www.psych.rochester.edu/graduate/developmental/faculty/documents/MaritalConflictandchildadjustment1994.pdf">"Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: An Emotional Security Hypothesis"</a>. <i>American Psychological Association Psychological Bulletin</i>, 116, 387–411.</li> <li>Foulkes-Jamison, L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309012311/http://cpancf.com/articles_files/efffectsdivorceonchildren.asp">"The Effects of Divorce on Children"</a>.</li> <li>Hughes R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parenting247.org/article.cfm?ContentID=646">The Effects of Divorce on Children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034137/http://parenting247.org/article.cfm?ContentID=646">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Roderick1991" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roderick (1991). <i>Untying the knot: a short history of divorce</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42370-0"><bdi>978-0-521-42370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+knot%3A+a+short+history+of+divorce&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42370-0&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2005" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Joseph William (2005). "Same Sex Marriage, Full Faith and Credit, and the Evasion of Obligation". <i>Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties</i>. <b>1</b>: 1–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Journal+of+Civil+Rights+and+Civil+Liberties&rft.atitle=Same+Sex+Marriage%2C+Full+Faith+and+Credit%2C+and+the+Evasion+of+Obligation&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-51&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Strong, B., DeVault C., & Cohen T. F. (2011). <i>The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society</i>. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</li> <li>Thomas, S. G. (28 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/fashion/the-good-divorce-cultural-studies.html?pagewanted=all">The Good Divorce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415104137/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/fashion/the-good-divorce-cultural-studies.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 15 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The New York Times</i></li> <li>Zartler U., Heinz-Martin, V., Arránz Becker, O. (Edts.) (2015): <i>Family Dynamics after Separation. A Life Course Perspective on Post-Divorce Families</i>. Special Issue ZfF, Volume 10, Opladen/Toronto: Barbara Budrich. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-0686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-0686-0">978-3-8474-0686-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fawcett, Margaret I. (2016). "The Changing Family in Northern Ireland". <i>Youth & Society</i>. <b>32</b>: 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0044118X00032001005">10.1177/0044118X00032001005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146282562">146282562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Youth+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Family+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=81-106&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0044118X00032001005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146282562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Margaret+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage <i>à la façon du pays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family" title="Template:Family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family" title="Template talk:Family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_family" title="Conjugal family">Conjugal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">Immediate family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">father</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece/Nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93190#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013656-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038616">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Divorce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936233f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Divorce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936233f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569467">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rozvod"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125274&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Divorcio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526927">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557947005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007993">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636943">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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