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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mourning practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mourning_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abuse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abuse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abuse subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sexual violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_killing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_killing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ritual killing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_killing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witch_hunts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witch_hunts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Witch hunts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witch_hunts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_remarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_remarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Forced remarriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_remarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banned_remarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banned_remarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Banned remarriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banned_remarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Theft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Widow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weduwee" title="Weduwee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weduwee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9" title="أرملة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرملة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupa" title="Chupa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chupa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="বিধবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিধবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balu" title="Balu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Balu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Удава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Удава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Вдовица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вдовица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inta%C3%B1v" title="Intañv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Intañv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdova" title="Vdova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vdova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweddw" title="Gweddw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweddw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakoli" title="Pakoli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Pakoli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesk" title="Lesk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lesk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χηρεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χηρεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidvoj_kaj_vidvinoj" title="Vidvoj kaj vidvinoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vidvoj kaj vidvinoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="بیوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veuf" title="Veuf – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Veuf" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widdo" title="Widdo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Widdo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhva" title="Vidhva – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Vidhva" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%B6%80" title="과부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="विधवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विधवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udovica" title="Udovica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Udovica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duda_dan_janda" title="Duda dan janda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Duda dan janda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkja" title="Ekkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ekkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אלמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walu" title="Walu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Walu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಧವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಧವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80" title="Жесір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жесір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjane" title="Mjane – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mjane" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8v" title="Vèv – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vèv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AE_(mirov)" title="Bî (mirov) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bî (mirov)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ажак – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ажак" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zvegy" title="Özvegy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Özvegy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B5" title="വിധവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിധവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="विधवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विधवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balu" title="Balu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="विधवा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विधवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A9%A6" title="寡婦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="寡婦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enke" title="Enke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkje" title="Enkje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enkje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вдова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вдова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejusha" title="Vejusha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vejusha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow" title="Widow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Widow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="بيواھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بيواھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udovica" title="Udovica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Udovica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leski" title="Leski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84nka" title="Änka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Änka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balo" title="Balo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person whose spouse has died</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Widow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Widow (disambiguation)">Widow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">Friend zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li>Non-romantic <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_bonding" title="Female bonding">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_bonding" title="Male bonding">Male</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>widow</b> (female) or <b>widower</b> (male) is a person whose <a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">spouse</a> has <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">died</a> and has usually not <a href="/wiki/Remarried" class="mw-redirect" title="Remarried">remarried</a>. The male form, "widower", is first attested in the 14th century, by the 19th century supplanting "widow" with reference to men.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjective for either sex is <i>widowed</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are not applied to a <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorcé(e)</a> following the death of an ex-spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed <i>widowhood</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-merr_Defi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merr_Defi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>widowhood</i> can be used for either sex, at least according to some dictionaries,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the word <i>widowerhood</i> is also listed in some dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An archaic term for a widow is "<a href="/wiki/Relict" title="Relict">relict</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally "someone left over"; this word can sometimes be found on older <a href="/wiki/Gravestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravestones">gravestones</a>. Occasionally, the word <i>viduity</i> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-viduity_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viduity-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effects on health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg/250px-Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg/330px-Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg/500px-Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_%22relict%22_meaning_%22widow%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century gravestone illustrating "relict" used to mean "widow." Located in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church_in_the_Great_Valley" title="St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley">St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley</a>, Chester County, Pennsylvania.</figcaption></figure> <p>The increased <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> after the death of a spouse is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Widowhood_effect" title="Widowhood effect">widowhood effect</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is "strongest during the first three months after a spouse's death, when they had a 66-percent increased chance of dying".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There remains controversy over whether women or men are worse off, and studies have attempted to make each case, while others suggest there are no sex differences.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is disputed as to whether sex plays a part in the intensity of grief, sex often influences how a person's lifestyle changes after a spouse's death. Research has shown that the difference falls in the burden of care, expectations, and how they react after the spouse's death. For example, women often carry more of an emotional burden than men and are less willing to go through the death of another spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being widowed, men and women may react very differently and frequently change their lifestyles. Women tend to miss their husbands more if they died suddenly; men tend to miss their wives more if they died after suffering a long terminal illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, both men and women have been observed to experience lifestyle habit changes after the death of a spouse. Both sexes tend to have a harder time looking after themselves without their spouse to help, though these changes may differ based on the sex of the widow and the role the spouse played in their life.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older spouses grow, the more aware they are of being alone due to the death of their husband or wife. This negatively impacts the mental as well as physical well-being in both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mourning_practices">Mourning practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mourning practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci,_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci%2C_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG/250px-%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci%2C_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci%2C_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG/330px-%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci%2C_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci%2C_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG/500px-%27Portrait_of_a_Widow%27_by_Ludovico_Carracci%2C_Dayton_Art_Institute.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of a Widow</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a> (circa 1585).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_algardi,_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini,_1646-1647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alessandro_algardi%2C_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini%2C_1646-1647.jpg/250px-Alessandro_algardi%2C_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini%2C_1646-1647.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alessandro_algardi%2C_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini%2C_1646-1647.jpg/330px-Alessandro_algardi%2C_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini%2C_1646-1647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alessandro_algardi%2C_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini%2C_1646-1647.jpg/500px-Alessandro_algardi%2C_Ritratto_di_Olimpia_Maidalchini%2C_1646-1647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Maidalchini" title="Olimpia Maidalchini">Olimpia Maidalchini</a> wearing a widow's hood.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some parts of Europe and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, widows used to wear black for the rest of their lives to signify their mourning,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice that has largely died out. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox Christian</a> immigrants may wear lifelong black in the United States to signify their widowhood and devotion to their deceased husband. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Widows%27_Remarriage_Act,_1856" title="Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856">Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856</a> in India, the status of widowhood for Hindu women was accompanied by a body symbolism<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - The widow's head was shaved as part of her mourning, she could no longer wear a red dot <a href="/wiki/Sindur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindur">sindoor</a> on her forehead, was forbidden to wear wedding jewellery, had to keep her bosoms uncovered and was expected to walk barefoot. These customs are mostly considered backward but still prevalent among Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, a woman is often accused of causing her husband's death and is not allowed to look at another person as her gaze is considered bad luck.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pri_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Nigerians prefer a widow to drink the water her dead husband's body was washed in, or otherwise sleep next to her husband's grave for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">folklore of Chiloé</a> of southern Chile, widows and <a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">black cats</a> are important elements that are needed when hunting for the treasure of the <a href="/wiki/Carbunclo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbunclo">carbunclo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quintanaweb_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quintanaweb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lwarence2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lwarence2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_position">Economic position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband,_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband%2C_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG/170px-Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband%2C_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband%2C_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG/255px-Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband%2C_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband%2C_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG/340px-Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard_-_Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_her_Husband%2C_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_of_Milan_Mourning_Her_Husband_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentine of Milan Mourning Her Husband the Duke of Orléans">Valentine of Milan Mourning Her Husband the Duke of Orléans</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fleury-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleury-François Richard">Fleury-François Richard</a>, 1802. A <a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a> painting it depicts the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Assassination of the Duke of Orleans</a> in 1407.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widows_centre_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Widows_centre_4.jpg/250px-Widows_centre_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Widows_centre_4.jpg/330px-Widows_centre_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Widows_centre_4.jpg/500px-Widows_centre_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Widows of Uganda supporting each other by working on crafts in order to sell them and make an income</figcaption></figure> <p>In societies where the husband is the sole provider, his death can leave his family destitute. The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">tendency for women generally to outlive</a> men can compound this. </p><p>The Bible has written several commandments about caring for the widow, the prohibition against harming her and the duty to make her happy during the holidays, for example: "Be joyful at your festival—you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levites, the foreigners, the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns".(Hebrew Bible, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> 16:14)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 19th-century Britain, widows had greater opportunity for social mobility than in many other societies. Along with the ability to ascend socio-economically, widows—who were "presumably celibate"—were much more able (and likely) to challenge conventional sexual behaviour than married women in their society.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofland_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofland-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It may be necessary for a woman to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Social_custom" class="mw-redirect" title="Social custom">social customs</a> of her area because her fiscal stature depends on it, but this custom is also often abused by others as a way to keep money within the deceased spouse's family.<sup id="cite_ref-Imagine_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imagine-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also uncommon for widows to challenge their treatment because they are often "unaware of their rights under the modern law…because of their low status, and lack of education or legal representation.".<sup id="cite_ref-World_of_Widows_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_of_Widows-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unequal benefits and treatment<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> generally received by widows compared to those received by widowers globally<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2016)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> has spurred an interest in the issue by <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">human rights activists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_of_Widows_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_of_Widows-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the HIV pandemic, which particularly hit gay communities, companions of deceased men had little recourse in estate court against the deceased’s family. Not yet able to have been legally married the term widower was not considered socially acceptable. This situation was usually blessed with an added stigma being attached to the surviving man. </p><p>As of 2004, women in United States who were widowed younger are at greater economic hardship risk. Married women who are in a financially unstable household are more likely to become widows "because of the strong relationship between mortality [of the male head] and wealth [of the household]."<sup id="cite_ref-Imagine_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imagine-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In underdeveloped and developing areas of the world, conditions for widows continue to be much more severe. The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (ratified by 135 countries) while slow, is working on proposals which will make certain types of discrimination and treatment of widows (such as violence and withholding property rights) illegal in the countries that have joined CEDAW.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Social Security offers a Survivor's Benefit to qualified people once for a loss through their 50th birthday after which a second marriage may be considered when applying for benefits. The maximum still remains the same but here the survivor has options between accessing their earned benefits or one of their qualifying late spouses at chosen intervals to maximize the increased benefits for delaying a filing (i.e. at age 63 claim husband one's reduced benefit, then husband two's full amount at 67 and your own enhanced benefit at 68). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abuse">Abuse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_violence">Sexual violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sexual violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_cleansing#Widow_cleansing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual cleansing">Sexual cleansing § Widow cleansing</a></div> <p>In parts of Africa, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, widows are viewed as impure and in need of cleansing. This often requires having sex with someone. Those refusing to be cleansed risk getting beaten by superstitious villagers, who may also harm the woman and her late husband's children. It is argued that this notion arose from the idea that if a husband dies, the woman may have performed witchcraft against him. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_widow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_widow.jpg/220px-A_widow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_widow.jpg/330px-A_widow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_widow.jpg/440px-A_widow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>A widow in Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <p>Use of widows in <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> has been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, medieval Europe, and Islamic empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_killing">Ritual killing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ritual killing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati (practice)</a></div> <p>Sati was a practice in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> where a woman would immolate herself upon her husband's death. These practices were outlawed in 1827 in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and again in 1987 in independent India by the <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Prevention)_Act,_1987" title="Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987">Sati Prevention Act</a>, which made it illegal to support, glorify or attempt to commit sati. Support of sati, including coercing or forcing someone to commit sati, can be punished by the death sentence or life imprisonment, while glorifying sati is punishable with one to seven years in prison. </p><p>The people of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> practised widow-strangling. When Fijians adopted Christianity, widow-strangling was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witch_hunts">Witch hunts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Witch hunts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch hunts">Witch hunts</a></div> <p>Those likely to be accused and killed as <a href="/wiki/Modern_witch-hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern witch-hunts">witches</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Modern_witch-hunts#Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern witch-hunts">Papua New Guinea</a>, are often widows.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_remarriage">Forced remarriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forced remarriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a></div> <p>Widow inheritance (also known as bride inheritance) is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a male relative of her late husband, often his brother. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banned_remarriage">Banned remarriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Banned remarriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Widows%27_Remarriage_Act,_1856" title="Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856">Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856</a>, enacted in response to the campaign of the reformer Pandit <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ForbesForbes1999_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForbesForbes1999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to encourage widow remarriage and provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a Hindu widow,<sup id="cite_ref-peers-2006-pp52-53_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers-2006-pp52-53-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though, under the Act, the widow forsook any inheritance due her from her deceased husband.<sup id="cite_ref-carroll-2008-p80_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-2008-p80-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> Korea required that widows remain unmarried after their husbands' death. In 1477, <a href="/wiki/Seongjong_of_Joseon" title="Seongjong of Joseon">Seongjong of Joseon</a> enacted the Widow Remarriage Law, which strengthened pre-existing social constraints by barring the sons of widows who remarried from holding public office.<sup id="cite_ref-uhn_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhn-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1489, Seongjong condemned a woman of the royal clan, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Guji" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Guji">Yi Guji</a>, when it was discovered that she had cohabited with her slave after being widowed. More than 40 members of her household were arrested and her lover was tortured to death.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theft">Theft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, the property of widows, such as land, is often taken away by her in-laws. While illegal, since most marriages are conducted under customary law and not registered, redressing the issue of property grabbing is complicated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_planning" title="Estate planning">Estate planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Widows_Day" title="International Widows Day">International Widows Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bridget_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bridget of Sweden">Saint Bridget of Sweden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'widow', noun, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> 2nd edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/widowed">"Widowed definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+-+English&rft.atitle=widowhood+-+definition+of+widowhood+in+English+-+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fwidowhood%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/widowerhood">"Widowerhood definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107116153" title="Special:BookSources/9781107116153"><bdi>9781107116153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexical+Conflict%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107116153&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ipka&rft.aufirst=Danko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl. <i>The Many Colors of Hinduism</i>. 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Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781534504714" title="Special:BookSources/9781534504714"><bdi>9781534504714</bdi></a>. <q>widows in South Asia are considered bad luck</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+Against+Women&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Publishing+LLC&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft.isbn=9781534504714&rft.au=Kathryn+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRWDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pri-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pri_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pri_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-10-23/these-kenyan-widows-are-fighting-against-sexual-cleansing">"These Kenyan widows are fighting against sexual 'cleansing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. pri.org. 23 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Web. 14 Sep 2010. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.widowsrights.org/index.htm">http://www.widowsrights.org/index.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414171132/http://www.widowsrights.org/index.htm">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_of_Widows-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_of_Widows_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_of_Widows_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, Margaret. <i>A World of Widows</i>. Illustrated. 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US Social Security Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Consequences+of+a+Husband%27s+Death%3A+Evidence+from+the+HRS+and+AHEAD&rft.pub=US+Social+Security+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fpolicy%2Fdocs%2Fssb%2Fv65n3%2Fv65n3p31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyldesley2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoyce_Tyldesley2001" class="citation book cs1">Joyce Tyldesley (26 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzbRBN6Ugr0C&pg=PT215"><i>Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 215–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194978-9"><bdi>978-0-14-194978-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesses%3A+Egypt%27s+Greatest+Pharaoh&rft.pages=215-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2001-04-26&rft.isbn=978-0-14-194978-9&rft.au=Joyce+Tyldesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzbRBN6Ugr0C%26pg%3DPT215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar2014-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2014_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArun_Kumar_Sarkar2014" class="citation book cs1">Arun Kumar Sarkar (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snIVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>RAINBOW</i></a>. Archway Publishing. pp. 64–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4525-2561-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4525-2561-7"><bdi>978-1-4525-2561-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAINBOW&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=Archway+Publishing&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4525-2561-7&rft.au=Arun+Kumar+Sarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnIVBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1891/02/08/archives/odd-faiths-in-fiji-isles-burial-customs-and-ideas-of-the-after-life.html">"Odd Faiths in Fiji Isles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 8 February 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Odd+Faiths+in+Fiji+Isles&rft.date=1891-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1891%2F02%2F08%2Farchives%2Fodd-faiths-in-fiji-isles-burial-customs-and-ideas-of-the-after-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21725040-law-criminalising-sorcery-was-only-repealed-2013-gruesome-fate-witches-papua-new">"The gruesome fate of "witches" in Papua New Guinea"</a>. economist.com. 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+gruesome+fate+of+%22witches%22+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F21725040-law-criminalising-sorcery-was-only-repealed-2013-gruesome-fate-witches-papua-new&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForbesForbes1999-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForbesForbes1999_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes1999" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Geraldine (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA23"><i>Women in modern India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65377-0"><bdi>978-0-521-65377-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+modern+India&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65377-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhjilIrVt9hUC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peers-2006-pp52-53-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peers-2006-pp52-53_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Peers" title="Douglas Peers">Peers, Douglas M.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ"><i>India under colonial rule: 1700-1885</i></a>. Pearson Education. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3"><bdi>978-0-582-31738-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+colonial+rule%3A+1700-1885&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31738-3&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carroll-2008-p80-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carroll-2008-p80_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2008" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Lucy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&pg=PA78">"Law, Custom, and Statutory Social Reform: The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856"</a>. In Sumit Sarkar; Tanika Sarkar (eds.). <i>Women and social reform in modern India: a reader</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22049-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22049-3"><bdi>978-0-253-22049-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Custom%2C+and+Statutory+Social+Reform%3A+The+Hindu+Widows%27+Remarriage+Act+of+1856&rft.btitle=Women+and+social+reform+in+modern+India%3A+a+reader&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22049-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEPYbuzOwcQC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uhn-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uhn_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUhn1999" class="citation journal cs1">Uhn, Cho (1999). "The Invention of Chaste Motherhood: A Feminist Reading of the Remarriage Ban in the Chosun Era". <i>Asian Journal of Women's Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F12259276.1999.11665854">10.1080/12259276.1999.11665854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Chaste+Motherhood%3A+A+Feminist+Reading+of+the+Remarriage+Ban+in+the+Chosun+Era&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F12259276.1999.11665854&rft.aulast=Uhn&rft.aufirst=Cho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ko">성종실록 (成宗實錄)</bdi> [<i>Veritable Records of Seongjong</i>] (in Korean). Vol. 226. 1499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%84%B1%EC%A2%85%EC%8B%A4%EB%A1%9D+%28%E6%88%90%E5%AE%97%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84%29&rft.date=1499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/24/zimbabwe-widows-deprived-property-rights">"Zimbabwe: Widows Deprived of Property Rights"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 24 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Widows+Deprived+of+Property+Rights&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F24%2Fzimbabwe-widows-deprived-property-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWidow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blom, Ida. "The history of widowhood: a bibliographic overview." <i>Journal of family history</i> 16.2 (1991): 191-210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=af937057cf59ed073e67fb3c6b90eeb67b885693">online</a></li> <li>Blom, Ida. "Widowhood: From the Poor Law Society to the Welfare Society: The Case of Norway, 1875-1964." <i>Journal of Women's History</i> 4.2 (1992): 52-81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/363253/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Bremmer, Jan, and Lourens Van Den Bosch, eds. <i>Between poverty and the pyre: Moments in the history of widowhood. </i> (Routledge, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7uHAgAAQBAJ&dq=widowhood++history&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Cattell, Maria G. "African widows: Anthropological and historical perspectives." <i>Journal of Women & Aging</i> 15.2-3 (2003): 49-66.</li> <li>Cavallo, Sandra, and Lyndan Warner. <i>Widowhood in medieval and early modern Europe</i> (Routledge, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MYeBAAAQBAJ&dq=widowhood++history&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Crabb, Ann. <i>The Strozzi of Florence: widowhood and family solidarity in the Renaissance</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3TCnLZJG3MC&dq=widowhood++history&pg=PP13">online</a>.</li> <li>Elder, Angela Esco. <i>Love and Duty: Confederate Widows and the Emotional Politics of Loss</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59390">online book review</a></li> <li>Johansen, Hanne Marie. "Widowhood in Scandinavia-an introduction" <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 29#3-4 (2004) pp: 171-191 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750410008798">https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750410008798</a>.</li> <li>Kertzer, David I., and Nancy Karweit. "The impact of widowhood in nineteenth century Italy." in <i>Aging in the past: Demography, society, and old age</i> (1995): 229-248.</li> <li>Lopata, Helena. <i>Widowhood in an American city</i> (Routledge, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zco3DwAAQBAJ&dq=widowhood++history&pg=PR6">online</a></li> <li>Mineau, Geraldine P., Ken R. Smith, and Lee L. Bean. "Historical trends of survival among widows and widowers." <i>Social science & medicine</i> 54.2 (2002): 245-254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/40620593/Historical_trends_of_survival_among_wido20151203-9048-w89s.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Mutongi, Kenda. <i>Worries of the heart: widows, family, and community in Kenya</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2019).</li> <li>Wu, Zheng. "Remarriage after widowhood: A marital history study of older Canadians." <i>Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement</i> 14.4 (1995): 719-736.</li> <li>Zisook, Sidney, and Stephen R. Shuchter. "Major depression associated with widowhood." <i>The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry</i> 1.4 (1993): 316-326.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/widow" class="extiw" 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