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id="toc-Office_of_the_Council_of_Ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajya_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajya_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rajya Sabha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajya_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_&_Vice-President_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_&_Vice-President_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>President & Vice-President of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_&_Vice-President_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Office_of_the_President_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_the_President_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Office of the President of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_the_President_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_the_Vice-President_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_the_Vice-President_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Office of the Vice-President of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_the_Vice-President_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State Governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_Governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State Governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vidhan_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidhan_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vidhan Sabha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidhan_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidhan_Parishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidhan_Parishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vidhan Parishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidhan_Parishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Local Governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_Governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local Governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_Local_Governing_Bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_Local_Governing_Bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Urban Local Governing Bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Local_Governing_Bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_Local_Governing_Bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_Local_Governing_Bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rural Local Governing Bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_Local_Governing_Bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_In_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_In_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elections In India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections_In_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elections In India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elections_In_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_Commission_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_Commission_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Election Commission of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_Commission_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_Nation,_One_Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Nation,_One_Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>One Nation, One Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Nation,_One_Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Parties,_Political_Families_and_Alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Parties,_Political_Families_and_Alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political Parties, Political Families and Alliances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_Parties,_Political_Families_and_Alliances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political Parties, Political Families and Alliances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_Parties,_Political_Families_and_Alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_Parties_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Parties_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Political Parties in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Parties_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Types of political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Political_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Political_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>National Political Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Political_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Political_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Political_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span>State Political Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Political_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_Unrecognized_Political_Party_(RUPP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_Unrecognized_Political_Party_(RUPP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.3</span> <span>Registered Unrecognized Political Party (RUPP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_Unrecognized_Political_Party_(RUPP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_proliferation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_proliferation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.4</span> <span>Party proliferation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_proliferation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Political Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Political Alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Democratic_Alliance_(NDA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Democratic_Alliance_(NDA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>National Democratic Alliance (NDA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Democratic_Alliance_(NDA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Progressive_Alliance_(UPA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Progressive_Alliance_(UPA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>United Progressive Alliance (UPA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Progressive_Alliance_(UPA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance_(I.N.D.I.A)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance_(I.N.D.I.A)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance_(I.N.D.I.A)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Law and order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>State of democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سياسة الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভারতের রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%A9_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިންޑިޔާގެ ސިޔާސީ މައިދާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންޑިޔާގެ ސިޔާސީ މައިދާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_la_India" title="Política de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiko_de_Barato" title="Politiko de Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politiko de Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سیاست در هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست در هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_Inde" title="Politique en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="인도의 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Հնդկաստանի քաղաքական համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկաստանի քաղաքական համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भारत की राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत की राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_India" title="Politik India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_dell%27India" title="Politica dell'India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica dell'India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="פוליטיקה של הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भारतको राजनीति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतको राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بھارت دی سیاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارت دی سیاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Política da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Политика Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="भारतस्य शासनप्रणालिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतस्य शासनप्रणालिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්දියාවේ දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියාවේ දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیاسەت لە ھیندستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیاسەت لە ھیندستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_politiikka" title="Intian politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_i_Indien" title="Politik i Indien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politik i Indien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="భారతదేశ రాజకీయాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశ రాజకీయాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Політика Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بھارت کی سیاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھارت کی سیاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Chính trị Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="印度政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1123156#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Politics of India</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/100px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/200px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of India">National Emblem of India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sansad_Bhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansad Bhavan">Sansad Bhavan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Rajya Sabha">Chairman of the Rajya Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">Electoral College</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Om_Birla" title="Om Birla">Om Birla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Speaker of the Lok Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Electoral College</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Third_Modi_ministry" title="Third Modi ministry">Third Modi ministry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Prime Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_Government_ministries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Government ministries of India">52</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">Judiciary</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanjiv_Khanna" title="Sanjiv Khanna">Sanjiv Khanna</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20em; border: 4px double #D4AF37;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FF671F; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics of India</span></a></small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/120px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/160px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Constitution</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and<br /> Fundamental Duties of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of India">15th</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Jagdeep Dhankhar</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of India">14th</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of India">14th</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet secretary</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gauba" title="Rajiv Gauba">Rajiv Gauba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_government_ministries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union government ministries of India">Ministries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Secretary to the Government of India">Secretaries</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Parliament</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">18th</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Birla" title="Om Birla">Om Birla</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Deputy Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Vacant</i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Lok_Sabha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House (Lok Sabha)">Leader of the House</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_Lok_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha">Leader of the Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Secretary General of the Lok Sabha">Secretary General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Utpal Kumar Singh</li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">Members</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Chairman</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Jagdeep Dhankhar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairperson_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha">Deputy Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harivansh_Narayan_Singh" title="Harivansh Narayan Singh">Harivansh Narayan Singh</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Rajya_Sabha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)">Leader of the House</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagat_Prakash_Nadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagat Prakash Nadda">Jagat Prakash Nadda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_Rajya_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha">Leader of the Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha">Secretary General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Chandra_Mody" title="Pramod Chandra Mody">Pramod Chandra Mody</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)">Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)">Cabinet Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiren_Rijiju" title="Kiren Rijiju">Kiren Rijiju</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (India)">Minister of State</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Ram_Meghwal" title="Arjun Ram Meghwal">Arjun Ram Meghwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Murugan" title="L. Murugan">L. Murugan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Law and Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law of India</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indian_criminal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian criminal law">Indian criminal law</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita">Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita">Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sakshya_Act,_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023">Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">Code of Civil Procedure</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Justices of India">50th</a>)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhananjaya_Y._Chandrachud" title="Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud">Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Bar_Association_(India)" title="Supreme Court Bar Association (India)">Bar Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of India">District Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_courts_in_India" title="List of district courts in India">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Nyayalayas_Act,_2008" title="Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008">Gram Nyayalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">High Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_high_courts_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the high courts of India">Judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Adalat" title="Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Panchayat">Nyaya Panchayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendency_of_court_cases_in_India" title="Pendency of court cases in India">Pendency of court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunals_in_India" title="Tribunals in India">Other tribunals</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Ministry of Law and Justice</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Law_and_Justice" title="Minister of Law and Justice">Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Ram_Meghwal" title="Arjun Ram Meghwal">Arjun Ram Meghwal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for India">Attorney-General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataramani" title="R. Venkataramani">R. Venkataramani</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Mehta" title="Tushar Mehta">Tushar Mehta</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Additional_Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Additional Solicitor General of India">Additional Solicitor General</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_India" title="Law Commission of India">Law Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legal_Services_Authority" title="National Legal Services Authority">National Legal Services Authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Elections and Politics</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Chief Election Commissioner of India">Chief Election Commissioner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Kumar_(civil_servant)" title="Rajiv Kumar (civil servant)">Rajiv Kumar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Election Commissioner of India">Election Commissioner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyanesh_Kumar" title="Gyanesh Kumar">Gyanesh Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Sandhu" title="Sukhbir Singh Sandhu">Sukhbir Singh Sandhu</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_election_commission_(India)" title="State election commission (India)">State Election Commission</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India" title="Electronic voting in India">Electronic voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_presidential_elections" title="List of Indian presidential elections">Presidential elections</a> </b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Indian_presidential_election" title="2022 Indian presidential election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indian_presidential_election" title="2017 Indian presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_presidential_election" title="2012 Indian presidential election">2012</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_vice_presidential_elections" title="List of Indian vice presidential elections">Vice Presidential elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="2022 Indian vice presidential election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="2017 Indian vice presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="2012 Indian vice presidential election">2012</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_general_elections" title="List of Indian general elections">Lok Sabha elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha">Constituencies</a>)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="List of Rajya Sabha elections">Rajya Sabha elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="2024 Rajya Sabha elections">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="2023 Rajya Sabha elections">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="2022 Rajya Sabha elections">2022</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_Assembly_elections_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State Assembly elections in India">State Assembly elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_elections_in_India" title="2019 elections in India">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_elections_in_India" title="2020 elections in India">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_elections_in_India" title="2021 elections in India">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_elections_in_India" title="2022 elections in India">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_elections_in_India" title="2023 elections in India">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_elections_in_India" title="2024 elections in India"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>National coalitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">NDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">INDIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#National_parties" title="List of political parties in India">National parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#State_parties" title="List of political parties in India">State parties</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Administrative divisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (India)">States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Union_territory_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union territory (India)">Union territories</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subdistricts_in_India" title="List of subdistricts in India">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Development_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Development Block">Community Development Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Metropolitan Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Urban Agglomerations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Federalism</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">Executive</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_governors" title="List of current Indian governors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor (India)">Lieutenant Governor/Administrator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_lieutenant_governors_and_administrators" title="List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian chief ministers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">Deputy Chief Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_Indian_ministries" title="Template:Current Indian ministries">Ministries</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(India)" title="State legislature (India)">Legislative</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_legislative_speakers_and_chairpersons" title="List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_legislative_speakers_and_chairpersons" title="List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(India)" title="Official Opposition (India)">Official Opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_opposition_leaders" title="List of current Indian opposition leaders">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">Local Government</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipal Governance</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of India">Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika (Municipality)">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Town Panchayat">Town Panchayat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Panchayati_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayati Raj">Panchayati Raj</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="District Panchayat">District Panchayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat Samiti (Block)">Block Panchayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram Panchayat">Gram Panchayat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Foreign Relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Cabinet Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (India)">Minister of State</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Vardhan_Singh" title="Kirti Vardhan Singh">Kirti Vardhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabitra_Margherita" title="Pabitra Margherita">Pabitra Margherita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinay_Mohan_Kwatra" title="Vinay Mohan Kwatra">Vinay Mohan Kwatra</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India" title="List of diplomatic missions of India">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India">Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_to_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India">to India</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_passport" title="Indian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_India" title="Visa policy of India">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Indian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Indian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template:Foreign relations of India">Foreign Relations</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">IONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">IORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">MGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Africa–India relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_Cooperation" title="Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_extradition_treaties" title="List of Indian extradition treaties">Extradition Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_foreign_aid" title="Indian foreign aid">Foreign aid by India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_India" title="Foreign aid to India">to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_India" title="List of diplomatic visits to India">State Visits to India</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir Conflict">Kashmir Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Disputes with Nepal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of India">Foreign Policy</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation_Programme" title="Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme">ITEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_e-Network_project" title="Pan-African e-Network project">Pan-African e-Network project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_India" title="Template:Politics of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_India" title="Template talk:Politics of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Basic types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors#Election_and_removal" title="Board of directors">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">Fixed-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">Mid-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality</a></li> <li>Primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_elector" title="Anonymous elector">Anonymous elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Audits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">Boundary delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_voting" title="Crossover voting">Crossover voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to stand for election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Subseries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_administration" title="Election administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_by_country" title="Elections by country">Elections by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_close_election_results" title="List of close election results">Close elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country" title="List of the most recent elections by country">Most recent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_next_general_elections" title="List of next general elections">Next general elections</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_national_electoral_calendar" title="2024 national electoral calendar">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_local_electoral_calendar" title="2024 local electoral calendar">local</a> elections in 2024</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">by country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_candidate" title="Paper candidate">Paper candidate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections" title="Template:Elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections" title="Template talk:Elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics of India</b> works within the framework of the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a>. India is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> & first citizen of India and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. It is based on the federal structure of government, although the word is not used in the Constitution itself. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. federal in nature, that consists of the central authority at the centre and <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states</a> at the periphery. The Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both central and state governments; it is well recognised, fluid (Preamble of the Constitution being rigid and to dictate further amendments to the Constitution) and considered supreme, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">laws</a> of the nation must conform to it. India is officially declared a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> as per the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India_777_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_777-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India_888_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_888-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a provision for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (Council of States), which represents the states of the Indian federation, and a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (House of the People), which represents the people of India as a whole. The Constitution provides for an <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, which is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a>. The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to settle disputes between the central government and the states, to settle inter-state disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</a> for their enforcement in cases of violation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._Lakshmikanth2012389–390_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Lakshmikanth2012389–390-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> (first past the post) system from 543 <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-member district</a>. There are 245 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members are elected/nominated by the President of India. Governments are formed through <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">elections</a> held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that secure a majority of members in their respective lower houses (Lok Sabha in the central government and <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Vidhan Sabha</a> in states). India had <a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">its first general election</a> in 1951, which was won by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a>, when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">single-party domination</a> and the rise of coalition governments. The latest <a href="/wiki/18th_Lok_Sabha" title="18th Lok Sabha">18th Lok Sabha</a> elections was conducted in seven phases from 19 April 2024 to 1 June 2024 by the Election commission of India. The results bought in the NDA (<a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a>) to form in the next government <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible reasons for this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, independent civil society associations that mobilise support for the parties and centralised financing of elections.<sup id="cite_ref-ppq.sagepub.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppq.sagepub.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> India in 2023 was the 19th most electoral <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">democratic country in Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_Government">Union Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Union Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></div> <p>The Government of India is modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union government (also called as the Central government) is mainly composed of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and powers are vested by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constitution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">supreme court</a>, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parliament is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> in nature, with the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>. The judiciary systematically contains an apex <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">supreme court</a>, 25 <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">high courts</a>, and 688 <a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of India">district courts</a>, all inferior to the supreme court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">civil procedure code</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">penal code</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Criminal Procedure (India)">criminal procedure code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">English common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory Law">Statutory Law</a>. The term <i>New Delhi</i> is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the Union government, as the seat of the central government is in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lok_Sabha">Lok Sabha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lok Sabha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></div> <p>The <b>Lok Sabha</b>, constitutionally the <b>House of the People</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Members of the Lok Sabha</a> are elected by an adult <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and a <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> system to represent their respective <a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha">constituencies</a>, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">council of ministers</a>. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the <a href="/wiki/New_Parliament_House,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="New Parliament House, New Delhi">Parliament House</a>, New Delhi. </p><p>The maximum membership of the House allotted by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> is 552 (Initially, in 1950, it was 500.) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filed by the election of up to 543 elected members. The new parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47)</a>. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. </p><p>The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency in India">proclamation of emergency</a> is in operation, this period may be extended by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> by law or decree. </p><p>Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, who crossed 18 years from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_the_Prime_Minister">Office of the Prime Minister</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Office of the Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></div> <p>The Prime Minister of India is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers, despite the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister has to be a member of one of the houses of bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>, alongside heading the respective house. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha. </p><p>The prime minister is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India#Parliamentary_general_elections_(Lok_Sabha)" title="Elections in India">every five years</a>, lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be a member of the Lok Sabha or of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister controls the selection and dismissal of members of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a>; and allocation of posts to members within the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_the_Council_of_Ministers">Office of the Council of Ministers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Office of the Council of Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></div> <p>The Union Council of Ministers is the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">principal executive organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, which functions as the senior decision-making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries. </p><p>A smaller executive body called the <b>Union Cabinet</b> is the supreme decision-making body in India; it is a subset of the Union Council of Ministers who hold important portfolios and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a> of the government. </p><p>Pursuant to Article 75, a minister who works at the pleasure of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a>, is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. There are five categories of the council of ministers as given below, in descending order of <a href="/wiki/Indian_order_of_precedence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian order of precedence">rank</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a>: Leader of the Union Council of Ministers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (if any): Presides as prime minister in his absence or as the senior most cabinet minister.</li> <li>Cabinet Minister: A member of the Union cabinet; leads a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministry</a>.</li> <li>Minister of State (Independent charge): Junior minister not reporting to a Cabinet Minister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a> (MoS): Deputy Minister reporting to a Cabinet Minister, usually tasked with a specific responsibility in that ministry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rajya_Sabha">Rajya Sabha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rajya Sabha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></div> <p>The <b>Rajya Sabha</b>, constitutionally the <b>Council of States</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>. It has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">legislatures</a> of the states and union territories using <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable votes</a> through open ballots, while the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president</a> can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed) according to article 80 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a>. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245 (233 elected, 12 appointed). </p><p>Members sit for <a href="/wiki/Staggered_elections" title="Staggered elections">staggered terms</a> lasting six years, with about a third of the 238 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be <a href="/wiki/Prorogation" title="Prorogation">prorogued</a> by the president. </p><p>The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">supply</a>, where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Session of Indian Parliament">joint sitting</a> of the two houses can be held, where the Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of India">vice president of India</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ex-officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-officio">ex-officio</a></i> chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha">deputy chairman</a>, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the chairman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_&_Vice-President_of_India"><span id="President_.26_Vice-President_of_India"></span>President & Vice-President of India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: President & Vice-President of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_the_President_of_India">Office of the President of India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Office of the President of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a></div> <p>The President of India is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">supreme commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>. </p><p>The new president is chosen by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">electoral college</a> consisting of the elected members of both houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">MPs</a>), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (<a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</a>) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLAs</a>) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. </p><p>The election process of the president is a more extensive process than of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> who is also elected indirectly (elected by the members of the majority party (or union) in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>). Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ouster_clause" title="Ouster clause">constitutional supremacy</a>, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">state legislative assemblies</a> in a secret ballot procedure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_the_Vice-President_of_India">Office of the Vice-President of India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Office of the Vice-President of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a></div> <p>The Vice President of India is the deputy to the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>. The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_India" title="Order of precedence in India">order of precedence</a> and first in the line of succession to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">presidency</a>. The vice president is also the <i>ex officio</i> chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>. </p><p>Article 66 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> states the manner of election of the vice president. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">electoral college</a> consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament and not the members of state legislative assembly by the system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_Representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional Representation">proportional representation</a> using <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable votes</a> and the voting is conducted by <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a> via secret ballot. The vice president also acts as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a> of the Panjab University and Delhi University. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_Governments">State Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments of India</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/State_government" title="State government">State governments</a> in India are the governments ruling over <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">28 states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">8 union territories</a> of India and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers" title="Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> in a state is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Minister</a>. Each state has a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assembly" title="Legislative assembly">legislative assembly</a>. A state legislature that has one house – the <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assembly</a> (Vidhan Sabha) – is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the State Legislative Assembly and <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Council_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Council (India)">State Legislative Council</a> (Vidhan Parishad) – is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> and corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> while the Vidhan Parishad is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> and corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vidhan_Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vidhan Sabha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies of India</a></div> <p>Vidhan Sabha, also known as State Legislative Assembly, is a legislative body in each of the states and certain union territories of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">22 states</a> and 3 <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral legislature</a> which is the sole legislative body. Vidhan Sabha is present in all the states and 3 union territories. </p><p>Each <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Member of the Legislative Assembly</a> (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member constituencies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> states that a State Legislative Assembly must have no less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of India">Act</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> as is the case in the states of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and the union territory of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> which have fewer than 60 members. </p><p>A State Legislative Assembly may be <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolved</a> in a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency in India">state of emergency</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor</a> on request of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (India)">Chief Minister</a>, or if a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vidhan_Parishad">Vidhan Parishad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vidhan Parishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils of India</a></div> <p>Vidhan Parishad, also called as the State Legislative Council, is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> in those states of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that have a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(India)" title="State legislature (India)">state legislature</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> being the <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State Legislative Assembly</a>. Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. </p><p>Only 6 out of <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">28 states</a> have a Legislative Council. These are <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Council" title="Karnataka Legislative Council">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana_Legislative_Council" title="Telangana Legislative Council">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Council" title="Maharashtra Legislative Council">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Vidhan_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar Vidhan Parishad">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">Uttar Pradesh</a>. No <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> has a legislative council. </p><p>The size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than one third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size cannot be less than 40 members. These members elect the chairman and Deputy Chairman of the State Legislative Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_Governments">Local Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">Local government in India</a></div> <p>Local government in India is governmental jurisdiction below the level of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a>. Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation. </p><p>Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution, have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the <i>panchayati raj</i> system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_Local_Governing_Bodies">Urban Local Governing Bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Urban Local Governing Bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipal governance in India</a></div> <p>The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local governance bodies in India are called <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">municipalities</a> and abbreviated as the <i>"MC"</i>. These are classified based on the size of the population of the urban settlement. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal corporations in India">Municipal Corporation</a>, also called the <i>"Nagar Nigam"</i> or <i>"City Corporation"</i>, of cities with more than 1 million population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika">Municipal Councils</a>, also called the <i>"Nagar Palika"</i> or <i>"Nagar Palika Parishad"</i>, of cities with more than 25,000 and less than 1 million population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Panchayat">Municipal Committee</a>, also called the <i>"Town Council"</i> or <i>"Nagar Panchayat"</i> or <i>"Town Panchayat"</i> or <i>"Notified Area Council"</i> or <i>"Notified Area Committee"</i> depending on the state within which they lie, these are in the town with more than 10,000 and less than 25,000 population.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_Local_Governing_Bodies">Rural Local Governing Bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rural Local Governing Bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">Panchayati raj in India</a></div> <p>The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram Panchayat">Gram Panchayats</a> at village level</li> <li>Panchayat Samiti or Mandal Parishad or Block Panchayat or Taluk Panchayat at <a href="/wiki/Community_Development_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Development Block">Community Development Block</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandal">Mandal</a> or Taluk level and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="District Panchayat">Zila Parishad</a>/District Panchayat at <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">district</a> level.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_In_India">Elections In India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elections In India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections in India</a></div> <p>Elections in the Republic of India include elections for </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a>,</li> <li>Members of the Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (Upper house) and <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (Lower house),</li> <li>Members of <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Council_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Council (India)">State Legislative Councils</a>,</li> <li>Members of <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assemblies</a> (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Territory of Delhi">National Capital Territory of Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>)</li> <li>Members of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">local governance bodies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipal bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">Panchayats</a>),</li> <li>By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_Commission_of_India">Election Commission of India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Election Commission of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a></div> <p>The <b>Election Commission of India</b> (<b>ECI</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional body">constitutional body</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> empowered to conduct <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">free and fair elections in India</a>. The Election commission is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Chief Election Commissioner of India">Chief Election Commissioner</a> and consists of two other <a href="/wiki/Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Election Commissioner of India">Election Commissioners</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states and union territories</a>, the Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the state or union territory (CEO), who leads the election machinery in the states and union territories. At the district and constituency levels, the <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District Magistrates/District Collectors</a> (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work. </p><p>The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by <a href="/wiki/Part_XV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XV of the Constitution of India">Article 324</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a> and subsequently enacted <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act (India)">Representation of the People Act</a>. The <a href="/wiki/States_Election_Commission_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="States Election Commission (India)">state election commissions</a> are responsible for conducting local body elections in the respective states. The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results. </p><p>A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989. The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on the status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in the region. </p><p>The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as <a href="/wiki/Ration_card_(India)" title="Ration card (India)">ration cards</a> have been allowed for voting in certain situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_Nation,_One_Election"><span id="One_Nation.2C_One_Election"></span>One Nation, One Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: One Nation, One Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/One_Nation,_One_Election" title="One Nation, One Election">One Nation, One Election</a>" is an initiative proposed in India to synchronize the schedules of the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (House of the People) and state legislative assembly elections. The concept aims to conduct simultaneous elections for both central and state governments, a practice that was prevalent until 1967. Advocates argue that this approach would significantly reduce the burden on the public exchequer, minimize the disruption caused by frequent elections, and ensure more consistent policy implementation. However, it faces challenges, such as the logistical complexities of conducting elections on such a large scale and concerns over the potential impact on the federal structure of governance. The proposal continues to spark significant debate among political parties, constitutional experts, and the general public in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simultaneous elections were common in India until 1967, but the practice ended due to the premature dissolution of some state assemblies and the Lok Sabha in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The idea has been periodically revisited, with significant push in recent years from Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_Parties,_Political_Families_and_Alliances"><span id="Political_Parties.2C_Political_Families_and_Alliances"></span>Political Parties, Political Families and Alliances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political Parties, Political Families and Alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">List of political parties in India</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections in India</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Parties_in_India">Political Parties in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political Parties in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When compared to other democracies, India has had a large number of political parties during its history under democratic governance. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947.As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties, 57 state parties, and 2,764 registered unrecognized parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_political_parties">Types of political parties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Types of political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">List of political parties in India</a></div> <p>Every political party in India, whether a national or regional/state party, must have a symbol and must be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. Symbols are used in the Indian political system to identify political parties in part so that illiterate people can vote by recognizing the party symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the current amendment to the Symbols Order, the commission has asserted the following five principles:<sup id="cite_ref-ECI_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A party, national or state, must have a legislative presence.</li> <li>A national party's legislative presence must be in the Lok Sabha. A state party's legislative presence must be in the State Assembly.</li> <li>A party can set up a candidate only from amongst its own members.</li> <li>A party that loses its recognition shall not lose its symbol immediately but shall be allowed to use that symbol for some time to try and retrieve its status. However, the grant of such facility to the party will not mean the extension of other facilities to it, as are available to recognized parties, such as free time on <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> or <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">AIR</a>, free supply of copies of electoral rolls, etc.</li> <li>Recognition should be given to a party only on the basis of its own performance in elections and not because it is a splinter group of some other recognized party.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="National_Political_Party">National Political Party</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National Political Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a national party if:<sup id="cite_ref-ECI_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>it secures at least six percent (6%) of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at a general election to the Lok Sabha or, to the State Legislative Assembly; and .</li> <li>in addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or States.</li> <li>or it wins at least two percent (2%) seats in the House of the People (i.e. 11 seats in the existing House having 543 members), and these members are elected from at least three different states.</li></ol> <p>Six national political parties are - <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress (INC)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of lndia (Marxist) (CPI-M)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(India)" title="National People's Party (India)">National People's Party (NPP)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="State_Political_Party">State Political Party</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State Political Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A political party shall be entitled to be recognized as a state party, if: </p> <ol><li>it secures at least six percent (6%) of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election, either to the Lok Sabha or to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned; and</li> <li>in addition, it wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state concerned.</li> <li>or it wins at least three percent (3%) of the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state, or at least three seats in the Assembly, whichever is more.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Registered_Unrecognized_Political_Party_(RUPP)"><span id="Registered_Unrecognized_Political_Party_.28RUPP.29"></span>Registered Unrecognized Political Party (RUPP)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Registered Unrecognized Political Party (RUPP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Registered unrecognized political parties are those parties which are either newly registered or which have not secured enough percentage of votes in the assembly or general elections to become a state party or those which have never contested elections since being registered. Registered but unrecognized political parties don’t enjoy all the benefits extended to the recognized parties.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Party_proliferation">Party proliferation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Party proliferation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a strict anti-defection law had been passed in 1984, there has been a continued tendency amongst politicians to float their own parties rather than join a broad based party such as the Congress or the BJP. Between the 1984 and 1989 elections, the number of parties contesting elections increased from 33 to 113. In the decades since, this fragmentation has continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickenKuhonta2014205_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickenKuhonta2014205-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Families">Political Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political Families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_families_of_India" title="Political families of India">Political families of India</a></div> <p>Since the 1980s, Indian politics has become dynastic, possibly due to the absence of a party organization, independent civil society associations that mobilize support for the party, and centralized financing of elections.<sup id="cite_ref-ppq.sagepub.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppq.sagepub.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of dynastic politics has been the <a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a> which produced <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">three</a> Indian prime ministers. Family members have also led the Congress party for most of the period since 1978 when Indira Gandhi floated the then Congress(I) faction of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasuChandra2016136_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasuChandra2016136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynastic politics is prevalent also in a number of political parties with regional presence such as <a href="/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen" title="All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen">All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen</a> (AIMIM), <a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a> (TMC), <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi" title="Bharat Rashtra Samithi">Bharat Rashtra Samithi</a> (BRS), <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(Uddhav_Balasaheb_Thackeray)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)">Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)</a> (SHS (UBT)), <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_-_Sharadchandra_Pawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar">Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar</a> (NCP (SP)), <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK), <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dal" title="Indian National Lok Dal">Indian National Lok Dal</a> (INLD), <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a> (JKNC), <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party</a> (JKPDP), <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a> (JD(S)), <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a> (JMM), <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(India)" title="National People's Party (India)">National People's Party</a> (NPP), <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a> (NCP), <a href="/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchi" title="Pattali Makkal Katchi">Pattali Makkal Katchi</a> (PMK), <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a> (RJD), <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dal" title="Rashtriya Lok Dal">Rashtriya Lok Dal</a> (RLD), <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a> (SP), <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> (SAD), <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> (SS), <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a> (TDP) and <a href="/wiki/YSR_Congress_Party" title="YSR Congress Party">YSR Congress Party</a> (YSRCP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2016131,_136_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2016131,_136-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Alliances">Political Alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political Alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election. Political parties of such a coalition government forms an alliance for contesting election together usually for better prospects. Alliance usually revolves around the BJP and INC, being the two largest political parties in India without whose support, it would be difficult to form a majority government. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg/330px-Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg/495px-Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg/660px-Ruling_Alliances_in_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Ruling parties and alliances in various state govts in India. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F98C1F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">NDA</a> (20)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00B7EB; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">I.N.D.I.A</a> (9)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCF342; color:black;"> </span> Unaligned (1)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#898989; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a> (1)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> No legislature (5)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Democratic_Alliance_(NDA)"><span id="National_Democratic_Alliance_.28NDA.29"></span>National Democratic Alliance (NDA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: National Democratic Alliance (NDA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA), a centre-right to right-wing coalition led by BJP was formed in 1998 after the <a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">elections</a>. NDA formed a government, although the government did not last long as <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">AIADMK</a> withdrew support from it resulting in <a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999 general elections</a>, in which NDA won and resumed power. The coalition government went on to complete the full five-years term, becoming the first non-Congress government to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After securing a defeating in 2004 General Election and 2009 General Elections against the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), the NDA once again returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 General Elections</a>, for the second time, with a historic mandate of 336 out of 543 Lok Sabha seats. BJP itself won 282 seats, thereby electing <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> as the head of the government. In a historic win, the NDA stormed to power for the third term in <a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019</a> with a combined strength of 353 seats, with the BJP itself winning an absolute majority with 303 seats. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 Indian general election</a> the NDA, though lost a couple of seats succeeded to form the government by winning 292 seats with a major support from allies like <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Progressive_Alliance_(UPA)"><span id="United_Progressive_Alliance_.28UPA.29"></span>United Progressive Alliance (UPA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United Progressive Alliance (UPA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a></div> <p>The United Progressive Alliance was a <a href="/wiki/Political_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Political group">political alliance</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. It was formed after the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004 general election</a> with support from left-leaning political parties when no single party got the majority. </p><p>The UPA subsequently governed India from 2004 until 2014 for 2 terms before losing power to their main rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>-led <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a>. With strong corruption history within the alliance and becoming increasingly unpopular among the masses, the UPA was dissolved to form the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance</a> on 18 July 2023 ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Next_Indian_general_election" title="Next Indian general election">2024 general election</a>. The UPA used to rule 7 <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a> before it was dissolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance_(I.N.D.I.A)"><span id="Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance_.28I.N.D.I.A.29"></span>Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance</a></div> <p>Unable to defeat the NDA in 2014 General Election and 2019 General Election, and with Congress performing its poorest in same, many political leaders understood the need for a grand alliance of almost all major political parties to stand against the BJP led NDA in the 2024 General Elections which resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance</a> (I.N.D.I.A). It was formed by merger of <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA), Left Front and other smaller alliances, Centre-left to left-wing coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC). The alliance, comprising 26 opposition parties, include many political parties that are at loggerhead with the INC in their respective states and territories but are in alliance for the 2024 General Elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Political issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic_issues_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic issues in India">Socio-economic issues in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_India" title="Unemployment in India">Unemployment in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Indian black money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_India" title="Refugees in India">Refugees in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Door-to-door_campaigning_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Door-to-door campaigning of <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a> workers</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Law and order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">religious violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">caste-related violence</a> are important issues that affect the political environment of the Indian nation. Stringent anti-terror legislation such as <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_and_Disruptive_Activities_(Prevention)_Act" title="Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act">TADA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act,_2002" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002">POTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Control_of_Organised_Crime_Act" title="Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act">MCOCA</a> have received much political attention, both in favour and against, and some of these laws were disbanded eventually due to human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-human_rights_violation_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human_rights_violation-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Activities_(Prevention)_Act" title="Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act">UAPA</a> was amended in 2019 to negative effect vis-á-vis human rights. </p><p>Terrorism has affected politics in India since its conception, be it the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">terrorism supported from Pakistan</a> or the internal guerrilla groups such as <a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalites</a>. In 1991 the former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassinated</a> during an election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsindiaaftergandhi00guha_300pagen347_637]–659_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsindiaaftergandhi00guha_300pagen347_637]–659-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suicide bomber was later linked to the Sri Lankan terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a>, as it was later revealed the killing was an act of vengeance for Rajiv Gandhi <a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">sending troops in Sri Lanka</a> against them in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsindiaaftergandhi00guha_300pagen347_637]–659_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsindiaaftergandhi00guha_300pagen347_637]–659-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid_demolition" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Masjid demolition">Babri Masjid demolition</a> on 6 December 1992 resulted in nationwide communal riots in two months, with <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">the worst occurring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> with at least 900 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsindiaaftergandhi00guha_300pagen347_637]–659_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsindiaaftergandhi00guha_300pagen347_637]–659-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riots were followed by <a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">1993 Bombay bombings</a>, which resulted in more deaths. </p><p>Law and order issues, such as action against <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India" title="Organised crime in India">organised crime</a> are issues which do not affect the outcomes of elections. On the other hand, there is a criminal–politician nexus. Many elected legislators have criminal cases against them. In July 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">Indian Parliament members</a> faced criminal charges, "including <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_India" title="Prostitution in India">child prostitution</a>, immigration rackets, <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-wtcorruption_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtcorruption-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_democracy">State of democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: State of democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy in India</a></div> <p>From 2006 to 2023 the situation of <a href="/wiki/Indian_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian democracy">Indian democracy</a> worsened. <i>little state presence</i> in tribal areas and tensions between Hindus and minorities. The rebellions are a sign of the governments loss of power. Interreligious riots where observed. <i>Political freedoms</i> are limited since funding of NGOs, such as amnesty international, got more difficult due to the "Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act", though the constitution guarantees freedom of association. Hindu-nationalist groups created a climate of intimidation over the country. <i>Freedom of press</i> is through the intimidation of journalists by police, criminals and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, according to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, India was classified as a "partly free" country for the third consecutive year.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices" title="V-Dem Democracy Indices">V-Dem Democracy Indices</a> by <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Institute" title="V-Dem Institute">V-Dem Institute</a> classify India as an '<a href="/wiki/Electoral_autocracy" title="Electoral autocracy">electoral autocracy</a>'. In 2023, it referred to India as "one of the worst autocracies in the last 10 years".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, India is a <a href="/wiki/Defective_democracy" title="Defective democracy">Defective democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 15em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India" title="Electronic voting in India">Electronic voting in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_capturing" title="Booth capturing">Booth capturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_rigging" title="Scientific rigging">Scientific rigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_India" title="Political funding in India">Political funding in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy in India</a></li> <li><a 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Ram">Aaya Ram Gaya Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy#Indian_subcontinent" title="History of democracy">History of democracy in ancient India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">List of scandals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_India" title="List of communist parties in India">List of communist parties in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_India" title="Trade unions in India">Trade unions in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_families_of_India" title="Political families of India">Political families of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">Anarchism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">Conservatism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">Liberalism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Communism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Communism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_movements_in_India" title="Communist movements in India">Communist movements in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_involvement_in_the_Indian_independence_movement" title="Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement">Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm">"The Constitution (Amendment)"</a>. 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href="https://amp.scroll.in/latest/1045410/india-rated-partially-free-for-third-straight-year-in-freedom-house-report">"India rated 'partially free' in Freedom House report for third straight year"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=India+rated+%27partially+free%27+in+Freedom+House+report+for+third+straight+year&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.scroll.in%2Flatest%2F1045410%2Findia-rated-partially-free-for-third-straight-year-in-freedom-house-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/rights/india-autocratiser-v-dem-report-2023">"India Is 'One of the Worst Autocratisers in the Last 10 Years,' Says 2023 V-Dem Report"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>. 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=India+Is+%27One+of+the+Worst+Autocratisers+in+the+Last+10+Years%2C%27+Says+2023+V-Dem+Report&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Frights%2Findia-autocratiser-v-dem-report-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2023" class="citation news cs1">Dutta, Anisha (22 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/22/india-democracy-index-flawed-preserve-reputation-narendra-modi">"India secretly works to preserve reputation on global Democracy Index"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=India+secretly+works+to+preserve+reputation+on+global+Democracy+Index&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Anisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjun%2F22%2Findia-democracy-index-flawed-preserve-reputation-narendra-modi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Tata Mcgraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071074827" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071074827"><bdi>978-0071074827</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039277322">1039277322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Administration&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Tata+Mcgraw+Hill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1039277322&rft.isbn=978-0071074827&rft.au=M.+Lakshmikanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISBN9780071074827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChander2001" class="citation book cs1">Chander, Prakash (2001). "Nature of Party System in India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN8177290355"><i>Comparative Politics & International Relations</i></a>. Cosmos Bookhive. pp. 129–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/817729035-5" title="Special:BookSources/817729035-5"><bdi>817729035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nature+of+Party+System+in+India&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics+%26+International+Relations&rft.pages=129-134&rft.pub=Cosmos+Bookhive&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=817729035-5&rft.aulast=Chander&rft.aufirst=Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISBN8177290355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickenKuhonta2014" class="citation book cs1">Hicken, Allen; Kuhonta, Erik Martinez (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13"><i>Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04157-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+System+Institutionalization+in+Asia%3A+Democracies%2C+Autocracies%2C+and+the+Shadows+of+the+Past&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04157-8&rft.aulast=Hicken&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Kuhonta%2C+Erik+Martinez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZmiBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2008" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300"><i>India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy</i></a></span> (Indian ed.). India: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330505543" title="Special:BookSources/9780330505543"><bdi>9780330505543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+after+Gandhi+%3A+the+history+of+the+world%27s+largest+democracy&rft.place=India&rft.edition=Indian&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780330505543&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaaftergandhi00guha_300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasuChandra2016" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Amrita; Chandra, Kanchan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&q=sonia&pg=PR10"><i>Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12344-1"><bdi>978-1-107-12344-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110030054/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=%22political+dynasties%22+india&ots=panvSUPVV9&sig=rBLRMVvTQ2f7mX6q3bm6Gj6eyfw#v=onepage&q=sonia&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Dynasties%3A+State%2C+Party+and+Family+in+Contemporary+Indian+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-12344-1&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Amrita&rft.au=Chandra%2C+Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtesIDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsonia%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanchan_Chandra" title="Kanchan Chandra">Chandra, Kanchan</a> (28 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10"><i>Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-59212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-59212-0"><bdi>978-1-316-59212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Dynasties%3A+State%2C+Party%2C+and+Family+in+Contemporary+Indian+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-316-59212-0&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwbFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacko2023" class="citation news cs1">Chacko, Johann (7 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/03/07/to-understand-indian-politics-look-beyond-modi-and-new-delhi/">"To understand Indian politics, look beyond Modi and New Delhi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National (Abu Dhabi)</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+%28Abu+Dhabi%29&rft.atitle=To+understand+Indian+politics%2C+look+beyond+Modi+and+New+Delhi&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.aulast=Chacko&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2F2023%2F03%2F07%2Fto-understand-indian-politics-look-beyond-modi-and-new-delhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadalayil2023" class="citation news cs1">Kadalayil, Chitrabhanu (16 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/05/16/indias-top-political-parties-need-to-address-power-imbalances-within/">"India's top political parties need to address power imbalances within"</a>. <i>The National (Abu Dhabi)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+%28Abu+Dhabi%29&rft.atitle=India%27s+top+political+parties+need+to+address+power+imbalances+within&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft.aulast=Kadalayil&rft.aufirst=Chitrabhanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2F2023%2F05%2F16%2Findias-top-political-parties-need-to-address-power-imbalances-within%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabrata_Rai_Chowdhuri" title="Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri">Chowdhuri, Satyabrata Rai</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=278315"><i>Leftism in India, 1917-1947</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050231/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=278315">Archived</a> 22 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Palgrave, <a href="/wiki/U.K." class="mw-redirect" title="U.K.">U.K.</a>, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Karnad" title="Bharat Karnad">Karnad, Bharat</a>. <i>Why India is Not a Great Power (Yet).</i> Oxford University Press, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945922-3">978-0-19-945922-3</a></li> <li>Shively, W. Phillips. <i>Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science—Chapter 14 Example: Parliamentary Government in India.</i> McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340391-5">978-0-07-340391-5</a></li> <li>Mitra, Subrata K. and Singh, V.B.. <i>Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate</i>. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7036-809-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7036-809-X">81-7036-809-X</a> (India HB) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-9344-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-9344-4">0-7619-9344-4</a> (U.S. HB).</li> <li>Shourie, Arun (2007). The parliamentary system: What we have made of it, what we can make of it. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.</li> <li>Shourie, Arun (2005). Governance and the sclerosis that has set in. New Delhi: ASA Publications.</li> <li>Tawa Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samaj.revues.org/index2784.html"><i>"Studying Elections in India: Scientific and Political Debates"</i></a>. <i>South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal</i>, 3, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronojoy_Sen" title="Ronojoy Sen">Sen, Ronojoy</a> (2022). <i>House of the People : Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy.</i> Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_political_parties" title="Template:Indian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Indian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(India)" title="National People's Party (India)">National People's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJSU_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AJSU Party">AJSU Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen" title="All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen">All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_N.R._Congress" title="All India N.R. Congress">All India N.R. Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_United_Democratic_Front" title="All India United Democratic Front">All India United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apna_Dal_(Soneylal)" title="Apna Dal (Soneylal)">Apna Dal (Soneylal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishad" title="Asom Gana Parishad">Asom Gana Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi" title="Bharat Rashtra Samithi">Bharat Rashtra Samithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dal" title="Biju Janata Dal">Biju Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Front" title="Bodoland People's Front">Bodoland People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam" title="Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam">Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Forward_Party" title="Goa Forward Party">Goa Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_State_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Hill State People's Democratic Party">Hill State People's Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dal" title="Indian National Lok Dal">Indian National Lok Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People%27s_Front_of_Tripura" title="Indigenous People's Front of Tripura">Indigenous People's Front of Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir National Conference">Jammu and Kashmir National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janasena_Party" title="Janasena Party">Janasena Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannayak_Janta_Party" title="Jannayak Janta Party">Jannayak Janta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janta_Congress_Chhattisgarh" title="Janta Congress Chhattisgarh">Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Party_(Ram_Vilas)" title="Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)">Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Navnirman_Sena" title="Maharashtra Navnirman Sena">Maharashtra Navnirman Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front" title="Mizo National Front">Mizo National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Tamilar_Katchi" title="Naam Tamilar Katchi">Naam Tamilar Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_People%27s_Front" title="Naga People's Front">Naga People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_%E2%80%93_Sharadchandra_Pawar" title="Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar">Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party">Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Arunachal" title="People's Party of Arunachal">People's Party of Arunachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Meghalaya)" title="People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)">People's Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Janshakti_Party" title="Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party">Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Samta_Party" title="Rashtriya Lok Samta Party">Rashtriya Lok Samta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Loktantrik_Party" title="Rashtriya Loktantrik Party">Rashtriya Loktantrik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Goans_Party" title="Revolutionary Goans Party">Revolutionary Goans Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)" title="Shiv Sena (UBT)">Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Democratic_Front" title="Sikkim Democratic Front">Sikkim Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Krantikari_Morcha" title="Sikkim Krantikari Morcha">Sikkim Krantikari Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipra_Motha_Party" title="Tipra Motha Party">Tipra Motha Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Meghalaya)" title="United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)">United Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party,_Liberal" title="United People's Party, Liberal">United People's Party, Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_People_Party_(Meghalaya)" title="Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)">Voice of the People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvajana_Sramika_Rythu_Congress_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party">Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoram_Nationalist_Party" title="Zoram Nationalist Party">Zoram Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoram_People%27s_Movement" title="Zoram People's Movement">Zoram People's Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahila_India_Naadalum_Makkal_Katchi" title="Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi">Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Rajakulathor_Peravai" title="All India Rajakulathor Peravai">All India Rajakulathor Peravai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkarite_Party_of_India" title="Ambedkarite Party of India">Ambedkarite Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amma_Makkal_Munnettra_Kazagam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam">Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana_Suraksha_Party" title="Gana Suraksha Party">Gana Suraksha Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apna_Dal_(Kamerawadi)" title="Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)">Apna Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Samaj_Party_(Kanshi_Ram)" title="Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)">Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Mukti_Party" title="Bahujan Mukti Party">Bahujan Mukti Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharipa_Bahujan_Mahasangh" title="Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh">Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Tribal_Party" title="Bharatiya Tribal Party">Bharatiya Tribal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">Communist Marxist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_(Secular)" title="Congress (Secular)">Congress (Secular)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Azad_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Azad Party">Democratic Azad Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_(Prabodh_Chandra)" title="Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)">Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiya_Makkal_Sakthi_Katchi" title="Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi">Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Vikas_Party" title="Goa Vikas Party">Goa Vikas Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Ganatantra_Party" title="Gondwana Ganatantra Party">Gondwana Ganatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha" title="Gorkha Janmukti Morcha">Gorkha Janmukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamro_Sikkim_Party" title="Hamro Sikkim Party">Hamro Sikkim Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Janta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Janta Party">Hindustan Janta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_Awam_Morcha" title="Hindustani Awam Morcha">Hindustani Awam Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikkjutt_Jammu" title="Ikkjutt Jammu">Ikkjutt Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indhiya_Jananayaga_Katchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi">Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">Indian National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Apni_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party">Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Conference" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference">Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Workers_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party">Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Adhikar_Party_(Loktantrik)" title="Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)">Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannayak_Janta_Party" title="Jannayak Janta Party">Jannayak Janta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansatta_Dal_(Loktantrik)" title="Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)">Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebamani_Janata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebamani Janata">Jebamani Janata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Party" title="Jharkhand Party">Jharkhand Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pragnyavantha_Janatha_Party" title="Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party">Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khun_Hynniewtrep_National_Awakening_Movement" title="Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement">Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(B)" title="Kerala Congress (B)">Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Jacob)" title="Kerala Congress (Jacob)">Kerala Congress (Jacob)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Thomas)" title="Kerala Congress (Thomas)">Kerala Congress (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongunadu_Makkal_Desia_Katchi" title="Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi">Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Insaaf_Party" title="Lok Insaaf Party">Lok Insaaf Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Janata_Dal" title="Loktantrik Janata Dal">Loktantrik Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Dal" title="Mahan Dal">Mahan Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkal_Needhi_Maiam" title="Makkal Needhi Maiam">Makkal Needhi Maiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Co-ordination_Committee" title="Marxist Co-ordination Committee">Marxist Co-ordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Conference" title="National Secular Conference">National Secular Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISHAD_Party" title="NISHAD Party">NISHAD Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchi" title="Pattali Makkal Katchi">Pattali Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puratchi_Bharatham_Katchi" title="Puratchi Bharatham Katchi">Puratchi Bharatham Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthiya_Needhi_Katchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthiya Needhi Katchi">Puthiya Needhi Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthiya_Tamilagam" title="Puthiya Tamilagam">Puthiya Tamilagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raijor_Dal" title="Raijor Dal">Raijor Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Morcha" title="Rashtriya Lok Morcha">Rashtriya Lok Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Samaj_Paksha" title="Rashtriya Samaj Paksha">Rashtriya Samaj Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athawale)" title="Republican Party of India (Athawale)">Republican Party of India (Athawale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_of_Kerala_(Bolshevik)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)">Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Janata_Party_(Rashtriya)" title="Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)">Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sangram" title="Shiv Sangram">Shiv Sangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_National_People%27s_Party" title="Sikkim National People's Party">Sikkim National People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_India" title="Social Democratic Party of India">Social Democratic Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheldev_Bharatiya_Samaj_Party" title="Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party">Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabhimani_Paksha" title="Swabhimani Paksha">Swabhimani Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Bharat_Paksh" title="Swatantra Bharat Paksh">Swatantra Bharat Paksh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Maanila_Congress_(Moopanar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)">Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilaga_Vettri_Kazhagam" title="Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam">Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamizhaga_Makkal_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam">Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamizhaga_Murpokku_Makkal_Katchi" title="Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi">Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Jana_Samithi" title="Telangana Jana Samithi">Telangana Jana Samithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipra_Motha_Party" title="Tipra Motha Party">Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Goans_Democratic_Party" title="United Goans Democratic Party">United Goans Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Kranti_Dal" title="Uttarakhand Kranti Dal">Uttarakhand Kranti Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchit_Bahujan_Aaghadi" title="Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi">Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikassheel_Insaan_Party" title="Vikassheel Insaan Party">Vikassheel Insaan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party_of_India" title="Welfare Party of India">Welfare Party of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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