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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Educational stages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Educational_stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Educational stages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Educational_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Primary_/_Elementary_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Primary_/_Elementary_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pre-Primary / Elementary Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Primary_/_Elementary_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kindergarten_(LKG_&_UKG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kindergarten_(LKG_&_UKG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Kindergarten (LKG & UKG) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kindergarten_(LKG_&_UKG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Primary Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_/_High_School_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_/_High_School_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Secondary / High School Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_/_High_School_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_Secondary_/_Senior_Secondary_/_Intermediate_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_Secondary_/_Senior_Secondary_/_Intermediate_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Higher Secondary / Senior Secondary / Intermediate Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_Secondary_/_Senior_Secondary_/_Intermediate_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-university_course_or_intermediate_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-university_course_or_intermediate_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Pre-university course or intermediate education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-university_course_or_intermediate_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocational_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Vocational Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Higher Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-primary_education_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-primary_education_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pre-primary education in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-primary_education_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_education_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Primary education in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Secondary education in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Higher education in India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Higher_education_in_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Higher education in India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocational_education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational_education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Vocational education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational_education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tertiary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Technical education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schooling_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schooling_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Schooling system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schooling_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Schooling system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Schooling_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum_and_school_education_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum_and_school_education_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Curriculum and school education boards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum_and_school_education_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midday_Meal_Scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midday_Meal_Scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Midday Meal Scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midday_Meal_Scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Teacher Training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Types of schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Government schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_aided_private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_aided_private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Government aided private schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_aided_private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_schools_(unaided)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_schools_(unaided)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Private schools (unaided) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_schools_(unaided)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3.1 National schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3.2 International schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home-schooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home-schooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Home-schooling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home-schooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_work_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_work_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Non-governmental work in education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_work_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_and_distance_learning_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_and_distance_learning_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Open and distance learning in India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_and_distance_learning_in_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Open and distance learning in India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Open_and_distance_learning_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Online education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaf_education_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaf_education_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Deaf education in India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaf_education_in_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Deaf education in India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Deaf_education_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_education_in_India_for_the_DHH_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_education_in_India_for_the_DHH_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 History of education in India for the DHH population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_education_in_India_for_the_DHH_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_for_DHH_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_for_DHH_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Education for DHH children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_for_DHH_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Quality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Quality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Literacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Attainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_school_workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_school_workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Public school workforce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_school_workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocational_education_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational_education_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Vocational education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational_education_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Curriculum issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Rural education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Women's education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accreditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accreditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Accreditation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accreditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employer_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employer_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Employer training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employer_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 Teacher careers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.8 Coaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.9 Corruption in education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grade_inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grade_inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.10 Grade inflation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grade_inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Initiatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initiatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Initiatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_government_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_government_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Central government involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_government_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Legislative framework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_government_expenditure_on_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_government_expenditure_on_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Central government expenditure on education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_government_expenditure_on_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Education_Policy_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Education_Policy_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 National Education Policy 2020 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_Education_Policy_2020-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National Education Policy 2020 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_Education_Policy_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conceptual_understanding_of_inclusive_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual_understanding_of_inclusive_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Conceptual understanding of inclusive education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_understanding_of_inclusive_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_and_youth_literacy_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_and_youth_literacy_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Adult and youth literacy rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_and_youth_literacy_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Education in India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="التعليم في الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistanda_t%C9%99hsil" title="Hindistanda təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistanda təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ভারতের শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भारत में शिक्षा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत में शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_hariduss%C3%BCsteem" title="India haridussüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="India haridussüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_educativo_de_India" title="Sistema educativo de India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema educativo de India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="آموزش در هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش در هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Inde" title="Système éducatif en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1" title="인도의 교육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 교육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="भारत की शिक्षा प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत की शिक्षा प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3" title="ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿನ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿನ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="განათლება ინდოეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განათლება ინდოეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Образованието во Индија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Образованието во Индија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="インドの教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドの教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistonda_ta%CA%BClim" title="Hindistonda taʼlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindistonda taʼlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਸਿੱਖਿਆ (ਭਾਰਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਖਿਆ (ਭਾਰਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بھارت وچ تعلیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارت وچ تعلیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Education in India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்தியாவில் கல்வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவில் கல்வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="భారతదేశంలో విద్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశంలో విద్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การศึกษาในประเทศอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การศึกษาในประเทศอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بھارت میں تعلیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھارت میں تعلیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="印度教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Education+in+India%22">"Education in India"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Education+in+India%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Education+in+India%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Education+in+India%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Education+in+India%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Education+in+India%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in India</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)" title="Ministry of Education (India)">Ministry of Education</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(India)" title="Minister of Education (India)">Minister of Education</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dharmendra_Pradhan" title="Dharmendra Pradhan">Dharmendra Pradhan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">2.9% of GDP ($ 112 billion)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></div> and other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">Federal, state and private</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established Compulsory education</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 2010</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2011<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">77.7%<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">84.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">70.3%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Enrollment (2011<a href="#cite_note-wdi_enroll-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">(N/A)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data">95%<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">69%<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">25%<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Education in India is primarily managed by the state-run <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> system, which falls under the command of the government at three levels: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of India">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">local</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Under various articles of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_Children_to_Free_and_Compulsory_Education_Act,_2009" title="Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009">Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009</a>, free and compulsory education is provided as a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Rights" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">fundamental right</a> to <a href="/wiki/Children_and_adolescents_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Children and adolescents in India">children</a> aged 6 to 14. The approximate ratio of the total number of public schools to private schools in India is 10:3.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg/220px-Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg/330px-Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg/440px-Jagseer_S_Sidhu_teaching_school_students_about_Wikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="4312" /></a><figcaption>Students at a public school in Punjab</figcaption></figure> Education in India covers different levels and types of learning, such as <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>. It varies significantly according to <a href="/wiki/Caste#Caste_and_higher_education" title="Caste">different</a> factors, such as location (urban or rural), <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>. Education in India has much room for growth, such as improving access to education, increasing the quality of education,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> reducing disparities, lowering dropout rates, increasing enrolment and completion rates,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> enhancing learning outcomes and employability, strengthening governance and accountability, promoting innovation and technology, and addressing the impact of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. It is influenced by various policies and programmes at the national and state levels, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020" title="National Education Policy 2020">National Education Policy 2020</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samagra_Shiksha_Abhiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan">Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Madhyamik_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beti_Bachao_Beti_Padhao" title="Beti Bachao Beti Padhao">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</a> Scheme, and the National Digital Education Architecture. It is also supported by various stakeholders and partners, such as <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, civil society organisations, academic institutions, <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> entities, and media outlets. Education in India is plagued by issues such as grade inflation,<a href="#cite_note-a824-11">[11]</a> corruption, unaccredited institutions offering fraudulent credentials and lack of employment prospects for graduates.<a href="#cite_note-a171-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-u834-13">[13]</a> Half of all graduates in India are considered unemployable.<a href="#cite_note-e694-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_system">Education system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education system">edit</a>]</div> Until 1976, under the Indian constitution, each state was responsible for the schools that fell under its governance; states possessed full jurisdiction over creating and implementing education policies. After the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India was passed in 1976, education fell under the concurrent list,<a href="#cite_note-:05-15">[15]</a> which allowed the federal government (also known as the central government) to recommend education policies and programmes, even if state governments continued to wield extensive autonomy in implementing these programmes.<a href="#cite_note-:05-15">[15]</a> In a country as large as India, with 28 states and eight union territories, this has created vast differences between states' policies, plans, programmes, and initiatives relating to school education. Periodically, national policy frameworks are created to guide states in their creation of state-level programmes and policies. State governments and local government bodies manage the majority of primary and upper primary schools and the number of government-managed elementary schools is growing. Simultaneously, the number and proportion managed by private bodies is growing. In 2005-2006, 83.13% of schools offering elementary education (Grades 1–8) were managed by government, and 16.86% of schools were under private management (excluding children in unrecognised schools, schools established under the Education Guarantee Scheme and in alternative learning centres). Of those schools managed privately, one third are 'aided' and two thirds are 'unaided'. Enrolment in Grades 1–8 is shared between government and privately managed schools in the ratio 73:27. However, in rural areas this ratio is higher (80:20) and in urban areas much lower (36:66).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In the 2011 Census, about 73% of the population was reported to be literate, with 81% for males and 65% for females. <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Commission" title="National Statistical Commission">National Statistical Commission</a> surveyed literacy to be 77.7% in 2017–18, 84.7% for male and 70.3% for female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSO201843-17">[17]</a> This compares to 1981 when the respective rates were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951 the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to its <a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sify-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Much of the progress, especially in <a href="#Higher_education">higher education</a> and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. While enrolment in <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">higher education</a> has increased steadily over the past decade, reaching a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 26.3% in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_India-21">[21]</a> there still remains a significant distance to catch up with <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> enrolment levels of developed nations,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> a challenge that will be necessary to overcome in order to continue to reap a <a href="/wiki/Demographic_dividend" title="Demographic dividend">demographic dividend</a> from India's comparatively young population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Demand for private schools has been growing over the years.<a href="#cite_note-:14-23">[23]</a>While a consensus over what is the most significant driver of this growth in private schooling has not yet emerged, some authors have attributed this to a higher demand for English-medium education<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>, a dissatisfaction with the quality of public schools,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> greater affordability of private schools,<a href="#cite_note-:14-23">[23]</a> and non-availability of preferred field of study in government schools.<a href="#cite_note-:07-27">[27]</a> After the adoption of the Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009, private schools were required to be 'government-recognised'. A private school would be eligible for government recognition when it met certain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:14-23">[23]</a> At the primary and <a href="#Secondary_education">secondary</a> level, India has a large <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (India)">private school system</a> complementing the government run schools, with 29% of students receiving private education in the 6 to 14 age group.<a href="#cite_note-pvt_enroll-28">[28]</a> Certain post-secondary <a href="#Technical_education">technical schools</a> are also private. The private education market in India had a revenue of US$450 million in 2008, but is projected to be a US$40 billion market.<a href="#cite_note-educationmarket-29">[29]</a> As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6–14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrolment above 96%. India has maintained an average enrolment ratio of 95% for students in this age group from year 2007 to 2014. As an outcome the number of students in the age group 6–14 who are not enrolled in school has come down to 2.8% in the academic year 2018 (ASER 2018).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Another report from 2013 stated that there were 229 million students enrolled in different accredited urban and rural schools of India, from Class I to XII, representing an increase of 2.3 million students over 2002 total enrolment, and a 19% increase in girl's enrolment.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> While quantitatively India is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system. While more than 95 per cent of children attend primary school, just 40 per cent of Indian adolescents attend secondary school (Grades 9–12). Since 2000, the World Bank has committed over $2 billion to education in India. Some of the reasons for the poor quality include absence of around 25% of teachers every day.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> States of India have introduced tests and education assessment system to identify and improve such schools.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Measurement_Initiative" title="Human Rights Measurement Initiative">Human Rights Measurement Initiative</a> finds that India is achieving only 79.0% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to education.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Although there are private schools in India, they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach, in what form they can operate (must be a non-profit to run any accredited educational institution) and all the other aspects of the operation. Hence, the differentiation between government schools and private schools can be misleading.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, in a report by Geeta Gandhi Kingdon entitled: The Emptying of Public Schools and Growth of Private Schools in India, it is said that for sensible education-policy making, it is vital to take account of the various changing trends in the size of the private and public schooling sectors in India. Ignoring these trends involves the risk of poor policies/legislation, with adverse effects on children's education.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In January 2019, India had over 900 universities and 40,000 colleges.<a href="#cite_note-highered1-37">[37]</a> In India's higher education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">affirmative action</a> policies for the historically disadvantaged <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Backward Classes">Other Backward Classes</a>. In universities, colleges, and similar institutions affiliated to the central government, there is a maximum 50% of reservations applicable to these disadvantaged groups, at the state level it can vary. <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India#Reservation_in_states" title="Reservation in India">Maharashtra</a> had 73% reservation in 2014, which is the highest percentage of reservations in India.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jobs,_education_quota_for_Marathas,_Muslims_cleared-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maharashtra_govt_clears_reservation_for_Marathas,_Muslims-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in India">History of education in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS%2C_Melbourne.jpg/220px-A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS%2C_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS%2C_Melbourne.jpg/330px-A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS%2C_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS%2C_Melbourne.jpg/440px-A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS%2C_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a> (800 BCE), author of <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a> and the founding father of <a href="/wiki/History_of_surgery#India" title="History of surgery">surgery</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australasian_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal Australasian College of Surgeons">Royal Australasian College of Surgeons</a> (RACS) in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_Univercity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nalanda_Univercity.JPG/220px-Nalanda_Univercity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nalanda_Univercity.JPG/330px-Nalanda_Univercity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nalanda_Univercity.JPG/440px-Nalanda_Univercity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The remnants of the library of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, built in the 5th century CE by <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta kings</a>. It was rebuilt twice after invasion, first after an invasion from the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in the 5th century CE and then after an invasion from the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gaudas</a> in the 7th century CE but abandoned after the third invasion by <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khilji#Conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khilji">Turkic invaders</a> in the 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets,_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets%2C_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets%2C_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets%2C_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets%2C_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets%2C_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets%2C_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="3127" /></a><figcaption>A child learning alphabets, showing the first letters of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> alphabet, 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> Early education in India commenced under the supervision of a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> or preceptor after initiation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The education was delivered through <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a>. The relationship between the Guru and his Shishya (students /disciples) was a very important part of education.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_ancient_Taxila" title="University of ancient Taxila">Taxila</a> is an example of an ancient higher learning institute in ancient India, possibly dating as far back as the 8th century BCE. However, it is debatable whether or not this can be regarded as a university in modern-day terms, since the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Taxila, in contrast to the later <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda university</a> in eastern India. <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> was the oldest university-system of education in the world in the modern sense of university, and all subjects there were taught in the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-45">[45]</a> Secular institutions cropped up along Buddhist monasteries. These institutions imparted practical education such as medical studies. A number of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 500 BCE to 400 CE. The important urban centres of learning were <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-Altekar1965-46">[46]</a> These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted a number of foreign students to study topics such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_P%C3%A1li_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Páli literature">Buddhist Páli literature</a>, logic, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1li_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Páli grammar">páli grammar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>, a Brahmin teacher, was among the most famous teachers, associated with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Shramanas and Brahmanas historically offered education by means of donations, rather than charging fees or the procurement of funds from students or their guardians.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Later, stupas and temples also became centres of education; religious education was compulsory, but secular subjects were also taught. Students were required to be <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">brahmacharis</a> or celibate. The knowledge in these orders was often related to the tasks a section of the society had to perform. Arts, crafts, Ayurveda, architecture, etc., were taught. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in India the traditional methods of education increasingly came under Islamic influence.<a href="#cite_note-Sen_1988_22-49">[49]</a> Pre-Mughal rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Qutb-ud-din_Aybak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb-ud-din Aybak">Qutb-ud-din Aybak</a> and other Muslim rulers initiated institutions which imparted religious knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Sen_1988_22-49">[49]</a> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a> became prominent educators and established Islamic monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-Sen_1988_22-49">[49]</a> Students from <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> visited India to study humanities and science.<a href="#cite_note-Sen_1988_22-49">[49]</a> Islamic institution of education in India included traditional <a href="/wiki/Madrassas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassas">madrassas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maktab_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maktab (education)">maktabs</a> which taught grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and law influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> traditions inherited by <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> before Islam spread from these regions into India.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar03-678-50">[50]</a> A feature of traditional Islamic education was its emphasis on the connection between science and humanities.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar03-678-50">[50]</a> British rule and the subsequent establishment of educational institutions saw the introduction of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as a medium of instruction. Some schools taught the curriculum through vernacular languages with English as a second language. The term "pre-modern" was used for three kinds of schools – the Arabic and Sanskrit schools which taught Muslim or Hindu sacred literature and the Persian schools which taught Persian literature. The vernacular schools across India taught reading and writing the vernacular language and arithmetic.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> British education became solidified into India as missionary schools were established during the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell92-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dharampal#Relevance" title="Dharampal">Dharampal § Relevance</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a> was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial education in India.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> Dharampal's primary works are based on documentation by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial government</a> on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> His pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, provides evidence from extensive early British administrators’ reports of the widespread prevalence of indigenous educational institutions in Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1818, the fall of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a> lead to large parts of India coming under <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-Keerthi_Publishing_House-58">[58]</a> During the decade of 1820–30, detailed surveys of the indigenous education system that were prevalent in their provinces were conducted by the British.<a href="#cite_note-Keerthi_Publishing_House-58">[58]</a> G.L. Prendergast, a member of the Governor's Council in Bombay Presidency, recorded the following about indigenous schools on 27 June 1821:<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"I need hardly mention what every member of the Board knows as well as I do, that there is hardly a village, great or small, throughout our territories, in which there is not at least one school, and in larger villages more; many in every town, and in large cities in every division; where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, upon a system so economical, from a handful or two of grain, to perhaps a rupee per month to the school master, according to the ability of the parents, and at the same time so simple and effectual, that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with amongst the lower orders in our own country."</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period_and_English_education">Colonial period and English education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial period and English education">edit</a>]</div> In 1835, the English Education Act was passed by the British in India. This act made English the formal medium of education in all schools and colleges. This act neglected both indigenous schools and mass education, as only a small section of upper-class Indians were educated to become the connecting link between the government and the masses.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-60">[60]</a> This act is today popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Macaulayism" title="Macaulayism">Macaulayism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <blockquote>"We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population."<a href="#cite_note-Rita_Raley-62">[62]</a></blockquote> According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Hetukar_Jha" title="Hetukar Jha">Hetukar Jha</a>, this act lead to the decline of indigenous schools which flourished in villages and towns, and simultaneously, the British policy in 1835 skewed in favor of the filtration theory of education, which worked to block to a significant extent the entry of the middle classes and below.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-60">[60]</a> The colonial period also saw an increasing establishment of Christian <a href="/wiki/Mission_school" title="Mission school">missionary schools</a>, which had a considerable influence in shaping English education in India.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charter_Act_1813" title="Charter Act 1813">Charter Act 1813</a> lifted several prohibitions on Christian missionary schools in the expanding British territories. Historian <a href="/wiki/Gauri_Viswanathan" title="Gauri Viswanathan">Gauri Viswanathan</a> identifies two major changes to the relation between Britain and India that came about as the result of the Charter Act 1813: first, the assumption by the British of a new responsibility for Indian people's education; and, second, the relaxation of controls on missionary activity.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence">Post-Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education" title="National Policy on Education">National Policy on Education</a></div> Since the country's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the low literacy rate in both rural and urban India. <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad</a>, India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established the University Education Commission (1948–1949), the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education_Commission" title="Secondary Education Commission">Secondary Education Commission</a> (1952–1953), University Grants Commission and the Kothari Commission (1964–66) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>. In 1961, the Union government formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a> (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies.<a href="#cite_note-NCERT-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020">2020</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020" title="National Education Policy 2020">National Education Policy 2020</a></div> In 2019, the Indian Ministry of Education released a draft of a new education policy, which was followed by a number of public consultations.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking, and promoting more holistic, experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> It also talks about a revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children. On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system.<a href="#cite_note-Announcement-69">[69]</a> The Policy aims to make pre-primary education universal and places special emphasis on achieving foundational literacy/numeracy in primary school and beyond for all by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_stages">Educational stages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Educational stages">edit</a>]</div> The National Education Policy 2020 introduced the 5+3+3+4 education structure in India, where students will spend 5 years in the foundational stage, 3 years in the preparatory stage, 3 years in the middle stage, and 4 years in the secondary stage, with a focus on holistic development and critical thinking. However, it is important to note that educational practices can vary across different states and education boards in India.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Primary_/_Elementary_Education">Pre-Primary / Elementary Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-Primary / Elementary Education">edit</a>]</div> This stage is optional and includes pre-school and kindergarten education for children aged 3 to 6 years. It focuses on early childhood development and prepares children for formal schooling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kindergarten_(LKG_&_UKG)">Kindergarten (LKG & UKG)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kindergarten (LKG & UKG)">edit</a>]</div> Kindergarten is mainly attended by children between 3-5 years of age, and is an important basic building block that prepares kids for primary education. Children study in LKG for one year and then in UKG for one year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_Education">Primary Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary Education">edit</a>]</div> Primary education typically starts at the age of 6 and continues for 5 years, from classes I to V. The main subjects taught during this stage include mathematics, science, social science, languages (usually English and a regional language), and physical education. Education from class 1 to 4 is classified as lower primary education (LP) and class 5 to 7 as upper primary (UP) education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_/_High_School_Education">Secondary / High School Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secondary / High School Education">edit</a>]</div> Secondary education covers classes VIII to X, usually from ages 12 to 16. Students are exposed to a wider range of subjects, including additional languages, arts, and vocational subjects. At the end of class X, students often appear for a standardised board examination like the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Leaving_Certificate_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examination">Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examination</a> / <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate" title="Secondary School Certificate">Secondary School Certificate</a> (SSLC / SSC) conducted by the respective state education boards or All India Secondary School Examination (AISSE) conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE) or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examination conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (CISCE). Seconday school education in India is commonly known as "high school" or "secondary school". These terms are widely used across the country to refer to the stage of education that follows primary education and precedes higher secondary education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_Secondary_/_Senior_Secondary_/_Intermediate_Education">Higher Secondary / Senior Secondary / Intermediate Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Higher Secondary / Senior Secondary / Intermediate Education">edit</a>]</div> After completing secondary or high school education, students move on to higher secondary education, which includes classes XI and XII (grades 11–12). They typically specialise in one of three streams: Science, Commerce, or Humanities/Arts. The curriculum becomes more focused on specific subjects related to the chosen stream. At the end of class XII, students generally appear for board examinations such as the Higher Secondary Certificate Examination conducted by the respective state boards or All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a> or the Indian School Certificate (ISC) examination conducted by <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">CISCE</a>. The terminology used to describe higher secondary education varies between states in India. Some commonly used terms include <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate education">intermediate education</a> in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh; higher secondary education (HSE) in Assam, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu; <a href="/wiki/Senior_secondary_education" title="Senior secondary education">senior secondary education</a> (SSE) in Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan; and <a href="/wiki/Pre-university_course" title="Pre-university course">pre-university education</a> (PUC) in Karnataka. These terms represent the educational stage following secondary education and indicate the diverse terminology used in different states across the country. The curriculum for these streams may vary based on the board of education or state education board. After completing the 12th grade, students can also pursue higher education in universities or specialised institutions depending on their chosen stream and career aspirations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-university_course_or_intermediate_education">Pre-university course or intermediate education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-university course or intermediate education">edit</a>]</div> In certain states in India, such as <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, the education system includes a two-year pre-university course (PUC) after the completion of secondary education (10th grade). The PUC is commonly referred to as junior college. Students typically enroll in pre-university colleges to pursue their intermediate education, which acts as a bridge between high school and university. The pre-university system allows students to choose from three major streams of study: <dl><dd>Science: This stream focuses on subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, and Computer Science.</dd> <dd>Commerce: This stream includes subjects like Accountancy, Economics, Business Studies, and Mathematics.</dd> <dd>Arts/Humanities: Students in this stream study subjects like History, Political Science, Sociology, Economics, and Languages.</dd></dl> Upon completing their pre-university education, students can choose to pursue higher education at universities, professional colleges, or other specialised institutions. In the rest of the states in India, including the central education boards like CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) and CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations), the education system follows a 10+2 format. It consists of ten years of primary and secondary education (up to the 10th grade) followed by two years of higher secondary education (11th and 12th grade). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocational_Education">Vocational Education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vocational Education">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the regular academic curriculum, vocational education is offered at various stages to provide specific skills and training in fields such as engineering, information technology, hospitality, healthcare, and more. Vocational courses are available at both the secondary and higher secondary levels. It is important to note that educational practices, syllabus, and examinations may vary depending on the education board, such as <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">CISCE</a>, state boards, or international boards. Additionally, there are alternative education systems in India, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB) and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Examinations (CIE)</a>, which follow different curricula and assessment methods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_Education">Higher Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Higher Education">edit</a>]</div> After completing higher secondary or intermediate education, students can pursue higher education in colleges and universities. Higher education options include undergraduate programmes (bachelor's degrees), postgraduate programmes (master's degrees), and doctoral programmes (Ph.D. degrees). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-primary_education_in_India">Pre-primary education in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pre-primary education in India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Preschool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Indian_Preschool.jpg/220px-Indian_Preschool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Indian_Preschool.jpg/330px-Indian_Preschool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Indian_Preschool.jpg/440px-Indian_Preschool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Indian pre-primary school children (Divine Orchids International Preschool, <a href="/wiki/Jawhar" title="Jawhar">Jawhar</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%2C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%2C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%2C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%2C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%2C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%2C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%2C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%2C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%2C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%2C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%2C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%2C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Anganwadi centre at Velhe, Pune district, 2019</figcaption></figure> The pre-primary stage is the foundation of children's knowledge, skills and behaviour. On completion of pre-primary education, the children are sent to the primary stage, but pre-primary education in India is not a fundamental right. In rural India, pre-primary schools are rarely available in small villages. But in cities and big towns, there are many established players in the pre-primary education sector. The demand for the preschools is growing considerably in the smaller towns and cities but still, only 1% of the population under age 6 is enrolled in preschool education. <ul><li>Play group (pre-nursery): At playschools, children are exposed to a lot of basic learning activities that help them to get independent faster and develop their self-help qualities like eating food themselves, dressing up, and maintaining cleanliness. The age limit for admission into pre-nursery is 2 to 3 years. <a href="/wiki/Anganwadi" title="Anganwadi">Anganwadi</a> is government-funded free rural childcare & Mothercare nutrition and learning programme also incorporating the free <a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Nursery: Nursery level activities help children reach crucial <a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">developmental milestones</a>, thus enabling them to sharpen their mental and physical abilities. The age range for admission in nursery is 3 to 4 years.</li> <li>Lower Kindergarten (LKG): Also known as the junior kindergarten (jr. kg) stage. The age range for admission in LKG is 4 to 5 years.</li> <li>Upper Kindergarten (UKG): It is also called the senior kindergarten (Sr. kg) stage. The age range for admission in UKG is 5 to 6 years.</li></ul> LKG and UKG stages prepare and help children emotionally, mentally, socially and physically to grasp knowledge easily in the later stages of school and college life.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A systematic process of preschool education is followed in India to impart knowledge in the best possible way for a better understanding of the young children. By following an easy and interesting curriculum, teachers strive hard to make the entire learning process enjoyable for the children. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_education_in_India">Primary education in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary education in India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg/220px-Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg/330px-Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg/440px-Indian_School-Girls_at_Jodhpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Indian school-children at a school in <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg/220px-Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg/330px-Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg/440px-Mizo_school_girls_of_Hnahthial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>School children of Nuchhungi English Medium School Hnahthial, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></figcaption></figure> Primary education in India is divided into two parts: Lower Primary (Class I-V) and Upper Primary (Class VI-VIII). The Indian government places emphasis on primary education, intended for children between 6 and 14 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell93-94-76">[76]</a> Since education laws are governed by individual states, the duration of primary school can vary between Indian states. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell93-94-76">[76]</a> However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell93-94-76">[76]</a> 80% of all recognised schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the country.<a href="#cite_note-dise.in-77">[77]</a> Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> As of March 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit">[update]</a> there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Education has also been made free<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell93-94-76">[76]</a> for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_Children_to_Free_and_Compulsory_Education_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act">Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act</a> 2009.<a href="#cite_note-education.nic.in-80">[80]</a> While school enrollment rates have increased, many children leave school with poor literacy and numeracy skills. ASER reported in 2019 that only 50% of fifth standard students in rural India could read a Standard II-level text, and only 29% of them could do basic division.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> However, due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Some scholars have used the concept of "visibility" to explain why successive governments have underprioritised investments directed at raising the quality of teaching and education in India relative to investments in building more schools.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Building schools is more "visible" to the voting public and easily attributable to the government; training teachers to teach better and raising the quality of education is a more uncertain venture, the success of which is determined by factors outside the control of any one government.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This incentivises governments to focus their resources on "visible" areas of intervention. There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalisation Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalise primary education in India by reforming and vitalising the existing primary education system.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-215-85">[85]</a> 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15% was funded by the states.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-215-85">[85]</a> The DERP, which had opened 160,000 new schools including 84,000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. "Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately – by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a government's ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice, and discouraging foreign investment and aid" (Kofi Annan, in his statement on the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption by the General Assembly, NY, November 2003).<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-215-85">[85]</a> In January 2016, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> became the 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme Athulyam.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This primary education scheme has also shown a high gross enrolment ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-215-85">[85]</a> Significant improvement in staffing and enrolment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-215-85">[85]</a> The scheme for universalisation of Education for All is the <a href="/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a> which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. While school enrolment rates have increased, the quality of education received by students remains low. The literature suggests that one of the biggest reasons for quality deficiencies in primary and secondary education is teacher absence and negligence. In one popular study, the researchers made unannounced visits to 3700 schools in 20 major Indian states, where they found that, on average, 25% of government primary school teachers absent every day.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In another study, although it was found that three-quarters of the teachers were in attendance in the government primary schools that were inspected, only half of them were found teaching.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_education_in_India">Secondary education in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Secondary education in India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oavsm3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oavsm3.jpg/220px-Oavsm3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oavsm3.jpg/330px-Oavsm3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oavsm3.jpg/440px-Oavsm3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Secondary school students in a chemistry lab at a school in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRKM_Independence_day_2019_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BRKM_Independence_day_2019_%282%29.jpg/220px-BRKM_Independence_day_2019_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BRKM_Independence_day_2019_%282%29.jpg/330px-BRKM_Independence_day_2019_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BRKM_Independence_day_2019_%282%29.jpg/440px-BRKM_Independence_day_2019_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a> celebration at a school in <a href="/wiki/Baranagar" title="Baranagar">Baranagar</a></figcaption></figure> Secondary education covers children aged 14 to 18, a group comprising 88.5 million children according to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Census of India">2001 Census of India</a>. The final two years of secondary is often called Higher Secondary (HS), Senior Secondary, Intermediate or simply the "+2" stage. The two-halves of secondary education are each an important stage for which a pass certificate is needed, and thus are affiliated by boards of education under education ministry, before one can pursue higher education, including college or professional courses. <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">UGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">NCERT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_Of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Council Of Secondary Education">ICSE</a> directives state qualifying ages for candidates who wish to take the standardised exams. Those at least 15 years old by 30 May for a given academic year are eligible to appear for Secondary School certificate exams, and those 17 by the same date are eligible to appear for Higher Secondary certificate exams. It is further stated that upon successful completion of Higher Secondary, one can apply to higher education under UGC control. Secondary education in India is examination-oriented and not course-based: students register for and take classes primarily to prepare for one of the centrally-administered examinations. Secondary school is split into 2 parts (grades 9–10 and grades 11–12) with a standardised nationwide examination at the end of grade 10 and grade 12 (colloquially referred to as "board exams"). Grade 10 examination results can be used for admission into grades 11–12 at a secondary school, pre-university programme, or a vocational or technical school. Passing the grade 12 board examination leads to the granting of a secondary school completion diploma, which may be used for admission into vocational schools or universities in the country or the world. Most schools in India do not offer subject and scheduling flexibility due to budgeting constraints (for example, students in India are often not allowed to take Chemistry and History together in grades 11–12 as they are part of different "streams"). Private candidates (that is, not studying in a school) are generally not allowed to register for, and take board examinations, but there are some exceptions such as NIOS. Students taking the grade 10 examination usually take five or six subjects: Two languages (at least one of them being English/Hindi), Mathematics, Science (often taught as three separate disciplines: physics, chemistry and biology; but assessed as a single subject), Social Sciences (consisting of four components assessed as a single subject: history, geography, economics and political science), and one optional subject depending on the availability of teachers. Elective or optional subjects often include computer applications, information technology, commerce, painting, music and home science. Students taking the grade 12 examination usually take five or six subjects with English or the local language being compulsory. Students re-enrolling in most secondary schools after grade 10 have to make the choice of choosing subjects from a "core stream" in addition to the language: Science (Mathematics, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Biotechnology, Physical Education), Commerce (Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Entrepreneurship, Informatics Practices, Marketing, Retail, Financial Market Management), or Humanities (History, Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, Geography, Legal Studies, Fine Arts, Music, Dance) depending on the school. Students with the Science stream study mathematics up to single-variable calculus in grade 12. Most reputable universities in India require students to pass college-administered admissions tests in addition to passing a final secondary school examination for entry into a college or university. School grades are usually not sufficient for college admissions in India. Popular entrance tests include <a href="/wiki/Joint_Entrance_Examination" title="Joint Entrance Examination">JEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">NEET</a> and the recent <a href="/wiki/Common_University_Entrance_Test" title="Common University Entrance Test">CUET</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_education_in_India">Higher education in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Higher education in India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">Higher education in India</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_India" title="Medical education in India">Medical education in India</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG/220px-University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG/330px-University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG/440px-University_of_Calcutta_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, established in 1857, was the first multidisciplinary and secular Western-style institution in Asia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computerlabxaviers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Computerlabxaviers.jpg/220px-Computerlabxaviers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Computerlabxaviers.jpg/330px-Computerlabxaviers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Computerlabxaviers.jpg/440px-Computerlabxaviers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Computer class at a college in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> Students may opt for vocational education or university education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocational_education_2">Vocational education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vocational education">edit</a>]</div> India's All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) reported, in 2013, that there are more than 4,599 vocational institutions that offer degrees, diploma and post-diploma in architecture, engineering, hotel management, infrastructure, pharmacy, technology, town services and others. There were 1,740,000 students enrolled in these schools.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Total annual intake capacity for technical diplomas and degrees exceeded 3.4 million in 2012.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the University Grants Commission (UGC) total enrolment in Science, Medicine, Agriculture and Engineering crossed 65 lakh in 2010. The number of women choosing engineering has more than doubled since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tertiary education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_institutions_of_higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian institutions of higher education">List of Indian institutions of higher education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomous_higher_education_institutes_in_India" title="List of autonomous higher education institutes in India">Autonomous institutes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="IIM Calcutta's Auditorium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg/220px-IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg/330px-IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg/440px-IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">Indian Institute of Management Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IITCampusPano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IITCampusPano.JPG/220px-IITCampusPano.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IITCampusPano.JPG/330px-IITCampusPano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IITCampusPano.JPG/440px-IITCampusPano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">Indian Institute of Technology Bombay</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_View_of_F.R.I.,_Dehradun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Front_View_of_F.R.I.%2C_Dehradun.jpg/220px-Front_View_of_F.R.I.%2C_Dehradun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Front_View_of_F.R.I.%2C_Dehradun.jpg/330px-Front_View_of_F.R.I.%2C_Dehradun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Front_View_of_F.R.I.%2C_Dehradun.jpg/440px-Front_View_of_F.R.I.%2C_Dehradun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Forest_Research_Institute_(India)" title="Forest Research Institute (India)">Forest Research Institute</a></figcaption></figure> After passing the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary Examination">Higher Secondary Examination</a> (the Standard 12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programmes such as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation</a>) in arts, commerce or science, or professional degree programme such as engineering, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and law <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, after <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The main governing body at the tertiary level is the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission (India)</a> (UGC), which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps co-ordinate between the centre and the state up to Post graduation and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a> (PhD).<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-237-93">[93]</a> Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg/220px-AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg/330px-AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg/440px-AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi">All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit">[update]</a>, India has 152<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> central universities, 316 state universities, and 191 private universities. Other institutions include 33,623<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> colleges, including 1,800 exclusive women's colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions,<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-237-93">[93]</a> and 12,748 Institutions offering Diploma Courses. The emphasis in the tertiary level of education lies on science and technology.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell95-96-97">[97]</a> Indian educational institutions by 2004 consisted of a large number of technology institutes.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell96-98">[98]</a> Distance learning is also a feature of the Indian higher education system.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell96-98">[98]</a> The Government has launched <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Uchchatar_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan</a> to provide strategic funding to State higher and technical institutions. A total of 316 state public universities and 13,024 colleges will be covered under it.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Some institutions of India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> (IITs) and <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> (NITs) have been globally acclaimed for their standard of under-graduate education in engineering. Several other institutes of fundamental research such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a> (IISc) <a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> (IACS), <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> (TIFR), <a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a> (HRI), <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Centre_for_Advanced_Scientific_Research" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research">Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research</a> (JNCASR), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research</a> (IISER) are also acclaimed for their standard of research in basic sciences and mathematics. However, India has failed to produce world class universities both in the private sector or the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-times-100">[100]</a> Besides top rated universities which provide highly competitive world class education to their pupils, India is also home to many universities which have been founded with the sole objective of making easy money. Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying very hard to extirpate the menace of private universities which are running courses without any affiliation or recognition. Indian Government has failed to check on these education shops, which are run by big businessmen & politicians. Many private colleges and universities do not fulfil the required criterion by the Government and central bodies (UGC, AICTE, MCI, BCI etc.) and take students for a ride. For example, many institutions in India continue to run unaccredited courses as there is no legislation strong enough to ensure legal action against them. Quality assurance mechanisms have failed to stop misrepresentations and malpractices in higher education. At the same time regulatory bodies have been accused of corruption, specifically in the case of deemed-universities.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In this context of a lack of a solid quality assurance mechanism, institutions need to step-up and set higher standards of self-regulation.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING">editorializing</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our university system is, in many parts, in a state of disrepair...In almost half the districts in the country, higher education enrollments are abysmally low, almost two-third of our universities and 90% of our colleges are rated as below average on quality parameters... I am concerned that in many states university appointments, including that of vice-chancellors, have been politicised and have become subject to caste and communal considerations, there are complaints of favouritism and corruption.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> in 2007<a href="#cite_note-ipf-103">[103]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg/220px-Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg/330px-Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg/440px-Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_National_Law_University" title="Gujarat National Law University">Gujarat National Law University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></figcaption></figure> The Government of India is aware of the plight of higher education sector and has been trying to bring reforms, however, 15 bills are still awaiting discussion and approval in the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> One of the most talked about bill is Foreign Universities Bill, which is supposed to facilitate entry of foreign universities to establish campuses in India. The bill is still under discussion and even if it gets passed, its feasibility and effectiveness is questionable as it misses the context, diversity and segment of international foreign institutions interested in India.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> One of the approaches to make internationalisation of Indian higher education effective is to develop a coherent and comprehensive policy which aims at infusing excellence, bringing institutional diversity and aids in capacity building.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Three Indian universities were listed in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> list of the world's top 200 universities – <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a> in 2005 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the <a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla Institute of Technology and Science">Birla Institute of Technology and Science</a>—Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by <a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_School_of_Business" title="Indian School of Business">Indian School of Business</a> situated in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Telangana">Hyderabad</a> was ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> of London in 2010<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a> has been recognised as a global leader in medical research and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> It was ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and was India's 3rd best <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Multi-Disciplinary</a> University in the QS University ranking of Indian Universities after <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In April 2015, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">IIT Bombay</a> launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA programme alongside <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_education">Technical education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Technical education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG/220px-IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG/330px-IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG/440px-IIT_Kharagpur_Main_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur">Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Institute_of_Technology,_Trichy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Institute_of_Technology%2C_Trichy.jpg/220px-National_Institute_of_Technology%2C_Trichy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Institute_of_Technology%2C_Trichy.jpg/330px-National_Institute_of_Technology%2C_Trichy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Institute_of_Technology%2C_Trichy.jpg/440px-National_Institute_of_Technology%2C_Trichy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Tiruchirappalli" title="National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli">National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli</a></figcaption></figure> From the first <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-year Plan</a> onwards, India's emphasis was to develop a pool of scientifically inclined manpower.<a href="#cite_note-Suri&Rajaram30-115">[115]</a> India's National Policy on Education (NPE) provisioned for an apex body for regulation and development of higher technical education, which came into being as the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education" title="All India Council for Technical Education">All India Council for Technical Education</a> (AICTE) in 1987 through an act of the Indian parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Suri&Rajaram31-116">[116]</a> At the central level, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Information_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Information Technology">Indian Institutes of Information Technology</a> are deemed of national importance.<a href="#cite_note-Suri&Rajaram31-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">IITs</a>) and <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">NITs</a>) are among the nation's premier education facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Suri&Rajaram31-116">[116]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main(Administrative)Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Main%28Administrative%29Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG/220px-Main%28Administrative%29Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Main%28Administrative%29Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG/330px-Main%28Administrative%29Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Main%28Administrative%29Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG/440px-Main%28Administrative%29Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Roorkee" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee">Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="#cite_note-Suri&Rajaram31-116">[116]</a> The UGC has inter-university centers at a number of locations throughout India to promote common research, e.g. the Nuclear Science Centre at the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a>, New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-Suri&Rajaram32-117">[117]</a> Besides there are some British established colleges such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute situated in Kanpur and King George Medical University situated in Lucknow which are important centre of higher education. In addition to above institutes, efforts towards the enhancement of technical education are supplemented by a number of recognised Professional Engineering Societies such as: <ol><li>Institution of Engineers (India)</li> <li>Institution of Civil Engineers (India)</li> <li>Institution of Mechanical Engineers (India)</li> <li>Institution of Chemical Engineering (India)</li> <li>Institution of Electronics and Tele-Communication Engineers (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Metals" title="Indian Institute of Metals">Indian Institute of Metals</a></li> <li>Institution of Industrial Engineers (India)</li> <li>Institute of Town Planners (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Architects" title="Indian Institute of Architects">Indian Institute of Architects</a></li></ol> that conduct Engineering/Technical Examinations at different levels (Degree and diploma) for working professionals desirous of improving their technical qualifications. The number of graduates from technical colleges increased to over 700,000 in 2011, compared to 550,000 in FY 2010.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, according to one study, 75% of technical graduates and more than 85% of general graduates lack the skills needed in India's most demanding and high-growth global industries such as Information Technology (IT).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2009, less than 1% of India's labour pool was employed in the Indian IT industry (about 2.3 million people).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> That number has almost doubled as of 2023, with around 5.4 million people estimated to be employed in IT, however, given the rapid population growth in India, this still accounts for only 0.4% of the Indian labour pool.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Given the sheer numbers of students seeking education in engineering, science and mathematics, India faces challenges balancing the huge demand for employment with the need to ensure quality graduates.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schooling_system">Schooling system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Schooling system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_India" title="List of schools in India">List of schools in India</a></div> Education in India is a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a> subject, that is, both the Central Government of India and the state governments are responsible for enacting and implementing education policy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a> The central board and most of the state boards uniformly follow the "<a href="/wiki/10%2B2" title="10+2">10+2</a>" pattern of education.<a href="#cite_note-ncert_policy-126">[126]</a>: 3  In this pattern, the first 10 years of a student's education is spent in schools, and the latter two years are in junior colleges (as they are known in the state of Maharashtra) or higher secondary schools (in most other states).<a href="#cite_note-ncert_policy-126">[126]</a>: 44  Students wishing to pursue further education undergo 3 years of study for a bachelor's degree.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The first 10 years is further subdivided into 8 years of elementary education (5 years Primary School and 3 years Middle School), 2 years of Secondary education followed by 2 years of Higher Secondary Schools or Junior colleges.<a href="#cite_note-ncert_policy-126">[126]</a>: 5  This pattern originated from the recommendation of the Education Commission of 1964–66.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> There are two types of educational institutions in India, 1) Recognised institutions – primary school, secondary school, special schools, intermediate schools, colleges and universities who follow courses as prescribed by universities or boards and are also open for inspection by these authorities, 2) Unrecognised Institutions, which do not fulfil conditions as stated for the recognised ones.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policy">Policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Policy">edit</a>]</div> Education policy is prepared by the Central Government and State Governments at national and state levels respectively. <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education" title="National Policy on Education">The National Policy on Education (NPE)</a>, 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> into the Indian secondary school system.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-231-130">[130]</a> A significant feature of India's secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. Another feature of India's secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell94-95-132">[132]</a> A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Madhyamik_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) which is the most recent initiative of Government of India to achieve the goal of universalisation of secondary education (USE). It is aimed at expanding and improving the standards of secondary education up to class X.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curriculum_and_school_education_boards">Curriculum and school education boards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Curriculum and school education boards">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/National_Skill_Development_Agency" title="National Skill Development Agency">National Skill Development Agency</a> (NSDA)'s <a href="/wiki/National_Skill_Development_Agency#NSQF" title="National Skill Development Agency">National Skills Qualification Framework</a> (NSQF), is a quality assurance framework which grades and recognises levels of skill based on the <a href="/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education">learning outcomes</a> acquired through both formal or informal means.<a href="#cite_note-nsda1-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsda2-136">[136]</a> School boards set the curriculum, conduct standardised exams mostly at 10th and 12th level to award the school diplomas. Exams at the remaining levels (also called standard, grade or class, denoting the years of schooling) are conducted by the schools. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a> (NCERT): The NCERT is the apex body located in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India's capital city. The council oversees the curriculums for school education across India.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-233-137">[137]</a> The NCERT provides support, guidance and technical assistance to a number of schools in India and oversees many aspects of enforcement of education policies.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-230-234-138">[138]</a> Curriculum bodies that govern state specific curriculum are known as SCERTs.</li> <li>State Government Boards of Education: Most state governments have at least one state board that oversees secondary school education. However, some states, like <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> have more than one, while the union territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, do not have a board, and instead share services with a larger state. The boards set curriculum from Grades 1 to 12 for affiliated schools. The curriculum varies from state to state and has more local appeal with examinations conducted in regional languages in addition to English – often considered less rigorous than national curricula such as CBSE or ICSE/ISC. Most of these conduct exams at 10th and 12th level, but some even at the 5th and 8th level.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE): The CBSE sets curriculum from Grades 9 to 12 for affiliated schools and conducts examinations at the 10th and 12th levels. Students studying the CBSE Curriculum take the All India Secondary School Examination (AISSE) at the end of grade 10 and All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) at the end of grade 12. Examinations are offered in Hindi and English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (CISCE): CISCE sets curriculum from Grades 1 to 12 for affiliated schools and conducts three examinations, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">Indian Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (ICSE – Class/Grade 10); The Indian School Certificate (ISC – Class/Grade 12) and the Certificate in Vocational Education (CVE – Class/Grade 12). CISCE English level has been compared to UK's A-Levels; this board offers more choices of subjects. CBSE exams at grade 10 and 12 have often been compared with ICSE and ISC examinations respectively. ICSE is generally considered to be more rigorous than the CBSE AISSE (grade 10) but the CBSE AISSCE and ISC examinations are almost on par with each other in most subjects with ISC including a slightly more rigorous English examination than the CBSE 12th grade examination. The CBSE and ISC are recognised internationally and most universities abroad accept the final results of CBSE and ISC exams for admissions purposes and as proof of completion of secondary school.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS): The NIOS conducts two examinations; the secondary examination and senior secondary examination (All India), and also some courses in Vocational Education. The National Board of Education is run by Government of India's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Human Resource Development">Ministry of Human Resource Development</a> (MHRD) to provide education in rural areas and challenged groups in open and distance education mode. A pilot project started by the CBSE, designed to provide quality, affordable education, educates students up until the 12th grade. The choice of subjects is highly customisable and the subjects are equivalent to CBSE subjects. Home-schooled students usually take NIOS or international curriculum examinations as they are ineligible to write CBSE or ISC exams.</li> <li>Hindu, vedic & Sanskrit education: The <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Sandipani_Rashtriya_Ved_Vidya_Pratishthan#MSRVSSB" title="Maharishi Sandipani Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratishthan">Maharshi Sandipani Rashtriya Veda Sanskrit Shiksha Board</a> (MSRVSSB) is a national-level school education board which grants the Veda Bhushan (10th) and Veda Vibhushan (12th) certificates to students of affiliated schools. MSRVSSB certificates are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Indian_Universities" title="Association of Indian Universities">Association of Indian Universities</a> (AIU) and AICTE as the recognised qualifications for admission into other tertiary institutions for a higher degree. Along with the modern subjects, the students are also taught <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upnishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Upnishads">upnishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>. Govt of India has granted legal authority to MSRVSSB to affiliate and recognise vedic and Sanskrit schools run by other organisations. MSRVSSB is run by the <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Sandipani_Rashtriya_Ved_Vidya_Pratishthan" title="Maharishi Sandipani Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratishthan">Maharishi Sandipani Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratishthan</a> (MSRVVP), which already runs several vedic school and MSRVSSB also accredit schools run by other organisations.<a href="#cite_note-veda1-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Islamic <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a>: Their boards are controlled by local state governments, or autonomous, or affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a> or Darul Uloom Nadwtul Ulama.</li> <li>Autonomous schools: Such as <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_School" title="Woodstock School">Woodstock School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education Puducherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Patha Bhavan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga Gurukula</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB) and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge International Examinations">Cambridge International Examinations</a> (CAIE): These are generally private schools that have dual affiliation with one of the school education board of India as well as affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB) Programme or the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge International Examinations">Cambridge International Examinations</a> (CAIE).</li> <li>International schools, which offer 10th and 12th standard examinations under the International Baccalaureate, Cambridge Senior Secondary Examination systems or under their home nations school boards (such as run by foreign embassies or the expat communities).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midday_Meal_Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Midday Meal Scheme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">Malnutrition in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_(3384824242).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg/220px-47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg/330px-47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg/440px-47_Raika_School_-_eating_together_%283384824242%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>School lunch at Raika Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a> is a <a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">school meal</a> programme of the Government of India designed to improve the <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> status of school-age children nationwide,<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> by supplying free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government, government aided, local body, Education Guarantee Scheme, and alternative innovative education centres, <a href="/wiki/Madarsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madarsa">Madarsa</a> and Maqtabs supported under <a href="/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a>, and National Child Labour Project schools run by the ministry of labour.<a href="#cite_note-:12-141">[141]</a> Serving 120,000,000 children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, it is one of the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[142]</a> With the twin objectives of improving health and education of the poor children, India has embarked upon an ambitious scheme of providing mid day meals (MDM) in the government and government-assisted primary schools. The administrative and logistical responsibilities of this scheme are enormous, and, therefore, offering food stamps or income transfer to targeted recipients is considered as an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In a welcome move, Government of India made special allocations for Midday Meal Scheme during nationwide lockdown and school closure period of COVID-19 to continue nutrition delivery to children. However, many experts have differing opinions on ground level implementation of MDM amid pandemic and its actual benefit delivered to school children.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teacher_Training">Teacher Training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Teacher Training">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_Framework_for_Teacher_Education" title="National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education">National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education</a></div> In addition, NUEPA (National University of Educational Planning and Administration)<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) are responsible for the management of the education system and teacher accreditation.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_schools">Types of schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Types of schools">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_schools">Government schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Government schools">edit</a>]</div> The majority of Indian children attend government run schools. Education is free socially and economically for children until the age of 14. An Education Ministry data from 2017 showed that 65.2% (113 million) of all school students in 20 states attend government schools (c. 2017).<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> These include schools runs by the state and local government as well as the central government. Example of large center government run school systems are <a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a> in urban areas, <a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a> for the gifted students, <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi_Balika_Vidyalaya" title="Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya">Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya</a> for girls belonging to vulnerable SC/ST/OBC classes, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Public_Schools" title="Indian Army Public Schools">Indian Army Public Schools</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> for the children of military personnel. <a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a> project, was started for the employees of the central government of India, who are deployed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-233-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%2C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%2C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%2C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%2C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%2C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%2C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_z11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Model_Boys_Higher_Secondary_School" title="Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School">Government Model Higher Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, One of the oldest schools in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> run by the state government</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_aided_private_schools">Government aided private schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Government aided private schools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg/220px-Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg/330px-Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg/440px-Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya_Pune_20160103_064038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nutan_Marathi_Vidyalaya" title="Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya">Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya</a>, One of the oldest schools in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> run by a government aided charitable trust</figcaption></figure> These are usually charitable trust run schools that receive partial funding from the government. The largest system of aided schools is run by <a href="/wiki/D.A.V._College_Managing_Committee" title="D.A.V. College Managing Committee">D.A.V. College Managing Committee</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_schools_(unaided)">Private schools (unaided)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Private schools (unaided)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG/220px-DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG/330px-DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG/440px-DPS_Azaad_Nagar_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School,_Azaad_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Public School, Azaad Nagar">Delhi Public School, Azaad Nagar</a>, Kanpur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Doon_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Doon_School.jpg/220px-The_Doon_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Doon_School.jpg/330px-The_Doon_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Doon_School.jpg/440px-The_Doon_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Doon_School" title="The Doon School">The Doon School</a></figcaption></figure> According to a survey an estimate, 29% of Indian children were privately educated in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-pvt_enroll-28">[28]</a> With more than 50% children enrolling in private schools in urban areas, the balance has already tilted towards private schooling in cities; and, even in rural areas, nearly 20% of the children in 2004-5 were enrolled in private schools.<a href="#cite_note-pvt_school-148">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Martiniere,_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_Martiniere%2C_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg/220px-La_Martiniere%2C_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_Martiniere%2C_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg/330px-La_Martiniere%2C_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/La_Martiniere%2C_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg/440px-La_Martiniere%2C_Calcutta_by_Francis_Frith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Calcutta">La Martiniere Calcutta</a>, a private school in Kolkata</figcaption></figure> Most middle-class families send their children to private schools,<a href="#cite_note-pvt_school-148">[148]</a> mostly in their own city, but also at boarding schools. Private schools have been established since the British Rule in India and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_School,_Chennai" title="St. George's School, Chennai">St George's School, Chennai</a> is the oldest private school in India.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> At such schools, the medium of education is often English, but <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> or the state's official language is also taught as a compulsory subject.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Pre-school education is mostly limited to organised neighbourhood nursery schools with some organised chains.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori education</a> is also popular, due to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Montessori_in_India" title="Montessori in India">stay in India during World War II</a>. In 2014, four of the top ten pre-schools in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> were Montessori.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Many privately owned and managed schools carry the appellation "Public", such as the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School_Society" title="Delhi Public School Society">Delhi Public Schools</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Frank_Anthony" title="Frank Anthony">Frank Anthony Public Schools</a>. These are modelled after <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">British public schools</a>, which are a group of older, expensive and exclusive fee-paying private independent schools in England. According to some research, private schools often provide superior results at a multiple of the unit cost of government schools. The reason being high aims and better vision.<a href="#cite_note-creaking-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-varma-155">[155]</a> However, others have suggested that private schools fail to provide education to the poorest families, a selective being only a fifth of the schools and have in the past ignored Court orders for their regulation.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Research with children from the same family, in which one child attends private school and the other receives a government education, has found barely any difference in their attainment. This has led some analysts to argue that the better test scores achieved by private schools in general is primarily a result of 'background advantages' enjoyed by privately educated children because they tend come from wealthier families than their government-educated peers. Such advantages may, for example, include having more educational resources at home.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In their favour, it has been pointed out that private schools cover the entire curriculum and offer extra-curricular activities such as science fairs, general knowledge, sports, music and drama.<a href="#cite_note-envision-158">[158]</a> The pupil teacher ratios are much better in private schools (1:31 to 1:37 for government schools) and more teachers in private schools are female.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is some disagreement over which system has better educated teachers. According to the latest DISE survey, the percentage of untrained teachers (para-teachers) is 54.91% in private, compared to 44.88% in government schools and only 2.32% teachers in unaided schools receive in-service training compared to 43.44% for government schools. The competition in the school market is intense, yet most schools make profit.<a href="#cite_note-envision-158">[158]</a> However, the number of private schools in India is still low – the share of private institutions is 7% (with upper primary being 21% secondary 32% – source: fortress team research). Even the poorest often go to private schools despite the fact that government schools are free. A study found that 65% school-children in Hyderabad's slums attend private schools.<a href="#cite_note-varma-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="National_schools">National schools</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: National schools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg/170px-BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg/255px-BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg/340px-BRKM_secondary_section_entrance.crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baranagore_Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_High_School" title="Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School">Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School</a><a href="#cite_note-BRKM-159">[159]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Central_School" title="Atomic Energy Central School">Atomic Energy Central School</a> (established in 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal_Bharati_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bal Bharati Public School (page does not exist)">Bal Bharati Public School</a> (established in 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a> (established in 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalayas" title="Chinmaya Vidyalayas">Chinmaya Vidyalaya</a> (established in 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAV_Public_School" class="mw-redirect" title="DAV Public School">DAV Public School</a> (established in 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School_Society" title="Delhi Public School Society">Delhi Public School</a> (established in 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Public_Schools" title="Indian Army Public Schools">Indian Army Public Schools</a> (established in 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a> (established in 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a> (established in 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Seshadri_Bala_Bhavan" title="Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan">Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan</a> (established in 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Schools_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Schools in India">Railway Schools in India</a> (established in 1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramakrishna_Mission_institutions" title="List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions">Ramakrishna Mission Schools</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> (established in 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_International_Group_of_Institutions" title="Ryan International Group of Institutions">Ryan International Schools</a> (established in 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School">Sainik School</a> (established in 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Shishu_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Shishu Mandir">Saraswati Shishu Mandir</a> (established in 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_M.R._Jaipuria_Schools" title="Seth M.R. Jaipuria Schools">Seth M.R. Jaipuria Schools</a> (established in 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Educational_Society" title="Vivekananda Educational Society">Vivekananda Vidyalaya</a> (established in 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Kendra_Vidyalaya" title="Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya">Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya</a> (established in 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waldorf_schools_in_India" title="Category:Waldorf schools in India">Waldorf Schools (India)</a> (established in 2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="International_schools">International schools</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: International schools">edit</a>]</div> As of January 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit">[update]</a>, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> listed India as having 410 international schools.<a href="#cite_note-iscresearch.com-165">[165]</a> ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation."<a href="#cite_note-iscresearch.com-165">[165]</a> This definition is used by publications including <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home-schooling">Home-schooling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Home-schooling">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_alternative_education_in_India" title="Homeschooling and alternative education in India">Home-schooling in India</a> is <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Homeschooling#Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of Homeschooling">legal</a>, though it is the less explored option, and often debated by educators. The Indian Government's stance on the issue is that parents are free to teach their children at home, if they wish to and have the means. The then MHRD Minister Kapil Sibal has stated that despite the RTE Act of 2009, if someone decides not to send his/her children to school, the government would not interfere.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-governmental_work_in_education">Non-governmental work in education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Non-governmental work in education">edit</a>]</div> NGO work in Indian education broadly spans four areas – piloting approaches to multigrade teaching, making improvements to learning environments, teacher training and support, and creating stronger school-community links.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> NGO involvement in education has been crucial in delivering targeted action to under resourced communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes</a>, the urban poor, children engaged in child labor, children with disabilities, etc. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) recognised the role played by NGOs in ensuring access to education, particularly for students with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> NGOs contributed to SSA by either leading advocacy movements for persons with disabilities or providing various types of assistance in rural settings for children with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Under the SSA, NGOs also engaged in collaboration with the state to reach children excluded from mainstream education, including migrant children, child laborers, dropouts, children living in areas with civil instability and girls.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> There are 79,960 registered NGOs working in the areas of education and literacy.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Partnerships under the SSA can occur through funding by Central and State governments, funding activities by identified National and State Resource Institutions or through participation in community activities of various Village Education Committees.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Grassroots education NGOs often deliver services via local governing institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">Panchayati Raj</a> and emphasise community participation in ensuring quality.<a href="#cite_note-:03-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangaiya_Foundation" title="Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation">Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation</a> (MVF), established in 1991 to address literacy among child laborers utilised Parent Teacher Associations to disburse seed money for the programme under the supervision of the village Panchayat, which then took issues of staffing shortage and insufficient infrastructure to the State Government.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pratham" title="Pratham">Pratham Educational Initiative</a> in Delhi and Mumbai works with the Integrated Child Development Scheme to set up and provide support to community-run pre-school centres or balwadis. Under the Namma Shaale project in Karnataka, the <a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji#Azim_Premji_Foundation" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji Foundation</a> identified seven key stakeholders (children, teachers, parents, School Development and Monitoring Committees, Community Based Organizations, Gram Panchayats, and education managers) in their work to establish a framework of school-community leadership.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> NGOs also work with the State to enable teacher training. There have been a number of NGO partnerships with local District Institute of Educational Training. The Rishi Valley Institute for Educational Resources (RIVER) has worked with school districts in many Indian states to provide multi-grade, multi-level training approaches catering to the needs of remote one-room schools.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eklavya_foundation" title="Eklavya foundation">Eklavya Foundation</a> in Madhya Pradesh has been working with the State Council for Education Research and Training since 1987 to train teachers in making learning a joyful experience by emphasising skill development and practical learning in the sciences. NGOs have historically been associated with non-formal education (NFE) programmes, both in providing alternative pedagogical approaches as well as substitutes to mainstream education.<a href="#cite_note-:03-175">[175]</a> The Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti, for instance, emphasises "science and literacy for national integration and self-reliance"<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and uses approaches such as the Gyan Vigyan Vidyalayas to encourage long-term engagement in literacy.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Studies in NGO involvement in education have criticised the adoption of NGO models into formal schooling as low-cost options that require institutional mechanisms to avoid undermining the State's financial responsibility in providing elementary education.<a href="#cite_note-:03-175">[175]</a> The cost‐effectiveness of NGO programmes has yet to be determined. In studies that demonstrate that NGOs are more cost-effective in the Global South, there have been concerns raised that this is accomplished by cutting ethical corners, such as underpayment of NGO workers.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_and_distance_learning_in_India">Open and distance learning in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Open and distance learning in India">edit</a>]</div> Open schooling refers to a system of education that allows individuals to pursue their education through flexible and extensible learning methods. It is primarily targeted towards students who are unable to attend regular schools due to various reasons, such as work commitments, financial constraints, or other personal circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS) is the largest open schooling system in India, operating under the aegis of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)" title="Ministry of Education (India)">Ministry of Education</a>. NIOS offers various academic and vocational courses at the secondary (10th grade) and senior secondary (12th grade) levels. It follows a learner-centric approach and provides education through open and distance learning methods. Apart from NIOS, some states like Kerala have their own open schooling boards that provide similar opportunities for flexible learning and certification. The certificates and qualifications offered by NIOS or state open education boards are recognised by various educational institutions, colleges, and universities in India and abroad, and hold the same value as certificates obtained through regular schooling. 1.4 million students are enrolled at the secondary and higher secondary level through open and distance learning.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> At the school level, the Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education, Sikkim (BOSSE), NIOS provides opportunities for continuing education to those who missed completing school education. In 2012, various state governments also introduced the State Open School program to provide distance education.<a href="#cite_note-Bihar_State_open_school-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">Massive open online courses</a> are made available for free by the MHRD and various educational institutes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_distance_education_universities_in_India" title="List of distance education universities in India">List of distance education universities in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_education">Online education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Online education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Online_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Online education">Online education</a> in India started during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. However, only a small proportion of the Indian population has access to online education. The MHRD recently launched the '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Padhe_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bharat Padhe Online (page does not exist)">Bharat Padhe Online</a>' program.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The Indian government has imposed one of the longest school closures globally as it suffered through multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. These school closures have revealed the inequities between urban and rural populations, as well as between girls and boys, in adapting to online learning tools.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> On 4th July, 2018, in a landmark reform in the field of Higher Education, University Grants Commission has notified UGC (Online Courses or Programmes) Regulations, 2018. Distance Education Bureau started giving approvals to Higher Educational Institutions to offer Certificate, Diploma and Degree Programmes in full-fledged online mode.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> When COVID-19 shut down schools and colleges all over the India, teachers and students had to adjust fast to keep learning going. Online education quickly became really popular and important, helping lots of people keep up with their studies. This change did not just make sure learning did not stop; it also showed how great online learning can be.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaf_education_in_India">Deaf education in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Deaf education in India">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_education_in_India_for_the_DHH_population">History of education in India for the DHH population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: History of education in India for the DHH population">edit</a>]</div> India is very diverse with eight main religions, hundreds of ethnic groups, and 21 languages with hundreds of dialects.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> This diversity has made it difficult to educate deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) people in India for generations.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> There is a history of educating the deaf in India, however, there is no single clear approach to their education.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> This stems from conditions, some similar to those faced around the world, and others unique to India.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> For example, prior to independence of India, there were not clear laws and protections for the disabled.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Since independence, advancements have been made for rights of the disabled, but this has not fully tackled the issue.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Pre-independence there were only 24 schools for the deaf in India, and all of these used an oral approach.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> The belief was that using sign language would hinder advancements of hearing and speaking in deaf children.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Additionally, there was no single Indian sign language, so signs would differ depending on where the school was located.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Post-independence, there are more services and resources available for DHH people, however, challenges with education remain.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> There are organisations around the country that work to advance the spread and quality of education for the deaf.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_for_DHH_children">Education for DHH children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Education for DHH children">edit</a>]</div> Oralism and the use of sign language are two competing approaches to education for DHH people.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> While oralism dominates in India, which is an approach that encourages speaking and hearing, it is usually not realistic for DHH children.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> There is an Indian Sign Language, however, it is not formally recognised by the government and it is not complete or comprehensive.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> It varies around the country and is not encouraged by professionals and educators.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Beliefs of the past that the use of sign language will hinder the potential advancements of hearing and speaking in DHH children remain.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> In recent years, there has been a notion to encourage the use of sign language in India and teach it in schools.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> In 2017, the first ISL dictionary was released.<a href="#cite_note-:15-193">[193]</a> Due to these challenges and beliefs associated with sign language, education for DHH people in India often focuses on teaching children to hear, speak, and read lips, this is known as an oral approach.<a href="#cite_note-:24-194">[194]</a> In India there are regular schools and special schools.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Special schools provide education for children with different disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Special schools can be beneficial to DHH children, and provide a better education than they would receive in a regular school.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> However, these schools are not available for every deaf child.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Sometimes they are located too far from a child's home.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Another reason a child may have to attend a regular school is if they receive hearing technology.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Since India focuses on hearing and speaking for the deaf, hearing technology is encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Once a child receives hearing technology it is believed that they can attend regular schools.<a href="#cite_note-:15-193">[193]</a> Even with hearing technology, DHH children still need special education in order to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> This puts them at a significant disadvantage in regular school and can cause them to fall behind academically, linguistically, and developmentally.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> For these reasons, many deaf children receive poor education or no education at all, causing the illiteracy rate of deaf children to rise.<a href="#cite_note-:04-192">[192]</a> Education in India in regular schools and deaf schools has problems.<a href="#cite_note-:15-193">[193]</a> Even in deaf schools, sign language is not usually taught and used.<a href="#cite_note-:15-193">[193]</a> Some use a small amount of sign language but all of the deaf schools in India use or claim to use an oral approach.<a href="#cite_note-:15-193">[193]</a> Some deaf schools secretly teach sign language due to the stigma and beliefs surrounding the use of sign language, and disability in general, in India.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Children in deaf schools have to try to learn by hearing or reading lips and writing.<a href="#cite_note-:3-196">[196]</a> In hearing schools, the children have to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-:3-196">[196]</a> There are no special accommodations. Additionally, there are not any teachers that use sign language in regular schools (maybe a few in deaf schools), and there aren't any interpreters.<a href="#cite_note-:3-196">[196]</a> There are a couple of hundred deaf schools in India and vocational training is becoming more common for DHH people.<a href="#cite_note-:15-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education_2">Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> There are no deaf colleges or universities in India. A person's education ends with grade school- where they likely were not able to learn.<a href="#cite_note-:24-194">[194]</a> With lack of education, DHH people then have a very difficult time finding a job.<a href="#cite_note-:24-194">[194]</a> There is one interpreter in one college in India, Delhi University.<a href="#cite_note-:24-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Quality">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Literacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png/220px-Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png/330px-Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png/440px-Literacy_India_1901_2011_Detail.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy in India</a> grew very slowly until independence in 1947. An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991–2001 period.</figcaption></figure> According to the Census of 2011, "every person above the age of 7 years who can read and write with understanding in any language is said to be literate". According to this criterion, the 2011 survey holds the national literacy rate to be 74.04%.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-225-197">[197]</a> The youth literacy rate, measured within the age group of 15 to 24, is 81.1% (84.4% among males and 74.4% among females),<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> while 86% of boys and 72% of girls are literate in the 10–19 age group.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Within the Indian states, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> has the highest literacy rate of 93.91% whereas <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> averaged 61.8% literacy.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-225-197">[197]</a> The 2001 statistics indicated that the total number of 'absolute non-literates' in the country was 304 million.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-225-197">[197]</a> Gender gap in literacy rate is high, for example in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, the state with the lowest female literacy rate in India,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> average female literacy rate is 52.66% and average male literacy rate is 80.51%, making a gender gap of 27.85%.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attainment">Attainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Attainment">edit</a>]</div> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit">[update]</a>, enrolment rates are 58% for pre-primary, 93% for primary, 69% for secondary, and 25% for tertiary education.<a href="#cite_note-wdi_enroll-4">[4]</a> Despite the high overall enrolment rate for primary education among rural children of age 10, half could not read at a basic level, over 60% were unable to do division, and half dropped out by the age of 14.<a href="#cite_note-creaking-153">[153]</a> In 2009, two states in India, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, participated in the international <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> exams which is administered once every three years to 15-year-old's. Both states ranked at the bottom of the table, beating out only <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> in score, and falling 200 points (two standard deviations) below the average for <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> While in the immediate aftermath there was a short-lived controversy over the quality of primary education in India, ultimately India decided to not participate in PISA for 2012,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> and again not to for 2015 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> While the quality of free, public education is in crisis, a majority of the urban poor have turned to <a href="#Private_education">private schools</a>. In some urban cities, it is estimated as high as two-thirds of all students attend private institutions,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> many of which charge a modest US$2 per month. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_school_workforce">Public school workforce</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Public school workforce">edit</a>]</div> Officially, the pupil to teacher ratio within the public school system for primary education is 35:1.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> However, teacher absenteeism in India is exorbitant, with 25% never showing up for work.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The World Bank estimates the cost in salaries alone paid to no-show teachers who have never attended work is US$2 billion per year.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> A study on teachers by Kremer etc. found out that 25% of private sector teachers and 40% of public sector medical workers were absent during the survey. Among teachers who were paid to teach, absence rates ranged from 14.6% in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> to 41.9% in <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>. Only 1 in nearly 3,000 public school head teachers had ever dismissed a teacher for repeated absence.<a href="#cite_note-Kremer-210">[210]</a> The same study found "only about half were teaching, during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample of government primary schools in India."<a href="#cite_note-Kremer-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education_3">Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> As per "Report of the Higher education in India, Issues Related to Expansion, Inclusiveness, Quality and Finance",<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> the access to higher education measured in term of gross enrolment ratio increased from 0.7% in 1950/51 to 1.4% in 1960–61. By 2006/7 the GER increased to about 11%. Notably, by 2012, it had crossed 20% (as mentioned in an earlier section). According to a survey by All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) released by the ministry of human resource development, Tamil Nadu which has the highest gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education in the country has registered an increase of 2.6% to take GER to 46.9 per cent in 2016–17.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocational_education_3">Vocational education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Vocational education">edit</a>]</div> An optimistic estimate from 2008 was that only one in five job-seekers in India ever had any sort of <a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elephant-213">[213]</a> However, it is expected to grow as the CBSE has brought changes in its education system which emphasises inclusion of certain number and types of vocational subjects in classes 9th and 11th. Although it is not mandatory for schools to go for it but a good number of schools have voluntarily accepted the suggestion and incorporated the change in their curriculum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities">Facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Facilities">edit</a>]</div> As per 2016 Annual Survey of Education Report (ASER), 3.5% schools in India had no toilet facility while only 68.7% schools had usable toilet facility. 75.5% of the schools surveyed had library in 2016, a decrease from 78.1% in 2014. Percentage of schools with separate girls toilet have increased from 32.9% in 2010 to 61.9%in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> 74.1% schools had drinking water facility and 64.5% of the schools had playground.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum_issues">Curriculum issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Curriculum issues">edit</a>]</div> Modern education in India is often criticised for being based on <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">rote learning</a> rather than problem solving.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anil_K._Rajvanshi" title="Anil K. Rajvanshi">Anil K. Rajvanshi</a> writes that Indian education system seems to be producing zombies since in most of the schools students seemed to be spending majority of their time in preparing for competitive exams rather than learning or playing.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Preschool for Child Rights states that almost 99% of pre-schools do not have any curriculum at all.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Also creativity is not encouraged or is considered a form of entertainment in most institutions.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The British "essentialist" view of knowledge of the nineteenth century emphasised the individual, scientific, universal, and moral aims of education ahead of the social and cultural. This, combined with the colonial construction of Indian society, designed to preserve the ideological lead of the Empire post-1857, it helped shape the official nineteenth-century school curriculum. The rejection of nationalist <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>'s Bill (1911) to make primary education free and compulsory by the colonial administration and English-educated and often upper-caste elite further helped sustain a curriculum that focused on colonial objectives. Holmes and McLean (1989, 151) argues that despite tensions between the colonial view of education and the nationalist postcolonial aims of education, British essentialism grew unassailable roots in India partly because "colonial values coincided with those of indigenous traditions."<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_education">Rural education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Rural education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karadiaschool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Karadiaschool.jpg/220px-Karadiaschool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Karadiaschool.jpg/330px-Karadiaschool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Karadiaschool.jpg/440px-Karadiaschool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A primary school in a village in Madhya Pradesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg/220px-Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg/330px-Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg/440px-Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Students.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Indian school children in Mizoram</figcaption></figure> Following independence, India viewed education as an effective tool for bringing social change through community development.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss120-222">[222]</a> The administrative control was effectively initiated in the 1950s, when, in 1952, the government grouped villages under a <a href="/wiki/Community_development_block" title="Community development block">Community Development Block</a>—an authority under a national programme which could control education in up to 100 villages.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss120-222">[222]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Block_development_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Block development officer">Block Development Officer</a> oversaw a geographical area of 150 square miles (390 km2) which could contain a population of as many as 70,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss120-222">[222]</a> Setty and Ross elaborate on the role of such programmes, themselves divided further into individual-based, community based, or the Individual-cum-community-based, in which microscopic levels of development are overseen at village level by an appointed worker: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The community development programmes comprise agriculture, animal husbandry, cooperation, rural industries, rural engineering (consisting of minor irrigation, roads, buildings), health and sanitation including family welfare, family planning, women welfare, child care and nutrition, education including adult education, social education and literacy, youth welfare and community organisation. In each of these areas of development there are several programmes, schemes and activities which are additive, expanding and tapering off covering the total community, some segments, or specific target populations such as small and marginal farmers, artisans, women and in general people below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss120-222">[222]</a></blockquote> Despite some setbacks the rural education programmes continued throughout the 1950s, with support from private institutions.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss121-223">[223]</a> A sizeable network of rural education had been established by the time the <a href="/wiki/Gandhigram_Rural_Institute" title="Gandhigram Rural Institute">Gandhigram Rural Institute</a> was established and 5,200 Community Development Blocks were established in India.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss122-224">[224]</a> Nursery schools, elementary schools, secondary school, and schools for adult education for women were set up.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss122-224">[224]</a> The government continued to view rural education as an agenda that could be relatively free from bureaucratic backlog and general stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss122-224">[224]</a> However, in some cases lack of financing balanced the gains made by rural education institutes of India.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss125-225">[225]</a> Some ideas failed to find acceptability among India's poor and investments made by the government sometimes yielded little results.<a href="#cite_note-SettyandRoss125-225">[225]</a> Today, government rural schools remain poorly funded and understaffed. Several foundations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rural_Development_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Development Foundation">Rural Development Foundation</a> (Hyderabad), actively build high-quality rural schools, but the number of students served is small. Education in rural India is valued differently from in an urban setting, with lower rates of completion. An imbalanced <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> exists within schools with 18% of males earning a high school diploma compared with only 10% of females. The estimated number of children who have never attended school in India is near 100 million which reflects the low completion levels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This is the largest concentration in the world of youth who have not enrolled in school.<a href="#cite_note-Verma-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-De-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.N.-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.N.1-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_education">Women's education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Women's education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Girls%27_School,_Calcutta_(LMS,_1869,_p.12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bengali_Girls%27_School%2C_Calcutta_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.12%29.jpg/220px-Bengali_Girls%27_School%2C_Calcutta_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bengali_Girls%27_School%2C_Calcutta_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.12%29.jpg/330px-Bengali_Girls%27_School%2C_Calcutta_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.12%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bengali_Girls%27_School%2C_Calcutta_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.12%29.jpg/440px-Bengali_Girls%27_School%2C_Calcutta_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>London Mission Bengali Girls' School, Calcutta (<a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">LMS</a>, 1869, p.12)<a href="#cite_note-Fruits-LMS-230">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KRS_girls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KRS_girls.jpg/220px-KRS_girls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KRS_girls.jpg/330px-KRS_girls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KRS_girls.jpg/440px-KRS_girls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Girls in Kalleda Rural School, Andhra Pradesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharani%27s_College_for_Women,_Mysore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maharani%27s_College_for_Women%2C_Mysore.jpg/220px-Maharani%27s_College_for_Women%2C_Mysore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maharani%27s_College_for_Women%2C_Mysore.jpg/330px-Maharani%27s_College_for_Women%2C_Mysore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maharani%27s_College_for_Women%2C_Mysore.jpg/440px-Maharani%27s_College_for_Women%2C_Mysore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6254" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption>Maharanis College for Women, Mysore</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women in India</a></div> Women have a much lower literacy rate than men. Far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-231">[231]</a> In the patriarchal setting of the Indian family, girls have lower status and fewer privileges than boys.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Conservative cultural attitudes prevent some girls from attending school.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Furthermore, educated women belonging to the upper middle clas are less likely to enter the workforce compared to uneducated women of lower castes. They opt to stay at home due to traditional, cultural and religious norms.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The number of literate women among the female population of India was between 2–6% from the British Raj onward to the formation of the Republic of India in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Raman235-236">[236]</a> Concerted efforts led to improvement from 15.3% in 1961 to 28.5% in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Raman235-236">[236]</a> By 2001 literacy for women had exceeded 50% of the overall female population, though these statistics were still very low compared to world standards and even male literacy within India.<a href="#cite_note-Raman236-237">[237]</a> Recently the Indian government has launched Saakshar Bharat Mission for Female Literacy. This mission aims to bring down female illiteracy by half of its present level. Sita Anantha Raman outlines the progress of women's education in India: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Since 1947 the Indian government has tried to provide incentives for girls' school attendance through programmes for midday meals, free books, and uniforms. This welfare thrust raised primary enrollment between 1951 and 1981. In 1986 the National Policy on Education decided to restructure education in tune with the social framework of each state, and with larger national goals. It emphasised that education was necessary for democracy, and central to the improvement of women's condition. The new policy aimed at social change through revised texts, curricula, increased funding for schools, expansion in the numbers of schools, and policy improvements. Emphasis was placed on expanding girls' occupational centres and primary education; secondary and higher education; and rural and urban institutions. The report tried to connect problems like low school attendance with poverty, and the dependence on girls for housework and sibling day care. The National Literacy Mission also worked through female tutors in villages. Although the minimum marriage age is now eighteen for girls, many continue to be married much earlier. Therefore, at the secondary level, female drop-out rates are high.<a href="#cite_note-Raman238-238">[238]</a></blockquote> Sita Anantha Raman also mentions that while the educated Indian women workforce maintains professionalism, the men outnumber them in most fields and, in some cases, receive higher income for the same positions.<a href="#cite_note-Raman238-238">[238]</a> The education of women in India plays a significant role in improving livings standards in the country.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> A higher female literacy rate improves the quality of life both at home and outside the home, by encouraging and promoting education of children, especially female children, and in reducing the infant mortality rate.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Several studies have shown that a lower level of women literacy rates results in higher levels of fertility and infant mortality, poorer nutrition, lower earning potential and the lack of an ability to make decisions within a household.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Women's lower educational levels is also shown to adversely affect the health and living conditions of children.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> A survey that was conducted in India showed results which support the fact that infant mortality rate was inversely related to female literacy rate and educational level.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The survey also suggests a correlation between education and economic growth. In India, there is a large disparity between female literacy rates in different states.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> State of Kerala has the highest female literacy rate of 91.98% while <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> has the lowest female literacy rate of 52.66.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> This correlates to the health levels of states, Kerala has average life expectancy at birth of 74.9 while Rajasthan's average life expectancy at birth is 67.7 years.<a href="#cite_note-life_table-248">[248]</a> In India, higher education is defined as the education of an age group between 18 and 24, and is largely funded by the government. Despite women making up 24–50% of higher education enrolment, there is still a gender imbalance within higher education. Only one third of science students and 7% of engineering students, are women. In comparison, however, over half the students studying Education are women.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accreditation">Accreditation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Accreditation">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, 277 fake engineering colleges were identified.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In January 2010, the Government of India decided to withdraw <a href="/wiki/Deemed_university" title="Deemed university">Deemed university</a> status from as many as 44 institutions. The Government claimed in its affidavit that academic considerations were not being kept in mind by the management of these institutions and that "they were being run as family fiefdoms".<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In February 2009, the University Grant Commission found 39 fake institutions operating in India.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employer_training">Employer training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Employer training">edit</a>]</div> Only 16% of manufacturers in India offer in-service training to their employees, compared with over 90% in China.<a href="#cite_note-wbstrategy-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher_careers">Teacher careers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Teacher careers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg/220px-Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg/330px-Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg/440px-Nuchhungi_English_Medium_School_Hnahthial_Lunglei_Mizoram_Teachers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Nuchhungi English Medium School Hnahthial Lunglei Mizoram on Teachers' Day</figcaption></figure> In the Indian education system, a teacher's success is loosely defined. It is either based on a student's success or based on the years of teaching experience, both of which do not necessarily correlate to a teacher's skill set or competencies. The management of an institution could thereby be forced to promote teachers based on the grade level they teach or their seniority, both of which are often not an indicator of a good teacher.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> This means that either a primary school teacher is promoted to a higher grade, or a teacher is promoted to take up other roles within the institution such as Head of Department, coordinator, Vice Principal or Principal. However, the skills and competencies that are required for each of them vary and a great teacher may not be a great manager. Since teachers do not see their own growth and success in their own hands, they often do not take up any professional development. Thus, there is a need to identify a framework to help a teacher chart a career path based on his/her own competency and help them understand their own development.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coaching">Coaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Coaching">edit</a>]</div> Increased competition to get admission in reputed colleges has given rise to <a href="/wiki/Cram_school" title="Cram school">private coaching institutes</a> in India. They prepare students for engineering, medical, MBA, banking jobs' entrance tests as well as American SAT and GRE. There are also coaching institutes that teach subjects like English for employment in India and abroad. Private coaching institutes are of two types: offline coaching and online coaching. There are many online coaching centres and apps available in the market and their usage is growing, especially in tier 2 metro cities.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> A 2013 survey by <a href="/wiki/ASSOCHAM" title="ASSOCHAM">ASSOCHAM</a> predicted the size of private coaching industry to grow to $40 billion, or Rs 2.39 trillion (<a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short scale</a>) by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-kalpanapathak&msaraswathy-257">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> is the called the capital of engineering and medical colleges' entrance's coaching sector.<a href="#cite_note-kalpanapathak&msaraswathy-257">[257]</a> In Punjab, English language is taught by coaching institutes for foreign visa aspirants to get the right <a href="/wiki/IELTS" class="mw-redirect" title="IELTS">IELTS</a> score for their applications.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mukherjee_Nagar" title="Mukherjee Nagar">Mukherjee Nagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Nagar,_Delhi" title="Rajendra Nagar, Delhi">Old Rajinder Nagar</a> in Delhi are considered a hub for UPSC <a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_Examination" title="Civil Services Examination">Civil Services Examination</a> coaching.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> To compete in these exams, Center and some state governments also provide free coaching to students, especially to students from minority communities.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Coaching classes have been blamed for the neglect of school education by students.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Educationists such as <a href="/wiki/Munirathna_Anandakrishnan" title="Munirathna Anandakrishnan">Anandakrishnan</a> have criticised the increasing importance being given to coaching classes as they put students under mental stress and the coaching fees add to the financial burden on parents. These educationists opine that if a good schooling system is put in place, children should not need additional coaching to take any competitive examination.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_in_education">Corruption in education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Corruption in education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Capitation_fee" title="Capitation fee">Capitation fee</a></div> Corruption in Indian education system has been eroding the quality of education and has been creating long-term negative consequences for the society. Educational corruption in India is considered one of the major contributors to domestic black money.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Manav_Bharti_University" title="Manav Bharti University">Manav Bharti University</a>, a private university, was accused of selling tens of thousands of degrees for money over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grade_inflation">Grade inflation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Grade inflation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">Grade inflation</a> has become an issue in Indian secondary education. In <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a>, a 95 per cent aggregate is 21 times as prevalent today as it was in 2004, and a 90 per cent close to nine times as prevalent. In the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">ISC Board</a>, a 95 per cent is almost twice as prevalent today as it was in 2012. CBSE called a meeting of all 40 school boards early in 2017 to urge them to discontinue "artificial spiking of marks". CBSE decided to lead by example and promised not to inflate its results. But although the 2017 results have seen a small correction, the board has clearly not discarded the practice completely. Almost 6.5 per cent of mathematics examinees in 2017 scored 95 or more – 10 times higher than in 2004 – and almost 6 per cent of physics examinees scored 95 or more, 35 times more than in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initiatives">Initiatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_government_involvement">Central government involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Central government involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Central_Institutes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Central Institutes in India">List of Central Institutes in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_University,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Central University, India">Central University, India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasah1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasah1.jpg/220px-Madrasah1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasah1.jpg/330px-Madrasah1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasah1.jpg/440px-Madrasah1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> of Jamia Masjid mosque in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementary_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elementary_School.jpg/220px-Elementary_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elementary_School.jpg/330px-Elementary_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elementary_School.jpg/440px-Elementary_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Elementary school in Chittoor. This school is part of the 'Paathshaala' project. The school educates 70 students.</figcaption></figure> Following India's independence, a number of rules were formulated for the backward Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes of India. In 1960, a list identifying 405 Scheduled Castes and 225 Scheduled Tribes was published by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-Elder227-267">[267]</a> An amendment was made to the list in 1975, which identified 841 Scheduled Castes and 510 Scheduled Tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Elder227-267">[267]</a> The total percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes combined was found to be 22.5% with the Scheduled Castes accounting for 17% and the Scheduled Tribes accounting for the remaining 7.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Elder227-267">[267]</a> Following the report many Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes increasingly referred to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a> terminology used by <a href="/wiki/BR_Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="BR Ambedkar">B R Ambedkar</a> which literally means "oppressed".<a href="#cite_note-Elder227-267">[267]</a> The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are provided for in many of India's educational programmes.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-226-7-268">[268]</a> Special reservations are also provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India, e.g. a reservation of 15% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Castes and another reservation of 7.5% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Tribes.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-226-7-268">[268]</a> Similar reservations are held by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in many schemes and educational facilities in India.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-226-7-268">[268]</a> The remote and far-flung regions of North-East India are provided for under the Non-Lapsible Central pool of Resources (NLCPR) since 1998–1999.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-236-37-269">[269]</a> The NLCPR aims to provide funds for infrastructure development in these remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-236-37-269">[269]</a> Women from remote, underdeveloped areas or from weaker social groups in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, fall under the Mahila Samakhya Scheme, initiated in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-216-270">[270]</a> Apart from provisions for education this programme also aims to raise awareness by holding meetings and seminars at rural levels.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-216-270">[270]</a> The government allowed ₹340 million (US$4.1 million) during 2007–08 to carry out this scheme over 83 districts including more than 21,000 villages.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-216-270">[270]</a> There are 68 Bal Bhavans and 10 Bal Kendra affiliated to the National Bal Bhavan.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-218-271">[271]</a> The scheme involves educational and social activities and recognising children with a marked talent for a particular educational stream.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-218-271">[271]</a> A number of programmes and activities are held under this scheme, which also involves cultural exchanges and participation in several international forums.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-218-271">[271]</a> India's minorities, especially the ones considered 'educationally backward' by the government, are provided for in the 1992 amendment of the Indian National Policy on Education (NPE).<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-239-272">[272]</a> The government initiated the Scheme of Area Intensive Programme for Educationally Backward Minorities and Scheme of Financial Assistance or Modernisation of Madarsa Education as part of its revised Programme of Action (1992).<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-239-272">[272]</a> Both these schemes were started nationwide by 1994.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-239-272">[272]</a> In 2004 the Indian parliament passed an act which enabled minority education establishments to seek university affiliations if they passed the required norms.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-239-272">[272]</a> Ministry of Human Resource and Development, Government of India in collaboration with Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology has also launched a <a href="/wiki/National_Scholarship_Portal" title="National Scholarship Portal">National Scholarship Portal</a> to provide students of India access to National and State Level Scholarships provided by various government authorities. As a Mission Mode Project under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), the online service enlists more than 50 scholarship programmes every year including the renowned Ministry of Minority Affairs (MOMA) Scholarships for Post-Matric and Pre-Matric studies. In the academic year 2017–18 the MOMA Scholarships facilitated the studies of 116,452 students with scholarships worth ₹3165.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The National Scholarship continues to enlist scholarship programmes managed by AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education), UGC (University Grants Commission) and respective state governments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_framework">Legislative framework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Legislative framework">edit</a>]</div> Article 45, of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> originally stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam150-274">[274]</a></blockquote> This article was a <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles in India">directive principle of state policy</a> within India, effectively meaning that it was within a set of rules that were meant to be followed in spirit and the government could not be held to court if the actual letter was not followed.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam149-150-275">[275]</a> However, the enforcement of this directive principle became a matter of debate since this principle held obvious emotive and practical value, and was legally the only directive principle within the Indian constitution to have a time limit.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam149-150-275">[275]</a> Following initiatives by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> during the 1990s the 93rd amendment bill suggested three separate amendments to the Indian constitution:<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam152-154-276">[276]</a> The constitution of India was amended to include a new article, 21A, which read: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in a such manner as the State may, by law, determine.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam154-277">[277]</a></blockquote> Article 45 was proposed to be substituted by the article which read: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years: The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of sixteen years.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam154-277">[277]</a></blockquote> Another article, 51A, was to additionally have the clause: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...a parent or guardian [shall] provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, [a] ward between the age of six to fourteen years.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam154-277">[277]</a></blockquote> The bill was passed unanimously in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian parliament</a>, on 28 November 2001.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam156-278">[278]</a> It was later passed by the upper house—the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>—on 14 May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam156-278">[278]</a> After being signed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> the Indian constitution was amended formally for the eighty sixth time and the bill came into effect.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam156-278">[278]</a> Since then those between the age of 6–14 have a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">fundamental right to education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SripatiandThiruvengadam149-279">[279]</a> Article 46 of the Constitution of India holds that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The State shall promote, with special care, the education and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Tribes</a>, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of social exploitation'.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-225-197">[197]</a></blockquote> Other provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes can be found in Articles 330, 332, 335, 338–342.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-225-197">[197]</a> Both the 5th and the 6th Schedules of the Constitution also make special provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-225-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_government_expenditure_on_education">Central government expenditure on education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Central government expenditure on education">edit</a>]</div> As a part of the tenth <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans of India">Five-year Plan</a> (2002–2007), the central government of India outlined an expenditure of 65.6% of its total education budget of ₹438 billion (US$5.2 billion) i.e. ₹288 billion (US$3.5 billion) on elementary education; 9.9% i.e. ₹43.25 billion (US$520 million) on secondary education; 2.9% i.e. ₹12.5 billion (US$150 million) on adult education; 9.5% i.e. ₹41.77 billion (US$500 million) on higher education; 10.7% i.e. ₹47 billion (US$560 million) on technical education; and the remaining 1.4% i.e. ₹6.24 billion (US$75 million) on miscellaneous education schemes.<a href="#cite_note-I09RA-223-280">[280]</a> During the Financial Year 2011–12, the Central Government of India has allocated ₹ 38,957 crore for the Department of School Education and Literacy which is the main department dealing with primary education in India. Within this allocation, a major share of ₹ 21,000 crore, is for the flagship programme 'Sarva Siksha Abhiyan'. However, budgetary allocation of ₹ 210,000 million is considered very low in view of the officially appointed Anil Bordia Committee recommendation of ₹ 356.59 billion for the year 2011–12. This higher allocation was required to implement the recent legislation, the 'Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009'. In recent times, several major announcements have been made for developing the poor state of affairs in the education sector in India, the most notable ones being those of the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. These announcements were: (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6% of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To universalise education through its flagship programmes such as <a href="/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a>. However, even after five years of the implementation of NCMP, not much progress has been seen on this front. Although the country has targeted devoting a 6% share of its GDP towards the educational sector, India's performance has definitely fallen short of expectations. Expenditure on education has steadily risen from 0.64% of GDP in 1951–52 to 2.31% in 1970–71 and thereafter reached the peak of 4.26% in 2000–01. However, it declined to 3.49% in 2004–05. There is a definite need to step up again. As a proportion of total government expenditure, it has declined from around 11.1% in 2000–2001 to around 9.98% during the UPA's rule, even though ideally it should be around 20% of the total budget. A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability (NSA)]<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> titled "[NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector]"<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> provides a significant revelation of this fact. Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India, there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also. [As per the available information, the private out-of-pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12.5 times over the last decade].<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Education_Policy_2020">National Education Policy 2020</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: National Education Policy 2020">edit</a>]</div> The central government of India introduced the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020" title="National Education Policy 2020">National Education Policy 2020</a> (NEP 2020) which is expected to bring profound changes to education in India. The policy, approved by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Modi_ministry" title="Second Modi ministry">Cabinet of India</a> on 27 July 2020, outlines the vision of India's new education system.<a href="#cite_note-HTHighlights29July-284">[284]</a> The new policy replaces the 1986 <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education#1986" title="National Policy on Education">National Policy on Education</a>. The policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education as well as vocational training in both rural and urban India. It aims to transform India's education system by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> The National Education Policy 2020 has 'emphasised' on the use of mother tongue or local language as the medium of instruction till Class 5 while, recommending its continuance till Class 8 and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> It also states that no language will be imposed on the students.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up to the states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> Education in India is a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a> subject.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a> NEP 2020 outlines the vision of India's <a href="#Levels_of_schooling">School education</a> system. The new policy replaces the previous <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education#1986" title="National Policy on Education">National Policy on Education, 1986</a>. The policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education as well as vocational training in both rural and urban India. The policy aims to transform India's education system by 2021. As per NEP2020, the "<a href="/wiki/10%2B2" title="10+2">10 + 2</a>" structure is replaced with "<a href="/wiki/5%2B3%2B3%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="5+3+3+4">5+3+3+4</a>" model.<a href="#cite_note-NDTVHighlights-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN_Jul2020-288">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/5%2B3%2B3%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="5+3+3+4">5+3+3+4</a> refers to 5 foundational years, whether in an <a href="/wiki/Anganwadi" title="Anganwadi">anganwadi</a>, pre-school or balvatika. This is followed by 3 years of preparatory learning from classes 3 to 5. This is followed by a middle stage that is of 3 years in length and finally a 4-year secondary stage till class 12 or 18 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> This model will be implemented as follows:<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN_Jul2020-288">[288]</a> Instead of <a href="/wiki/Exams" class="mw-redirect" title="Exams">exams</a> being held every academic year, school students attend three exams, in classes 2, 5 and 8. Board exams are held for classes 10 and 12. Standards for Board exams is established by an assessment body, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development). To make them easier, these exams would be conducted twice a year, with students being offered up to two attempts. The exam itself would have two parts, namely the objective and the descriptive. NEP's <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">higher education</a> policy proposes a 4-year multi-disciplinary bachelor's degree in an undergraduate programme with multiple exit options. These will include professional and vocational areas and will be implemented<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <ul><li>A certificate after completing 1 year of study (vocational)</li> <li>A diploma after completing 2 years of study (vocational)</li> <li>A Bachelor's degree after completion of a 3-year programme (professional)</li> <li>A 4-year multidisciplinary bachelor's degree (the preferred option) (professional)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center; align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Category </th> <th>Grade </th> <th>Ages </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"><a href="#Levels_of_schooling">Compulsory education (India)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Foundational Stage </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">Preschool</a> (Urban) / <a href="/wiki/Anganwadi" title="Anganwadi">Anganwadi</a> (Rural) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a> </td> <td>3–4 </td> <td rowspan="4">This will cover children of ages 3–8 years. The focus of studies will be in activity-based learning. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> </td> <td>4–6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary School</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st grade">1st grade</a> </td> <td>6–7<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd grade">2nd grade</a> </td> <td>7–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Preparatory Stage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd grade">3rd grade</a> </td> <td>8–9 </td> <td rowspan="3">It will gradually introduce subjects like speaking, reading, writing, physical education, languages, art, science and mathematics. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="4th grade">4th grade</a> </td> <td>9–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="5th grade">5th grade</a> </td> <td>10–11 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top:0 solid gray;">Middle Stage </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle School</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="6th grade">6th grade</a> </td> <td>11–12 </td> <td rowspan="3">It will introduce students to the more abstract concepts in subjects of mathematics, sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="7th grade">7th grade</a> </td> <td>12–13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="8th grade">8th grade</a> </td> <td>13–14 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Secondary Stage </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Junior High</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">school</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="9th grade">9th grade</a> </td> <td>14–15 </td> <td rowspan="4">These 4 years of study are intended to inculcate multidisciplinary study, coupled with depth and critical thinking. Multiple options of subjects will be provided. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="10th grade">10th grade</a> </td> <td>15–16 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Senior High school</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="11th grade">11th grade</a> </td> <td>16–17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="12th grade">12th grade</a> </td> <td>17–18 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">Higher education (India)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a> (<a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate school</a> </td> <td>First year </td> <td>18–19 </td> <td>1-year <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_India" title="Vocational education in India">Vocational Certificate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second year </td> <td>19–20 </td> <td>2-years <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_India" title="Vocational education in India">Vocational Diploma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third year </td> <td>20–21 </td> <td>3-years bachelor's degree (Optional and limited) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth year </td> <td>21–22 </td> <td>4-years multidisciplinary bachelor's degree (Preferred) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth year </td> <td>22–23 </td> <td>5-years <a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a>, a bachelor's degree in medicine. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate school">Graduate school</a> </td> <td>First year </td> <td>21+ </td> <td rowspan="3">(with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second year </td> <td>22+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third year </td> <td>23+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>24+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">Postdoctoral</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_India" title="Vocational education in India">Vocational school</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">18 and up </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual_understanding_of_inclusive_education">Conceptual understanding of inclusive education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Conceptual understanding of inclusive education">edit</a>]</div> The new <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020" title="National Education Policy 2020">National Education Policy 2020</a> (NEP 2020) introduced by the Central Government is expected to bring profound changes to education in India. The policy approved by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Modi_ministry" title="Second Modi ministry">Union Cabinet of India</a> on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of India's new education system.<a href="#cite_note-HTHighlights29July-284">[284]</a> The new policy replaces the 1986 <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education#1986" title="National Policy on Education">National Policy on Education</a>. The policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education as well as vocational training in both rural and urban India. The policy aims to transform India's education system by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language.<a href="#cite_note-:4-293">[293]</a> The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up to the states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[140]</a> Education in India is a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a> subject.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a> Although it may not be appropriate to judge the adoption of a northern concept in the south from a northern perspective, hasty use of such globalised terminology without engaging with the thinking behind it may present no more than empty rhetoric, whatever the context.<a href="#cite_note-Singal_827–840-294">[294]</a> clearly perceives inclusive education as "...a concept that has been adopted from the international discourse, but has not been engaged with in the Indian scenario." She supports this view of lack of conceptual engagement through data collected in semi-structured interviews for her PhD research, where she found that: Many interviewees concurred with the opinions reflected in government documents that inclusion is about children with special needs, as reflected by a disabling condition. A handful of others argue that inclusive education should not be limited to children with disabilities, as it holds relevance for all marginalised groups. Though they were quick to accept that this thinking has not yet prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-Singal_827–840-294">[294]</a> Indian understandings of disability and educational needs are demonstrated through the interchangeable use of several English terms which hold different meanings in the north. For example, children with special needs or special educational needs tend to be perceived as children with disabilities in India, as demonstrated by Mukhopadhyay and Mani's (2002) chapter on 'Education of Children with Special Needs' in a NIEPA government-funded research report, which solely pertains to children with disabilities. In contrast, the intention of Mary Warnock's term 'special educational needs', coined in the UK in 1978, was to imply that any child, with an impairment or not, may have an individual educational need at some point in their school career (e.g. dyslexia, or language of instruction as a second language) which the teacher should adapt to. This further implies that a child with a disability may not have a special educational need while their able-bodied peers could (Giffard-Lindsay, 2006). In addition, despite the 1987 Mental Health Act finally separating the meaning of learning disability from that of mental illness in India, there is still some confusion in understanding, with the 1995 Persons with Disabilities Act listing both mental retardation and mental illness as categories of disability.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Ignorance and fear of genetic inheritance adds to the societal stigma of both. 'Inclusive' and 'integrated' education are also concepts that are used interchangeably,<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> understood as the placement of children with disabilities in mainstream classrooms, with the provision of aids and appliances, and specialist training for the teacher on how to 'deal with' students with disabilities. There is little engagement with the connotations of school, curriculum, and teacher flexibility for all children. These rigid, categorical interpretations of subtly different northern concepts are perhaps a reflection of not only the government tendency to categories and label<a href="#cite_note-Singal_827–840-294">[294]</a> (Julka, 2005; Singal, 2005a) but also a cultural one, most explicitly enforced through the rigidly categorised caste system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_and_youth_literacy_rates">Adult and youth literacy rates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Adult and youth literacy rates">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Adult literacy rates<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th colspan="2">15+ years old </th> <th colspan="2">15–24 years </th></tr> <tr> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh </td> <td>51.7 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td>59.4 </td> <td>43.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan </td> <td>63.0 </td> <td>36.0 </td> <td>75.8 </td> <td>54.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Lanka </td> <td>92.3 </td> <td>89.1 </td> <td>95.1 </td> <td>96.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>India </td> <td>73.4 </td> <td>47.8 </td> <td>84.2 </td> <td>67.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td>95.1 </td> <td>86.5 </td> <td>99.2 </td> <td>98.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil </td> <td>88.4 </td> <td>88.8 </td> <td>95.8 </td> <td>97.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russian Federation </td> <td>99.7 </td> <td>99.2 </td> <td>99.7 </td> <td>99.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World </td> <td>87.2 </td> <td>77.3 </td> <td>90.5 </td> <td>84.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Developing countries </td> <td>83.5 </td> <td>70.1 </td> <td>88.6 </td> <td>80.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-Saharan Africa </td> <td>69.5 </td> <td>53.5 </td> <td>77.8 </td> <td>68.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Gender inequality in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_design_colleges_and_institutes_of_India" title="List of design colleges and institutes of India">List of design colleges and institutes of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_India" title="List of schools in India">List of schools in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaulayism" title="Macaulayism">Macaulayism</a>, historical background to the implementation of English education in India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Translation_Mission" title="National Translation Mission">National Translation Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020" title="National Education Policy 2020">New Education Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCERT_textbook_controversies" title="NCERT textbook controversies">NCERT textbook controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">Open access in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Million_Minutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Million Minutes">Two Million Minutes</a>, documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_Choked" title="Dreams Choked">Dreams Choked</a>, documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_Curriculum" title="Happiness Curriculum">Happiness Curriculum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Business Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627161016/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/headline-maharashtra-cabinet-clears-16-quota-for-maratha-5-to-muslim-in-jobs-education-114062501069_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Jobs%2C+education+quota+for+Marathas%2C+Muslims+cleared&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.aulast=Jog&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fheadline-maharashtra-cabinet-clears-16-quota-for-maratha-5-to-muslim-in-jobs-education-114062501069_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maharashtra_govt_clears_reservation_for_Marathas,_Muslims-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Maharashtra_govt_clears_reservation_for_Marathas,_Muslims_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadgil2014" class="citation news cs1">Gadgil, Makarand (25 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1RomndWQy1wh8iH0dsBMiI/Maharashtra-govt-approves-proposal-to-give-reservation-to-Ma.html">"Maharashtra govt clears reservation for Marathas, Muslims"</a>. 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Paedagogica Historica. 52 (1–2): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230.2015.1133668">10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-9230">0030-9230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146864929">146864929</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819181126/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. 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Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Explains+%7C+What+has+the+National+Education+Policy+2020+proposed%3F&rft.date=2020-08-02&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Jebaraj&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fthe-hindu-explains-what-has-the-national-education-policy-2020-proposed%2Farticle32249788.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indictoday.com/reviews/dharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century/">"Dharampal's 'The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century"</a>. 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dharampal%27s+%27The+Beautiful+Tree%3A+Indigenous+Indian+Education+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.date=2019-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indictoday.com%2Freviews%2Fdharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1985" class="citation journal cs1">Basu, Aparna (February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/446501?journalCode=cer">"Comparative Education Review Volume 29, Number 1 Feb. 1985"</a>. 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Thomson Gale. pp. 223–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31350-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31350-2"><bdi>0-684-31350-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caste+system&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+India&rft.pages=223-229&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-684-31350-2&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalegroupencyclopediaofindiavol1stanleywolpert_12_m%2Fpage%2F223%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Catriona (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00564.x">"Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India"</a>. History Compass. 7 (2): 363–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2008.00564.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00564.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Education+for+All%3A+Reassessing+the+Historiography+of+Education+in+Colonial+India&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=363-375&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2008.00564.x&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Catriona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2008.00564.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), New Delhi: Additional Director General (ADG), Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-1557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-1557-6">978-81-230-1557-6</a>.</li> <li>Koul, Rekha, Geeta Verma, and Vanashri Nargund-Joshi. (2019) Science Education in India: Philosophical, Historical, and Contemporary Conversations (Springer Singapore)</li> <li>Kumar, Krishna ed. (2020) The Routledge Handbook of Education in India: Debates, Practices, and Policies (Routledge)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNSO2018" class="citation report cs1">NSO (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf">Household Social Consumption on Education in India</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Household+Social+Consumption+on+Education+in+India&rft.date=2018&rft.au=NSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmospi.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication_reports%2FReport_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassowNoahEcksteinMallea1976" class="citation book cs1">Passow, A. Harry; et al. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalcasestud0000unse">The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems. International Studies in Evaluation VII</a>. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. Almqvist & Wiksell International. John Wily & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470150641" title="Special:BookSources/9780470150641"><bdi>9780470150641</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Case+Study%3A+An+Empirical+Comparative+Study+of+Twenty-One+Educational+Systems.+International+Studies+in+Evaluation+VII&rft.pub=International+Association+for+the+Evaluation+of+Educational+Achievement.+Almqvist+%26+Wiksell+International.+John+Wily+%26+Sons&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780470150641&rft.aulast=Passow&rft.aufirst=A.+Harry&rft.au=Noah%2C+Harold+J.&rft.au=Eckstein%2C+Max+A.&rft.au=Mallea%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalcasestud0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Prabhu, Joseph (2006), "Educational Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2) edited by Stanley Wolpert, 23–28, Thomson Gale: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31351-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31351-0">0-684-31351-0</a>.</li> <li>Pathania, Rajni. "Literacy in India: Progress and Inequality." Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 17.1 (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Raman, S.A. (2006). "Women's Education", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4), edited by Stanley Wolpert, 235–239, Thomson Gale: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31353-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31353-7">0-684-31353-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf">Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh</a> (PDF) (Dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curriculum+as+Destiny%3A+Forging+National+Identity+in+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Yvette+Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fetd%2Fd%2F2003%2Frosseryc036%2Frosseryc036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettyRoss1987" class="citation journal cs1">Setty, E. D.; Ross, E. L. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44258527">"A Case Study in Applied Education in Rural India"</a>. Community Development Journal. 22 (2). Oxford University Press: 120–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcdj%2F22.2.120">10.1093/cdj/22.2.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3802">0010-3802</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44258527">44258527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Development+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Case+Study+in+Applied+Education+in+Rural+India&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-129&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0010-3802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44258527%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcdj%2F22.2.120&rft.aulast=Setty&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Ross%2C+E.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44258527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sripati, V. and Thiruvengadam, A.K. (2004), "India: Constitutional Amendment Making The Right to Education a Fundamental Right", International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2#1: 148–158.</li> <li>Subramanian, Ajantha. (2019) The caste of merit : engineering education in India (Harvard University Press)</li> <li>Suri, R.K. and Kalapana Rajaram, eds. "Infrastructure: S&T Education", Science and Technology in India (2008), New Delhi: Spectrum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7930-294-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7930-294-6">81-7930-294-6</a>.</li> <li>Tilak, Jandhyala B.G. (2020) Universal Secondary Education in India: Issues, Challenges and Prospects (Springer Singapore)</li> <li>Tilak, Jandhyala B.G. (2015) "How inclusive is higher education in India?." Social Change 45.2 (2015): 185–223 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educationforallinindia.com/How_inclusive_is_higher_education_in_india_Social_Change_2015-JBG_Tilak.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Vrat, Prem (2006), "Indian Institutes of Technology", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2) edited by Stanley Wolpert, 229–231, Thomson Gale: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31351-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31351-0">0-684-31351-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_India&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhrd.gov.in/">Ministry of Human Resource Development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_India" title="Template:Education in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_India" title="Template talk:Education in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)" title="Ministry of Education (India)">Ministry of Education</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_by_states_(India)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education by states (India) (page does not exist)">Education by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Education in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Education in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Assam" title="Education in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bihar" title="Education in Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh#Education" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Education in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Delhi" title="Education in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Goa" title="Education in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gujarat" title="Education in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana#Education" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Education in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)#Education" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh#Education" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra#Education" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur#Education" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya#Education" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mizoram" title="Education in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland#Education" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Odisha" title="Education in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)#Education" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab,_India" title="Education in Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan#Education" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim#Education" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Telangana" title="Education in Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tripura" title="Education in Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Education in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_West_Bengal" title="Education in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_by_cities_(India)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education by cities (India) (page does not exist)"> Education by city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher education in Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareilly_district" title="Bareilly district">Bareilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh#Education" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chennai" title="Education in Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Coimbatore" title="List of educational institutions in Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Cuddalore_district" title="List of educational institutions in Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Delhi" title="Education in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Dharmapuri_district" title="List of educational institutions in Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Dharwad" title="List of educational institutions in Dharwad">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Erode_district" title="List of educational institutions in Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Gobichettipalayam" title="List of educational institutions in Gobichettipalayam">Gobichettipalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Hyderabad" title="List of educational institutions in Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Indore" title="List of educational institutions in Indore">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Jhansi" title="List of educational institutions in Jhansi">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kolkata" title="Education in Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Kollam_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges in Kollam district">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Kozhikode_district" title="List of educational institutions in Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Krishnagiri_district" title="List of educational institutions in Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Lucknow" title="List of educational institutions in Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_institutes_in_Madurai_district" title="List of colleges and institutes in Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Meerut_district" title="List of educational institutions in Meerut district">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Nagpur" title="List of educational institutions in Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Namakkal_district" title="List of educational institutions in Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Patna" title="List of educational institutions in Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Perambalur_district" title="List of educational institutions in Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Pudukkottai_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rourkela" title="Education in Rourkela">Rourkela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Salem,_India" title="List of educational institutions in Salem, India">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Thalassery" title="List of educational institutions in Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Tiruchirappalli" title="List of educational institutions in Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Thanjavur" title="List of educational institutions in Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vijayawada" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Visakhapatnam" title="List of educational institutions in Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Multi-location institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institutes_of_Medical_Sciences" title="All India Institutes of Medical Sciences">All India Institutes of Medical Sciences</a>(AIIMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a>(IIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>(IIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Information_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Information Technology">Indian Institutes of Information Technology</a>(IIIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a>(IIsc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research">Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research</a>(IISER)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a>(NIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology">National Institute of Fashion Technology</a>(NIFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a>(NID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research" title="National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research">National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research</a>(NIPER)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Planning_and_Architecture" title="Schools of Planning and Architecture">Schools of Planning and Architecture</a>(SPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Tourism_and_Travel_Management" title="Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management">Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management</a>(IITTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hotel_Management" title="Institute of Hotel Management">Institute of Hotel Management</a>(IHM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Universities" title="National Law Universities">National Law Universities</a> (NLU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_university_(India)" title="Central university (India)">Central universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_university_(India)" title="State university (India)">State university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deemed_university" title="Deemed university">Deemed university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_universities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of private universities in India"> Private university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of Eminence">Institutes of Eminence (IoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a>(INI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_under_State_Legislature_Act" title="Institute under State Legislature Act">Institute under State Legislature Act</a> (IuSLAs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology_Act,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007">National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_Technology_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of Technology Act">Institutes of Technology Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Commission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">UGC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Entrance examinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Entrance_Examination_%E2%80%93_Advanced" title="Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced">Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Aptitude_Test_in_Engineering" title="Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering">Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Admission_Test" title="Common Admission Test">Common Admission Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Admission_Test_for_M.Sc." class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.">Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_policy_in_Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Reservation policy in Indian Institutes of Technology">Policy of Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Entrance_Examination_for_Design" title="Common Entrance Examination for Design">Common Entrance Examination for Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">National Eligibility cum Entrance Test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Higher_education_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">Higher education in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Regulating organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Higher_Education_(India)" title="Department of Higher Education (India)">Department of Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_and_Accreditation_Council" title="National Assessment and Accreditation Council">National Assessment and Accreditation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Accreditation" title="National Board of Accreditation">National Board of Accreditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Professional councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education" title="All India Council for Technical Education">All India Council for Technical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Homeopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Homeopathy">Central Council of Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Indian_Medicine" title="Central Council of Indian Medicine">Central Council of Indian Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Architecture" title="Council of Architecture">Council of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_Council_of_India" title="Dental Council of India">Dental Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_Education_Bureau" title="Distant Education Bureau">Distant Education Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Nursing_Council" title="Indian Nursing Council">Indian Nursing Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_of_India" title="Medical Council of India">Medical Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Teacher_Education" title="National Council for Teacher Education">National Council for Teacher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Commission" title="National Medical Commission">National Medical Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Council_of_India" title="Pharmacy Council of India">Pharmacy Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Council_of_India" title="Rehabilitation Council of India">Rehabilitation Council of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Institutions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_India" title="List of institutions of higher education in India">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_university_(India)" title="Central university (India)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_universities_in_India" title="List of state universities in India">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deemed_universities" title="List of deemed universities">Deemed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_private_universities_in_India" title="List of state private universities in India">State Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomous_higher_education_institutes_in_India" title="List of autonomous higher education institutes in India">Other autonomous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_in_India" title="List of agricultural universities in India">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_schools#India" title="List of architecture schools">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Asia#India" title="List of business schools in Asia">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_colleges_in_India" title="List of dental colleges in India">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering_universities_and_colleges_in_India" title="Category:Engineering universities and colleges in India">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges#India" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_universities_and_colleges_in_India" title="List of Islamic universities and colleges in India">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nursing_in_India" title="Category:Nursing in India">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools#India" title="List of pharmacy schools">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teacher_education_schools_in_India" title="List of teacher education schools in India">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_veterinary_medicine#Schools_of_veterinary_medicine_in_India" title="List of schools of veterinary medicine">Veterinary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Assam" title="List of institutions of higher education in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Bihar" title="List of institutions of higher education in Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Chandigarh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Chhattisgarh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Delhi" title="List of institutions of higher education in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Goa" title="List of institutions of higher education in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Gujarat" title="List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Haryana" title="List of institutions of higher education in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of institutions of higher education in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Jharkhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Karnataka" title="List of institutions of higher education in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Kerala" title="List of institutions of higher education in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_institutions_in_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of higher education institutions in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Manipur" title="List of institutions of higher education in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Meghalaya" title="Education in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Mizoram" title="List of institutions of higher education in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Nagaland" title="List of institutions of higher education in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Odisha" title="List of institutions of higher education in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Puducherry" title="List of educational institutions in Puducherry">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of institutions of higher education in Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Rajasthan" title="List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Sikkim" title="List of institutions of higher education in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of institutions of higher education in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Telangana" title="List of institutions of higher education in Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Tripura" title="List of institutions of higher education in Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shodhganga" title="Shodhganga">Shodhganga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="School_education_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">School education in India</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Boards of education (list)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge Assessment International Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_School_Administration" title="Central Tibetan School Administration">Central Tibetan School Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Andhra Pradesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_Education,_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh">Intermediate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Assam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Secondary_Education,_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Secondary Education, Assam">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Higher_Secondary_Education_Council" title="Assam Higher Secondary Education Council">Higher Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bihar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_Examination_Board" title="Bihar School Examination Board">School</a></li> <li>Intermediate</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education"> Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li>Goa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Secondary_and_Higher_Secondary_Education_Board" title="Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Board_of_School_Education" title="Haryana Board of School Education">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Board_of_School_Education" title="Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_State_Board_of_School_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education">Jammu & Kashmir</a></li> <li>Karnataka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Secondary_Education_Examination_Board" title="Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board">Secondary</a></li> <li>Pre-University</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Higher_Secondary_Examination_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Higher Secondary Examination Board">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Secondary_Education,_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Board_of_Secondary_and_Higher_Secondary_Education" title="Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education">Maharashtra</a></li> <li>Manipur <ul><li>Secondary</li> <li>Higher Secondary</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Board_of_School_Education" title="Meghalaya Board of School Education">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Board_of_School_Education" title="Mizoram Board of School Education">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Board_of_School_Education" title="Nagaland Board of School Education">Nagaland</a></li> <li>Odisha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Secondary_Education,_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Secondary Education, Odisha">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Secondary_Education,_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha">Higher Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_School_Education_Board" title="Punjab School Education Board">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Secondary_Education,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li>Tamil Nadu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Government_Examinations" title="Directorate of Government Examinations">Secondary</a></li> <li>Higher Secondary</li></ul></li> <li>Telangana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Telangana Board of Secondary Education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Board_of_Intermediate_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Telangana Board of Intermediate Education">Intermediate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Tripura Board of Secondary Education">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_High_School_and_Intermediate_Education_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li>West Bengal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Board_of_Primary_Education" title="West Bengal Board of Primary Education">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="West Bengal Board of Secondary Education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Council_of_Higher_Secondary_Education" title="West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education">Higher Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Council_of_Rabindra_Open_Schooling" title="West Bengal Council of Rabindra Open Schooling">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_State_Council_of_Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Skill_Development" title="West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development">Vocational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Board_of_Madrasah_Education" title="West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education">Madrasah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Schools (<a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_India" title="List of schools in India">list</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_schools_in_India" title="Category:Lists of schools in India">category</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Chennai" title="List of schools in Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Gurgaon" title="List of educational institutions in Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Hisar" title="List of schools in Hisar">Hisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Hyderabad,_India" title="List of schools in Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutes_in_Jamshedpur" title="List of educational institutes in Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kolkata" title="List of schools in Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kollam_district" title="List of schools in Kollam district">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Lucknow" title="List of educational institutions in Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_institutes_in_Madurai_district#Schools" title="List of colleges and institutes in Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Mumbai#Schools" title="List of educational institutions in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Patna" title="List of schools in Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Rajasthan" title="List of schools in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Ranchi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rourkela" title="Education in Rourkela">Rourkela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Shillong" title="List of educational institutions in Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Tiruchirappalli#Schools" title="List of educational institutions in Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="List of schools in Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Udaipur,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Udaipur, Rajasthan">Udaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Vatakara" title="List of educational institutions in Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Visakhapatnam" title="List of educational institutions in Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Schools_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Schools in India">Railway Schools in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School_Society" title="Delhi Public School Society">Delhi Public School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School_Society#List_of_institutions" title="Delhi Public School Society">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School">Sainik School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School#Sainik_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kendriya_Vidyalayas" title="List of Kendriya Vidyalayas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalayas" title="Chinmaya Vidyalayas">Chinmaya Vidyalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalayas#List_of_Chinmaya_Vidyalayas" title="Chinmaya Vidyalayas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Central_School" title="Atomic Energy Central School">Atomic Energy Central School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Central_School#List_of_AECS" title="Atomic Energy Central School">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Public_Schools" title="Indian Army Public Schools">Indian Army Public Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Public_Schools#List_of_some_prominent_Army_Public_Schools" title="Indian Army Public Schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya#List_of_Schools" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools_in_India" title="List of boarding schools in India">List of boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_schools_in_India" title="List of international schools in India">List of international schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Maharashtra" title="List of schools in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Rajasthan" title="List of schools in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Secondary_School_Examination" title="All India Secondary School Examination">All India Secondary School Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_examination" title="Board examination">Board examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_Comprehensive_Evaluation" title="Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation">Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">Higher Secondary Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Madhyamik_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Uchchatar_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Educational_Society" title="Vivekananda Educational Society">Vivekananda Vidyalaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Educational_Society#List_of_schools" title="Vivekananda Educational Society">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_International_Group_of_Institutions" title="Ryan International Group of Institutions">Ryan International Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_International_Group_of_Institutions#Schools" title="Ryan International Group of Institutions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.A.V._College_Managing_Committee" title="D.A.V. College Managing Committee">DAV Public School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission#Activities" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramakrishna_Mission_institutions" title="List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan#Schools" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Saraswati Shishu Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Vidyalayam" title="Amrita Vidyalayam">Amrita Vidyalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Seshadri_Bala_Bhavan" title="Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan">Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Seshadri_Bala_Bhavan#Branches" title="Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bal Bharati Public School <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal_Bharati_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bal Bharati Public School (page does not exist)">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:India_education_templates" title="Category:India education templates">Templates</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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