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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sound era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1970s–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Hindi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Telugu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Tamil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Malayalam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Kannada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6 Marathi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Cultural context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 International influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genres and styles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genres_and_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genres and styles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genres_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masala_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masala_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Masala film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masala_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Parallel cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Multilingual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-India_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-India_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Pan-India film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-India_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filming_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filming_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Filming locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filming_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Production companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_by_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_by_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cinema by language </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cinema_by_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cinema by language subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cinema_by_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assamese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assamese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Assamese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bengali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braj_Bhasha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braj_Bhasha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Braj Bhasha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braj_Bhasha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhojpuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhojpuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Bhojpuri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhojpuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chakma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chakma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Chakma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chakma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chhattisgarhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chhattisgarhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Chhattisgarhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chhattisgarhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Gujarati </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Hindi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Kannada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kokborok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kokborok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Kokborok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kokborok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konkani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konkani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.12 Konkani </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konkani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maithili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maithili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.13 Maithili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maithili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.14 Malayalam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.15 Manipuri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.16 Marathi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagpuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagpuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.17 Nagpuri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagpuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorkha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorkha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.18 Gorkha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorkha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.19 Odia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.20 Punjabi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajasthani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajasthani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.21 Rajasthani </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajasthani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.22 Sindhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sherdukpen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sherdukpen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.23 Sherdukpen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sherdukpen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.24 Tamil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.25 Telugu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.26 Tulu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibition_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibition_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Exhibition and distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibition_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Film education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cinema of India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السينما الهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السينما الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_kinomatoqrafiyas%C4%B1" title="Hindistan kinomatoqrafiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistan kinomatoqrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ভারতের চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय सिनेमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारतीय सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Индийско кино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийско кино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Cinema de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_i_Indien" title="Film i Indien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Film i Indien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Film" title="Indischer Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indischer Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ινδικός κινηματογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδικός κινηματογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_India" title="Cine de India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine de India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barata_kinematografio" title="Barata kinematografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barata kinematografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سینمای هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_indien" title="Cinéma indien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma indien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="ભારતીય સિનેમા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતીય સિનેમા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F" title="भारतीय चित्रपट – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भारतीय चित्रपट" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="인도 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय सिनेमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfilman_India" title="Perfilman India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perfilman India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_indiano" title="Cinema indiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema indiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="קולנוע הודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולנוע הודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE" title="ಭಾರತದ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರೋದ್ಯಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರೋದ್ಯಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijas_kino" title="Indijas kino – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indijas kino" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतक सिनेमा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारतक सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ സിനിമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ സിനിമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F" title="भारतीय चलचित्रपट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय चलचित्रपट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfileman_India" title="Perfileman India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perfileman India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_in_India" title="Film in India – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Film in India" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="インドの映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドの映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_film" title="Indisk film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indisk film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_film" title="Indisk film – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indisk film" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸਿਨੇਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸਿਨੇਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ہندوستانی سنیما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستانی سنیما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="هندي سينيما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندي سينيما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematografia_indyjska" title="Kinematografia indyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kinematografia indyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Cinema da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кинематограф Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cinema of India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shineemada_Hindiya" title="Shineemada Hindiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shineemada Hindiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سینەمای ھیندستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای ھیندستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intialainen_elokuva" title="Intialainen elokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intialainen elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_film" title="Indisk film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indisk film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="இந்தியத் திரைப்படத்துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியத் திரைப்படத்துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="భారతీయ సినిమా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతీయ సినిమా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาพยนตร์อินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์อินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синамои Ҳиндустон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Синамои Ҳиндустон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_sinemas%C4%B1" title="Hindistan sineması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan sineması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Кінематограф Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінематограф Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cinema of India</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:India_film_clapperboard_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/150px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/225px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/300px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,742 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">6 per million (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Capacity-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Produced feature films (2021–22)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">2886 <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Number of admissions (2016)<a href="#cite_note-adm_gross_uis-4">[4]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">2,020,000,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">1.69</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">1,713,600,000 <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Gross box office (2022)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>15,000 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a><a href="#cite_note-BS_Apr2023-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">$3.7 billion (2020)<a href="#cite_note-dna-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%; color:#FFF; background-color: #3E7C32;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(India)" title="Ministry of Tourism (India)">Ministry of Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_India" title="List of museums in India">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incredible_India" title="Incredible India">Incredible India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #3E7C32;border-bottom:1px solid #3E7C32;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_India" title="Template:Culture of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_India" title="Template talk:Culture of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Cinema of India, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion pictures</a> made by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a>, has had a large effect on <a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">world cinema</a> since the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-produced-9">[9]</a> Indian cinema is made up of various <a href="#Cinema_by_language">film industries</a>, each producing films in different languages, including <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> and others. Major centres of film production across the country include <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[details 1]</a> For a number of years, the Indian film industry has ranked first in the world in terms of annual film output.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> In 2022, Indian cinema earned <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>15,000 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> ($1.9 billion) at the box-office.<a href="#cite_note-BS_Apr2023-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Film_City" title="Ramoji Film City">Ramoji Film City</a> located in Hyderabad is certified by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the largest film studio complex in the world measuring over 1,666 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> (674 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Guinness_World_Records-31">[30]</a> Indian cinema is composed of <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multi-ethnic</a> film art. The term '<a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>', often mistakenly used to refer to Indian cinema as a whole, is only the Hindi-language segment, with Indian cinema being an umbrella term that includes various film industries, each offering films in diverse languages and styles. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a> emerged as the largest film industry in India in terms of box office.<a href="#cite_note-OM2-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[32]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a> represented 33% of box office revenue, followed by <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a> representing 20%, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a> representing 16%, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a> representing 8%, and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a> representing 6%.<a href="#cite_note-OM-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Statista_20222-35">[34]</a> Other prominent film industries are <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odia cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OM-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Statista_20222-35">[34]</a> As of 2022, the combined revenue of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">South Indian</a> film industries has surpassed that of the Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry (Bollywood).<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-37">[36]</a> As of 2022, Telugu cinema leads Indian cinema with 23.3 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (233 million) tickets sold, followed by Tamil cinema with 20.5 crore (205 million) and Hindi cinema with 18.9 crore (189 million).<a href="#cite_note-mint-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-OM-34">[33]</a> Indian cinema is a global enterprise,<a href="#cite_note-Khanna155-39">[38]</a> and its films have attracted international attention and acclaim throughout <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khanna158-40">[39]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkies</a> began in 1931, Hindi cinema has led in terms of box office performance, but in recent years it has faced stiff competition from Telugu cinema.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[32]</a> Overseas Indians account for 12% of the industry's revenue.<a href="#cite_note-Potts74-42">[41]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The history of cinema in India extends to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière</a> and Robert Paul moving pictures in London in 1896, commercial <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> became a worldwide sensation and these films were shown in Bombay (now <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>) that same year.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao252-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_era_(1890s–1920s)">Silent era (1890s–1920s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Silent era (1890s–1920s)">edit</a>]</div> In 1897, a film presentation by filmmaker Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's camera and encouragement, Indian photographer <a href="/wiki/Hiralal_Sen" title="Hiralal Sen">Hiralal Sen</a> filmed scenes from that show, exhibited as The Flower of Persia (1898).<a href="#cite_note-Hiralal2-44">[43]</a> The Wrestlers (1899), by <a href="/wiki/H._S._Bhatavdekar" title="H. S. Bhatavdekar">H. S. Bhatavdekar</a>, showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1913 to 1931, all the movies made in India were <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a>, which had no sound and had <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IT-2017-45">[44]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <dl><dt>History of Indian cinema</dt></dl> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PundalikAd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newspaper ad for Shree Pundalik"><img alt="Newspaper ad for Shree Pundalik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PundalikAd.jpg/95px-PundalikAd.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PundalikAd.jpg/143px-PundalikAd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PundalikAd.jpg/190px-PundalikAd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1932" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newspaper ad for <a href="/wiki/Shree_Pundalik" title="Shree Pundalik">Shree Pundalik</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Harishchandra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A scene from Raja Harishchandra"><img alt="A scene from Raja Harishchandra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Raja_Harishchandra.jpg/120px-Raja_Harishchandra.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Raja_Harishchandra.jpg/180px-Raja_Harishchandra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Raja_Harishchandra.jpg/240px-Raja_Harishchandra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="237" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A scene from <a href="/wiki/Raja_Harishchandra" title="Raja Harishchandra">Raja Harishchandra</a></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Phalke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dadasaheb Phalke, c. 1930s[45][46][47][48]"><img alt="Dadasaheb Phalke, c. 1930s[45][46][47][48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phalke.jpg/67px-Phalke.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phalke.jpg/101px-Phalke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phalke.jpg/135px-Phalke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1211" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dadasaheb Phalke</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930s<a href="#cite_note-thecolorsofindia1-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-vilanilam128-49">[48]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AVM Studios globe"><img alt="AVM Studios globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg/120px-AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg/180px-AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg/240px-AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AVM_Productions" title="AVM Productions">AVM Studios</a> globe</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dadasaheb Phalke</a> released <a href="/wiki/Raja_Harishchandra" title="Raja Harishchandra">Raja Harishchandra</a> (1913) in Bombay, the first film made in India. It was a silent film incorporating <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and English intertitles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[49]</a> It was premiered in <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Cinematograph_and_Variety_Hall" title="Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall">Coronation cinema</a> in <a href="/wiki/Girgaon" title="Girgaon">Girgaon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> Although some claim <a href="/wiki/Shree_Pundalik" title="Shree Pundalik">Shree Pundalik</a> (1912) of <a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Torne" title="Dadasaheb Torne">Dadasaheb Torne</a> is the first ever film made in India,<a href="#cite_note-Maharashtratimes-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Pioneer-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> some film scholars have argued that Pundalik was not a true Indian film because it was simply a recording of a stage play, filmed by a British cameraman and it was processed in London.<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Express-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[49]</a> Raja Harishchandra of Phalke had a story based on Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> legend of <a href="/wiki/Harishchandra" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a>, a truthful King and its success led many to consider him a pioneer of Indian cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> Phalke used an all Indian crew including actors <a href="/wiki/Anna_Salunke" title="Anna Salunke">Anna Salunke</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._D._Dabke" title="D. D. Dabke">D. D. Dabke</a>. He directed, edited, <a href="/wiki/Film_developing" class="mw-redirect" title="Film developing">processed</a> the film himself.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[49]</a> Phalke saw The Life of Christ (1906) by the French director <a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Alice Guy-Blaché</a>, While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> instead and decided to start in the business of "moving pictures".<a href="#cite_note-Dharap-56">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, film pioneer <a href="/wiki/Raghupathi_Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu">Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu</a>, credited as the father of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a>, built the first cinemas in Madras (now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a> was established in the city by Nataraja Mudaliar.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-velayutham2-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 1921, Naidu produced the silent film, <a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Pratigna_(1921_film)" title="Bhishma Pratigna (1921 film)">Bhishma Pratigna</a>, generally considered to be the first Telugu <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam films</a>, also silent films, were <a href="/wiki/Keechaka_Vadham" title="Keechaka Vadham">Keechaka Vadham</a> (1917–1918, <a href="/wiki/R._Nataraja_Mudaliar" title="R. Nataraja Mudaliar">R. Nataraja Mudaliar</a>)<a href="#cite_note-RANDOR-61">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigathakumaran" title="Vigathakumaran">Vigathakumaran</a> (1928, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Daniel" title="J. C. Daniel">J. C. Daniel Nadar</a>). The latter was the first Indian social drama film and featured the first <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a>-caste film actress.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first chain of Indian cinemas, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Theatre" title="Madan Theatre">Madan Theatre</a>, was owned by <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsi</a> entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Jamshedji_Framji_Madan" title="Jamshedji Framji Madan">Jamshedji Framji Madan</a>, who oversaw the production and distribution of films for the chain.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> These included film adaptations from Bengal's popular literature and <a href="/wiki/Satyawadi_Raja_Harishchandra" title="Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra">Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra</a> (1917), a remake of Phalke's influential film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Films steadily gained popularity across India as affordable entertainment for the masses (admission as low as an anna [one-sixteenth of a rupee] in Bombay).<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao252-43">[42]</a> Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao252-253-62">[61]</a> In 1927, the British government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Cinematograph_Committee" title="Indian Cinematograph Committee">Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee</a>. The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians, led by <a href="/wiki/T._Rangachari" title="T. Rangachari">T. Rangachari</a>, a Madras lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> This committee failed to bolster the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, and their suggestions were set aside. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_era">Sound era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sound era">edit</a>]</div> The first Indian <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> was <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a> (1931) made by <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Irani" title="Ardeshir Irani">Ardeshir Irani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja" title="Ayodhyecha Raja">Ayodhyecha Raja</a> (1932) was the first sound film of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IT-2017-45">[44]</a> Irani also produced South India's first sound film, the Tamil–Telugu bilingual talking picture <a href="/wiki/Kalidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalidas">Kalidas</a> (1931, <a href="/wiki/H._M._Reddy" title="H. M. Reddy">H. M. Reddy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a> film with audible dialogue, <a href="/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_(1932_film)" title="Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)">Bhakta Prahlada</a> (1932), was directed by <a href="/wiki/H._M._Reddy" title="H. M. Reddy">H. M. Reddy</a>, who directed the first bilingual (Telugu and Tamil) talkie <a href="/wiki/Kalidas_(film)" title="Kalidas (film)">Kalidas</a> (1931).<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Film_Company" title="East India Film Company">East India Film Company</a> produced its first Telugu film, <a href="/wiki/Savitri_(1933_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri (1933 film)">Savitri</a> (1933, <a href="/wiki/C._Pullayya" title="C. Pullayya">C. Pullayya</a>), adapted from a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The film received an honorary diploma at the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Venice_International_Film_Festival" title="2nd Venice International Film Festival">2nd Venice International Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/V._Nagayya" title="V. Nagayya">Chittoor Nagayya</a> was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India.<a href="#cite_note-hindu.com-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Jumai Shasthi was the first Bengali <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short film</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkie">talkie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Prasad_Agarwala" title="Jyoti Prasad Agarwala">Jyoti Prasad Agarwala</a> made his first film <a href="/wiki/Joymoti_(1935_film)" title="Joymoti (1935 film)">Joymoti</a> (1935) in Assamese, and later made <a href="/wiki/Indramalati" title="Indramalati">Indramalati</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in <a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a>, Andhra Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] The advent of sound to Indian cinema launched musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani, marking the beginning of song-and-dance in Indian films.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> By 1935, studios emerged in major cities such as Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as filmmaking became an established industry, exemplified by the success of <a href="/wiki/Devdas_(1935_film)" title="Devdas (1935 film)">Devdas</a> (1935).<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao254-72">[71]</a> The first colour film made in India was Kisan Kanya (1937, Moti B).<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viswa_Mohini" title="Viswa Mohini">Viswa Mohini</a> (1940) was the first Indian film to depict the Indian movie-making world.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swamikannu_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamikannu Vincent">Swamikannu Vincent</a>, who had built the first cinema of South India in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, introduced the concept of "tent cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras and called Edison's Grand Cinema Megaphone. This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Talkies" title="Bombay Talkies">Bombay Talkies</a> opened in 1934 and <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Film_Company" title="Prabhat Film Company">Prabhat Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> began production of Marathi films.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao254-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sant_Tukaram_(film)" title="Sant Tukaram (film)">Sant Tukaram</a> (1936) was the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival,[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] at the 1937 edition of the Venice Film Festival. The film was judged one of the three best films of the year.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> However, while Indian filmmakers sought to tell important stories, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> banned Wrath (1930) and <a href="/wiki/Raithu_Bidda_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raithu Bidda (1939 film)">Raithu Bidda</a> (1938) for broaching the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The Indian <a href="/wiki/Masala_(film_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masala (film genre)">Masala film</a>—a term used for mixed-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao254-72">[71]</a> During the 1940s, cinema in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao254-72">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a> (IPTA), an art movement with a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-679-79">[78]</a> IPTA plays, such as <a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a> (1944), prepared the ground for <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> in Indian cinema, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal" title="Dharti Ke Lal">Dharti Ke Lal</a> (Children of the Earth, 1946).<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-679-79">[78]</a> The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism in films <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a> (1957), among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-681-80">[79]</a> Following independence, the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao254-72">[71]</a> Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao254-72">[71]</a> The Indian government had established a <a href="/wiki/Films_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Films Division">Films Division</a> by 1948, which eventually became one of the world's largest documentary film producers with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9,000 prints for permanent film theatres across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-681-683-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)">Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg/202px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg/303px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg/404px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> is recognised as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> This period saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> movement, which emphasised <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>. Mainly led by Bengalis,<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-88">[87]</a> early examples include <a href="/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal" title="Dharti Ke Lal">Dharti Ke Lal</a> (1946, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksha-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neecha_Nagar" title="Neecha Nagar">Neecha Nagar</a> (1946, <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(producer_%26_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetan Anand (producer & director)">Chetan Anand</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagarik" title="Nagarik">Nagarik</a> (1952, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>)<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin" title="Do Bigha Zamin">Do Bigha Zamin</a> (1953, Bimal Roy), laying the foundations for Indian <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neorealism</a><a href="#cite_note-filmreference-93">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">The Apu Trilogy</a> (1955–1959, <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>) won prizes at several major international film festivals and firmly established the parallel cinema movement.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-683-94">[93]</a> It was influential on <a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">world cinema</a> and led to a rush of <a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming-of-age film">coming-of-age films</a> in <a href="/wiki/Art_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Art house">art house</a> theatres.<a href="#cite_note-Sragow-95">[94]</a> Cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Subrata_Mitra" title="Subrata Mitra">Subrata Mitra</a> developed the technique of <a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)#Bounce_lighting" title="Reflector (photography)">bounce lighting</a>, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets, during the second film of the trilogy<a href="#cite_note-cinematographers-96">[95]</a> and later pioneered other effects such as the <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">photo-negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashbacks</a> and X-ray digressions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of ₹250 million (equivalent to ₹26 billion or US$320 million in 2023) in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The government created the Film Finance Corporation (FFC) in 1960 to provide financial support to filmmakers.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-684-99">[98]</a> While serving as Information and Broadcasting Minister of India in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> supported the production of off-beat cinema through the FFC.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-684-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baburao_Patel" title="Baburao Patel">Baburao Patel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Filmindia" title="Filmindia">Filmindia</a> called <a href="/wiki/B._N._Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="B. N. Reddy">B. N. Reddy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Malliswari_(1951_film)" title="Malliswari (1951 film)">Malliswari</a> (1951) an "inspiring motion picture" which would "save us the blush when compared with the best of motion pictures of the world".<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_BFP-100">[99]</a> Film historian <a href="/wiki/Randor_Guy" title="Randor Guy">Randor Guy</a> called Malliswari scripted by <a href="/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri" title="Devulapalli Krishnasastri">Devulapalli Krishnasastri</a> a "poem in celluloid, told with rare artistic finesse, which lingers long in the memory".<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Commercial <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi cinema</a> began thriving, including acclaimed films <a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Kaagaz_Ke_Phool" title="Kaagaz Ke Phool">Kaagaz Ke Phool</a> (1959, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Awaara" title="Awaara">Awaara</a> (1951) and <a href="/wiki/Shree_420" title="Shree 420">Shree 420</a> (1955, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a>). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; Awaara presented Bombay as both a nightmare and a dream, while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic film</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957, <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a>) was the first Indian film to be nominated for the US-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> It spawned a new genre of <a href="/wiki/Dacoit_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit film">dacoit films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Teo-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunga_Jumna" title="Gunga Jumna">Gunga Jumna</a> (1961, <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a>) was a dacoit <a href="/wiki/Crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime drama">crime drama</a> about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that became common in Indian films in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Ganti-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhumati" title="Madhumati">Madhumati</a> (1958, <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>) popularised the theme of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnation in popular western culture">Western popular culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doniger-107">[106]</a> Actor <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a> rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian <a href="/wiki/Movie_star" title="Movie star">movie star</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> He was a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a>, predating Hollywood method actors such as <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>. Much like Brando's influence on <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a> actors, Kumar inspired Hindi actors, including <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui" title="Nawazuddin Siddiqui">Nawazuddin Siddiqui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neecha_Nagar" title="Neecha Nagar">Neecha Nagar</a> (1946) won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at Cannes<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-90">[89]</a> and Indian films competed for the award most years in the 1950s and early 1960s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ray is regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Auteur_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteur theory">auteurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">20th century cinema</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> along with his contemporaries Dutt<a href="#cite_note-Lee-112">[111]</a> and Ghatak.<a href="#cite_note-Totaro-113">[112]</a> In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a> Critics' Poll ranked Ray at <abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 7 in its list of Top 10 Directors of all time.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Multiple films from this era are included among the <a href="/wiki/Films_considered_the_greatest_ever" class="mw-redirect" title="Films considered the greatest ever">greatest films of all time</a> in various critics' and directors' polls, including The Apu Trilogy,<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalsaghar" title="Jalsaghar">Jalsaghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charulata" title="Charulata">Charulata</a><a href="#cite_note-SS-1992-ranking-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aranyer_Din_Ratri" title="Aranyer Din Ratri">Aranyer Din Ratri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SS-1982-ranking-117">[116]</a> Pyaasa, Kaagaz Ke Phool, <a href="/wiki/Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_(1960_film)" title="Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)">Meghe Dhaka Tara</a>, Komal Gandhar, Awaara, <a href="/wiki/Baiju_Bawra_(1952_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiju Bawra (1952 film)">Baiju Bawra</a>, Mother India, Mughal-e-Azam<a href="#cite_note-Cinemacom-118">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_(film)" title="Subarnarekha (film)">Subarnarekha</a> (also tied at No. 11).<a href="#cite_note-Totaro-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan" title="Sivaji Ganesan">Sivaji Ganesan</a> became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the Best Actor award at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="French Government">French Government</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Sivaji_Ganesan's_birth_anniversary-119">[118]</a> Tamil cinema is <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics" title="Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics">influenced by Dravidian politics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake132-33-120">[119]</a> with prominent film personalities <a href="/wiki/C_N_Annadurai" class="mw-redirect" title="C N Annadurai">C N Annadurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_G_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="M G Ramachandran">M G Ramachandran</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="M Karunanidhi">M Karunanidhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kasbekar_2006_215-121">[120]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s–present">1970s–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s–present">edit</a>]</div> By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as "Bollywood". <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.632937844611px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.977648588825px 36.812455268468px 0 0; border-top-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:18.738131458572px 98.228725072869px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 54.975465219277px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Summary of the 2022 box office revenues. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Hindi (33%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Telugu (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Tamil (16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kannada (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Malayalam (6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (17%)</div> </div> </div></div> By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600 million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>'s 2.6 billion tickets sold.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindi">Hindi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hindi">edit</a>]</div> Realistic <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> continued throughout the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-685-126">[125]</a> practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-688-127">[126]</a> Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as <a href="/wiki/Aradhana_(1969_film)" title="Aradhana (1969 film)">Aradhana</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha" title="Sachaa Jhutha">Sachaa Jhutha</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_(1971_film)" title="Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)">Haathi Mere Saathi</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Anand_(1971_film)" title="Anand (1971 film)">Anand</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Kati_Patang" title="Kati Patang">Kati Patang</a> (1971) <a href="/wiki/Amar_Prem" title="Amar Prem">Amar Prem</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Dushman_(1971_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushman (1971 film)">Dushman</a> (1972) and <a href="/wiki/Daag_(1973_film)" title="Daag (1973 film)">Daag</a> (1973).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SalimKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SalimKhan.jpg/120px-SalimKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SalimKhan.jpg/180px-SalimKhan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SalimKhan.jpg/240px-SalimKhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="370" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg/160px-Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg/240px-Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg/320px-Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="630" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The screenwriting duo <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan" title="Salim Khan">Salim Khan</a> (l) and <a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a> (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s<a href="#cite_note-Pandolin-128">[127]</a> and are considered <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>'s greatest <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri-129">[128]</a></div></div></div></div> By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,<a href="#cite_note-raj-130">[129]</a> dominated by musical <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-131">[130]</a> Screenwriter duo <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan" title="Salim Khan">Salim Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a>) revitalised the industry.<a href="#cite_note-raj-130">[129]</a> They established the genre of gritty, violent, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay underworld">Bombay underworld</a> <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime films</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zanjeer_(1973_film)" title="Zanjeer (1973 film)">Zanjeer</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-ganti-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mother India and Gunga Jumna in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,<a href="#cite_note-raj-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-legends-134">[133]</a> channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses,<a href="#cite_note-raj-130">[129]</a> unprecedented growth of <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-135">[134]</a> and urban poverty, corruption and crime,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> themes.<a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes-137">[136]</a> This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes-137">[136]</a> who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in Gunga Jumna<a href="#cite_note-raj-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-legends-134">[133]</a> and gave a voice to the urban poor.<a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-135">[134]</a> By the mid-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime-action films Zanjeer and <a href="/wiki/Sholay" title="Sholay">Sholay</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-688-127">[126]</a> The devotional classic <a href="/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Santoshi Ma">Jai Santoshi Ma</a> (1975) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-688-127">[126]</a> Another important film was <a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a> (1975, <a href="/wiki/Yash_Chopra" title="Yash Chopra">Yash Chopra</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Ganti-106">[105]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime film</a> with brothers on opposite sides of the law which <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema".<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-138">[137]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>" was coined in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-collaco-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-khanna-140">[139]</a> when the conventions of commercial Bombay-produced Hindi films were established.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-141">[140]</a> Key to this was <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Hussain" title="Nasir Hussain">Nasir Hussain</a> and Salim–Javed's creation of the <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala film</a> genre, which combines elements of <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Their film <a href="/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaadon Ki Baarat">Yaadon Ki Baarat</a> (1973) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-143">[142]</a> Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was <a href="/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony" title="Amar Akbar Anthony">Amar Akbar Anthony</a> (1977, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Desai" title="Manmohan Desai">Manmohan Desai</a>).<a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2005-144">[143]</a> Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s. Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as <a href="/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye" title="Ek Duuje Ke Liye">Ek Duuje Ke Liye</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Disco_Dancer" title="Disco Dancer">Disco Dancer</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Himmatwala_(1983_film)" title="Himmatwala (1983 film)">Himmatwala</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Tohfa" title="Tohfa">Tohfa</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Naam_(1986_film)" title="Naam (1986 film)">Naam</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)" title="Mr. India (1987 film)">Mr India</a> (1987), and <a href="/wiki/Tezaab" title="Tezaab">Tezaab</a> (1988). In the late 1980s,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Disco_Dancer" title="Disco Dancer">Disco Dancer</a> (1982) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor <a href="/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty" title="Mithun Chakraborty">Mithun Chakraborty</a> and music director <a href="/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri" title="Bappi Lahiri">Bappi Lahiri</a> had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Yash_Chopra" title="Yash Chopra">Yash Chopra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chandni_(film)" title="Chandni (film)">Chandni</a> (1989) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.<a href="#cite_note-iDiva-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ray-146">[145]</a> Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of <a href="/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)" title="Mr. India (1987 film)">Mr. India</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak" title="Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak">Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/ChaalBaaz" title="ChaalBaaz">Chaalbaaz</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya" title="Maine Pyar Kiya">Maine Pyar Kiya</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Lamhe" title="Lamhe">Lamhe</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Saajan" title="Saajan">Saajan</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Gawah" title="Khuda Gawah">Khuda Gawah</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Khalnayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalnayak">Khalnayak</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Darr" title="Darr">Darr</a> (1993),<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-688-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..!" title="Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!">Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil To Pagal Hai">Dil To Pagal Hai</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_(1998_film)" title="Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)">Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya</a> (1998) and <a href="/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a> (1998). Cult classic <a href="/wiki/Bandit_Queen" title="Bandit Queen">Bandit Queen</a> (1994) directed by <a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur" title="Shekhar Kapur">Shekhar Kapur</a> received international recognition and controversy.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sridevi,_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg/150px-Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sridevi" title="Sridevi">Sridevi</a> (2012) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Crime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime films">crime films</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Satya_(1998_film)" title="Satya (1998 film)">Satya</a> (1998) and <a href="/wiki/Vaastav" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaastav">Vaastav</a> (1999). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir",<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-150">[149]</a> reflecting social problems in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Jungen-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/Sarkar_(film_series)" title="Sarkar (film series)">Indian Political Trilogy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gangster_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangster (film series)">Indian Gangster Trilogy</a>; film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Sunday_Tribune_-_Spectrum-154">[153]</a> The first instalment of the trilogy, <a href="/wiki/Satya_(1998_film)" title="Satya (1998 film)">Satya</a>, was also listed in <a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a>'s 100 greatest <a href="/wiki/Indian_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian films">Indian films</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "<a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood" title="Khans of Bollywood">Three Khans</a>": <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-157">[156]</a> Combined, they starred in the top ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing Bollywood films">highest-grossing Bollywood films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-156">[155]</a> and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;<a href="#cite_note-forbes-2017-1-23-160">[159]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.<a href="#cite_note-aamir-forbes-161">[160]</a> Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Rampal" title="Arjun Rampal">Arjun Rampal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Deol" title="Sunny Deol">Sunny Deol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar" title="Akshay Kumar">Akshay Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Devgn" title="Ajay Devgn">Ajay Devgn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan" title="Hrithik Roshan">Hrithik Roshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anil_Kapoor" title="Anil Kapoor">Anil Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt" title="Sanjay Dutt">Sanjay Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sridevi" title="Sridevi">Sridevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit" title="Madhuri Dixit">Madhuri Dixit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhi_Chawla" title="Juhi Chawla">Juhi Chawla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor" title="Karisma Kapoor">Karisma Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajol" title="Kajol">Kajol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabu_(actress)" title="Tabu (actress)">Tabu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishwarya Rai">Aishwarya Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rani_Mukerji" title="Rani Mukerji">Rani Mukerji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preity_Zinta" title="Preity Zinta">Preity Zinta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haider_(film)" title="Haider (film)">Haider</a> (2014, <a href="/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj" title="Vishal Bhardwaj">Vishal Bhardwaj</a>), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after <a href="/wiki/Maqbool" title="Maqbool">Maqbool</a> (2003) and <a href="/wiki/Omkara_(2006_film)" title="Omkara (2006 film)">Omkara</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> won the People's Choice Award at the 9th <a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a> in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor" title="Shahid Kapoor">Shahid Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor" title="Ranbir Kapoor">Ranbir Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranveer_Singh" title="Ranveer Singh">Ranveer Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana" title="Ayushmann Khurrana">Ayushmann Khurrana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varun_Dhawan" title="Varun Dhawan">Varun Dhawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra" title="Sidharth Malhotra">Sidharth Malhotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput" title="Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan" title="Kartik Aaryan">Kartik Aaryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor" title="Arjun Kapoor">Arjun Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur" title="Aditya Roy Kapur">Aditya Roy Kapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Shroff" title="Tiger Shroff">Tiger Shroff</a>, as well as actresses like <a href="/wiki/Vidya_Balan" title="Vidya Balan">Vidya Balan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra" title="Priyanka Chopra">Priyanka Chopra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kareena Kapoor">Kareena Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katrina_Kaif" title="Katrina Kaif">Katrina Kaif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut" title="Kangana Ranaut">Kangana Ranaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepika_Padukone" title="Deepika Padukone">Deepika Padukone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor" title="Sonam Kapoor">Sonam Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anushka_Sharma" title="Anushka Sharma">Anushka Sharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor" title="Shraddha Kapoor">Shraddha Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alia_Bhatt" title="Alia Bhatt">Alia Bhatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra" title="Parineeti Chopra">Parineeti Chopra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kriti_Sanon" title="Kriti Sanon">Kriti Sanon</a> with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female-centric films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture" title="The Dirty Picture">The Dirty Picture</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Kahaani" title="Kahaani">Kahaani</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Queen_(2014_film)" title="Queen (2014 film)">Queen</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Highway_(2014_Hindi_film)" title="Highway (2014 Hindi film)">Highway</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns" title="Tanu Weds Manu Returns">Tanu Weds Manu Returns</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Raazi" title="Raazi">Raazi</a> (2018) and <a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi" title="Gangubai Kathiawadi">Gangubai Kathiawadi</a> (2022). <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> were highly influential in <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian cinema">South Indian cinema</a>. In addition to writing two <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada films</a>, many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as Zanjeer, Yaadon Ki Baarat and Don.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor <a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mint-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sridevi" title="Sridevi">Sridevi</a> is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a>. She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telugu">Telugu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Telugu">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/K._V._Reddy" title="K. V. Reddy">K. V. Reddy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mayabazar" title="Mayabazar">Mayabazar</a> (1957) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a> that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, <a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a> included Mayabazar in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN among those 100 films, Mayabazar was voted by the public as the "Greatest Indian film of all time".<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Viswanath" title="K. Viswanath">K. Viswanath</a>, one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> with mainstream cinema. His works such as <a href="/wiki/Sankarabharanam_(1980_film)" title="Sankarabharanam (1980 film)">Sankarabharanam</a> (1980) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the "Prize of the Public" at the <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> Film Festival of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the year 1981.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes (India)">Forbes</a> included <a href="/wiki/J._V._Somayajulu" title="J. V. Somayajulu">J. V. Somayajulu</a>'s performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<a href="#cite_note-:1a-171">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Muthyam" title="Swathi Muthyam">Swathi Muthyam</a> (1986) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">India's official entry</a> to the <a href="/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards" title="59th Academy Awards">59th Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swarna_Kamalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarna Kamalam">Swarna Kamalam</a> (1988) the dance film choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Lowen" title="Sharon Lowen">Sharon Lowen</a> was featured at the <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Film_Festival" title="Ann Arbor Film Festival">Ann Arbor Film Festival</a>, fetching three <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Express_Awards_-_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema Express Awards - 1988">Indian Express Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:563px;max-width:563px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg/154px-K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg/231px-K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg/308px-K._Vishwanath_at_National_Film_Awards_Function_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RamGopalVarma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RamGopalVarma.jpg/120px-RamGopalVarma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RamGopalVarma.jpg/180px-RamGopalVarma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RamGopalVarma.jpg/240px-RamGopalVarma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="379" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg/154px-Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg/231px-Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg/308px-Singeetam_srinivasa_rao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1078" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-Chiranjeevi_at_Amitabh_Bachchan%27s_70th_birthday_celebration_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="370" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right: <a href="/wiki/K._Viswanath" title="K. Viswanath">K. Viswanath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao" title="Singeetam Srinivasa Rao">Singeetam Srinivasa Rao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao" title="B. Narsing Rao">B. Narsing Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry" title="K. N. T. Sastry">K. N. T. Sastry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao" title="Akkineni Kutumba Rao">A. Kutumba Rao</a> garnered international recognition for their works in new-wave cinema.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Narsing Rao's <a href="/wiki/Maa_Ooru" title="Maa Ooru">Maa Ooru</a> (1992) won the "<a href="/wiki/Media_Wave_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Wave International Film Festival">Media Wave Award</a>" of Hungary; <a href="/wiki/Daasi_(1988_film)" title="Daasi (1988 film)">Daasi</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Matti_Manushulu" title="Matti Manushulu">Matti Manushulu</a> (1990) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the <a href="/wiki/16th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival" title="16th Moscow International Film Festival">16th</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival" title="17th Moscow International Film Festival">17th</a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival" title="Moscow International Film Festival">MIFF</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Sastry's <a href="/wiki/Thilaadanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thilaadanam">Thilaadanam</a> (2000) received "New Currents Award" at the <a href="/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival" title="Busan International Film Festival">7th Busan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Rajnesh Domalpalli's <a href="/wiki/Vanaja_(film)" title="Vanaja (film)">Vanaja</a> (2006) won "Best First Feature Award" at the <a href="/wiki/57th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="57th Berlin International Film Festival">57th Berlinale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siva_(1989_Telugu_film)" title="Siva (1989 Telugu film)">Siva</a> (1989), which attained <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult following</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">steadicams</a> and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Siva attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Varma introduced <a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">road movie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> to Indian screen with <a href="/wiki/Kshana_Kshanam" title="Kshana Kshanam">Kshana Kshanam</a> (1991).<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao" title="Singeetam Srinivasa Rao">Singeetam Srinivasa Rao</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> to the Indian screen with <a href="/wiki/Aditya_369" title="Aditya 369">Aditya 369</a> (1991). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci-fi novel <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a>'s works such as the social <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama film</a> <a href="/wiki/Swayamkrushi" title="Swayamkrushi">Swayamkrushi</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">comedy thriller</a> <a href="/wiki/Chantabbai" title="Chantabbai">Chantabbai</a> (1986), the <a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">vigilante thriller</a> <a href="/wiki/Kondaveeti_Donga" title="Kondaveeti Donga">Kondaveeti Donga</a> (1990),<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Western_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Western genre">Western thriller</a> <a href="/wiki/Kodama_Simham" title="Kodama Simham">Kodama Simham</a> (1990), and the <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action thriller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_Leader" title="Gang Leader">Gang Leader</a> (1991), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.<a href="#cite_note-gang_leader-193">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhar_Kammula" title="Sekhar Kammula">Sekhar Kammula</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dollar_Dreams_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar Dreams (film)">Dollar Dreams</a> (2000), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re-introduced <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a> to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> War drama <a href="/wiki/Kanche" title="Kanche">Kanche</a> (2015, <a href="/wiki/Krish_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krish (director)">Krish Jagarlamudi</a>) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> of the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Hans_India_MR-195">[194]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Rajamouli,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg/172px-SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg/258px-SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg/344px-SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli" title="S. S. Rajamouli">S.S Rajamouli</a> has been described as "the biggest Indian film director ever" and "India's most significant director today".<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian</a> film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a> as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli" title="S. S. Rajamouli">S. S. Rajamouli</a> pioneered the pan-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films <a href="/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning" title="Baahubali: The Beginning">Baahubali: The Beginning</a> (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion" title="Baahubali 2: The Conclusion">Baahubali 2: The Conclusion</a> (2017), that changed the face of Indian cinema. Baahubali: The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for American <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record-breaking box office success.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The sequel Baahubali 2 (2017) went on to win the American "<a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_International_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best International Film">Saturn Award for Best International Film</a>" & emerged as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films#Worldwide_gross_collection" title="List of highest-grossing Indian films">second-highest-grossing Indian film</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film <a href="/wiki/RRR_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="RRR (film)">RRR</a> (2022) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and <a href="/wiki/VFX" class="mw-redirect" title="VFX">VFX</a>, which further consolidated the Pan-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Review" title="National Board of Review">National Board of Review</a>, making it only the seventh non-English language film ever to make it to the list.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[203]</a> The film went on to receive several other nominations at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Awards" title="Critics' Choice Movie Awards">Critics' Choice Movie Award</a> including <a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Films like <a href="/wiki/Pushpa:_The_Rise" title="Pushpa: The Rise">Pushpa: The Rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salaar:_Part_1_%E2%80%93_Ceasefire" title="Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire">Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalki_2898_AD" title="Kalki 2898 AD">Kalki 2898 AD</a> have further contributed to the pan-Indian film wave. Actors like <a href="/wiki/Prabhas" title="Prabhas">Prabhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allu_Arjun" title="Allu Arjun">Allu Arjun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan" title="Ram Charan">Ram Charan</a> and <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao_Jr." title="N. T. Rama Rao Jr.">N. T. Rama Rao Jr.</a> enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films. <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">Film critics</a>, journalists and analysts, such as <a href="/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan" title="Baradwaj Rangan">Baradwaj Rangan</a> and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the "first legit Pan-Indian Superstar".<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a> has been remaking <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a> films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil">Tamil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tamil">edit</a>]</div> Tamil cinema established Madras (now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi cinema</a>, other South Indian film industries, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a> populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg/120px-Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg/180px-Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg/240px-Mani_Ratnam_at_the_Museum_of_the_Moving_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2867" data-file-height="2895" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg/160px-Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg/240px-Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg/320px-Kamal_Haasan_at_62nd_Filmfare_Awards_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="340" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg/200px-Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg/300px-Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg/400px-Rajinikanth_at_the_Inauguration_of_MGR_Statue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a> (film director), <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal Hasan">Kamal Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Marupakkam" title="Marupakkam">Marupakkam</a> (1991, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Sethumadhavan" title="K. S. Sethumadhavan">K. S. Sethumadhavan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kanchivaram" title="Kanchivaram">Kanchivaram</a> (2007) each won the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film">National Film Award for Best Feature Film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baskaran2013-212">[211]</a> Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.<a href="#cite_note-sify1-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since <a href="/wiki/Chandralekha_(1948_film)" title="Chandralekha (1948 film)">Chandralekha</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Muthu_(film)" title="Muthu (film)">Muthu</a> (1995) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as Mutu: Odoru Maharaja<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a>) and grossed a record $1.6 million in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Enthiran" title="Enthiran">Enthiran</a> grossed a record $4 million in North America.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Tamil-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. <a href="/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal" title="Kannathil Muthamittal">Kannathil Muthamittal</a> (Ratnam), <a href="/wiki/Veyil_(2006_film)" title="Veyil (2006 film)">Veyyil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasanthabalan" title="Vasanthabalan">Vasanthabalan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paruthiveeran" title="Paruthiveeran">Paruthiveeran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ameer_Sultan" title="Ameer Sultan">Ameer Sultan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kanchivaram" title="Kanchivaram">Kanchivaram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Priyadarshan" title="Priyadarshan">Priyadarshan</a>) premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>. Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Chennai-based music composer <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahaman</a> achieved global recognition with two <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> and is nicknamed as "Isai Puyal" (musical storm) and "Mozart of Madras". <a href="/wiki/Nayakan" title="Nayakan">Nayakan</a> (1987, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a>) was included in <a href="/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies" title="Time's All-Time 100 Movies">Time's All-Time 100 Movies</a> list.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Malayalam">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29,2007_at_IFFI,_Panaji,_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg/180px-Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg/270px-Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg/360px-Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></figcaption></figure> Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._V._Chandran" title="T. V. Chandran">T. V. Chandran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-malayalamcinema1-220">[219]</a> Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-221">[220]</a> He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including <a href="/wiki/Elippathayam" title="Elippathayam">Elippathayam</a> (1981) which won the <a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Trophy" title="Sutherland Trophy">Sutherland Trophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="London Film Festival">London Film Festival</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1984 <a href="/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan" title="My Dear Kuttichathan">My Dear Kuttichathan</a>, directed by Jijo Punnoose under <a href="/wiki/Navodaya_Studio" title="Navodaya Studio">Navodaya Studio</a>, was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a> format. Karun's debut film <a href="/wiki/Piravi" title="Piravi">Piravi</a> (1989) won the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or" title="Caméra d'Or">Caméra d'Or</a> at <a href="/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1989 Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>, while his second film <a href="/wiki/Swaham" title="Swaham">Swaham</a> (1994) was in competition for the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanaprastham" title="Vanaprastham">Vanaprastham</a> was screened at the <a href="/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard" title="Un Certain Regard">Un Certain Regard</a> section of the Cannes Film Festival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Murali_Nair" title="Murali Nair">Murali Nair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marana_Simhasanam" title="Marana Simhasanam">Marana Simhasanam</a> (1999), inspired by the first execution by <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a> in India, the film was screened in the <a href="/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard" title="Un Certain Regard">Un Certain Regard</a> section at the <a href="/wiki/1999_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1999 Cannes Film Festival">1999 Cannes Film Festival</a> where it won the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or" title="Caméra d'Or">Caméra d'Or</a>.<a href="#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff-223">[222]</a> The film received special reception at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fazil_(director)" title="Fazil (director)">Fazil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manichitrathazhu" title="Manichitrathazhu">Manichitrathazhu</a> (1993), scripted by <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Muttam" title="Madhu Muttam">Madhu Muttam</a>, is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhava</a> <a href="/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad">tharavad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alummoottil" title="Alummoottil">Alummoottil</a> meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Channar</a> family, in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Mani01-226">[225]</a> It was remade in four languages – in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> as <a href="/wiki/Apthamitra" title="Apthamitra">Apthamitra</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chandramukhi" title="Chandramukhi">Chandramukhi</a> , in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rajmohol" title="Rajmohol">Rajmohol</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bhool_Bhulaiyaa" title="Bhool Bhulaiyaa">Bhool Bhulaiyaa</a> – all being commercially successful.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeethu_Joseph" title="Jeethu Joseph">Jeethu Joseph</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Drishyam" title="Drishyam">Drishyam</a> (2013) was remade into four other Indian languages: <a href="/wiki/Drishya" title="Drishya">Drishya</a> (2014) in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drushyam" title="Drushyam">Drushyam</a> (2014) in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papanasam_(film)" title="Papanasam (film)">Papanasam</a> (2015) in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drishyam_(2015_film)" title="Drishyam (2015 film)">Drishyam</a> (2015) in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. Internationally, it was remade in <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> language as <a href="/wiki/Dharmayuddhaya" title="Dharmayuddhaya">Dharmayuddhaya</a> (2017) and in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sheep_Without_a_Shepherd" title="Sheep Without a Shepherd">Sheep Without a Shepherd</a> (2019), and also in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kannada">Kannada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kannada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg/120px-GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg/180px-GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg/240px-GIRISH_KASARAVALLI_AT_IFFK_2021_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG/135px-Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG/203px-Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG/270px-Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> Ethnographic works took prominence such as <a href="/wiki/B._V._Karanth" title="B. V. Karanth">B. V. Karanth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chomana_Dudi" title="Chomana Dudi">Chomana Dudi</a> (1975), (based on Chomana Dudi by <a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth" title="Shivaram Karanth">Shivaram Karanth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kaadu_(1973_Kannada_film)" title="Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)">Kaadu</a> (1973), (based on Kaadu by <a href="/wiki/Srikrishna_Alanahalli" title="Srikrishna Alanahalli">Srikrishna Alanahalli</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tikkavarapu_Pattabhirama_Reddy" title="Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy">Pattabhirama Reddy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(film)" title="Samskara (film)">Samskara</a> (1970) (based on Samskara by <a href="/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy" title="U. R. Ananthamurthy">U. R. Ananthamurthy</a>), fetching the Bronze Leopard at <a href="/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Locarno International Film Festival">Locarno International Film Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1nellore.com-231">[230]</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Nagabharana" title="T. S. Nagabharana">T. S. Nagabharana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Mallige_(film)" title="Mysore Mallige (film)">Mysuru Mallige</a> (based on the works of poet <a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ghatashraddha" title="Ghatashraddha">Ghatashraddha</a> (1977), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,<a href="#cite_note-auto-233">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dweepa" title="Dweepa">Dweepa</a> (2002), made to Best Film at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival" title="Moscow International Film Festival">Moscow International Film Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-awa-235">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prashanth_Neel" title="Prashanth Neel">Prashanth Neel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/K.G.F_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="K.G.F (film series)">K.G.F</a> (2018, 2022) is a <a href="/wiki/Period_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Period film">period</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a> series based on the <a href="/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields" title="Kolar Gold Fields">Kolar Gold Fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky (<a href="/wiki/Yash_(actor)" title="Yash (actor)">Yash</a>), a Mumbai-based high ranking <a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">mercenary</a> born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsable.asianetnews.com-238">[237]</a> The film gathered cult following becoming the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Kannada_films" title="List of highest-grossing Kannada films">highest-grossing Kannada film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kgf12-239">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishab_Shetty" title="Rishab Shetty">Rishab Shetty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kantara_(film)" title="Kantara (film)">Kantara</a> (2022), received acclaim for showcasing the <a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Bhoota Kola</a>, a native <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial dance</a> performance prevalent among the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> of coastal Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marathi">Marathi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marathi">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a> also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, Raja Harishchandra of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in <a href="/wiki/Girgaon" title="Girgaon">Girgaon</a>, it was a silent film with <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>-English <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitles</a> made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology. In 1932, the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja" title="Ayodhyecha Raja">Ayodhyecha Raja</a> was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a> (1927). The first Marathi film in colour, <a href="/wiki/Pinjara_(film)" title="Pinjara (film)">Pinjara</a> (1972), was made by <a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a>. In 1960s–70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, <a href="/wiki/Nilu_Phule" title="Nilu Phule">Nilu Phule</a> was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Pilgaonkar_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)">Sachin Pilgaonkar</a> made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Saraf" title="Ashok Saraf">Ashok Saraf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde" title="Laxmikant Berde">Laxmikant Berde</a> starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. Mid-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.<a href="#cite_note-IT-2017-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_context">Cultural context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural context">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Public_Hall,_Chennai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Victoria_Public_Hall%2C_Chennai.JPG/220px-Victoria_Public_Hall%2C_Chennai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Victoria_Public_Hall%2C_Chennai.JPG/330px-Victoria_Public_Hall%2C_Chennai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Victoria_Public_Hall%2C_Chennai.JPG/440px-Victoria_Public_Hall%2C_Chennai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Public_Hall" title="Victoria Public Hall">Victoria Public Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, served as a theatre in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imax_theater_hyderabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Imax_theater_hyderabad.jpg/220px-Imax_theater_hyderabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Imax_theater_hyderabad.jpg/330px-Imax_theater_hyderabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Imax_theater_hyderabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Prasads IMAX Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, was once the world's largest 3D-IMAX screen and the most attended screen in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Travel-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_Newspaper-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-gizmodo.com-244">[243]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramoji_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramoji_14.jpg/220px-Ramoji_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramoji_14.jpg/330px-Ramoji_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramoji_14.jpg/440px-Ramoji_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Film_City" title="Ramoji Film City">Ramoji Film City</a>, Hyderabad, is the world's largest film studio.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Forum,_Bangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Forum%2C_Bangalore.jpg/220px-The_Forum%2C_Bangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Forum%2C_Bangalore.jpg/330px-The_Forum%2C_Bangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Forum%2C_Bangalore.jpg/440px-The_Forum%2C_Bangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PVR_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="PVR Cinemas">PVR Cinemas</a> is one of the largest cinema chains in India.</figcaption></figure> K. Moti Gokulsing and <a href="/wiki/Wimal_Dissanayake" title="Wimal Dissanayake">Wimal Dissanayake</a> identified six major influences that have shaped Indian popular cinema:<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-246">[245]</a> <ul><li>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> influenced the narratives of Indian cinema. Examples of this influence include the techniques of a <a href="/wiki/Side_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Side story">side story</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back-story" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-story">back-story</a> and <a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">story within a story</a>. Indian popular films often have plots that branch into sub-plots; such narrative dispersals can be seen in the 1993 films <a href="/wiki/Khalnayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalnayak">Khalnayak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardish" title="Gardish">Gardish</a>.</li> <li>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a>, with its emphasis on spectacle, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian dance">dance</a> and gesture combined "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience". Sanskrit dramas were known as <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">natya</a>, derived from the root word nrit (dance), featuring spectacular dance-dramas.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-98-247">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a> method of performance, dating to ancient times, is one of the fundamental features that differentiate Indian from Western cinema. In the Rasa method, the performer conveys emotions to the audience through empathy, in contrast to the Western <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system" title="Stanislavski's system">Stanislavski method</a> where the actor must become "a living, breathing embodiment of a character". The rasa method is apparent in the performances of Hindi actors such as Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan and in Hindi films such as <a href="/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti" title="Rang De Basanti">Rang De Basanti</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-Jones-248">[247]</a> and Ray's works.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper_2000_1-4-249">[248]</a></li> <li>Traditional folk <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">theatre</a>, which became popular around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre. These regional traditions include the <a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> of Uttar Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a> of Karnataka, 'Chindu Natakam' of Andhra Pradesh and the <a href="/wiki/Terukkuttu" title="Terukkuttu">Terukkuttu</a> of Tamil Nadu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_theatre" title="Parsi theatre">Parsi theatre</a>, which blends <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> and fantasy, containing crude humour, songs and music, sensationalism, and dazzling stagecraft.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-98-247">[246]</a> These influences are clearly evident in <a href="/wiki/Masala_(film_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masala (film genre)">masala</a> films such as <a href="/wiki/Coolie_(1983_Hindi_film)" title="Coolie (1983 Hindi film)">Coolie</a> (1983), and to an extent in more recent critically acclaimed films such as Rang De Basanti.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-248">[247]</a></li> <li>Hollywood-made popular musicals from the 1920s through the 1960s, though Indian films used musical sequences as another fantasy element in the song-and-dance tradition of narration, undisguised and "intersect[ing] with people's day-to-day lives in compelex and interesting ways."<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a></li> <li>Western music videos, particularly <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, had an increasing influence in the 1990s, as can be seen in the pace, camera angles, dance sequences, and music of recent Indian films. An early example of this approach was <a href="/wiki/Bombay_(film)" title="Bombay (film)">Bombay</a> (1995, Mani Ratnam).<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></li></ul> Sharmistha Gooptu and Bhaumik identify <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Islamicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicate">Islamicate</a> culture as another major influence. In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of popular performances across northern India, established in <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a> traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">nautch</a> dancing, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a> and Parsi theatre. Urdu and related <a href="/wiki/Hindi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi dialects">Hindi dialects</a> were the most widely understood across northern India, thus <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> became the standardised language of early Indian <a href="/wiki/Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkies">talkies</a>. <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> (Arabian Nights) had a strong influence on Parsi theatre, which adapted "<a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> adventure-romances" into films, and on early Bombay cinema where "Arabian Nights cinema" became a popular genre.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Like mainstream Indian popular cinema, Indian <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> was influenced by a combination of Indian theatre and <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a>), but differs when it comes to foreign influences, where it is influenced more by <a href="/wiki/European_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="European cinema">European cinema</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">poetic realism</a>) than by Hollywood. Ray cited <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a> (1948) and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_River_(1951_film)" title="The River (1951 film)">The River</a> (1951), on which he assisted, as influences on his debut film <a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pather Panchali (film)">Pather Panchali</a> (1955). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_influence">International influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International influence">edit</a>]</div> During colonial rule, Indians bought film equipment from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao252-253-62">[61]</a> The British funded wartime propaganda films during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, some of which showed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_(1895%E2%80%931947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Army (1895–1947)">Indian army</a> pitted against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, which had managed to infiltrate India.<a href="#cite_note-Velayutham174-253">[252]</a> One such story was <a href="/wiki/Burma_Rani" title="Burma Rani">Burma Rani</a>, which depicted civilian resistance to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a> by British and Indian forces in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-Velayutham174-253">[252]</a> Pre-independence businessmen such as J. F. Madan and Abdulally Esoofally traded in global cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Burra&Rao253-51">[50]</a> Early Indian films made early inroads into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-Desai38-254">[253]</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Mainstream Indian movie stars gained international fame across <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> For example, Indian films were more <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union">popular in the Soviet Union</a> than <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood films</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajagopalan2005-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-moscow-260">[259]</a> and occasionally domestic <a href="/wiki/Soviet_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet films">Soviet films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ManschotVos2005-261">[260]</a> From 1954 to 1991, 206 Indian films were sent to the Soviet Union, drawing higher average audience figures than domestic Soviet productions,<a href="#cite_note-moscow-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-KalinovskyDaigle2014-262">[261]</a> Films such as Awaara and Disco Dancer drew more than 60 million viewers.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu_russia-264">[263]</a> Films such as Awaara, <a href="/wiki/3_Idiots" title="3 Idiots">3 Idiots</a> and Dangal,<a href="#cite_note-aamir-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-firstpost-266">[265]</a> were among the 20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China" title="List of highest-grossing films in China">highest-grossing films in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-forbes9-267">[266]</a> Many Asian and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> countries increasingly found Indian cinema more suited to their sensibilities than Western cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Desai38-254">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jigna_Desai" title="Jigna Desai">Jigna Desai</a> holds that by the 21st century, Indian cinema had become 'deterritorialised', spreading to parts of the world where Indian expatriates were present in significant numbers and had become an alternative to other international cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Desai37-268">[267]</a> Indian films frequently appeared in international fora and film festivals.<a href="#cite_note-Desai38-254">[253]</a> This allowed parallel Bengali filmmakers to achieve worldwide fame.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Indian cinema more recently began influencing Western musical films, and played a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the genre in the Western world. Ray's work had a worldwide impact, with filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isao_Takahata" title="Isao Takahata">Isao Takahata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nava" title="Gregory Nava">Gregory Nava</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Statesman-274">[273]</a> citing his influence, and others such as <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> praising his work.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> The "youthful coming-of-age dramas that flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the <a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">Apu trilogy</a>", according to the film critic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sragow" title="Michael Sragow">Michael Sragow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sragow-95">[94]</a> Since the 1980s, overlooked Indian filmmakers such as Ghatak<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> and Dutt<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> posthumously gained international acclaim. <a href="/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann" title="Baz Luhrmann">Baz Luhrmann</a> stated that his successful musical film <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a> (2001) was directly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> musicals.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> That film's success renewed interest in the then-moribund Western musical genre, subsequently fuelling a renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a> (2008) was directly inspired by Indian films,<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Age-280">[279]</a> and is considered to be an "homage to Hindi commercial cinema".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-281">[280]</a> Indian cinema has been recognised repeatedly at the US-based Academy Awards. Indian films Mother India (1957), <a href="/wiki/Salaam_Bombay!" title="Salaam Bombay!">Salaam Bombay!</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> (2001), were nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>. Indian Oscar winners include <a href="/wiki/Bhanu_Athaiya" title="Bhanu Athaiya">Bhanu Athaiya</a> (costume designer), Ray (filmmaker), <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> (music composer), <a href="/wiki/Resul_Pookutty" title="Resul Pookutty">Resul Pookutty</a> (sound editor) and <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a> (lyricist), <a href="/wiki/M._M._Keeravani" title="M. M. Keeravani">M. M. Keeravani</a> (music composer), <a href="/wiki/Chandrabose_(lyricist)" title="Chandrabose (lyricist)">Chandrabose</a> (lyricist) <a href="/wiki/Cottalango_Leon" title="Cottalango Leon">Cottalango Leon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Thakkar" title="Rahul Thakkar">Rahul Thakkar</a> Sci-Tech Award.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres_and_styles">Genres and styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genres and styles">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masala_film">Masala film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Masala film">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala film</a></div> Masala is a style of Indian cinema that mixes multiple <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a> in one work, pioneered in the early 1970s <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Hussain" title="Nasir Hussain">Nasir Hussain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-143">[142]</a> For example, one film can portray <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>. These films tend to be musicals with songs filmed in picturesque locations. Plots for such movies may seem illogical and improbable to unfamiliar viewers. The genre is named after <a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">masala</a>, a mixture of spices in <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_cinema">Parallel cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parallel cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></div> Parallel cinema, also known as <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art cinema</a> or the Indian New Wave, is known for its realism and naturalism, addressing the sociopolitical climate. This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Waves</a>. The movement began in Bengal (led by Ray, Sen and Ghatak) and then gained prominence in other regions. The movement was launched by Bimal Roy's <a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin" title="Do Bigha Zamin">Do Bigha Zamin</a> (1953), which was both a commercial and critical success, winning the International Prize at <a href="/wiki/1954_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1954 Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-filmreference-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Srikanth_Srinivasan-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Ray's films include the three instalments of <a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">The Apu Trilogy</a> which won major prizes at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festivals</a>, and are frequently listed among the greatest films of all time.<a href="#cite_note-villagevoice-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-bfipoll-289">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-290">[289]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neo-realist</a> <a href="/wiki/Filmmakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmmakers">filmmakers</a> were <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, Karun, Gopalakrishnan<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-88">[87]</a> and Kasaravalli.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake132-291">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilingual">Multilingual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Multilingual">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_Indian_films" title="List of multilingual Indian films">List of multilingual Indian films</a></div> Some Indian films are known as "multilinguals", filmed in similar but non-identical versions, in different languages. <a href="/wiki/V._Nagayya" title="V. Nagayya">Chittoor Nagayya</a>, was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India.<a href="#cite_note-hindu.com-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalidas_(film)" title="Kalidas (film)">Kalidas</a> are earliest examples of bilingual filmmaking in India. According to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen in the Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema (1994), in its most precise form, a multilingual is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">a bilingual or a trilingual [that] was the kind of film made in the 1930s in the studio era, when different but identical takes were made of every shot in different languages, often with different leading stars but identical technical crew and music.<a href="#cite_note-eic1994-292">[291]</a>: 15 </blockquote> Rajadhyaksha and Willemen note that in seeking to construct their Encyclopedia, they often found it "extremely difficult to distinguish multilinguals in this original sense from dubbed versions, remakes, reissues or, in some cases, the same film listed with different titles, presented as separate versions in different languages ... it will take years of scholarly work to establish definitive data in this respect".<a href="#cite_note-eic1994-292">[291]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-India_film">Pan-India film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pan-India film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-India</a> is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a> as a mainstream commercial cinema appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets. <a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli" title="S. S. Rajamouli">S. S. Rajamouli</a> pioneered the Pan-Indian films movement with his duology of epic action films <a href="/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning" title="Baahubali: The Beginning">Baahubali: The Beginning</a> (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion" title="Baahubali 2: The Conclusion">Baahubali 2: The Conclusion</a> (2017).<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> "Pan-India film" is both a style of cinema and a distribution strategy, designed to universally appeal to audiences across the country and simultaneously released in multiple languages.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a> are a big part of Indian cinema and it's not just for entertainment but they play a crucial role in storytelling. Music and dance are a core part of Indian culture, and films weave them in to tell the story. Songs are used to express emotions that spoken dialogue might struggle to convey. Songs often used to move the plot forward. Lyrics might reveal a character's inner thoughts, motivations, or foreshadow future events. Sometimes the song itself can become a turning point in the story. While some may find them disruptive, songs remain a deeply rooted tradition in Indian cinema, reflecting both its culture and what audiences love. Music is a substantial revenue generator for the Indian film industry, with music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of net revenues.<a href="#cite_note-Potts75-296">[295]</a> The major film music companies are <a href="/wiki/T-Series_(company)" title="T-Series (company)">T-Series</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_India" title="Sony Music India">Sony Music India</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zee_Music_Company" title="Zee Music Company">Zee Music Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aditya_Music" title="Aditya Music">Aditya Music</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saregama" title="Saregama">Saregama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Potts75-296">[295]</a> Film music accounts for 48% of net music sales in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Potts75-296">[295]</a> A typical film may feature 5–6 choreographed songs.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-297">[296]</a> The demands of a multicultural, increasingly globalised Indian audience led to a mixing of local and international musical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-297">[296]</a> Local dance and music remain a recurring theme in India and followed the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Overseas_Citizen_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India">Indian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-297">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Playback_singer" title="Playback singer">Playback singers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi" title="Mohammed Rafi">Mohammad Rafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishore_Kumar" title="Kishore Kumar">Kishore Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukesh_(singer)" title="Mukesh (singer)">Mukesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._Janaki" title="S. Janaki">S. Janaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._Susheela" title="P. Susheela">P. Susheela</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Chithra" title="K. S. Chithra">K. S. Chithra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Paudwal" title="Anuradha Paudwal">Anuradha Paudwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavita_Krishnamurti" title="Kavita Krishnamurti">Kavita Krishnamurthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alka_Yagnik" title="Alka Yagnik">Alka Yagnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadhana_Sargam" title="Sadhana Sargam">Sadhana Sargam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal" title="Shreya Ghoshal">Shreya Ghoshal </a>,<a href="/wiki/Sunidhi_Chauhan" title="Sunidhi Chauhan">Sunidhi Chauhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Sanu" title="Kumar Sanu">Kumar Sanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udit_Narayan" title="Udit Narayan">Udit Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhijeet_Bhattacharya" title="Abhijeet Bhattacharya">Abhijeet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonu_Nigam" title="Sonu Nigam">Sonu Nigam</a> drew crowds to presentations of film music.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-297">[296]</a> In the 21st century interaction increased between Indian artists and others.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Zumkhawala-Cook312-298">[297]</a> In 2023, the song "<a href="/wiki/Naatu_Naatu" title="Naatu Naatu">Naatu Naatu</a>" composed by <a href="/wiki/M._M._Keeravani" title="M. M. Keeravani">M. M. Keeravani</a> for the movie <a href="/wiki/RRR" title="RRR">RRR</a> won the Oscar for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song" title="Academy Award for Best Original Song">Best Original Song</a> at the <a href="/wiki/95th_Academy_Awards" title="95th Academy Awards">95th Academy Awards</a>, making it the first song from an Indian film, as well as the first from an <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asian film</a>, to win in this category. This made it the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filming_locations">Filming locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Filming locations">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Filming_location" title="Filming location">filming location</a> is any place where acting and dialogue are recorded. Sites where filming without dialogue takes place are termed a <a href="/wiki/Second_unit" title="Second unit">second unit</a> photography site. Filmmakers often choose to shoot on location because they believe that greater <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> can be achieved in a "real" place. Location shooting is often motivated by budget considerations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The most popular locations for filming in India are the main cities of their state for regional industry. Other locations include <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal" title="Kodaikanal">Kodaikanal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>; <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>; <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_companies">Production companies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Production companies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_film_production_companies_in_India" title="List of film production companies in India">List of film production companies in India</a></div> More than 1000 production organisations operate in the Indian film industry, but few are successful. <a href="/wiki/AVM_Productions" title="AVM Productions">AVM Productions</a> is the oldest surviving studio in India. Other major production houses include <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman Khan Films">Salman Khan Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films" title="Yash Raj Films">Yash Raj Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_Sera_Sera_Limited" title="K Sera Sera Limited">K Sera Sera Virtual Productions</a> <a href="/wiki/Vyjayanthi_Movies" title="Vyjayanthi Movies">ProductionsVyjayanthi Movies</a>,<a href="/wiki/T-Series_(company)" title="T-Series (company)">T-Series</a>, Aamir Khan Productions, <a href="/wiki/Lyca_Productions" title="Lyca Productions">Lyca Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Talkies" title="Madras Talkies">Madras Talkies</a>, <a href="/wiki/AGS_Entertainment" title="AGS Entertainment">AGS Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Pictures" title="Sun Pictures">Sun Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Chillies_Entertainment" title="Red Chillies Entertainment">Red Chillies Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arka_Media_Works" title="Arka Media Works">Arka Media Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Productions" title="Dharma Productions">Dharma Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_International" title="Eros International">Eros International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Venkateswara_Creations" title="Sri Venkateswara Creations">Sri Venkateswara Creations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Devgn_FFilms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajay Devgn FFilms">Ajay Devgn FFilms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Motion_Pictures" title="Balaji Motion Pictures">Balaji Motion Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTV_Motion_Pictures" title="UTV Motion Pictures">UTV Motion Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raaj_Kamal_Films_International" title="Raaj Kamal Films International">Raaj Kamal Films International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aashirvad_Cinemas" title="Aashirvad Cinemas">Aashirvad Cinemas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wunderbar_Films" title="Wunderbar Films">Wunderbar Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape of Good Films">Cape of Good Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythri_Movie_Makers" title="Mythri Movie Makers">Mythri Movie Makers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geetha_Arts" title="Geetha Arts">Geetha Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema_by_language">Cinema by language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cinema by language">edit</a>]</div> Films are made in many cities and regions in India including <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Andhra Pradesh and Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Jammu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jharkhand" title="Cinema of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur" title="Cinema of Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokborok_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokborok cinema">Tripura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakma_cinema" title="Chakma cinema">Mizoram</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="width:33em; text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption>Breakdown by languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;">2022 Indian feature films certified by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">Central Board of Film Certification</a> by languages.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Note: This table indicates the number of films certified by the CBFC's regional offices in nine cities. The actual number of films produced may be less. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Language</th> <th>No. of films </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a> </td> <td>468 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a> </td> <td>438 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a> </td> <td>381 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a> </td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a> </td> <td>355 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a> </td> <td>222 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a> </td> <td>136 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali</a> </td> <td>111 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a> </td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odia_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cinema">Odia</a> </td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur" title="Cinema of Manipur">Manipuri</a> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a> </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a> </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Banjara</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Byari_dialect" title="Byari dialect">Beary</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Himachali</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurumba_languages" title="Kurumba languages">Kurumba</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>2886 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assamese">Assamese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Assamese">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese cinema</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_scene_from_Joymoti_(1935_film).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/A_scene_from_Joymoti_%281935_film%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joymoti_(1935_film)" title="Joymoti (1935 film)">Joymati</a>, 1935</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Assamese-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese-language">Assamese-language</a> film industry is based in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in northeastern India. It is sometimes called Jollywood, for the <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Chitraban_Film_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyoti Chitraban Film Studio">Jyoti Chitraban Film Studio</a>. Some films have been well received by critics but they have not yet captured national audiences. The 21st century has produced <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Bollywood</a>-style Assamese movies which have set new box office records for the small industry.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengali">Bengali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bengali">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dena_paona_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dena_paona_1931.jpg/220px-Dena_paona_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dena_paona_1931.jpg/330px-Dena_paona_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Dena_paona_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>A scene from <a href="/wiki/Dena_Paona_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena Paona (film)">Dena Paona</a> (1931), the first Bengali talkie</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bengali-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-language">Bengali-language</a> cinematic tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, is also known as Tollywood.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake138-305">[304]</a> When the term was coined in the 1930s, it was the centre of the Indian film industry.<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-306">[305]</a> West Bengal cinema is historically known for the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Art_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Art films">art films</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Braj_Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Braj Bhasha">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Braj-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Braj-language">Braj-language</a> films present <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Brij</a> culture mainly to rural people, predominantly in the nebulous Braj region centred around <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hathras" title="Hathras">Hathras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Rajasthan" title="Bharatpur, Rajasthan">Bharatpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dholpur" title="Dholpur">Dholpur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>). It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges-Yamuna_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Yamuna Doab">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. The first Brij Bhasha movie was <a href="/wiki/Brij_Bhoomi_(film)" title="Brij Bhoomi (film)">Brij Bhoomi</a> (1982, Shiv Kumar), which was a success throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> Later Brij Bhasha cinema saw the production of films like <a href="/wiki/Jamuna_Kinare" title="Jamuna Kinare">Jamuna Kinare</a> and Brij Kau Birju.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhojpuri">Bhojpuri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bhojpuri">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri cinema</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojpuri-language">Bhojpuri-language</a> films predominantly cater to residents of western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh and also have a large audience in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and Mumbai due to the migration of Bhojpuri speakers to these cities. International markets for these films developed in other Bhojpuri-speaking countries of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, Oceania and South America.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> Bhojpuri film history begins with <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Maiyya_Tohe_Piyari_Chadhaibo" title="Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo">Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo</a> (Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari, 1962, Kundan Kumar).<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> Throughout the following decades, few films were produced. The industry experienced a revival beginning with the hit Saiyyan Hamar (My Sweetheart, 2001, Mohan Prasad).<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> Although smaller than other Indian film industries, these successes increased Bhojpuri cinema's visibility, leading to an awards show<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> and a trade magazine, Bhojpuri City.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chakma">Chakma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chakma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chakma_cinema" title="Chakma cinema">Chakma cinema</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>), as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> region of Bangladesh. Films in Chakma include Tanyabi Firti (Tanyabi's Lake, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Satarupa_Sanyal" title="Satarupa Sanyal">Satarupa Sanyal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chhattisgarhi">Chhattisgarhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Chhattisgarhi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi cinema</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattisgarhi-language">Chhattisgarhi-language</a> film industry of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattisgarhi">Chhattisgarhi</a> state, central India, is known as Chhollywood. Its beginnings are with Kahi Debe Sandesh (In Black and White, 1965, Manu Nayak)<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> No Chhattisgarhi films were released from 1971<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> until Mor Chhainha Bhuinya (2000).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English-language_Indian_films" title="English-language Indian films">English-language Indian films</a></div> Indian filmmakers also produce English language films. <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Mehta" title="Deepa Mehta">Deepa Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anant_Balani" title="Anant Balani">Anant Balani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homi_Adajania" title="Homi Adajania">Homi Adajania</a>, Vijay Singh, <a href="/wiki/Vierendrra_Lalit" title="Vierendrra Lalit">Vierendrra Lalit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sooni_Taraporevala" title="Sooni Taraporevala">Sooni Taraporevala</a> have garnered recognition in <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> cinema. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gujarati">Gujarati</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gujarati">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati cinema</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Gujarati-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati-language">Gujarati-language</a> film industry, also known as Gollywood or Dhollywood, is currently centered in the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. During the silent era, many filmmakers and actors were Gujarati and Parsi, and their films were closely related to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gujarat" title="Culture of Gujarat">Gujarati culture</a>. Twenty film companies and studios, mostly located in Bombay, were owned by Gujaratis and at least 44 major Gujarati directors worked during this era.<a href="#cite_note-Ro2013-321">[320]</a> The first film released in Gujarati was <a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta_(1932_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)">Narsinh Mehta</a> (1932).<a href="#cite_note-Ro2013-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> More than one thousand Gujarati films have been released.<a href="#cite_note-Thou2011-324">[323]</a> Gujarati cinema ranges from mythology to history and from social to political. Gujarati films originally targeted a rural audience, but after its revival (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2005) catered to an urban audience.<a href="#cite_note-Ro2013-321">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi_2">Hindi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hindi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg/120px-BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg/180px-BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg/240px-BACHCHAN_Amitabh_03-24x30-2009b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> has been a popular <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> actor for over 45 years.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi language</a> film industry of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (formerly Bombay), also known as Bollywood,<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> is the largest and most powerful branch of <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> Hindi cinema explores issues of caste and culture in films such as <a href="/wiki/Achhut_Kanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Achhut Kanya">Achhut Kanya</a> (1936) and <a href="/wiki/Sujata_(1959_film)" title="Sujata (1959 film)">Sujata</a> (1959).<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake10-11-328">[327]</a> International visibility came to the industry with <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Awaara" title="Awaara">Awara</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Samanta" title="Shakti Samanta">Shakti Samantha's</a> <a href="/wiki/Aradhana_(1969_film)" title="Aradhana (1969 film)">Aradhana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake10-329">[328]</a> Art film directors include Kaul, <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Shahani" title="Kumar Shahani">Kumar Shahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mira_Nair" title="Mira Nair">Mira Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagesh_Kukunoor" title="Nagesh Kukunoor">Nagesh Kukunoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Mishra" title="Sudhir Mishra">Sudhir Mishra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandita_Das" title="Nandita Das">Nandita Das</a>. Hindi cinema grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films annually. Magazines such as <a href="/wiki/Filmfare" title="Filmfare">Filmfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(magazine)" title="Stardust (magazine)">Stardust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cine_Blitz" title="Cine Blitz">Cine Blitz</a> popularly cover the industry.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake11-330">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannada_2">Kannada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kannada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada cinema</a></div> Kannada cinema, also known as Sandalwood or Chandanavana,<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> is the segment of Indian cinema<a href="#cite_note-deccanherald.com-332">[331]</a> dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada language</a>, which is widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sati_Sulochana" title="Sati Sulochana">Sati Sulochana</a> (1934, <a href="/wiki/Yaragudipati_Varada_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaragudipati Varada Rao">Y. V. Rao</a>) was the first talkie film in the Kannada language.<a href="#cite_note-Rediff-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> Kannada films include adaptations of major literary works<a href="#cite_note-1nellore.com-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental films">experimental films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-233">[232]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg/150px-Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg/225px-Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg/300px-Rajkumar_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar" title="Dr. Rajkumar">Rajkumar</a> on a 2009 postage stamp</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Director_Girish_Kasaravalli_and_the_National_Award_Winner_Actress_of_film_%E2%80%98Hasina%E2%80%99,_Tara_at_a_Press_Conference_during_the_ongoing_36th_International_Film_Festival_of_India_%E2%80%93_2005_in_Panaji,_Goa_on_December_3,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Director_Girish_Kasaravalli_and_the_National_Award_Winner_Actress_of_film_%E2%80%98Hasina%E2%80%99%2C_Tara_at_a_Press_Conference_during_the_ongoing_36th_International_Film_Festival_of_India_%E2%80%93_2005_in_Panaji%2C_Goa_on_December_3%2C_2005.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Director_Girish_Kasaravalli_and_the_National_Award_Winner_Actress_of_film_%E2%80%98Hasina%E2%80%99%2C_Tara_at_a_Press_Conference_during_the_ongoing_36th_International_Film_Festival_of_India_%E2%80%93_2005_in_Panaji%2C_Goa_on_December_3%2C_2005.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Director_Girish_Kasaravalli_and_the_National_Award_Winner_Actress_of_film_%E2%80%98Hasina%E2%80%99%2C_Tara_at_a_Press_Conference_during_the_ongoing_36th_International_Film_Festival_of_India_%E2%80%93_2005_in_Panaji%2C_Goa_on_December_3%2C_2005.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Director <a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a> (right)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kokborok">Kokborok</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kokborok">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kokborok_Cinema" title="Kokborok Cinema">Kokborok Cinema</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok-language</a> films are mainly produced in <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. These films are also clubbed as 'Tripuri cinema' as a blanket term that alludes to the film industry of Tripura, encompassing films made by and for the people of Tripura and Kokborok speaking people in Bangladesh, regardless of the multitude of languages in which cinema is produced in the region'.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konkani">Konkani</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Konkani">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani cinema</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Konkani-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani-language">Konkani-language</a> films are mainly produced in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, one of India's smallest film regions which produced four films in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-CBFC-ANR2009-341">[340]</a> The first full-length Konkani film was <a href="/wiki/Mogacho_Anvddo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogacho Anvddo">Mogacho Anvddo</a> (1950, Jerry Braganza).<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> The film's release date, 24 April, is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> An immense body of Konkani literature and art is a resource for filmmakers. Kazar (Marriage, 2009, Richard Castelino) and Ujvaadu (Shedding New Light on Old Age Issues, Kasaragod Chinna) are major releases. The pioneering Mangalorean Konkani film is Mog Ani Maipas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maithili">Maithili</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Maithili">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Maithili-language_films" title="Category:Maithili-language films">Category:Maithili-language films</a></div> Maithili cinema is made in the <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili language</a>. The first full-length film was <a href="/wiki/Kanyadan_(film)" title="Kanyadan (film)">Kanyadan</a> (1965).<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> There are numerous films made in the Maithili over the years<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Mithila_Makhaan" title="Mithila Makhaan">Mithila Makhaan</a> (2019) won a National Award in the regional films category.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayalam_2">Malayalam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Malayalam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam cinema</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ActorMammootty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ActorMammootty.jpg/130px-ActorMammootty.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ActorMammootty.jpg/195px-ActorMammootty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/ActorMammootty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mammootty" title="Mammootty">Mammooty</a> has won the most number of National Awards in the Best Actor category in the Malayalam industry.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam-language">Malayalam-language</a> film industry, also known as Mollywood, is India's fourth-largest film industry. It is mainly based at <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> state. <a href="/wiki/Neelakkuyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelakkuyil">Neelakkuyil</a> (1954) was one of the first Malayalam films to get national recognition.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Boy_(1955_film)" title="Newspaper Boy (1955 film)">Newspaper Boy</a> (1955), made by a group of students, was the first <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neo-realistic</a> Malayalam film.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemmeen" title="Chemmeen">Chemmeen</a> (1965, Ramu Kariat), based on a story by <a href="/wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai" title="Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai">Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai</a>, became the first South Indian film to win the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film">National Film Award for Best Feature Film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> Malayalam cinema has been in the forefront of technological innovation in Indian filmmaking. The first <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neorealistic</a> film (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Boy_(1955_film)" title="Newspaper Boy (1955 film)">Newspaper Boy</a>),<a href="#cite_note-malayalamcinema1-220">[219]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> film (<a href="/wiki/Thacholi_Ambu" title="Thacholi Ambu">Thacholi Ambu</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Archives.chennaionline.com-351">[350]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padayottam_(1982_film)" title="Padayottam (1982 film)">Padayottam</a>),<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> (<a href="/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan" title="My Dear Kuttichathan">My Dear Kuttichathan</a>),<a href="#cite_note-thssk-353">[352]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a> film (<a href="/wiki/Vanaprastham" title="Vanaprastham">Vanaprastham</a>), the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moonnamathoral" title="Moonnamathoral">Moonnamathoral</a>),<a href="#cite_note-cinemaofmalayalam.net-354">[353]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Smartphone</a> film (<a href="/wiki/Jalachhayam" title="Jalachhayam">Jalachhayam</a>),<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a> film (<a href="/wiki/Villain_(2017_film)" title="Villain (2017 film)">Villain</a>)<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> in India were made in Malayalam. The period from 1986 to 1990 is regarded as the Golden Age of Malayalam cinema,<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> with four Malayalam films recognised by selection at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>—Shaji N. Karun-directed <a href="/wiki/Piravi" title="Piravi">Piravi</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Swaham" title="Swaham">Swaham</a> (1994) and <a href="/wiki/Vanaprastham" title="Vanaprastham">Vanaprastham</a> (1999), and <a href="/wiki/Murali_Nair" title="Murali Nair">Murali Nair</a>-directed <a href="/wiki/Marana_Simhasanam" title="Marana Simhasanam">Marana Simhasanam</a> (1999). Piravi (1989) won the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or" title="Caméra d'Or">Caméra d'Or — Mention Spéciale</a> and Marana Simhasanam has won the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or" title="Caméra d'Or">Caméra d'Or</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Awards" title="Kerala State Film Awards">Kerala State Film Awards</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> recognises the best works in Malayalam cinema every year, along with <a href="/wiki/J._C._Daniel_Award" title="J. C. Daniel Award">J. C. Daniel Award</a> for lifetime achievement in Malayalam cinema. <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan_National_Institute_of_Visual_Science_and_Arts" title="K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts">K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts</a> (KRNNIVSA) is a training and research centre for film and video technology.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manipuri">Manipuri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Manipuri">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur" title="Cinema of Manipur">Cinema of Manipur</a></div> Manipuri cinema is a small film industry of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a> and other languages of the state. It began in the 1970s and gained momentum following a 2002 state ban on Hindi films. 80–100 movies are made each year. Among the notable Manipuri films are <a href="/wiki/Imagi_Ningthem" title="Imagi Ningthem">Imagi Ningthem</a> (1982, <a href="/wiki/Aribam_Syam_Sharma" title="Aribam Syam Sharma">Aribam Syam Sharma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ishanou" title="Ishanou">Ishanou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenning_Amadi_Likla" title="Yenning Amadi Likla">Yenning Amadi Likla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phijigee_Mani" title="Phijigee Mani">Phijigee Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipaklei" title="Leipaklei">Leipaklei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loktak_Lairembee" class="mw-redirect" title="Loktak Lairembee">Loktak Lairembee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eikhoishibu_Kanano" title="Eikhoishibu Kanano">Eikhoishibu Kanano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eikhoigi_Yum" title="Eikhoigi Yum">Eikhoigi Yum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oneness_(film)" title="Oneness (film)">Oneness</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marathi_2">Marathi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Marathi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a></div> Marathi films are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a> in Maharashtra state. It the oldest of India's film industries, which began in <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>, moved to <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and is now <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">based</a> in old <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-241">[240]</a> Some of the more notable films are Sangte Aika, Ek Gaon Bara Bhangadi, <a href="/wiki/Pinjara_(film)" title="Pinjara (film)">Pinjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhasan" title="Sinhasan">Sinhasan</a>, Pathlaag, <a href="/wiki/Jait_Re_Jait" title="Jait Re Jait">Jait Re Jait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saamana" title="Saamana">Saamana</a>, Santh Wahate Krishnamai, <a href="/wiki/Sant_Tukaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Tukaram">Sant Tukaram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shyamchi_Aai" title="Shyamchi Aai">Shyamchi Aai</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagpuri">Nagpuri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nagpuri">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_cinema" title="Nagpuri cinema">Nagpuri cinema</a></div> Nagpuri films are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> state. The first Nagpuri feature film was Sona Kar Nagpur (1992).<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_times.com-359">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> With a mainly rural population and cinema halls closing, non-traditional distribution models may be used.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorkha">Gorkha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Gorkha">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gorkha</a> cinema consists of films produced by <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>-speaking Indians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odia">Odia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Odia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Cinema of Odisha</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Odia-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia-language">Odia-language</a> film industry of <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state, is also known as Ollywood.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> The first Odia-language film was <a href="/wiki/Sita_Bibaha" title="Sita Bibaha">Sita Bibaha</a> (1936).<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> The best year for Odia cinema was 1984 when Maya Miriga (<a href="/wiki/Nirad_Mohapatra" title="Nirad Mohapatra">Nirad Mohapatra</a>) and Dhare Alua were showcased in Indian Panorama and Maya Miriga was invited to Critics Week at Cannes. The film received the Best Third World Film award at Mannheim Film Festival, Jury Award in Hawaii and was shown at the London Film Festival. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi">Punjabi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Punjabi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi cinema</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi-language">Punjabi-language</a> film industry, based in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a>, Punjab, is also known as Pollywood. K. D. Mehra made the first Punjabi film, <a href="/wiki/Sheela_(film)" title="Sheela (film)">Sheela</a> (1935). As of 2009, Punjabi cinema had produced between 900 and 1,000 movies.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rajasthani">Rajasthani</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rajasthani">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Cinema of Rajasthan</a></div> The cinema of Rajasthan (Rajjywood) refers to films produced in Rajasthan in north-western India. These films are produced in various regional and tribal languages including Rajasthani varieties such as Mewari, Marwari, Hadoti etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindhi">Sindhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sindhi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi cinema</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-language">Sindhi-language</a> film industry is largely based in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan, and with Sindhi speakers in North Gujarat and Southwestern Rajasthan, India, and elsewhere among the <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> diaspora. The first Indian-made Sindhi film was Ekta (1940).<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> while the first Sindhi film produced in Pakistan was <a href="/wiki/Umar_Marvi_(film)" title="Umar Marvi (film)">Umar Marvi</a> (1956).<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> The industry has produced some Bollywood-style films. The Sindhi film industry produces movies at intervals. The first was Abana (1958),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] which was a success throughout the country. Sindhi cinema then produced some Bollywood-style films such as Hal Ta Bhaji Haloon, Parewari, Dil Dije Dil Waran Khe, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Jamalo" title="Ho Jamalo">Ho Jamalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyar_Kare_Dis:_Feel_the_Power_of_Love" title="Pyar Kare Dis: Feel the Power of Love">Pyar Kare Dis: Feel the Power of Love</a> and The Awakening. Additionally, numerous Sindhi have contributed in Bollywood, including <a href="/wiki/G_P_Sippy" class="mw-redirect" title="G P Sippy">G P Sippy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Sippy" title="Ramesh Sippy">Ramesh Sippy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikhil_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikhil Advani">Nikhil Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarun_Mansukhani" title="Tarun Mansukhani">Tarun Mansukhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritesh_Sidhwani" title="Ritesh Sidhwani">Ritesh Sidhwani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asrani" title="Asrani">Asrani</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sherdukpen">Sherdukpen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sherdukpen">edit</a>]</div> Director Songe Dorjee Thongdok introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Sherdukpen_language" title="Sherdukpen language">Sherdukpen</a>-language film <a href="/wiki/Crossing_Bridges_(film)" title="Crossing Bridges (film)">Crossing Bridges</a> (2014). Sherdukpen is native to the north-eastern state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_2">Tamil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Tamil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a></div> The Tamil-language film industry based in Chennai, also known as Kollywood, once served as a hub for all <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> film industries.<a href="#cite_note-Kasbekar2006-368">[367]</a> The first South Indian talkie film Kalidas (1931, <a href="/wiki/H._M._Reddy" title="H. M. Reddy">H. M. Reddy</a>) was shot in Tamil. <a href="/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan" title="Sivaji Ganesan">Sivaji Ganesan</a> became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won Best Actor at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and the title of Chevalier in the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="French Government">French Government</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Sivaji_Ganesan's_birth_anniversary-119">[118]</a> Tamil cinema is <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics" title="Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics">influenced by Dravidian politics</a><a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake132-33-120">[119]</a> and has a tradition of addressing social issues. Many of Tamil Nadu's prominent Chief Ministers previously worked in cinema: Dravidian stalwarts <a href="/wiki/C_N_Annadurai" class="mw-redirect" title="C N Annadurai">C N Annadurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/M_Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="M Karunanidhi">M Karunanidhi</a> were scriptwriters and <a href="/wiki/M_G_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="M G Ramachandran">M G Ramachandran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a> gained a political base through their fan followings.<a href="#cite_note-Kasbekar_2006_215-121">[120]</a> Tamil films are distributed to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a> populations in various parts of Asia, Southern Africa, Northern America, Europe, and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing&Dissanayake133-369">[368]</a> The industry-inspired Tamil film-making in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_cinema" title="Sri Lankan Tamil cinema">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_cinema" title="Malaysian Tamil cinema">Malaysia</a>, Singapore and Canada.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu_2">Telugu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Telugu">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg/120px-Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg/180px-Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg/240px-Raghupati_Venkayya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="3506" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:YVRao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YVRao.jpg/140px-YVRao.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/YVRao.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="210" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg/122px-Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg/183px-Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg/244px-Chittor_V._Nagaiah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="952" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Raghupathi_Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu">Raghupati Venkayya</a> (father of Telugu cinema), <a href="/wiki/Y._V._Rao" title="Y. V. Rao">Y. V. Rao</a> (pioneer of cinema during crown rule)<a href="#cite_note-filmmaker-370">[369]</a> and stalwart <a href="/wiki/V._Nagayya" title="V. Nagayya">Chittoor Nagayya</a> known for his <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a></div></div></div></div> The Film and Television Institute of Telangana, Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Ramanaidu Film School and <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_International_School_of_Film_and_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapurna International School of Film and Media">Annapurna International School of Film and Media</a> are among the largest film schools in India.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Telugu_states" title="Telugu states">Telugu states</a> are home to approximately 2800 theatres, more than any single state in India.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Being commercially consistent, Telugu cinema had its influence over commercial cinema in India.<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> The industry holds the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> for the largest film production facility in the world, Ramoji Film City.<a href="#cite_note-ramoji-376">[375]</a> The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and is the most attended cinema screen in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Travel-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> As per the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">CBFC</a> report of 2014, the industry is placed first in India, in terms of films produced yearly.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blonnet.com-381">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tulu">Tulu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Tulu">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu cinema</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tulu-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu-language">Tulu-language</a> film industry based in the port city of <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, Karnataka, is also known as Coastalwood. A small industry, its origins trace to the release of Enna Thangadi (1971) with about one release per year until growth was spurred by the commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Oriyardori_Asal" title="Oriyardori Asal">Oriyardori Asal</a> (2011). Films are released across the <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> cultural region, with some recent films having a simultaneous release in Mumbai, Bangalore, and Arabian Gulf countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibition_and_distribution">Exhibition and distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Exhibition and distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_distributors_of_India" title="Category:Film distributors of India">Film distributors of India</a></div> <a href="/wiki/PVR_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="PVR Cinemas">PVR Cinemas</a>, <a href="/wiki/INOX_Leisure" class="mw-redirect" title="INOX Leisure">INOX Leisure</a> etc. are some top multiplexes chains in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, which have cinemas across the nation. Book My Show is the leading tickets selling mobile <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">android</a> application in India, it have tie-up with many such multiplexes. Although PVR and INOX also sell tickets through their application- websites. Due to the convince in tickets booking online most of the viewers pre-book tickets through mobile application. Since advancement of internet service in the country online ticket selling business having robust growth here.<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> 2010 decade onward online platform gained popularity in the nation thus Many film-makers many time prefer to release their films online through one of paid app : <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Film_Communities_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Film Communities Network (page does not exist)">WFCN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime" title="Amazon Prime">Amazon Prime</a>, <a href="/wiki/JioCinema" title="JioCinema">JioCinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZEE5" title="ZEE5">ZEE5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Disney+ Hotstar</a> etc. and avoiding theatrical release.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Award" title="Dadasaheb Phalke Award">Dadasaheb Phalke Award</a>, named for "father of Indian cinema" <a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dadasaheb Phalke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thecolorsofindia1-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-vilanilam128-49">[48]</a> is given in recognition of lifetime contribution to cinema. It was established by the government of India in 1969, and is the country's most prestigious film award.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Prominent government-sponsored film awards </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Award</th> <th>Year of inception</th> <th>Awarded by </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Film_Journalists%27_Association_Awards" title="Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards">Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards</a></td> <td>1937</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a></td> <td>1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivals" title="Directorate of Film Festivals">Directorate of Film Festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Film_Awards" title="Maharashtra State Film Awards">Maharashtra State Film Awards</a></td> <td>1963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandi_Awards" title="Nandi Awards">Nandi Awards</a></td> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Government of Andhra Pradesh">Government of Andhra Pradesh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Rattan_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Rattan Award">Punjab Rattan Awards</a><a href="#cite_note-Hungama_2006-385">[384]</a></td> <td>1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government of Punjab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Awards" title="Tamil Nadu State Film Awards">Tamil Nadu State Film Awards</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Film_Awards" title="Karnataka State Film Awards">Karnataka State Film Awards</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orissa_State_Film_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa State Film Awards">Orissa State Film Awards</a></td> <td>1968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Government of Odisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Awards" title="Kerala State Film Awards">Kerala State Film Awards</a></td> <td>1969</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Prominent non-governmental awards </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Award</th> <th>Year of inception</th> <th>Awarded by </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_Film_Awards" title="Bhojpuri Film Awards">Bhojpuri Film Awards</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>AB5 Multimedia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabrang_Film_Awards" title="Sabrang Film Awards">Sabrang Film Awards</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Godrej_Consumer_Products" title="Godrej Consumer Products">Godrej Consumer Products</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Bhojpuri_Film_Awards" title="International Bhojpuri Film Awards">International Bhojpuri Film Awards</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>Yashi Films International </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1954</td> <td rowspan="2">Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards_South" title="Filmfare Awards South">Filmfare Awards South</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards" title="South Indian International Movie Awards">South Indian International Movie Awards</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td>Vibri Media Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards" title="International Indian Film Academy Awards">IIFA Awards</a></td> <td>2000</td> <td rowspan="2">Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt Ltd </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IIFA_Utsavam" title="IIFA Utsavam">IIFA Utsavam</a> </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards_Telugu" title="Zee Cine Awards Telugu">Zee Cine Awards Telugu</a> </td> <td>2017 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zee_Entertainment_Enterprises" title="Zee Entertainment Enterprises">Zee Entertainment Enterprises</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards" title="Zee Cine Awards">Zee Cine Awards</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sansui Viewer's Choice Movie Awards</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pritish_Nandy" title="Pritish Nandy">Pritish Nandy Communications</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santosham_Film_Awards" title="Santosham Film Awards">Santosham Film Awards</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">2004 </td> <td>Santosham film magazine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CineMAA_Awards" title="CineMAA Awards">CineMAA Awards</a> </td> <td>Tollywood Movie Artistes Association </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asianet_Film_Awards" title="Asianet Film Awards">Asianet Film Awards</a></td> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asianet_(TV_channel)" title="Asianet (TV channel)">Asianet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Screen_Awards" title="Screen Awards">Screen Awards</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td>Screen Weekly </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stardust_Awards" title="Stardust Awards">Stardust Awards</a></td> <td rowspan="2">2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(magazine)" title="Stardust (magazine)">Stardust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zee_Gaurav_Puraskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee Gaurav Puraskar">Zee Gaurav Puraskar</a></td> <td>Zee Entertainment Enterprises </td></tr> <tr> <td>TSR TV9 National Awards Telugu </td> <td>2007–2008 </td> <td>Associated Broadcasting Company Private Limited <a href="/wiki/T._Subbarami_Reddy" title="T. Subbarami Reddy">T. Subbarami Reddy</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apsara_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsara Awards">Apsara Awards</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td>Apsara Producers Guild Awards </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Awards" title="Vijay Awards">Vijay Awards</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>STAR Vijay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MICTA" class="mw-redirect" title="MICTA">Marathi International Film and Theatre Awards</a></td> <td>2010</td> <td>Marathi Film Industry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_International_Film_Academy_Awards" title="Punjabi International Film Academy Awards">Punjabi International Film Academy Awards</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td>Parvasi Media Inc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prag_Cine_Awards" title="Prag Cine Awards">Prag Cine Awards</a></td> <td>2013</td> <td>Prag AM Television </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards_East" title="Filmfare Awards East">Filmfare Awards East</a></td> <td>2014</td> <td>Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_education">Film education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Film education">edit</a>]</div> Government-run and private institutes provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. Some of the prominent ones include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_of_Film_and_Television" title="State Institute of Film and Television">State Institute of Film and Television</a></li> <li>AJK Mass Communication Research Centre, <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a>, New Delhi[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_International_School_of_Film_and_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapurna International School of Film and Media">Annapurna International School of Film and Media</a>, Hyderabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Academy_of_Film_%26_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Academy of Film & Television">Asian Academy of Film and Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Pattnaik_Film_and_Television_Institute_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Biju Pattnaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha">Biju Pattnaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha</a></li> <li>BOFTA – Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy, Kodambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a></li> <li>Centre for advanced media studies, Patiala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika_Regional_Government_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute">Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute</a>, Guwahati[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Mass Communication and the New Media Central University of Jammu[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Department of Culture and Media studies, Central University of Rajasthan[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_and_Television_Institute_of_India" title="Film and Television Institute of India">Film and Television Institute of India</a> (FTII), Pune</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhanlal_Chaturvedi_National_University_of_Journalism_and_Communication" title="Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication">Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication</a> (MCNUJC), Bhopal</li> <li>Film-Theater Studies, SOH, Tamil Nadu Open University, Saidapet, Chennai[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Government Film and Television Institute">Government Film and Television Institute</a>, Bangalore<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan_National_Institute_of_Visual_Science_and_Arts" title="K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts">K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts</a> (KRNNIVSA), Kottayam, Kerala<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._V._Prasad" title="L. V. Prasad">L. V. Prasad</a> Film and TV Academy, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.G.R._Government_Film_and_Television_Training_Institute" title="M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute">M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute, Chennai</a></li> <li>Matrikas Film School<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a>, Ahmedabad<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a></li> <li>Palme Deor Media College, Tambaram west, Chennai and Arulananda Nagar, Thanjavur<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute">Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute</a>, Calcutta</li> <li>School of Media and Cultural Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a></li> <li>Srishti School of Art, Design, and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_Woods_International" title="Whistling Woods International">Whistling Woods International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Drama" title="National School of Drama">National School of Drama, Delhi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_films_by_language" title="Category:Indian films by language">List of Indian movies by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_Academy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards">List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_Golden_Globe_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards">List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_at_the_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival">List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_India" title="International Film Festival of India">International Film Festival of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry#List_of_Indian_Animated_Movies" title="Indian animation industry">List of Indian animated movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Indian_actors" title="Lists of Indian actors">Lists of Indian actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_actresses" title="List of Indian film actresses">List of Indian film actresses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <ul><li>Mumbai is the hub of <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Hyderabad is the hub of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Chennai is the hub of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil film industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Kolkata is the home of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Kochi is known as the hub of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Bangalore is the hub of <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">twin cities</a> of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack play host to the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odia film industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Guwahati is the hub of <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese cinema</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-raj-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raj_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raj_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raj_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raj_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raj_130-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2009" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Ashok (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Hero Vol.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hay_House" title="Hay House">Hay House</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789381398036" title="Special:BookSources/9789381398036"><bdi>9789381398036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero+Vol.2&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Hay+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789381398036&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wo9BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress2-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress2_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress2_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/">"Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Prakash+Mehra%27s+Zanjeer%3A+The+film+that+made+Amitabh+Bachchan&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2Frevisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ganti-132"><a href="#cite_ref-ganti_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+A+Guidebook+to+Popular+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415288545&rft.aulast=Ganti&rft.aufirst=Tejaswini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTEa93azj9EC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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Palgrave MacMillan, 61–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137379023" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137379023">978-1137379023</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuresh_ChabriaPaolo_Cherchi_Usai1994" class="citation book cs1">Suresh Chabria; Paolo Cherchi Usai (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CORkAAAAMAAJ">Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912–1934</a>. Wiley Eastern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-0680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-0680-1"><bdi>978-81-224-0680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+of+Asia%3A+Indian+Silent+Cinema%2C+1912%E2%80%931934&rft.pub=Wiley+Eastern&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-224-0680-1&rft.au=Suresh+Chabria&rft.au=Paolo+Cherchi+Usai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCORkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_A._Wolpert2006" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A. Wolpert (2006). Encyclopedia of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31350-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31350-4"><bdi>978-0-684-31350-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31350-4&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2004" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Jigna (2004). Beyond Bollywood: The Cultural Politics of South Asian Diasporic Film. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96684-9"><bdi>978-0-415-96684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Bollywood%3A+The+Cultural+Politics+of+South+Asian+Diasporic+Film&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96684-9&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Jigna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Moti_GokulsingWimal_Dissanyake2004" class="citation book cs1">K. Moti Gokulsing; Wimal Dissanyake (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-329-9"><bdi>978-1-85856-329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Popular+Cinema%3A+A+Narrative+of+Cultural+Change&rft.pub=Trentham+Books+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85856-329-9&rft.au=K.+Moti+Gokulsing&rft.au=Wimal+Dissanyake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gulzar, Govin Nihalanni, & Saibel Chatterjee. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Hindi_Cinema" title="Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema">Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema</a> New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7991-066-0">81-7991-066-0</a>.</li> <li>Khanna, Amit (2003), "The Business of Hindi Films", Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema: historical record, the business and its future, narrative forms, analysis of the medium, milestones, biographies, Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Private Limited, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-066-5">978-81-7991-066-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalMoorti2008" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Sangita; Moorti, Sujata (2008). Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4578-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Bollywood%3A+Travels+of+Hindi+Song+and+Dance&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4578-7&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Sangita&rft.au=Moorti%2C+Sujata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Narweker, Sanjit, ed. Directory of Indian Film-Makers and Films. Flicks Books, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948911-40-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-948911-40-9">0-948911-40-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_A._Wolpert2006" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A. Wolpert (2006). Encyclopedia of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31351-1"><bdi>978-0-684-31351-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31351-1&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell-Smith1996" class="citation book cs1">Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof">The Oxford History of World Cinema</a>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811257-0"><bdi>978-0-19-811257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+World+Cinema&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811257-0&rft.aulast=Nowell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofw00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassek1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Passek" title="Jean-Loup Passek">Passek, Jean-Loup</a>, ed. (1983). Le cinéma indien. Paris: Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782864250371" title="Special:BookSources/9782864250371"><bdi>9782864250371</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10696565">10696565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+cin%C3%A9ma+indien&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Centre+national+d%27art+et+de+culture+Georges+Pompidou&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10696565&rft.isbn=9782864250371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajadhyakshaWillemen1999" class="citation book cs1">Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-146-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-146-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Cinema&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-146-6&rft.aulast=Rajadhyaksha&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft.au=Willemen%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_A._Wolpert2006" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A. Wolpert (2006). Encyclopedia of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31351-1"><bdi>978-0-684-31351-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31351-1&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelayutham2008" class="citation book cs1">Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39680-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Cinema%3A+The+Cultural+Politics+of+India%27s+Other+Film+Industry&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39680-6&rft.aulast=Velayutham&rft.aufirst=Selvaraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Watson, James L. (2009), Globalization, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reportoftheindia030105mbp#page/n5/mode/2up">Report of the Indian Cinematograph Committee 1927–1928</a>. Superintendent, The Government Press, Madras. 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Indian+Cinematograph+Committee+1927%E2%80%931928&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+The+Government+Press%2C+Madras&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freportoftheindia030105mbp%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyerPatel2002" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Rachel; Patel, Divia (2002). Cinema India: The Visual Culture of Hindi Film. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3175-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3175-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-3175-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinema+India%3A+The+Visual+Culture+of+Hindi+Film&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3175-5&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Patel%2C+Divia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Culture and Representation: The Emerging Field of Media Semiotics/J A H Khatri/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131146/http://www.rubypressco.com/">Ruby Press & Co.</a>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-12-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-12-6">978-93-82395-12-6</a>/ 2013.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_India&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Cinema_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_India" title="Template:Cinema of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_cinema" title="Badaga cinema">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo cinema">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language Indian cinema">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jharkhand" title="Cinema of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_cinema" title="Khortha cinema">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokborok cinema">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_cinema" title="Kutchi cinema">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur" title="Cinema of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_cinema" title="Nagpuri cinema">Nagpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_cinema" title="Sambalpuri cinema">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_cinema" title="Santali cinema">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:India_film_clapperboard_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/40px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/60px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/80px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="245" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_India" title="International Film Festival of India">International Film Festival of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_Academy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards">Winners and nominees of the Academy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_Golden_Globe_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards">Winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="List of Indian winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards">Winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_at_the_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival">Winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Indian_films" title="List of most expensive Indian films">Most expensive films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_series" title="List of Indian film series">List of Indian film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Science fiction films in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">Horror films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">ghost films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films" title="List of highest-grossing Indian films">Highest-grossing films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_South_Indian_films" title="List of highest-grossing South Indian films">Highest-grossing South Indian films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_of_India" title="Template:Media of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_of_India" title="Template talk:Media of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Print</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_India" title="List of newspapers in India">List of newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_India_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in India by circulation">List of newspapers by circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_India_by_readership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in India by readership">List of newspapers by readership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_India" title="List of magazines in India">List of magazines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital/electronic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altnews.in" class="mw-redirect" title="Altnews.in">Altnews.in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrapost" title="Cobrapost">Cobrapost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailyhunt" title="Dailyhunt">Dailyhunt</a> (aggregator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="India Times">India Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabar_Lahariya" title="Khabar Lahariya">Khabar Lahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mirror" title="Muslim Mirror">Muslim Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsClick" title="NewsClick">NewsClick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newslaundry" title="Newslaundry">Newslaundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One India">One India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Archive_of_Rural_India" title="People's Archive of Rural India">People's Archive of Rural India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkvilla" title="Pinkvilla">Pinkvilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScoopWhoop" title="ScoopWhoop">ScoopWhoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheThePeople.TV" class="mw-redirect" title="SheThePeople.TV">SheThePeople.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPD_Tamil_24%C3%977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPD Tamil 24×7 (page does not exist)">IPD Tamil 24×7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Better_India" title="The Better India">The Better India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lallantop" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lallantop">The Lallantop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_News_Minute" title="The News Minute">The News Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quint" title="The Quint">The Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire (India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in India">List of television stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian-language_radio_stations" title="List of Indian-language radio stations">List of Indian-language radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_in_India" title="Amateur radio in India">Amateur radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_News_International" title="Asian News International">ANI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service" title="Indo-Asian News Service">IANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">PTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_News_of_India" title="United News of India">UNI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editors_Guild_of_India" title="Editors Guild of India">Editors Guild of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Council_of_India" title="Press Council of India">Press Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Broadcasters_%26_Digital_Association" title="News Broadcasters & Digital Association">News Broadcasters & Digital Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_India" title="Freedom of expression in India">Freedom of expression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_India" title="Freedom of the press in India">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship_in_India" title="Book censorship in India">Book censorship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media bias in India">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_journalism_in_India" title="Online journalism in India">Online journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_India" title="List of journalists killed in India">List of journalists killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_news_media_ownership_in_India" title="List of news media ownership in India">List of news media ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_India" title="Template:Animation industry in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_India" title="Template talk:Animation industry in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">Animation industry in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_animated_films" title="List of Indian animated films">List of Indian animated films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_animated_television_series" title="List of Indian animated television series">List of Indian animated television series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Film_Society,_India" title="Children's Film Society, India">Children's Film Society, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_Animation_Studios" title="Crest Animation Studios">Crest Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walt Disney Company India">The Walt Disney Company India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Gold_Animations" title="Green Gold Animations">Green Gold Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuta_VFX" title="Makuta VFX">Makuta Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamedia_Graphics" title="Pentamedia Graphics">Pentamedia Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Elxsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Elxsi">Tata Elxsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_Entertainment" title="Assemblage Entertainment">Assemblage Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suddhasattwa_Basu" title="Suddhasattwa Basu">Suddhasattwa Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsain" title="Bhimsain">Bhimsain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Chilaka" title="Rajiv Chilaka">Rajiv Chilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan" title="Ram Mohan">Ram Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Mulay" title="Vijaya Mulay">Vijaya Mulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Muthuraman" title="S. P. Muthuraman">S. P. Muthuraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundarya_Rajinikanth" title="Soundarya Rajinikanth">Soundarya Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanjali_Rao" title="Gitanjali Rao">Gitanjali Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_Ramakrishna" title="Kodi Ramakrishna">Kodi Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Shankar" title="S. Shankar">S. Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli" title="S. S. Rajamouli">S. S. Rajamouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Prasad_Reddy" title="Shyam Prasad Reddy">Shyam Prasad Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao" title="Singeetam Srinivasa Rao">Singeetam Srinivasa Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binu_Sasidharan" title="Binu Sasidharan">Binu Sasidharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Sharma" title="Pankaj Sharma">Pankaj Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manick_Sorcar" title="Manick Sorcar">Manick Sorcar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Animated_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Animated Film">National Film Award for Best Animated Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Non-Feature_Animation_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film">National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools, colleges and institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICAT_Design_%26_Media_College" title="ICAT Design & Media College">ICAT Design & Media College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Design_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Design Centre">Industrial Design Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design,_Gandhinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Design, Gandhinagar">National Institute of Design, Gandhinagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental & transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, 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Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Myanmar" title="Cinema of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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