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href="#Religious_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religious importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Royal_Mounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Royal_Mounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Royal Mounds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Royal_Mounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Royal Mounds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Royal_Mounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-An_old_controversy_and_its_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_old_controversy_and_its_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>An old controversy and its solution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_old_controversy_and_its_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_eastern_mound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_eastern_mound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>The eastern mound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_eastern_mound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_western_mound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_western_mound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>The western mound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_western_mound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamla_Uppsala_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamla_Uppsala_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gamla Uppsala Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamla_Uppsala_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamla Uppsala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%9D%E1%88%8B_%E1%8A%A1%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B3%E1%88%8B" title="ጋምላ ኡፕሳላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋምላ ኡፕሳላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="جملا أوبسالا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جملا أوبسالا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Старая Упсала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старая Упсала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%8E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Старая Ўпсала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старая Ўпсала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гамла Упсала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гамла Упсала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala_(bahin_nga_lungsod)" title="Gamla Uppsala (bahin nga lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gamla Uppsala (bahin nga lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Uppsala" title="Alt-Uppsala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alt-Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%9B%81%EC%82%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="감라웁살라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감라웁살라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vec%C4%81_Ups%C4%81la" title="Vecā Upsāla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vecā Upsāla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%97%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9" title="ガムラ・ウプサラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガムラ・ウプサラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamle_Uppsala" title="Gamle Uppsala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gamle Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamle_Uppsala" title="Gamle Uppsala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gamle Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Старая Уппсала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старая Уппсала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanha_Uppsala" title="Vanha Uppsala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanha Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gamla Uppsala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Стара Уппсала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стара Уппсала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q433032#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gamla_Uppsala&params=59.897_N_17.629_E_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°53′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°37′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.897°N 17.629°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.897; 17.629</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Village outside Uppsala in Sweden</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_uppsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gamla_uppsala.jpg/300px-Gamla_uppsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gamla_uppsala.jpg/450px-Gamla_uppsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gamla_uppsala.jpg/600px-Gamla_uppsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Gamla Uppsala is an area rich in archaeological remains: seen from the <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">grave</a> field whose larger <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">mounds</a> (left part) are close to the royal mounds. The building beyond the mounds is the church and to its right is the low <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Ting</a>-mound and then <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala_museum" title="Gamla Uppsala museum">Gamla Uppsala museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gamla Uppsala</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈɡâmːla<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɵ̂pːˌsɑːla]</a></span>, <i>Old Uppsala</i>) is a parish and a village outside <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. It had 17,973 inhabitants in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as the 3rd century AD and the 4th century AD and onwards, it was an important religious, economic and political centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadenius1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadenius1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early written sources show that already during prehistory, Gamla Uppsala was widely famous in Northern Europe as the residence of Swedish kings of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the oldest Scandinavian sources, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Westrogothic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Westrogothic law">Westrogothic law</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gutasaga" title="Gutasaga">Gutasaga</a></i> talk of the King of the <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">Swedes (Suiones)</a> as the "King at Uppsala".<sup id="cite_ref-Old_Uppsala_ABC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Uppsala_ABC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the main centre of the Swedes.<sup id="cite_ref-nybelysning_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nybelysning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, it was the largest village of <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, the eastern part of which probably originally formed the core of the complex of properties belonging to the Swedish Crown, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_%C3%B6d" title="Uppsala öd">Uppsala öd</a>, of which the western part consisted of the royal estate itself, <i>kungsgården</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also the location of the <a href="/wiki/Thing_of_all_Swedes" title="Thing of all Swedes">Thing of all Swedes</a> which was a <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">thing</a> (general assembly) held from prehistoric times to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, at the end of February or early March.<sup id="cite_ref-landsting_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landsting-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was held in conjunction with a great fair called <a href="/wiki/Disting" title="Disting">Disting</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse religious</a> celebration called <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nordisk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordisk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Uppland" title="Law of Uppland">Law of Uppland</a></i> says that it was at this assembly that the king proclaimed that the <a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">fleet levy</a> would be summoned for warfare during the summer, and all the crews, rowers, commanders and ships were decided.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not only the Norse cultic centre, it also became Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a> in 1164.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_description">Geographical description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gamla Uppsala lies on <a href="/wiki/Fyris_Wolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyris Wolds">Fyris Wolds</a>, a cultivated plain in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Fyris" title="Fyris">River Fyris</a> which is densely populated in its southern part, while the northern part consists of farms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_importance">Religious importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg/275px-Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg/413px-Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg/550px-Gamla_Upplsa_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>A composite model of Gamla Uppsala from throughout history, as exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala_museum" title="Gamla Uppsala museum">the local museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval Scandinavians held Gamla Uppsala as one of the oldest and most important locations in Scandinavia. The Danish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> held <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> himself to have resided in Gamla Uppsala far back in the mists of time: </p> <blockquote><p>At this time there was one Odin, who was credited over all Europe with the honour, which was false, of godhead, but used more continually to sojourn at Uppsala; and in this spot, either from the sloth of the inhabitants or from its own pleasantness, he vouchsafed to dwell with somewhat especial constancy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This tradition was also known by the Icelandic historian <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, who, however had Odin reside in nearby <a href="/wiki/Fornsigtuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornsigtuna">Fornsigtuna</a>, whereas the god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> lived in Gamla Uppsala.<sup id="cite_ref-Snorri_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snorri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freyr is also said to have founded two of the central institutions of Iron Age Sweden, the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_%C3%B6d" title="Uppsala öd">Uppsala öd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes, and they paid taxes to him. He was, like his father, fortunate in friends and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Uppsala, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the Upsal domains, which have remained ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Snorri_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snorri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> adds that Freyr began the human sacrifices at Gamla Uppsala: </p> <blockquote><p>Also Frey, the regent of the gods, took his abode not far from Uppsala, where he exchanged for a ghastly and infamous sin-offering the old custom of prayer by sacrifice, which had been used by so many ages and generations. For he paid to the gods abominable offerings, by beginning to slaughter human victims.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The sacrifices at the Temple at Uppsala are described by <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>At this point I shall say a few words about the religious beliefs of the Swedes. That nation has a magnificent temple, which is called Uppsala, located not far from the city of Sigtuna. In this temple, built entirely of gold, the people worship the statues of three gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>A general festival for all the provinces of Sweden is customarily held at Uppsala every nine years. Participation in this festival is required of everyone. Kings and their subjects, collectively and individually, send their gifts to Uppsala; and – a thing more cruel than any punishment – those who have already adopted Christianity buy themselves off from these ceremonies. The sacrifice is as follows: Of every kind of male creature, nine victims are offered. By the blood of these creatures it is the custom to appease the gods.<br /> </p><p> Their bodies, moreover, are hanged in a grove which is adjacent to the temple. This grove is so sacred to the people that the separate trees in it are believed to be holy because of the death or putrefaction of the sacrificial victims. There even dogs and horses hang beside human beings. (A certain Christian told me that he had seen seventy-two of their bodies hanging up together.) The incantations, however, which are usually sung in the performance of a libation of this kind are numerous and disgraceful, and it is better not to speak of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <i>scolia</i>, there is an additional description: </p> <blockquote><p>Near that temple is a very large tree with widespread branches which are always green both in winter and summer. What kind of tree it is nobody knows. There is also a spring there where the pagan are accustomed to perform sacrifices and to immerse a human being alive. As long as his body is not found, the request of the people will be fulfilled. A golden chain encircles that temple and hangs over the gables of the building. Those who approach see its gleam from afar off because the shrine, which is located on a plain, is encircled by mountains so situated as to give the effect of a theatre. For nine days feasts and sacrifices of this kind are celebrated. Every day they sacrifice one human being in addition to other animals, so that in nine days there are 72 victims which are sacrificed. This sacrifice takes place about the time of the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 16th century <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Magnus" title="Johannes Magnus">Johannes Magnus</a>, the Archbishop of Uppsala, asserted that the city was anciently founded by, and named for, an early Swedish king named <i>Ubbo</i> (Uppsala = Ubbo's Hall), who would have supposedly reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300 BCE</span>. However, in the absence of any corroborating evidence, Magnus' accounts no longer enjoy widespread acceptance among scholars today. </p><p>It was a symbolic moment when <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> visited Scandinavia in 1989 and held an open-air <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> at the royal mounds in Gamla Uppsala, as this was a Norse religion cultic centre, which became Sweden's first <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a> in 1164.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_AsatruSociety" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish AsatruSociety">Swedish AsatruSociety</a> restarted the tradition of holding <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blóts</a> at Gamla Uppsala.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Special:EditPage/Gamla Uppsala">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is a testimony to the sanctity of the location in the mindset of followers of medieval Norse religion that Gamla Uppsala was the last stronghold of pre-Christian, Norse <a href="/wiki/Germanic_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic king">Germanic kingship</a>. During the 1070s and 1080s there appears to have been a renaissance of Norse religion with the magnificent Temple at Uppsala described in a contested account through an eye-witness by <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>. Adam of Bremen relates of the Uppsala of the 1070s and describes it as a pagan cult centre with the enormous Temple at Uppsala containing wooden statues of Odin, <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and Freyr. </p><p>Sometime in the 1080s the Christian king <a href="/wiki/Inge_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Inge I of Sweden">Ingi</a> was exiled for refusing to perform the sacrifices. Instead <a href="/wiki/Blot-Sweyn" title="Blot-Sweyn">Blot-Sweyn</a> was elected, but he was killed by Ingi who could then reclaim his throne. </p><p>Its great importance in Swedish tradition led to the location of Sweden's first Archbishopric in Gamla Uppsala in 1164. In practice, however, it had lost its strategic importance when it gradually lost ready access to navigable waters as the land rose owing to the constant <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Special:EditPage/Gamla Uppsala">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People have been buried in Gamla Uppsala for 2,000 years, since the area rose above water. Originally there were between 2,000 and 3,000 mounds in the area but most have become farmland, gardens and quarries. Today only 250 barrows remain. </p><p>In the parish there are more than 1,000 preserved archaeological remains, but many more have been removed by agriculture. There are cairns of splintered stone that reveal that the area was settled during the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, but most of the grave fields are from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. </p><p>The great grave field south of the Royal Mounds is from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a>. Near the vicarage, a few unburnt graves from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> have been excavated. </p><p>Under the present church in Gamla Uppsala have been found the remains of one or several large wooden buildings. Some archaeologists believe that they are the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Uppsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Uppsala">Temple of Uppsala</a>, while others hold that comes from an early Christian wooden church. Churches were often built on pre-Christian sacred sites, though. </p><p>Adjacent to the present church there is a plateau of clay, the <i>Plateau of the Royal Estate</i> (<i>Kungsgårdsplatån</i>), on which archaeologists have found the remains of a large <a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">hall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Royal_Mounds">The Royal Mounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Royal Mounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_mounds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_mounds.JPG/450px-Royal_mounds.JPG" decoding="async" width="450" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_mounds.JPG/675px-Royal_mounds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_mounds.JPG/900px-Royal_mounds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>The three large "royal mounds" at Gamla Uppsala.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Royal Mounds</b> (Swedish: <i>Kungshögarna</i>) is the name of the three large <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrows</a> located in Gamla Uppsala. According to folklore, the three gods <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> would be at rest in <i>Kungshögarna</i> or <i>Uppsala högar</i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word <i>Haugr</i> meaning mound or barrow; cognate English <i>Howe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th and 20th centuries, they were speculated to hold the remains of three kings of the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ynglings" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Ynglings">House of Ynglings</a> and were thus known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aun" title="Aun">Aun</a>'s Mound</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eadgils" title="Eadgils">Adils</a>'s Mound</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ongentheow" title="Ongentheow">Egil</a>'s Mound</i>. Today their geographical locations are used instead and they are called the <i>Eastern Mound</i>, <i>Middle Mound</i> and <i>Western Mound</i>. </p><p>They are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. As Sweden's oldest national symbols they are even depicted on the covers of books about the Swedish national identity. In the 6th century, Gamla Uppsala was the location of royal burials. The location was chosen carefully and in order to make them majestic. The tumuli were constructed on top of the ridge. </p><p>By burning the dead king and his armour, he was moved to <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a> by the consuming force of the fire. The fire could reach temperatures of 1500 °C. The remains were covered with cobblestones and then a layer of gravel and sand and finally a thin layer of turf. </p> <blockquote><p>Thus he (Odin) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone; which custom remained long after Odin's time. [...] It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in the air, the higher he would be raised whose pile it was; and the richer he would be, the more property that was consumed with him. </p><dl><dd>—<a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_old_controversy_and_its_solution">An old controversy and its solution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: An old controversy and its solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1830s, some scholars claimed that the mounds were pure natural formations and not barrows. This affront to ancient Swedish national symbols could not be accepted by the future Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Karl_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl XV">Karl XV</a> and in order to remove any doubt, he decided to start an excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The task was given to <a href="/wiki/Bror_Emil_Hildebrand" title="Bror Emil Hildebrand">Bror Emil Hildebrand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the director-general of the National Archives. In 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he undertook the excavation of the nine-metres-tall (30 ft) <i>Eastern mound</i> with the hope of finding the grave of a Swedish king of old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_eastern_mound">The eastern mound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The eastern mound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Mound,_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a helmet fragment from the East Mound at Gamla Uppsala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/East_Mound%2C_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png/100px-East_Mound%2C_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/East_Mound%2C_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png/150px-East_Mound%2C_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/East_Mound%2C_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png/200px-East_Mound%2C_Gamla_Uppsala_-_helmet_fragment.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Helmet fragment from the East Mound.</figcaption></figure> <p>The excavation was complex and generated a lot of publicity. A 25-metre-long (82 ft) tunnel was dug into the mound, where they found a pot of clay filled with burnt bones and around it there were the remains of the charred grave offerings. </p><p>Among the most important finds in the eastern mound were many fragments of decorated bronze panels with a dancing warrior carrying a spear. These panels have probably adorned a helmet of the <a href="/wiki/Vendel_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel Age">Vendel Age</a> type, common in <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> (the only foreign examples being the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet" title="Staffordshire helmet">Staffordshire</a> helmets). There were also finds of gold which probably had adorned a <a href="/wiki/Scramasax" class="mw-redirect" title="Scramasax">scramasax</a>, but according to another interpretation, they were part of a belt. The dead was also given several glass beakers, a <a href="/wiki/Tafl_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafl game">tafl game</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">comb</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Honing_(metalworking)" title="Honing (metalworking)">hone</a>. </p><p>Most scholars agree that the mound was either raised for a woman or for a young man and a woman as the remains of a woman and boy were found.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hildebrand reburied most of the remains, so a new excavation will need to be undertaken before the controversy can be settled. What is quite certain is that the dead belonged to a royal dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_western_mound">The western mound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The western mound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uppsala_Mounds,_Gamla_Uppsala,_Uppland,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Uppsala_Mounds%2C_Gamla_Uppsala%2C_Uppland%2C_Sweden.jpg/220px-Uppsala_Mounds%2C_Gamla_Uppsala%2C_Uppland%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Uppsala_Mounds%2C_Gamla_Uppsala%2C_Uppland%2C_Sweden.jpg/330px-Uppsala_Mounds%2C_Gamla_Uppsala%2C_Uppland%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Uppsala_Mounds%2C_Gamla_Uppsala%2C_Uppland%2C_Sweden.jpg/440px-Uppsala_Mounds%2C_Gamla_Uppsala%2C_Uppland%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>The 1874 excavation in Gamla Uppsala.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1874, Hildebrand started an excavation of the western mound and opened an enormous shaft right into the cairn in the centre of the mound. Under the cobble stones, there were the charred remains of the funeral fire. </p><p>In the western mound were found the remains of a man<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and animals, probably for food during the journey. The remains of a warrior's equipment were found.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxurious weapons and other objects, both domestic and imported, show that the buried man was very powerful. These remains include a <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> sword adorned with gold and garnets and a board game with Roman pawns of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a sumptuous buckle. There were four <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameos</a> from the Middle East<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were probably part of a casket. The finds show the distant contacts of the people of Uppland in the 6th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gamla_Uppsala_Church">Gamla Uppsala Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gamla Uppsala Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gamla Uppsala Church (<i>Gamla Uppsala kyrka</i>) was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">Archbishopric</a> of Sweden prior to 1273, when the seat was moved to <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stra_Aros" class="mw-redirect" title="Östra Aros">Östra Aros</a> (Östra Aros was then renamed Uppsala due to a papal request). The old <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> was probably built in the 11th century, but finished in the 12th century. The stone building may have been preceded by a wooden church and probably by the large <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a>. After a fire in 1240, the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> of the cathedral were removed, leaving only the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> and central tower, and with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a> and the porch gave the church its present outer appearance. In the 15th century, vaults were added as well as chalk paintings. Among the medieval wooden sculptures there are three <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifixes</a> from the 12th, 13th and 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Valerius_(archbishop_of_Uppsala)" title="Valerius (archbishop of Uppsala)">Valerius</a> was buried here. King <a href="/wiki/Eric_IX_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric IX of Sweden">Eric IX of Sweden</a> was as well, before being moved to <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a>. Astronomer, physicist and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (1701–1744) was also buried at Gamla Uppsala Church next to his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Celsius" title="Magnus Celsius">Magnus Celsius</a> (1621–1679).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church from the west"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church from the west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg/120px-Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg/180px-Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg/240px-Gamla_uppsala_kyrka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church from the west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church from the south-east"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church from the south-east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg/120px-Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg/180px-Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg/240px-Gamla_Uppsala_-_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church from the south-east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church interior"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg/120px-Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg/180px-Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg/240px-Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Nave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church altarpiece"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church altarpiece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg/120px-Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg/180px-Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg/240px-Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_triptych.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4264" data-file-height="3017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church altarpiece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church pulpit"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church pulpit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg/75px-Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg/112px-Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg/150px-Gamla_Uppsala_parish_church_-_pulpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="4472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church pulpit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church nave"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg/120px-Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg/180px-Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg/240px-Gamla_Uppsala_kyrka-Ceiling_in_nave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla Uppsala Church bell tower"><img alt="Gamla Uppsala Church bell tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG/80px-Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG/120px-Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG/160px-Gamla_uppsala_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla Uppsala Church bell tower</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/2661886/sweden.html">"Kingdom of Sweden"</a>. Geo Names.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Sweden&rft.pub=Geo+Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2F2661886%2Fsweden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadenius1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hadenius1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadenius, Stig; Nilsson, Torbjörn & Åselius, Gunnar. (1996). <i>Sveriges historia</i>. Centraltryckeriet, Borås. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-34-51857-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-34-51857-6">91-34-51857-6</a> p. 83: <table> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td><b>Uppsala</b>, från 200- och 300-talen ett betydande ekonomiskt, religiöst och politiskt centrum i Mälardalen [...]. </td> <td>  </td> <td><i>Translation</i>: <b>Uppsala</b>, was from the 3rd and 4th centuries an important economic, religious and political centre in the Mälaren basin [...]. </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The article <i>Gamla Uppsala</i>, subsection <i>Historia</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i> (1992): <table> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td>Tidiga skriftliga källor visar att G. redan under forntiden var vittberömt i Norden som säte för sveakungarna av den mytomspunna Ynglingaätten. </td> <td>& </td> <td><i>Translation</i>: Early written sources show that G. as early as pre-historic times was widely famous in the Nordic countries as the residence of the Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty. </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old_Uppsala_ABC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Old_Uppsala_ABC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThunmark-Nylén1995" class="citation cs2">Thunmark-Nylén, Lena (1995), "Gamla Uppsala", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040752/http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=10358"><i>Vikingatidens ABC</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9171929843" title="Special:BookSources/9171929843"><bdi>9171929843</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=10358">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gamla+Uppsala&rft.btitle=Vikingatidens+ABC&rft.pub=Swedish+Museum+of+National+Antiquities&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9171929843&rft.aulast=Thunmark-Nyl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistvarld.historiska.se%2Fhistvarld%2Fsok%2Fartikel.asp%3Fid%3D10358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span>: <table> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td>Svearikets kung omtalas som kungen i Uppsala bl a i Ynglingatal, Gutasagan och Äldre Västgötalagens bihang om gränsdragning. </td> <td>  </td> <td><i>Translation</i>: Sweden's king is mentioned as the king at Uppsala in for instance Ynglingatal, the Gutasaga and in the Westrogothic law's appendix on the establishment of the border. </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nybelysning-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nybelysning_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjungkvist2013" class="citation cs2">Ljungkvist, John (2013), "Monumentaliseringen av Gamla Uppsala", in Sundqvist, Olof; Vikstrand, Per (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:585594/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>Gamla Uppsala i ny belysning</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Swedish Science Press, Uppsala, p. 33, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9171929846" title="Special:BookSources/978-9171929846"><bdi>978-9171929846</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monumentaliseringen+av+Gamla+Uppsala&rft.btitle=Gamla+Uppsala+i+ny+belysning&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Swedish+Science+Press%2C+Uppsala&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9171929846&rft.aulast=Ljungkvist&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A585594%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span>: <table> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td>Knappast någon ifrågasätter väl längre Gamla Uppsalas särställning som svearnas centrum. </td> <td>  </td> <td><i>Translation</i>: Hardly anyone is likely to question the unique position of Gamla Uppsala as the centre of the Swedes anymore<i>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The article <i>Gamla Uppsala</i>, subsection <i>Historia</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i> (1992): <table> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td>Under medeltiden var G. Upplands största by, vars östra del ursprungligen torde ha bildat kärnan i det s.k. Uppsala öd, kronans godskomplex, och vars västra del utgjorde själva kungsgården. </td> <td>  </td> <td><i>Translation</i>: During the Middle Ages, G. was the largest village of Uppland, whose eastern part originally should have been the core of the so-called Uppsala öd, the complex of estates of the Crown, and whose western part consisted of the royal estate itself. </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landsting-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landsting_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolin2001" class="citation cs2">Folin, Nina (2001), "Landsting", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901145539/http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=20990"><i>Medeltidens ABC</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9151839261" title="Special:BookSources/9151839261"><bdi>9151839261</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=20990">the original</a> on 1 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Landsting&rft.btitle=Medeltidens+ABC&rft.pub=Swedish+Museum+of+National+Antiquities&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9151839261&rft.aulast=Folin&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistvarld.historiska.se%2Fhistvarld%2Fsok%2Fartikel.asp%3Fid%3D20990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordisk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nordisk_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbf/0272.html">The article <i>Disatinget</i>, in the encyclopedia <i>Nordisk familjebok</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbf/0272.html">The article <i>Disablot</i>, in the encyclopedia <i>Nordisk familjebok</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/samlaren/1896/0075.html">Söderberg, Werner. (1896). "Några studier rörande Disasagan", in <i>Samlaren</i>. p. 67.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"KG Hammar fick vänta", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrkans_Tidning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrkans Tidning (page does not exist)">Kyrkans Tidning</a></i>, nr 14, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxo_Grammaticus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book1.html"><i>Gesta Danorum</i></a>. Vol. Book 1. Translated by Elton, Oliver – via Medieval & Classical Literature Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Danorum&rft.au=Saxo+Grammaticus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcllibrary.org%2FDanishHistory%2Fbook1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snorri-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snorri_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snorri_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Sturluson, Snorri</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061126125508/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_02.php"><i>Ynglinga Saga</i></a>. Translated by Laing, Samuel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_02.php">the original</a> on 26 November 2006 – via Northvegr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ynglinga+Saga&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northvegr.org%2Flore%2Fheim%2F001_02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxo_Grammaticus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book3.html"><i>Gesta Danorum</i></a>. Vol. Book 3. Translated by Elton, Oliver – via Medieval & Classical Literature Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Danorum&rft.au=Saxo+Grammaticus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcllibrary.org%2FDanishHistory%2Fbook3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adam_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adam_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adam_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen" class="citation book cs1">Adam of Bremen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213230950/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/gesta/index.php"><i>History of Hamburg's Bishops</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/gesta/index.php">the original</a> on 13 December 2006,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Hamburg%27s+Bishops&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northvegr.org%2Flore%2Fgesta%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span> short online text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyrkanstidning.se/artikelserier/2005/paven/14_05.asp">"KG Hammar fick vänta"</a>. <i>Kyrkans Tidning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unt.se&rft.atitle=Spring-Bl%C3%B3t+at+Kungsh%C3%B6garna&rft.date=2010-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unt.se%2Fuppsala%2Fvarblot-vid-kungshogarna-890708.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The temple of gold, or church of wood? Ground Radar Surveys at Old Uppsala Church. Magnus Alkarp, Fornvännen 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2017" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Daniel (June–August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=96&sid=ed946c5a-47a5-445f-b6da-e95cfe0d5c1c%40sessionmgr103">"Off the grid"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-8113">0003-8113</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Off+the+grid&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2017-06%2F2017-08&rft.issn=0003-8113&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.b.ebscohost.com%2Fehost%2Fpdfviewer%2Fpdfviewer%3Fvid%3D96%26sid%3Ded946c5a-47a5-445f-b6da-e95cfe0d5c1c%2540sessionmgr103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebsco.com">EBSCO</a>'s Master File Complete <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/uppsala/gamla-uppsala-kyrkas-historia">"Gamla Uppsala kyrka"</a>. <i>svenskakyrkan.se</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=svenskakyrkan.se&rft.atitle=Gamla+Uppsala+kyrka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskakyrkan.se%2Fuppsala%2Fgamla-uppsala-kyrkas-historia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=14758">"Anders Celsius"</a>. <i>Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenskt+biografiskt+lexikon&rft.atitle=Anders+Celsius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2Fsbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D14758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=14760">"Magnus N Celsius"</a>. <i>Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenskt+biografiskt+lexikon&rft.atitle=Magnus+N+Celsius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2Fsbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D14760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla+Uppsala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Klingmark, Elisabeth: <i>Gamla Uppsala</i>, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamla_Uppsala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819030428/http://photonorge.com/panoramas/uppsala/">Virtual tour of Gamla Uppsala Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015125052/http://www.raa.se/olduppsala/index.asp">Archeological information on Gamla Uppsala</a>, by the Swedish National Heritage Board.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uppsala.se">Uppsala</a> official site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanicmythology.com/works/uppsalatemple.html">Historical Reference</a> from Adam of Bremen's Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, Book IV, with Facing Latin and English text.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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