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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_social_role_of_occupational_hygiene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_social_role_of_occupational_hygiene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The social role of occupational hygiene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_social_role_of_occupational_hygiene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>General activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_assessment_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_assessment_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Workplace assessment methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Workplace_assessment_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Workplace assessment methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Workplace_assessment_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_characterization,_hazard_identification_and_walk-through_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_characterization,_hazard_identification_and_walk-through_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Basic characterization, hazard identification and walk-through surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_characterization,_hazard_identification_and_walk-through_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dust_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Dust sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Chemical sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Noise sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_management_and_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_management_and_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Exposure management and controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_management_and_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Professional societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer-reviewed_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-reviewed_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Peer-reviewed literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-reviewed_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_hygiene_as_a_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_hygiene_as_a_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Occupational hygiene as a career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupational_hygiene_as_a_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupational hygiene as a career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupational_hygiene_as_a_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_credentials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_credentials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Professional credentials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_credentials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higiene_ocupacional" title="Higiene ocupacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Higiene ocupacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygi%C3%A8ne_du_travail" title="Hygiène du travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hygiène du travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higiene_industri" title="Higiene industri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Higiene industri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrkeshygiene" title="Yrkeshygiene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yrkeshygiene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishlab_chiqarish_sanitariyasi" title="Ishlab chiqarish sanitariyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishlab chiqarish sanitariyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Производственная санитария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Производственная санитария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poklicna_higiena" title="Poklicna higiena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poklicna higiena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொழில்சார் சுகநலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழில்சார் சுகநலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="อาชีวอนามัย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาชีวอนามัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Виробнича санітарія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виробнича санітарія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg/50px-DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg/75px-DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg/100px-DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #dddddd;"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazards</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupational hygiene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_exposure_monitoring" title="Workplace exposure monitoring">Workplace exposure monitoring</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> Study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_toxicology" title="Occupational toxicology">Occupational toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exposure_Risk_Assessment_and_Management.JPG/220px-Exposure_Risk_Assessment_and_Management.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exposure_Risk_Assessment_and_Management.JPG/330px-Exposure_Risk_Assessment_and_Management.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exposure_Risk_Assessment_and_Management.JPG/440px-Exposure_Risk_Assessment_and_Management.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Exposure Risk Assessment and Management related to anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Occupational hygiene</b> or <b>industrial hygiene (IH)</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm" title="Anticipate, recognize, evaluate, control, and confirm">anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation</a> (ARECC) of protection from risks associated with exposures to hazards in, or arising from, the workplace that may result in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the well-being of workers and members of the community. These hazards or stressors are typically divided into the categories <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">ergonomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of a health effect from a given stressor is a function of the hazard multiplied by the exposure to the individual or group.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For chemicals, the hazard can be understood by the dose response profile most often based on toxicological studies or models. Occupational hygienists work closely with toxicologists (see <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a>) for understanding chemical hazards, physicists (see <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>) for physical hazards, and physicians and microbiologists for biological hazards (see <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>). Environmental and occupational hygienists are considered experts in exposure science and exposure risk management. Depending on an individual's type of job, a hygienist will apply their exposure science expertise for the protection of workers, consumers and/or communities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_profession_of_occupational_hygienist">The profession of occupational hygienist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The profession of occupational hygienist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Occupational_Hygiene_Society" title="British Occupational Hygiene Society">British Occupational Hygiene Society</a> (BOHS) defines that "occupational hygiene is about the prevention of ill-health from work, through recognizing, evaluating and controlling the risks".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA) refers to occupational hygiene as <i>the discipline of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large.</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>occupational hygiene</i> (used in the UK and Commonwealth countries as well as much of Europe) is synonymous with <i>industrial hygiene</i> (used in the US, Latin America, and other countries that received initial technical support or training from US sources). The term <i>industrial hygiene</i> traditionally stems from industries with construction, mining or manufacturing, and <i>occupational hygiene</i> refers to all types of industry such as those listed for <i>industrial hygiene</i> as well as financial and support services industries and refers to "<a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">work</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Workplace" class="extiw" title="wikt:Workplace">workplace</a>" and "place of work" in general. <i>Environmental hygiene</i> addresses similar issues to <i>occupational hygiene</i> but is likely to be about broad industry or broad issues affecting the local community, broader society, region or country. </p><p>The profession of occupational hygiene uses strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires professional judgment based on experience and education in determining the potential for hazardous exposure risks in workplace and environmental studies. These aspects of occupational hygiene can often be referred to as the "art" of occupational hygiene and is used in a similar sense to the "art" of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. In fact "occupational hygiene" is both an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive medicine</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">occupational medicine</a>, in that its goal is to prevent industrial disease, using the science of <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">exposure assessment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial safety">industrial safety</a>. Ultimately professionals seek to implement "safe" systems, procedures or methods to be applied in the workplace or to the environment. Prevention of exposure to long working hours has been identified as a focus for occupational hygiene when a landmark <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> study estimated that this occupational hazard causes an estimated 745,000 occupational fatalities per year worldwide, the largest burden of disease attributed to any single occupational hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Industrial hygiene</i> refers to the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplaces to prevent illness or injuries to the workers. Industrial hygienists use various <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a> and analytical methods to establish how workers are exposed. In turn, they employ techniques such as engineering and work practice controls to control any potential health hazards. </p><p>Anticipation involves identifying potential hazards in the workplace before they are introduced. The uncertainty of health hazards ranges from reasonable expectations to mere speculations. However, it implies that the industrial hygienist must understand the nature of changes in the processes, products, environments, and workforces of the workplaces and how they can affect workers' well-being. </p><p>Recognition of engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing the workers` exposure to occupational hazards. Timely recognition of hazards minimizes the workers' exposure to the hazards by removing or reducing the hazard's source or isolating the workers from the hazards. </p><p>Evaluation of a worksite is a significant step that helps the industrial hygienists establish jobs and worksites that are a potential source of problems. During the evaluation, the industrial hygienist measures and identifies the problem tasks, exposures, and tasks. The most effective worksites assessment includes all the jobs, work activities, and operations. The industrial hygienists inspect research and evaluations of how given physical or chemical hazards affect the workers' health. If the workplace contains a health hazard, the industrial hygienist recommends appropriate corrective actions. </p><p>Control measures include removing toxic chemicals and replacing harmful toxic materials with less hazardous ones. It also involves confining work operations or enclosing work processes and installing general and local ventilation systems. Controls change how the task is performed. Some of the basic work practice controls include: following the laid procedures to reduce exposures while at the workplace, inspecting and maintaining processes regularly, and implementing reasonable workplace procedures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The industrial hygiene profession gained respectability back in 1700 when <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ramazzini" title="Bernardino Ramazzini">Bernardino Ramazzini</a> published a comprehensive book on industrial medicine. The book was written in Italian and was known as <i>De Morbis Artificum Diatriba</i>, meaning “The Diseases of Workmen”. The book detailed the accurate description of the occupational diseases that most of his time workers suffered from. Ramazzini was critical to the industrial hygiene profession's future because he asserted that occupational diseases should be studied in the workplace environment and not in hospital wards. </p><p>Industrial hygiene in the United States started taking shape in the early 20th century. There before, many workers risked their lives daily to work in industrial settings such as manufacturing, mills, constructions, and mines. Currently, the statistics on work safety are usually measured by the number of injuries and deaths yearly. Before the 20th century, these kinds of statistics were hard to come by because it appeared no one cared enough to make tracking of the job injuries and deaths a priority. </p><p>Industrial hygiene received another boost in the early 20th century when <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a> led an effort to improve industrial hygiene. She began by observing industrial conditions first and then startled mine owners, factory managers, and other state officials with evidence that there was a correlation between workers' illnesses and their exposure to chemical toxins. She presented definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions. As a result, the US federal government also began investigating health conditions in the industry. In 1911, the states passed the first workers' compensation laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_social_role_of_occupational_hygiene">The social role of occupational hygiene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The social role of occupational hygiene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occupational hygienists have been involved historically with changing the perception of society about the nature and extent of hazards and preventing exposures in the workplace and communities. Many occupational hygienists work day-to-day with industrial situations that require control or improvement to the workplace situation. However larger social issues affecting whole industries have occurred in the past e.g. since 1900, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> exposures that have affected the lives of tens of thousands of people. Occupational hygienists have become more engaged in understanding and managing exposure risks to consumers from products with regulations such as REACh (<a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals</a>) enacted in 2006. </p><p>More recent issues affecting broader society are, for example in 1976, Legionnaires' disease or <a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">legionellosis</a>. More recently again in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, and in the 2000s, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a> from indoor air quality situations in the home and at work. In the later part of the 2000s, concern has been raised about the health effects of <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many of these issues have required the coordination of medical and paraprofessionals in detecting and then characterizing the nature of the issue, both in terms of the hazard and in terms of the risk to the workplace and ultimately to society. This has involved occupational hygienists in research, collection of data and development of suitable and satisfactory control methodologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_activities">General activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The occupational hygienist may be involved with the assessment and control of <a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental</a> hazards in the workplace or community that could cause <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. Physical hazards may include <a href="/wiki/Noise_health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise health effects">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature_extreme" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature extreme">temperature extremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">illumination extremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-ionising_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-ionising radiation">non-ionizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>. Chemical hazards related to dangerous goods or hazardous substances are frequently investigated by occupational hygienists. Other related areas including <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a> (IAQ) and <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> may also receive the attention of the occupational hygienist. Biological hazards may stem from the potential for legionella exposure at work or the investigation of biological injury or effects at work, such as dermatitis may be investigated. </p><p>As part of the investigation process, the occupational hygienist may be called upon to communicate effectively regarding the nature of the hazard, the potential for risk, and the appropriate methods of control. Appropriate controls are selected from the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of hazard control">hierarchy of control</a>: by elimination, substitution, engineering, administration and <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE) to control the hazard or eliminate the risk. Such controls may involve recommendations as simple as appropriate PPE such as a 'basic' particulate dust mask to occasionally designing dust extraction ventilation systems, work places or management systems to manage people and programs for the preservation of health and well-being of those who enter a workplace. </p><p>Examples of occupational hygiene include: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg/120px-Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg/180px-Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg/240px-Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Disposable foam earplugs: out of the ear with coins for scale (top) and inserted into the wearer's ear (bottom).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Analysis of physical hazards such as noise, which may require use of hearing protection <a href="/wiki/Earplugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Earplugs">earplugs</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Earmuffs" title="Earmuffs">earmuffs</a> to prevent hearing loss.</li> <li>Developing plans and procedures to protect against infectious disease exposure in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu pandemic">flu pandemic</a>.</li> <li>Monitoring the air for hazardous contaminants which may potentially lead to worker illness or death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workplace_assessment_methods">Workplace assessment methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Workplace assessment methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are many aspects to occupational hygiene work the most known and sought after is in determining or estimating potential or actual <a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">exposures</a> to hazards. For many chemicals and physical hazards, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational exposure limits">occupational exposure limits</a> have been derived using toxicological, epidemiological and medical data allowing hygienists to reduce the risks of health effects by implementing the "Hierarchy of Hazard Controls". Several methods can be applied in assessing the workplace or environment for exposure to a known or suspected hazard. Occupational hygienists do not rely on the accuracy of the equipment or method used but in knowing with certainty and precision the limits of the equipment or method being used and the error or variance given by using that particular equipment or method. Well known methods for performing occupational exposure assessments can be found in the book <i>A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/American_Industrial_Hygiene_Association" title="American Industrial Hygiene Association">AIHA</a> Press.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main steps outlined for assessing and managing occupational exposures: </p> <ul><li>Basic Characterization (identify agents, hazards, people potentially exposed and existing exposure controls)</li> <li>Exposure Assessment (select occupational exposure limits, hazard bands, relevant toxicological data to determine if exposures are "acceptable", "unacceptable" or "uncertain")</li> <li>Exposure Controls (for "unacceptable" or "uncertain" exposures)</li> <li>Further Information Gathering (for "uncertain" exposures)</li> <li>Hazard Communication (for all exposures)</li> <li>Reassessment (as needed) / Management of Change</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG/220px-Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG/330px-Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG/440px-Hierarchy_of_Occupational_Exposure_Limits.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Hierarchy of occupational exposure limits (OELs)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_characterization,_hazard_identification_and_walk-through_surveys"><span id="Basic_characterization.2C_hazard_identification_and_walk-through_surveys"></span>Basic characterization, hazard identification and walk-through surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basic characterization, hazard identification and walk-through surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step in understanding health risks related to exposures requires the collection of "basic characterization" information from available sources. A traditional method applied by occupational hygienists to initially survey a workplace or environment is used to determine both the types and possible exposures from hazards (e.g. noise, chemicals, radiation). The <b>walk-through survey</b> can be targeted or limited to particular hazards such as silica dust, or noise, to focus attention on control of all hazards to workers. A full walk-through survey is frequently used to provide information on establishing a framework for future investigations, prioritizing hazards, determining the requirements for measurement and establishing some immediate control of potential exposures. The <a href="/wiki/Health_Hazard_Evaluation_Program" title="Health Hazard Evaluation Program">Health Hazard Evaluation Program</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> is an example of an industrial hygiene walk-through survey. Other sources of basic characterization information include worker interviews, observing exposure tasks, <a href="/wiki/Material_safety_data_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Material safety data sheet">material safety data sheets</a>, workforce scheduling, production data, equipment and maintenance schedules to identify potential exposure agents and people possibly exposed. </p><p>The information that needs to be gathered from sources should apply to the specific type of work from which the hazards can come from. As mentioned previously, examples of these sources include interviews with people who have worked in the field of the hazard, history and analysis of past incidents, and official reports of work and the hazards encountered. Of these, the personnel interviews may be the most critical in identifying undocumented practices, events, releases, hazards and other relevant information. Once the information is gathered from a collection of sources, it is recommended for these to be digitally archived (to allow for quick searching) and to have a physical set of the same information in order for it to be more accessible. One innovative way to display the complex historical hazard information is with a historical hazards identification map, which distills the hazard information into an easy to use graphical format.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampling">Sampling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_061026-N-7981E-019_Lt._Cmdr._Paul_Treadway,_Industrial_Hygiene_Officer_and_Assistant_Safety_Officer_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN_72),_uses_a_sound_level_meter_to_demonstrate_the_high_deci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_061026-N-7981E-019_Lt._Cmdr._Paul_Treadway%2C_Industrial_Hygiene_Officer_and_Assistant_Safety_Officer_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN_72%29%2C_uses_a_sound_level_meter_to_demonstrate_the_high_deci.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_061026-N-7981E-019_Lt._Cmdr._Paul_Treadway%2C_Industrial_Hygiene_Officer_and_Assistant_Safety_Officer_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN_72%29%2C_uses_a_sound_level_meter_to_demonstrate_the_high_deci.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_061026-N-7981E-019_Lt._Cmdr._Paul_Treadway%2C_Industrial_Hygiene_Officer_and_Assistant_Safety_Officer_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN_72%29%2C_uses_a_sound_level_meter_to_demonstrate_the_high_deci.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Measurements of noise levels using a sound level meter is a component of the occupational hygiene assessment.</figcaption></figure><p>An occupational hygienist may use one or a number of commercially available electronic measuring devices to measure noise, vibration, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, dust, solvents, gases, and so on. Each device is often specifically designed to measure a specific or particular type of contaminant. Electronic devices need to be calibrated before and after use to ensure the accuracy of the measurements taken and often require a system of certifying the precision of the instrument. </p><p>Collecting occupational exposure data is resource- and time-intensive, and can be used for different purposes, including evaluating compliance with government regulations and for planning preventive interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usability of occupational exposure data is influenced by these factors:<sup id="cite_ref-Babik_676–685_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babik_676–685-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Data storage (e.g. use of electronic and centralized databases with retention of all records)</li> <li>Standardization of data collection</li> <li>Collaboration between researchers, safety and health professionals and insurers</li></ul> <p>In 2018, in an effort to standardize industrial hygiene data collection among workers compensation insurers and to determine the feasibility of pooling collected IH data, IH air and noise survey forms were collected. Data fields were evaluated for importance and a study list of core fields was developed, and submitted to an expert panel for review before finalization. The final core study list was compared to recommendations published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists" title="American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a> (ACGIH) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Industrial_Hygiene_Association" title="American Industrial Hygiene Association">American Industrial Hygiene Association</a> (AIHA).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data fields essential to standardizing IH data collection were identified and verified. The "essential" data fields are available and could contribute to improved data quality and its management if incorporated into IH data management systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Babik_676–685_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babik_676–685-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada and several European countries have been working to establish occupational exposure databases with standardized data elements and improved data quality. These databases include MEGA, COLCHIC, and CWED.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dust_sampling">Dust sampling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dust sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter_sampler" title="Particulate matter sampler">Particulate matter sampler</a></div> <p>Nuisance dust is considered to be the total dust in air including inhalable and respirable fractions. </p><p>Various dust sampling methods exist that are internationally recognised. Inhalable dust is determined using the modern equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Occupational_Medicine" title="Institute of Occupational Medicine">Institute of Occupational Medicine</a> (IOM) MRE 113A monitor. Inhalable dust is considered to be dust of less than 100 micrometers aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED) that enters through the nose and or mouth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Respirable dust is sampled using a cyclone dust sampler design to sample for a specific fraction of dust AED at a set flow rate. The respirable dust fraction is dust that enters the 'deep lung' and is considered to be less than 10 micrometers AED.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nuisance, inhalable and respirable dust fractions are all sampled using a constant volumetric pump for a specific sampling period. By knowing the mass of the sample collected and the volume of air sampled, a concentration for the fraction sampled can be given in milligrams (mg) per meter cubed (m<sup>3</sup>). From such samples, the amount of inhalable or respirable dust can be determined and compared to the relevant occupational exposure limits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By use of inhalable, respirable or other suitable sampler (7 hole, 5 hole, etc.), these dust sampling methods can also used to determine metal exposure in the air. This requires collection of the sample on a <a href="/wiki/Methyl_cellulose_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cellulose ester">methyl cellulose ester</a> (MCE) filter and acid digestion of the collection media in the laboratory followed by measuring metal concentration through <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy" title="Atomic emission spectroscopy">atomic emission spectroscopy</a>. Both the UK <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Laboratory" title="Health and Safety Laboratory">Health and Safety Laboratory</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have specific methodologies for a broad range of metals in air found in industrial processing (smelting, foundries, etc.). </p><p>A further method exists for the determination of asbestos, <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, synthetic mineral fiber and ceramic mineral fiber dust in air. This is the membrane filter method (MFM) and requires the collection of the dust on a gridded filter for estimation of exposure by the counting of 'conforming' fibers in 100 fields through a microscope. Results are quantified on the basis of number of fibers per milliliter of air (f/mL). Many countries strictly regulate the methodology applied to the MFM.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_sampling">Chemical sampling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemical sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of chemically absorbent tubes are used to sample for a wide range of chemical substances. Traditionally a chemical absorbent 'tube' (a glass or stainless steel tube of between 2 and 10 mm internal diameter) filled with very fine absorbent silica (<a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a>) or carbon, such as coconut charcoal (<a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a>), is used in a sampling line where air is drawn through the absorbent material for between four hours (minimum workplace sample) to 24 hours (environmental sample) period. The hydrophilic material readily absorbs water-soluble chemical and the lipophilic material absorbs non water-soluble materials. The absorbent material is then chemically or physically extracted and measurements performed using various <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> methods. These absorbent tube methods have the advantage of being usable for a wide range of potential contaminates. However, they are relatively expensive methods, are time-consuming and require significant expertise in sampling and chemical analysis. A frequent complaint of workers is in having to wear the sampling pump (up to 1 kg) for several days of work to provide adequate data for the required statistical certainty determination of the exposure. </p><p>In the last few decades, advances have been made in 'passive' badge technology. These samplers can now be purchased to measure one chemical (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>) or a chemical type (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>) or a broad spectrum of chemicals (e.g. solvents). They are relatively easy to set up and use. However, considerable cost can still be incurred in analysis of the 'badge'. They weigh 20 to 30 grams and workers do not complain about their presence. Unfortunately 'badges' may not exist for all types of workplace sampling that may be required, and the charcoal or silica method may sometimes have to be applied. </p><p>From the sampling method, results are expressed in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m<sup>3</sup>) or parts per million (PPM) and compared to the relevant occupational exposure limits. </p><p>It is a critical part of the exposure determination that the method of sampling for the specific contaminate exposure is directly linked to the exposure standard used. Many countries regulate both the exposure standard, the method used to determine the exposure and the methods to be used for chemical or other analysis of the samples collected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noise_sampling">Noise sampling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Noise sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of noise are <a href="/wiki/Environmental_noise" title="Environmental noise">environmental noise</a>, which is unwanted sound that occurs outdoors, and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">occupational noise</a>, the sound that is received by employees while they are in the workplace. Environmental noise can originate from various sources depending on the activity, location, and time. Environmental noise can be generated from transportation such as road, rail, and air traffic, or construction and building services, and even domestic and leisure activities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a legal limit on noise that the environmental noise is 70 <a href="/wiki/DB(A)" class="mw-redirect" title="DB(A)">dB(A)</a> over 24 hours of average exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the limit of occupational noise is 85 dB(A) per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-126/default.html">NIOSH</a>, or 90 dB(A) per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.95">OSHA</a> for an 8-hour work period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to enforce these limits, these are the methods to measure noise, including sound level meter (SLM), Sound Level Meter App, integrating sound level meter (ISLM), impulse sound level meter (Impulse SLM), noise dosimeter, and personal sound exposure meter (PSEM). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_level_meter" title="Sound level meter">Sound level meter</a> (SLM): measures the sound level at a single point of time and consequently requires multiple measurements to be taken at different times of the day. The SLM is primarily used for measuring relatively stable sound levels; there is increased difficulty in measuring the average sound exposure if the noise levels vary greatly.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/app.html">Sound Level Meter App</a> is a program that can be downloaded to a mobile device. It receives noise through the phone's built-in or external microphone and displays the sound level measurement from the app's sound level meters and noise dosimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Integrating sound level meter (ISLM): measures the equivalent sound levels within the measurement period. Because the ISLM measures noise in a particular area, it is difficult to measure a worker's personal exposure as they move throughout a workspace.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Impulse sound level meter (Impulse SLM): measures the peak of each sound impulse. The most optimal conditions to measure the peaks occur when there is little background noise.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_dosimeter" title="Noise dosimeter">Noise dosimeter</a>: collects the sound level for a given point in time, as well as different sound levels across time. The noise dosimeter can measure personal exposure levels and can be used in the areas with a high risk of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Personal sound exposure meter (PSEM): worn by employees while they work. The advantage of the PSEM is that it eliminates the need for noise assessors to follow up with workers when the assessors measure the noise levels of the work areas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Excessive noise can lead to <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hearing_loss" title="Occupational hearing loss">occupational hearing loss</a>. 12% of workers report having hearing difficulties, making this the third most common chronic disease in the U.S. Among these workers, 24% have hearing difficulties caused by occupational noise, with 8% affected by tinnitus, and 4% having both hearing difficulties and tinnitus.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ototoxicity" title="Ototoxicity">Ototoxic</a> chemicals including solvents, metals, compounds, <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiant">asphyxiants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a>, and pharmaceuticals, may contribute further to hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_management_and_controls">Exposure management and controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exposure management and controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of control">hierarchy of control</a> defines the approach used to reduce exposure risks protecting workers and communities. These methods include <a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">elimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">substitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering controls</a> (isolation or ventilation), <a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">administrative controls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>. Occupational hygienists, engineers, maintenance, management and employees should all be consulted for selecting and designing the most effective and efficient controls based on the hierarchy of control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_societies">Professional societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Professional societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of industrial hygiene societies originated in the United States, beginning with the first convening of members for the <a href="/wiki/American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists" title="American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a> in 1938, and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Industrial_Hygiene_Association" title="American Industrial Hygiene Association">American Industrial Hygiene Association</a> in 1939. In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupational_Hygiene_Society" title="British Occupational Hygiene Society">British Occupational Hygiene Society</a> started in 1953. Through the years, professional occupational societies have formed in many different countries, leading to the formation of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioha.net/">International Occupational Hygiene Association</a> in 1987, in order to promote and develop occupational hygiene worldwide through the member organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-ioha3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioha3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOHA has grown to 29 member organizations, representing over 20,000 occupational hygienists worldwide, with representation from countries present in every continent.<sup id="cite_ref-ioha3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioha3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioha22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioha22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peer-reviewed_literature">Peer-reviewed literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peer-reviewed literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several academic journals specifically focused on publishing studies and research in the occupational health field. The <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Hygiene" title="Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene">Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene</a></i> (JOEH) has been published jointly since 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Industrial_Hygiene_Association" title="American Industrial Hygiene Association">American Industrial Hygiene Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists" title="American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a>, replacing the former <i>American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal</i> and <i>Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene</i> journals.<sup id="cite_ref-joeh2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joeh2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another seminal occupational hygiene journal would be <i>The Annals of Occupational Hygiene,</i> published by the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupational_Hygiene_Society" title="British Occupational Hygiene Society">British Occupational Hygiene Society</a> since 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-annals2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, NIOSH maintains a searchable bibliographic database (NIOSHTIC-2) of occupational safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and other communication products.<sup id="cite_ref-nioshtic2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nioshtic2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hierarchy_of_Controls.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hierarchy_of_Controls.PNG/350px-Hierarchy_of_Controls.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hierarchy_of_Controls.PNG/525px-Hierarchy_of_Controls.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Hierarchy_of_Controls.PNG 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The hierarchy of controls is an important tool to determine how to control hazards most efficiently and effectively in a workplace.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_hygiene_as_a_career">Occupational hygiene as a career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occupational hygiene as a career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of occupational hygiene careers include: </p> <ul><li>Compliance officer on behalf of regulatory agency</li> <li>Professional working on behalf of company for the protection of the workforce</li> <li>Consultant working on behalf of companies</li> <li>Researcher performing laboratory or field occupational hygiene work</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basis of the technical knowledge of occupational hygiene is from competent training in the following areas of science and management: </p> <ul><li>Basic sciences (biology, chemistry, mathematics (statistics), physics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational diseases</a> (illness, injury and health surveillance (<a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">biostatistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>))</li> <li>Health hazards (<a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">physical hazards</a>, ergonomics and human factors)</li> <li>Working environments (mining, industrial, manufacturing, transport and storage, service industries and offices)</li> <li>Programme management principles (<a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">professional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">business ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accident_analysis" title="Accident analysis">work site and incident investigation methods</a>, exposure guidelines, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">occupational exposure limits</a>, jurisdictional based regulations, <a href="/wiki/Hazard_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard identification">hazard identification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">risk communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a>, fire evacuation and other <a href="/wiki/Emergency_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response">emergency responses</a>)</li> <li>Sampling, measurement and evaluation practices (instrumentation, sampling protocols, methods or techniques, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard control">Hazard controls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">elimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">substitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">administrative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a> and air conditioning and extraction ventilation)</li> <li>Environment (<a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>)</li></ul> <p>However, it is not rote knowledge that identifies a competent occupational hygienist. There is an "art" to applying the technical principles in a manner that provides a reasonable solution for workplace and environmental issues. In effect an experienced "mentor", who has experience in occupational hygiene is required to show a new occupational hygienist how to apply the learned scientific and management knowledge in the workplace and to the environment issue to satisfactorily resolve the problem. </p><p>To be a professional occupational hygienist, experience in as wide a practice as possible is required to demonstrate knowledge in areas of occupational hygiene. This is difficult for "specialists" or those who practice in narrow subject areas. Limiting experience to individual subject like <a href="/wiki/Asbestos_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asbestos remediation">asbestos remediation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confined_space" title="Confined space">confined spaces</a>, indoor air quality, or <a href="/wiki/Lead_abatement" title="Lead abatement">lead abatement</a>, or learning only through a textbook or “review course” can be a disadvantage when required to demonstrate competence in other areas of occupational hygiene. </p><p>Information presented in Wikipedia can be considered to be only an outline of the requirements for professional occupational hygiene training. This is because the actual requirements in any country, state or region may vary due to educational resources available, industry demand or regulatory mandated requirements. </p><p>During 2010, the Occupational Hygiene Training Association (OHTA) through sponsorship provided by the IOHA initiated a training scheme for those with an interest in or those requiring training in occupational hygiene. These training modules can be downloaded and used freely. The available subject modules (Basic Principles in Occupational Hygiene, Health Effects of Hazardous Substances, Measurement of Hazardous Substances, Thermal Environment, Noise, Asbestos, Control, Ergonomics) are aimed at the ‘foundation’ and ‘intermediate’ levels in occupational hygiene. Although the modules can be used freely without supervision, attendance at an accredited training course is encouraged. These training modules are available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohtatraining.org/">ohtatraining.org</a> </p><p>Academic programs offering industrial hygiene bachelor's or master's degrees in United States may apply to the <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology">Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology</a> (ABET) to have their program accredited. As of October 1, 2006, 27 institutions have accredited their industrial hygiene programs. Accreditation is not available for doctoral programs. </p><p>In the U.S., the training of IH professionals is supported by NIOSH through their <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_Education_and_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH Education and Research Center">NIOSH Education and Research Centers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_credentials">Professional credentials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Professional credentials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygiene (AIOH) accredited professional occupational hygienists through a certification scheme. Occupational Hygienists in Australia certified through this scheme are entitled to use the phrase Certified Occupational Hygienist (COH) as part of their qualifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Registered Professional Hygienist Registration & Examination Board (RPH R&EB) is set up by the Council of the Hong Kong Institute of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene (HKIOEH) with an aim to enhance the professional development of occupational hygienists and to provide a path for persons who reach professional maturity in the field of occupational hygiene to obtain qualification recognised by peer professionals. Under HKIOEH, RPH R&EB operates the registration program of Registered Professional Hygienist (RPH) and qualifying examination in a standard meeting the practice as recognised by the National Accreditation Recognition (NAR) Committee of the International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saudi Arabian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Health</a>'s Occupational Health Directorate and Labor Office are the government agencies responsible for decisions and surveillance related to occupational hygiene.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional occupational hygiene and safety education programs surveilled under these offices are available through Saudi Arabian colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practitioners who successfully meet specific education and work-experience requirements and pass a written examination administered by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gobgc.org/">Board for Global EHS Credentialing (BGC)</a> are authorized to use the term Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) or the discontinued Certified Associate Industrial Hygienist (CAIH). Both of these terms have been codified into law in many states in the United States to identify minimum qualifications of individuals having oversight over certain activities that may affect employee and general public health. </p><p>After the initial certification, the CIH or CAIH maintains their certification by meeting on-going requirements for ethical behavior, education, and professional activities (e.g., active practice, technical committees, publishing, teaching). </p><p>Certification examinations are offered during a spring and fall testing window each year worldwide. </p><p>The CIH designation is the most well known and recognized industrial hygiene designation throughout the world. There are approximately 6800 CIHs in the world making BGC the largest industrial hygiene certification organization. The CAIH certification program was discontinued in 2006. Those who were certified as a CAIH retain their certification through ongoing certification maintenance. People who are currently certified by BGC can be found in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portalabih.cyzap.net/dzapps/dbzap.bin/apps/assess/webmembers/secure/manage?webid=ABIH&pToolCode=cert-search&pAdd=Yes">public roster</a>. </p><p>The BGC is a recognized certification board by the International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA). The CIH certification has been accredited internationally by the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC 17024). In the United States, the CIH has been accredited by the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards (CESB). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, a practitioner who successfully completes a written test and an interview administered by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crboh.ca/">Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists</a> can be recognized as a Registered Occupational Hygienist (ROH) or Registered Occupational Hygiene Technician (ROHT). There is also designation to be recognized as a Canadian Registered Safety Professional (CRSP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Faculty of Occupational Hygiene, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupational_Hygiene_Society" title="British Occupational Hygiene Society">British Occupational Hygiene Society</a>, represents the interests of professional occupational hygienists. </p><p>Membership of the Faculty of Occupational Hygiene is confined to BOHS members who hold a recognized professional qualification in occupational hygiene. </p><p>There are three grades of Faculty membership: </p> <ul><li>Licentiate (LFOH) holders will have obtained the BOHS Certificate of Operational Competence in Occupational Hygiene and have at least three years’ practical experience in the field.</li> <li>Members (MFOH) are normally holders of the Diploma of Professional Competence in Occupational Hygiene and have at least five years’ experience at a senior level.</li> <li>Fellows (FFOH) are senior members of the profession who have made a distinct contribution to the advancement of occupational hygiene.</li></ul> <p>All Faculty members participate in a Continuous Professional Development (CPD) scheme designed to maintain a high level of current awareness and knowledge in occupational hygiene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian Society of Industrial Hygiene was formed in 1981 at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India. Subsequently, its secretariat was shifted to <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>. The society has registered about 400 members, about 90 of whom are life members. The society publishes a newsletter, <i>Industrial Hygiene Link</i>. The secretary of the society is Shyam Singh Gautam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 48em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronautical_hygiene" title="Astronautical hygiene">Astronautical hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a> – Designing systems to suit their users</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a> – Measuring toxic or environment exposure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> – Air quality within and around buildings and structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a> – Medical discipline for preventing nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Occupational_Medicine" title="Institute of Occupational Medicine">Institute of Occupational Medicine</a> – Independent charity in UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise Control">Noise Control</a> – International scientific society<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a> – Upper limit on the acceptable concentration of a hazardous substance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_banding" title="Occupational exposure banding">Occupational exposure banding</a> – Process to assign chemicals into categories corresponding to permissible exposure concentrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a> – Epidemiology of workplaces diseases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> – Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a> – Nursing specialty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> – Dose dependant harmfulness of substances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050717135248/http://www.aioh.org.au/about_occupHygiene.asp">"Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists"</a>. <i>aioh.org.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aioh.org.au/about_occupHygiene.asp">the original</a> on 2005-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aioh.org.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Institute+of+Occupational+Hygienists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aioh.org.au%2Fabout_occupHygiene.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupational+hygiene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil2008" class="citation book cs1">Council, National Research (2008-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12209.html"><i>Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12209">10.17226/12209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309120463" title="Special:BookSources/9780309120463"><bdi>9780309120463</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25009905">25009905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Decisions%3A+Advancing+Risk+Assessment&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25009905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F12209&rft.isbn=9780309120463&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=National+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F12209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupational+hygiene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830051500/http://www.bohs.org/standardTemplate.aspx">"British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS)"</a>. <i>bohs.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dcc.kfupm.edu.sa&rft.atitle=Safety+Technology+Curriculum+Overview+%7C+Dammam+Community+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcc.kfupm.edu.sa%2Fst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupational+hygiene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>As of <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&oldid=1251057913">this edit</a>, this article uses content from </i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&oldid=1246631192">"Occupational hygiene"</a><i>, authored by <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=history">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=history</a>, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>, but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>. All relevant terms must be followed.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041016083444/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/en/">World Health Organization Occupational Health Publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilocis.org/en/contilo.html">International Labour Organization Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-2-109203-8" title="Special:BookSources/92-2-109203-8">92-2-109203-8</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/ampro/cinterfor/sid/servicio/encyclo/index.htm">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/infoserv/hseline.htm">UK HSEline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam/index.html">EPA Indoor Air Quality on-line educator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccohs.ca/topics/hazards/">Canada hazard information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilpi.com/msds/index.html">A list of MSDS sites</a> (Partly commercial)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/">(US) NIOSH Pocket Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov">(US) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">(US) National Library of Medicine Toxicology Data Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115004440/http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">Archived</a> 2010-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/">(US) National Toxicology Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.fr/">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/rtecs/search.html">RTECS</a> (by subscription only)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311082143/http://www.chemfinder.com/chembiofinder/Forms/Home/ContentArea/Home.aspx">Chemfinder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/">Inchem</a></li> <li>Many larger businesses maintain their own product and chemical information.</li> <li>There are also many subscription services available (CHEMINFO, OSH, CHEMpendium, Chem Alert, Chemwatch, Infosafe, RightAnswer.com's TOMES Plus, OSH Update, OSH-ROM, et cetera).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hygiene&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_hygiene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Industrial hygiene">Industrial hygiene</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnstoneehs.net/industrial-hygiene/hexavalent-chromium-national-emphasis-program.htm">(OSHA) passed standards on exposure to hexavalent chromium - Hexavalent Chromium National Emphasis Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acgih.org/">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a> (ACGIH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiha.org/">American Industrial Hygiene Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/oh/impurities.pdf">Government of Hong Kong Occupational Safety and Health Council, Air Contaminants in the Workplace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404113424/http://www.aiha.org/1documents/students/IndustrialHygieneStudentPowerpointsmallversion.ppt">View a PowerPoint Presentation Explaining What Industrial Hygiene Is - developed and made available by AIHA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/">The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/mdhs/">UK Health and Safety Executive, Health and Safety Laboratory, Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/">International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ioha.net/">International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whwb.org/">Workplace Health Without Borders (WHWB)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health650" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of public health in the United Kingdom">History of public health in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">History of public health in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occupational_safety_and_health784" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Template:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Template talk:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occupational_safety_and_health784" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational <br />diseases</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">injuries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrodynia" title="Acrodynia">Acrodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis ("brown lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_cardiovascular_disease" title="Occupational cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">Chronic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweeps%27_carcinoma" title="Chimney sweeps' carcinoma">Chimney sweeps' carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_sport" title="Concussions in sport">Concussions in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">De Quervain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erethism" title="Erethism">Erethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazards_associated_with_exposure_to_human_nail_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational hazards associated with exposure to human nail dust">Exposure to human nail dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler%27s_neck" title="Fiddler's neck">Fiddler's neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_worker%27s_lung" title="Flock worker's lung">Flock worker's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblower%27s_cataract" title="Glassblower's cataract">Glassblower's cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow" title="Golfer's elbow">Golfer's elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Hospital-acquired infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_lung" title="Indium lung">Indium lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Occupational_exposure" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_jaw" title="Radium jaw">Radium jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo-filler%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Silo-filler's disease">Silo-filler's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Sports injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp" title="Writer's cramp">Writer's cramp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupational <br />hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_occupational_safety_and_health_agencies" title="List of occupational safety and health agencies">Agencies</a> and <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Occupational_Health_and_Safety" title="Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_per_l%27assicurazione_contro_gli_infortuni_sul_lavoro" title="Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro">Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="National Institute for Safety and Health at Work">National Institute for Safety and Health at Work</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OHSAS_18001" title="OHSAS 18001">OHSAS 18001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Convention,_1981" title="Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981">Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Protection_Standard" title="Worker Protection Standard">Worker Protection Standard</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Environment_(Air_Pollution,_Noise_and_Vibration)_Convention,_1977" title="Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977">Working Environment Convention, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">Emergency evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Hazard elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Hazard substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout-tagout" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockout-tagout">Lockout-tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">Immediately dangerous to life or health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potty_parity_in_the_United_States" title="Potty parity in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment,_health_and_safety" title="Environment, health and safety">Environment, health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Fighter_Fatality_Investigation_and_Prevention_Program" title="Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program">Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(Canadian_observance)" title="National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance)">National Day of Mourning (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_tort" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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