CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Paleolithic Europe - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d8683c3a-1738-41ac-bef6-a5b4fe7ede3e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Paleolithic_Europe","wgTitle":"Paleolithic Europe","wgCurRevisionId":1259668722,"wgRevisionId":1259668722,"wgArticleId":14836585,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Paleolithic Europe","Stone Age Europe","Late Pleistocene","Pleistocene Europe","Prehistoric Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Paleolithic_Europe","wgRelevantArticleId":14836585,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7127167","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Paleolithic Europe - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Paleolithic_Europe rootpage-Paleolithic_Europe skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paleolithic+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paleolithic+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paleolithic+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paleolithic+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paleolithic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleolithic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleolithic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_Paleolithic:_1.4_mya_–_300,000_BP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Paleolithic:_1.4_mya_–_300,000_BP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lower Paleolithic: 1.4 mya – 300,000 BP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Paleolithic:_1.4_mya_–_300,000_BP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Paleolithic:_300,000–50,000_BP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Paleolithic:_300,000–50,000_BP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 BP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Paleolithic:_300,000–50,000_BP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Paleolithic:_50,000–10,000_BP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Paleolithic:_50,000–10,000_BP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–10,000 BP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Paleolithic:_50,000–10,000_BP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aurignacian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurignacian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Aurignacian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aurignacian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravettian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravettian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Gravettian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravettian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_the_Mesolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_the_Mesolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Transition to the Mesolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_the_Mesolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleolithic Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="العصر الحجري القديم الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحجري القديم الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اروپای دوران پارینه‌سنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپای دوران پارینه‌سنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_en_Europe" title="Paléolithique en Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléolithique en Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithicum_in_Europa" title="Paleolithicum in Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleolithicum in Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_paleolittikum" title="Europas paleolittikum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europas paleolittikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit_w_Europie" title="Paleolit w Europie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleolit w Europie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_paleolitic%C4%83" title="Europa paleolitică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa paleolitică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7127167#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Paleolithic_Europe" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Paleolithic_Europe" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Paleolithic_Europe" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&oldid=1259668722" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Paleolithic_Europe&id=1259668722&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaleolithic_Europe"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaleolithic_Europe"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Paleolithic_Europe&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleolithic_Europe" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7127167" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric period in Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VenusHohlefels2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VenusHohlefels2.jpg/100px-VenusHohlefels2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VenusHohlefels2.jpg/150px-VenusHohlefels2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VenusHohlefels2.jpg/200px-VenusHohlefels2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moravianska_venusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moravianska_venusa.jpg/113px-Moravianska_venusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moravianska_venusa.jpg/170px-Moravianska_venusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moravianska_venusa.jpg/226px-Moravianska_venusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left: The <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>. Right: <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Moravany" title="Venus of Moravany">Venus of Moravany</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. 41,000–35,000 BC and around 22,800 BC</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Paleolithic Europe</b>, or <b>Old Stone Age Europe</b>, encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> or Old Stone Age in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from the arrival of the first <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a>, about 1.4 million years ago until the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>) around 10,000 years ago. This period thus covers over 99% of the total human presence on the European continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early arrival and disappearance of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>, the appearance, complete evolution and eventual demise of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i> and the immigration and successful settlement of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> all have taken place during the European Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-paleo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period is divided into: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, from the earliest human presence (<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-paleo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Holstein_interglacial" title="Holstein interglacial">Holstein interglacial</a>, c. 1.4 to 0.3 million years ago;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>, marked by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a>, 300,000 to 40,000 years ago;<sup id="cite_ref-paleo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, c. 46,000 to 12,000 years ago, marked by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/EEMH" class="mw-redirect" title="EEMH">anatomically modern humans</a> and extending throughout the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-gravett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gravett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> or Epipaleolithic, beginning about 14,000 years ago and extending until as late as 4,000 years ago in northern Europe. The Mesolithic may or may not be included as the final phase of the Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-paleo_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Paleolithic:_1.4_mya_–_300,000_BP"><span id="Lower_Paleolithic:_1.4_mya_.E2.80.93_300.2C000_BP"></span>Lower Paleolithic: 1.4 mya – 300,000 BP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lower Paleolithic: 1.4 mya – 300,000 BP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra-Amata-Hut.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terra-Amata-Hut.gif/220px-Terra-Amata-Hut.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terra-Amata-Hut.gif/330px-Terra-Amata-Hut.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terra-Amata-Hut.gif/440px-Terra-Amata-Hut.gif 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of a temporary wood house, based on evidence found at <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic (<i>c.</i> 400,000 BP)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest evidence of human occupation in Eastern Europe comes from the <a href="/wiki/Kozarnika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozarnika">Kozarnika</a> cave in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> where a single human tooth and flint artifacts have been dated to at least 1.4 million years ago. In Western Europe at <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> in Spain, human remains have been found that are from 1.2 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> skulls were discovered at an excavation site in <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Unearthed in 2005 and described in a publication in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_skull_5" title="Dmanisi skull 5">Dmanisi skull 5</a> is estimated to be about 1.8 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence for the use of the more advanced <i>Mode 2-type assemblages</i> <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> tools are 900,000 year-old flint hand axes found in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> and at a 700,000 year-old site in central France. Notable human fossils from this period were found in <a href="/wiki/Kozarnika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozarnika">Kozarnika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1.4 mya), at <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1.2 mya), in <a href="/wiki/Mauer_1" title="Mauer 1">Mauer</a> in Germany (500k), at <a href="/wiki/Eartham_Pit,_Boxgrove" class="mw-redirect" title="Eartham Pit, Boxgrove">Eartham Pit, Boxgrove</a> England (478k), at <a href="/wiki/Swanscombe_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanscombe Man">Swanscombe</a> in England (400k), and <a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">Tautavel</a> in France (400k).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest complete <a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">hunting weapons</a> ever found anywhere in the world were discovered in 1995 in a coal mine near the town <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen" title="Schöningen">Schöningen</a>, Germany, where the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen spears</a>, eight 380,000-year-old wooden <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> were unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Paleolithic:_300,000–50,000_BP"><span id="Middle_Paleolithic:_300.2C000.E2.80.9350.2C000_BP"></span>Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 BP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 BP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neanderthal_Range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neanderthal_Range.png/220px-Neanderthal_Range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neanderthal_Range.png/330px-Neanderthal_Range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neanderthal_Range.png/440px-Neanderthal_Range.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Approximate ranges of pre-Neanderthal (<i>H. heidelbergensis</i>) and early Neanderthal (purple) and of classical and late Neanderthal (blue).</figcaption></figure> <p>Elements of the European and African <i>Homo erectus</i> populations evolved between 800,000 and 400,000 years ago through a series of intermediate speciations towards <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i> are only to be found in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neanderthal fossil record ranges from Western Europe to the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> in Central Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in the North to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in the South. Unlike its predecessors they were biologically and culturally adapted to survival in cold environments and successfully extended their range to the glacial environments of central Europe and the Russian plains. The great number and in some cases exceptional state of preservation of Neanderthal fossils and cultural <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblage (archaeology)">assemblages</a> enables researchers to provide a detailed and accurate data on behavior and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neanderthals are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousterian culture">Mousterian culture</a> (<i>Mode 3</i>), stone tools that first appeared approximately 160,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe" title="Divje Babe">Divje Babe</a> I cave is a perforated bone, believed by some to be a musical instrument. If so, it would be evidence that the Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal inhabitants of Europe may have made and used musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-BoneAge_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoneAge-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Paleolithic:_50,000–10,000_BP"><span id="Upper_Paleolithic:_50.2C000.E2.80.9310.2C000_BP"></span>Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–10,000 BP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–10,000 BP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest modern human remains which have been directly dated are from 46,000 to 44,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Bacho_Kiro_cave" title="Bacho Kiro cave">Bacho Kiro cave</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. They are associated with the <b><a href="/wiki/Initial_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Initial Upper Paleolithic">Initial Upper Paleolithic</a></b> (IUP), the earliest culture of modern humans in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people do not appear to have been the ancestors of later Europeans as the very few <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> (aDNA) samples recovered from this period are not related to later samples.<sup id="cite_ref-adna_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adna-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aurignacian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loewenmensch1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loewenmensch1.jpg/100px-Loewenmensch1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loewenmensch1.jpg/150px-Loewenmensch1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loewenmensch1.jpg/200px-Loewenmensch1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="3944" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg/117px-Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg/176px-Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg/234px-Floete_Schwanenknochen_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left: The <a href="/wiki/Lion-man" title="Lion-man">Lion-Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel</a>. Right: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">Bone flute</a> from <a href="/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle" title="Geissenklösterle">Geißenklösterle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian culture</a>, 43,000–35,000 BC, Germany</div></div></div></div> <p>The IUP was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>. The origins of this culture can be located in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (proto-Aurignacian) and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (first full Aurignacian). By 35,000 BCE, the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of aDNA have found an association between 35,000 year old Aurignacian remains in the <a href="/wiki/Goyet_Caves" title="Goyet Caves">Goyet Cave system</a> in Belgium and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Western Europe. The same aDNA signature is found in the intervening period in Iberia, suggesting that the area was a refuge for hunter-gatherers at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adna_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adna-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gravettian">Gravettian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gravettian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burin_213_5_Global.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burin_213_5_Global.jpg/220px-Burin_213_5_Global.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burin_213_5_Global.jpg/330px-Burin_213_5_Global.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burin_213_5_Global.jpg/440px-Burin_213_5_Global.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="5284" /></a><figcaption>Burins of the <a href="/wiki/Gravettian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravettian culture">Gravettian culture</a> discovered in <a href="/wiki/Brassempouy" title="Brassempouy">Brassempouy</a>, southwestern France. Currently preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_de_Toulouse" title="Muséum de Toulouse">Muséum de Toulouse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 32,000 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Gravettian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravettian culture">Gravettian culture</a> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a> (southern Ukraine).<sup id="cite_ref-orig_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orig-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 22,000 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> and Gravettian cultures reach the southwestern region of Europe. The Gravettian technology/culture has been theorized to have come with migrations of people from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. The cultures might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned before, because their techniques have some similarities and are both very different from Aurignacian ones but this issue is thus far very obscure. The Gravettian soon disappears from southwestern Europe, with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia. The Gravettian culture also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>. </p><p>The Solutrean culture, extended from northern Spain to southeastern France, includes not only an advanced <a href="/wiki/Stone_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone technology">stone technology</a> but also the first significant development of cave painting, the use of the needle and possibly that of the bow and arrow. </p><p>The more widespread Gravettian culture is no less advanced, at least in artistic terms: sculpture (mainly <i>venuses</i>) is the most outstanding form of creative expression of these peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-gravett_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gravett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_the_Mesolithic">Transition to the Mesolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transition to the Mesolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Europe">Mesolithic Europe</a></div> <p>Around 17,000 BCE, Europe witnesses the appearance of a new culture, known as <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>, possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supersedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravettian of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. However, in Mediterranean Iberia, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, and Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Epi-Gravettian" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi-Gravettian">epi-Gravettian</a> cultures continue evolving locally. </p><p>With the Magdalenian culture, Paleolithic development in Europe reaches its peak and this is reflected in the advanced art, owing to the previous traditions of painting in the West and sculpture in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_%283%29.jpg/220px-Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_%283%29.jpg/330px-Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_%283%29.jpg/440px-Pointe_228.2_La_Tourasse_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> points, <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a> from epipaleolithic northern Spain and southern France.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 10,500 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm Glacial age</a> ends. Slowly, through the following millennia, temperatures and sea levels rise, changing the environment of prehistoric people. Nevertheless, Magdalenian culture persists until circa 8000 BCE, when it quickly evolves into two <i>microlithist</i> cultures: <a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a>, in northern Spain and southern France, and <a href="/wiki/Sauveterrian" title="Sauveterrian">Sauveterrian</a>, in northern France and Central Europe, which are described as either <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> or Mesolithic. Though there are some differences, both cultures share several traits: the creation of very small stone tools called <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a> and the scarcity of figurative art, which seems to have vanished almost completely, being replaced by abstract decoration of tools, and in the Azilian, <a href="/wiki/Azilian#Azilian_pebbles" title="Azilian">pebbles</a>. </p><p>In the late phase of this <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> period, the Sauveterrian culture evolves into the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tardenoisian" title="Tardenoisian">Tardenoisian</a> and influences strongly its southern neighbour, clearly replacing it in Mediterranean Spain and Portugal. The recession of the glaciers allows human colonization in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Maglemosian" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglemosian">Maglemosian</a> culture, derived from the Sauveterre-Tardenois culture but with a strong personality, colonizes <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">Denmark and the nearby regions</a>, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Europe" title="Geological history of Europe">Geological history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thoth&Schick-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTothSchick2007" class="citation book cs1">Toth, Nicholas & Schick, Kathy (2007). <i>Handbook of Paleoanthropology</i>. Berlin; Heidelberg: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 1963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-33761-4_64">10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32474-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32474-4"><bdi>978-3-540-32474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Paleoanthropology&rft.place=Berlin%3B+Heidelberg&rft.pages=1963&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-33761-4_64&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32474-4&rft.aulast=Toth&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Schick%2C+Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paleo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paleo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paleo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paleo_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paleo_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroeneveld2017" class="citation web cs1">Groeneveld, Emma (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/">"Paleolithic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paleolithic&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Groeneveld&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FPaleolithic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2021" class="citation book cs1">French, Jennifer (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108590891"><i>Palaeolithic Europe: A Demographic and Social Prehistory</i></a>. UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108590891">10.1017/9781108590891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108590891" title="Special:BookSources/9781108590891"><bdi>9781108590891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palaeolithic+Europe%3A+A+Demographic+and+Social+Prehistory&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108590891&rft.isbn=9781108590891&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781108590891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gravett-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gravett_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gravett_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBichoCascalheiraGonçalves2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bicho, Nuno; Cascalheira, João; Gonçalves, Célia (24 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443572">"Early Upper Paleolithic colonization across Europe: Time and mode of the Gravettian diffusion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>12</b> (5): e0178506. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1278506B">2017PLoSO..1278506B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0178506">10.1371/journal.pone.0178506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443572">5443572</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28542642">28542642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Upper+Paleolithic+colonization+across+Europe%3A+Time+and+mode+of+the+Gravettian+diffusion&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0178506&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5443572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28542642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0178506&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1278506B&rft.aulast=Bicho&rft.aufirst=Nuno&rft.au=Cascalheira%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+C%C3%A9lia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5443572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusée_de_Préhistoire_Terra_Amata" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-terra-amata.org/musee/le-site-acheuleen-de-terra-amata/">"Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata"</a> [The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. <i>Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+de+Pr%C3%A9histoire+Terra+Amata&rft.atitle=Le+site+acheul%C3%A9en+de+Terra+Amata&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+de+Pr%C3%A9histoire+Terra+Amata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-terra-amata.org%2Fmusee%2Fle-site-acheuleen-de-terra-amata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkin, Michael (26 March 2008). "Fossil find is oldest European yet". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.691">10.1038/news.2008.691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Fossil+find+is+oldest+European+yet&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.691&rft.aulast=Hopkin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinkausMoldovanMilotaBîlgăr2003" class="citation journal cs1">Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; Van Der Plicht, J. (1 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208740">"An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>100</b> (20): 11231–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..10011231T">2003PNAS..10011231T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2035108100">10.1073/pnas.2035108100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208740">208740</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14504393">14504393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=An+early+modern+human+from+the+Pe%C5%9Ftera+cu+Oase%2C+Romania&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=11231-6&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC208740%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..10011231T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14504393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2035108100&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Trinkaus&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Moldovan%2C+O.&rft.au=Milota&rft.au=B%C3%AElg%C4%83r%2C+A.&rft.au=Sarcina%2C+L.&rft.au=Athreya%2C+S.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Rodrigo%2C+R.&rft.au=Mircea%2C+G.&rft.au=Higham%2C+T.&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+C.+B.&rft.au=Van+Der+Plicht%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC208740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordkipanidzePonce_de_LeónMargvelashviliRak2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lordkipanidze, David; Ponce de León, Marcia S.; Margvelashvili, Ann; Rak, Yoel; Rightmire, G. Philip; Vekua, Abesalom (18 October 2013). "A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>342</b> (6156). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 326–331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..326L">2013Sci...342..326L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1238484">10.1126/science.1238484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24136960">24136960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20435482">20435482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Complete+Skull+from+Dmanisi%2C+Georgia%2C+and+the+Evolutionary+Biology+of+Early+Homo&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6156&rft.pages=326-331&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1238484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20435482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24136960&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342..326L&rft.aulast=Lordkipanidze&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ponce+de+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Marcia+S.&rft.au=Margvelashvili%2C+Ann&rft.au=Rak%2C+Yoel&rft.au=Rightmire%2C+G.+Philip&rft.au=Vekua%2C+Abesalom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncelDespriéeVoinchetTissoux2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moncel, Marie-Hélène; Despriée, Jackie; Voinchet, Pierre; Tissoux, Hélène; Moreno, Davinia; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Courcimault, Gilles; Falguères, Christophe (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835824">"Early Evidence of Acheulean Settlement in Northwestern Europe – La Noira Site, a 700 000 Year-Old Occupation in the Center of France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>8</b> (11): e75529. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...875529M">2013PLoSO...875529M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075529">10.1371/journal.pone.0075529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835824">3835824</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278105">24278105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Evidence+of+Acheulean+Settlement+in+Northwestern+Europe+%E2%80%93+La+Noira+Site%2C+a+700+000+Year-Old+Occupation+in+the+Center+of+France&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e75529&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3835824%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24278105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075529&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...875529M&rft.aulast=Moncel&rft.aufirst=Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Despri%C3%A9e%2C+Jackie&rft.au=Voinchet%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Tissoux%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Davinia&rft.au=Bahain%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft.au=Courcimault%2C+Gilles&rft.au=Falgu%C3%A8res%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3835824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouwenhoven1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kouwenhoven, Arlette P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/9705/newsbriefs/spears.html">"World's Oldest Spears"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>385</b> (6619): 767–768. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.385..767D">1997Natur.385..767D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F385767a0">10.1038/385767a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9039904">9039904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4238514">4238514</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Spears&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=6619&rft.pages=767-768&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F385767a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4238514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9039904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.385..767D&rft.aulast=Kouwenhoven&rft.aufirst=Arlette+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F9705%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fspears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092405/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm">"Early Human Evolution: Homo ergaster and erectus"</a>. palomar edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Human+Evolution%3A+Homo+ergaster+and+erectus&rft.pub=palomar+edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fhomo%2Fhomo_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookson2014" class="citation web cs1">Cookson, Clive (27 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c8260378-fc36-11e3-98b8-00144feab7de.html">"Palaeontology: How Neanderthals evolved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palaeontology%3A+How+Neanderthals+evolved&rft.pub=Financial+Times&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=Cookson&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fc8260378-fc36-11e3-98b8-00144feab7de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallaway2014" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Ewen (19 June 2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pit of bones' catches Neanderthal evolution in the act". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2014.15430">10.1038/nature.2014.15430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88427585">88427585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=%27Pit+of+bones%27+catches+Neanderthal+evolution+in+the+act&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2014.15430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88427585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Callaway&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/oldest-ancient-human-dna-details-dawn-of-neandertals/">"Oldest Ancient-Human DNA Details Dawn of Neandertals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+Ancient-Human+DNA+Details+Dawn+of+Neandertals&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Foldest-ancient-human-dna-details-dawn-of-neandertals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis">"<i>Homo heidelbergensis</i> – Comparison of Neanderthal and modern human DNA suggests that the two lineages diverged from a common ancestor, most likely <i>Homo heidelbergensis</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 14 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homo+heidelbergensis+%E2%80%93+Comparison+of+Neanderthal+and+modern+human+DNA+suggests+that+the+two+lineages+diverged+from+a+common+ancestor%2C+most+likely+Homo+heidelbergensis&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2010-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanorigins.si.edu%2Fevidence%2Fhuman-fossils%2Fspecies%2Fhomo-heidelbergensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonian-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2010" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Owen (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-skeletons-of-shanidar-cave-7028477/?no-ist=&page=1">"The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Skeletons+of+Shanidar+Cave&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fthe-skeletons-of-shanidar-cave-7028477%2F%3Fno-ist%3D%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Neanderthal">"Neanderthal Anthropology"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Neanderthals inhabited Eurasia from the Atlantic regions…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neanderthal+Anthropology&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNeanderthal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson1999" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&q=mousterian+40,000&pg=PA408"><i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. Blackwell. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17423-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17423-3"><bdi>978-0-631-17423-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17423-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HKDtlPuM2oC%26q%3Dmousterian%2B40%2C000%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-neanderthalensis">"Homo neanderthalensis"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. September 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2016</span>. <q>...The Mousterian stone tool industry of Neanderthals is characterized by…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homo+neanderthalensis&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanorigins.si.edu%2Fevidence%2Fhuman-fossils%2Fspecies%2Fhomo-neanderthalensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoneAge-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoneAge_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1997" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, D.E. (1997). "Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave". In Turk, Ivan (ed.). <i>Mousterian 'Bone Flute' and other finds from Divje babe I cave site in Slovenia</i>. Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. pp. 51–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-6182-29-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-6182-29-4"><bdi>978-961-6182-29-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+dating+of+bone+and+charcoal+from+Divje+babe+I+cave&rft.btitle=Mousterian+%27Bone+Flute%27+and+other+finds+from+Divje+babe+I+cave+site+in+Slovenia&rft.pages=51-64&rft.pub=Znanstvenoraziskovalni+center+SAZU&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-961-6182-29-4&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHublinSirakovAldeiasBailey2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Sirakov, Nikolay; Aldeias, Vera; Bailey, Shara; Bard, Edouard; Delvigne, Vincent; Endarova, Elena; Fagault, Yoann; Fewlass, Helen; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Kromer, Bernd; Krumov, Ivaylo; Marreiros, João; Martisius, Naomi L.; Paskulin, Lindsey; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Meyer, Matthias; Pääbo, Svante; Popov, Vasil; Rezek, Zeljko; Sirakova, Svoboda; Skinner, Matthew M.; Smith, Geoff M.; Spasov, Rosen; Talamo, Sahra; Tuna, Thibaut; Wacker, Lukas; Welker, Frido; Wilcke, Arndt; Zahariev, Nikolay; McPherron, Shannon P.; Tsanova, Tsenka (11 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/81524/1/Hublin%20et%20al%20_authors%20accepted.pdf">"Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>581</b> (7808): 299–302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.581..299H">2020Natur.581..299H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2259-z">10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32433609">32433609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218592678">218592678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Initial+Upper+Palaeolithic+Homo+sapiens+from+Bacho+Kiro+Cave%2C+Bulgaria&rft.volume=581&rft.issue=7808&rft.pages=299-302&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2259-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218592678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32433609&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.581..299H&rft.aulast=Hublin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft.au=Sirakov%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=Aldeias%2C+Vera&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Shara&rft.au=Bard%2C+Edouard&rft.au=Delvigne%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Endarova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Fagault%2C+Yoann&rft.au=Fewlass%2C+Helen&rft.au=Hajdinjak%2C+Mateja&rft.au=Kromer%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Krumov%2C+Ivaylo&rft.au=Marreiros%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Martisius%2C+Naomi+L.&rft.au=Paskulin%2C+Lindsey&rft.au=Sinet-Mathiot%2C+Virginie&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Matthias&rft.au=P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo%2C+Svante&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vasil&rft.au=Rezek%2C+Zeljko&rft.au=Sirakova%2C+Svoboda&rft.au=Skinner%2C+Matthew+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Geoff+M.&rft.au=Spasov%2C+Rosen&rft.au=Talamo%2C+Sahra&rft.au=Tuna%2C+Thibaut&rft.au=Wacker%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Welker%2C+Frido&rft.au=Wilcke%2C+Arndt&rft.au=Zahariev%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=McPherron%2C+Shannon+P.&rft.au=Tsanova%2C+Tsenka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F81524%2F1%2FHublin%2520et%2520al%2520_authors%2520accepted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBower2020" class="citation news cs1">Bower, Bruce (11 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/earliest-known-humans-europe-bacho-kiro-bulgaria">"The earliest known humans in Europe may have been found in a Bulgarian cave"</a>. <i>Science News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=The+earliest+known+humans+in+Europe+may+have+been+found+in+a+Bulgarian+cave&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Fearliest-known-humans-europe-bacho-kiro-bulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adna-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adna_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adna_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallaway2023" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Ewen (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00611-2">"Ancient genomes show how humans escaped Europe's deep freeze"</a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <b>615</b> (7951): 197–198. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.615..197C">2023Natur.615..197C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-00611-2">10.1038/d41586-023-00611-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859677">36859677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+show+how+humans+escaped+Europe%27s+deep+freeze&rft.volume=615&rft.issue=7951&rft.pages=197-198&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36859677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-023-00611-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.615..197C&rft.aulast=Callaway&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-023-00611-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilisauskas2011" class="citation book cs1">Milisauskas, Sarunas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcGSn0eVs2oC&pg=PA234"><i>European Prehistory: A Survey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6633-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-6633-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>One of the earliest dates for an Aurignacian assemblage is greater than 43,000 BP from Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Prehistory%3A+A+Survey&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6633-9&rft.aulast=Milisauskas&rft.aufirst=Sarunas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcGSn0eVs2oC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/evolution/11375076/Skull-fragment-sheds-light-on-Neanderthal-and-human-interbreeding.html">"Skull fragment sheds light on Neanderthal and human interbreeding"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 28 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Skull+fragment+sheds+light+on+Neanderthal+and+human+interbreeding&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fevolution%2F11375076%2FSkull-fragment-sheds-light-on-Neanderthal-and-human-interbreeding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orig-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orig_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratPéanCrépinDrucker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; Yanevich, Alexander (17 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020834">"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>6</b> (6): e20834. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020834">10.1371/journal.pone.0020834</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Anatomically+Modern+Humans+from+Far+Southeast+Europe%3A+Direct+Dating%2C+Culture+and+Behavior&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e20834&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020834&rft.aulast=Prat&rft.aufirst=Sandrine&rft.au=P%C3%A9an%2C+St%C3%A9phane+C.&rft.au=Cr%C3%A9pin%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Drucker%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e+G.&rft.au=Puaud%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Valladas%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=L%C3%A1zni%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1-Galetov%C3%A1%2C+Martina&rft.au=van+der+Plicht%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Yanevich%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0020834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2011" class="citation news cs1">Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262">"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+human+fossils+unearthed+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-13846262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanglaisCostamagnoLaroulandiePétillon2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Langlais, Mathieu; Costamagno, Sandrine; Laroulandie, Véronique; Pétillon, Jean-Marc; Discamps, Emmanuel; Mallye, Jean-Baptiste; Cochard, David; Kuntz, Delphine (September 2012). "The evolution of Magdalenian societies in South-West France between 18,000 and 14,000 calBP: Changing environments, changing tool kits". <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" title="Quaternary International">Quaternary International</a></i>. 272–273: 138–149. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuInt.272..138L">2012QuInt.272..138L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.02.053">10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+Magdalenian+societies+in+South-West+France+between+18%2C000+and+14%2C000+calBP%3A+Changing+environments%2C+changing+tool+kits&rft.volume=272-273&rft.pages=138-149&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.02.053&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuInt.272..138L&rft.aulast=Langlais&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft.au=Costamagno%2C+Sandrine&rft.au=Laroulandie%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=P%C3%A9tillon%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Discamps%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Mallye%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Cochard%2C+David&rft.au=Kuntz%2C+Delphine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlszewski2018" class="citation book cs1">Olszewski, Deborah I. (2018). "Middle East: Epipaleolithic". <i>Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology</i>. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51726-1_682-2">10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_682-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51726-1"><bdi>978-3-319-51726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+East%3A+Epipaleolithic&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Archaeology&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51726-1_682-2&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51726-1&rft.aulast=Olszewski&rft.aufirst=Deborah+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedved" class="citation web cs1">Medved, Ines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/5217/1/Medved2013_Continuity.pdf">"Continuity vs. Discontinuity, Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic in the Mediterranean Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continuity+vs.+Discontinuity%2C+Epipaleolithic+and+Early+Neolithic+in+the+Mediterranean+Southeast+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.pub=University+of+Cologne&rft.aulast=Medved&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkups.ub.uni-koeln.de%2F5217%2F1%2FMedved2013_Continuity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/5717528c8ae36ce69422587d_INFIEP_304/122/ET/304-122-ET-V1-S1__file1.pdf">"Mesolithic Culture of Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. e-Acharya INFLIBNET<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesolithic+Culture+of+Europe&rft.pub=e-Acharya+INFLIBNET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feacharya.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fdata-server%2Feacharya-documents%2F5717528c8ae36ce69422587d_INFIEP_304%2F122%2FET%2F304-122-ET-V1-S1__file1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Paleolithic sites in France:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/">Culture.gouv.fr: Lascaux</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/fr/index.html">Culture.gouv.fr: Chauvet</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Template:Prehistoric Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Albania" title="Prehistoric Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Prehistory_and_early_history" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Prehistory" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_before_the_Croats" title="History of Croatia before the Croats">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Prehistory" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece#Prehistoric_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania#Prehistory" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Prehistory" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia_before_the_Slovaks" title="History of Slovakia before the Slovaks">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_history" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland#Prehistory" title="Early history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#Prehistory" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Northern Ireland (page does not exist)">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&oldid=1259668722">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&oldid=1259668722</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleolithic_Europe" title="Category:Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stone_Age_Europe" title="Category:Stone Age Europe">Stone Age Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Pleistocene" title="Category:Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pleistocene_Europe" title="Category:Pleistocene Europe">Pleistocene Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Category:Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 12:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleolithic_Europe&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-g9hqm","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.811","walltime":"0.948","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8715,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":108233,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5104,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":139347,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 840.440 1 -total"," 44.81% 376.617 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.03% 185.118 1 Template:Prehistoric_Europe"," 21.51% 180.767 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 20.95% 176.094 1 Template:Navbox"," 17.84% 149.914 6 Template:Cite_book"," 13.83% 116.224 2 Template:In_lang"," 12.78% 107.426 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.91% 66.467 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.38% 62.008 29 Template:Iso2country"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.545","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18088088,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-92vmd","timestamp":"20241128024956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paleolithic Europe","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleolithic_Europe","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7127167","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7127167","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-12-22T11:52:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T12:23:08Z","headline":"prehistoric period in Europe"}</script> </body> </html>