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Reservoir simulation

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xlink:href="#avatar"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </ps-header> <div class="TagPage-content"> <div class="TagPage-topContainer"> <div class="TagPage-headingWrapper"> <div class="TagPage-heading"> <h1 class="TagPage-pageHeading">Reservoir simulation</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TagPage-wrapper"> <main class="TagPage-main"> <div class="Page-below" > <div class="OneColumnContainer"> <div class="OneColumnContainer-row"> <div class="OneColumnContainer-column"> <div class="ListG" data-hide-small-modules-descriptions="true"> <div class="ListG-header" data-no-title> </div> <div class="ListG-items"> <div class="ListG-items-column"> <div class="ListG-items-item"> <div class="PromoC"data-content-type="article" > <div class="PromoC-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Biogeochemical Modeling of High-Pressure/High-Temperature Bioreactor Systems for Enhanced Microbial Risk Assessment in Underground Hydrogen Storage" href="https://jpt.spe.org/biogeochemical-modeling-of-high-pressure-high-temperature-bioreactor-systems-for-enhanced-microbial-risk-assessment-in-underground-hydrogen-storage" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Abstract nano molecular structure. H2 hydrogen" width="850" height="566" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/433aaf3/2147483647/strip/true/crop/772x514+164+0/resize/850x566!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Fa1%2F93%2Fb7758aba4eedb5dfb750da3478d4%2Fhydrogen.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoLarge" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoC-content"> <div class="PromoC-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-simulation" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir simulation</a> </div> <div class="PromoC-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/biogeochemical-modeling-of-high-pressure-high-temperature-bioreactor-systems-for-enhanced-microbial-risk-assessment-in-underground-hydrogen-storage" data-cms-ai="0" >Biogeochemical Modeling of High-Pressure/High-Temperature Bioreactor Systems for Enhanced Microbial Risk Assessment in Underground Hydrogen Storage</a> </div> <div class="PromoC-description">A detailed comparison of two leading software platforms demonstrates the effective application of these platforms in modeling complex reservoir dynamics and biochemical reactions in geological formations for risk assessment in underground hydrogen storage.</div> <div class="PromoC-footer"> <div class="PromoC-by-line">February 19, 2025 &bull; SPE Journal &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoC-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ListG-items-column"> <div class="ListG-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="top" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Elastic Dislocation Modeling Helps Identify Subseismic Natural Fractures" href="https://jpt.spe.org/elastic-dislocation-modeling-helps-identify-subseismic-natural-fractures-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Shows the Structural Geological Model for Paleocene Carbonate Horizon Surface with Northeast- Southweststriking Fault Planes developed from 3D-Seismic data Interpretation, applying Validation/Restoration on all Dip lines." width="320" height="180" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/7f3a481/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x478+0+44/resize/320x180!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F2a%2F09%2Fd06a5a964fd783f48ff34bc2006a%2Fjpt-2025-02-sei222464.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoMediumShort" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-characterization" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir characterization</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/elastic-dislocation-modeling-helps-identify-subseismic-natural-fractures-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Elastic Dislocation Modeling Helps Identify Subseismic Natural Fractures</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">The main goal of this research work was to determine subseismic faults and fracture corridors and their characteristics, including density and orientation, for a Paleocene fractured carbonate reservoir.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">February 1, 2025 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ListG-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="top" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Complex Fracture Network in Shale Gas Reservoir Derived From Microseismic Data " href="https://jpt.spe.org/complex-fracture-network-in-shale-gas-reservoir-derived-from-microseismic-data-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Fig. 1—Fracture reconstruction of a well from field microseismic data." width="320" height="180" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/ba706bb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x478+0+44/resize/320x180!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F16%2Fbd%2F040ca81642efadc04a25603ace63%2Fjpt-2025-02-sm217311.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoMediumShort" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-characterization" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir characterization</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/complex-fracture-network-in-shale-gas-reservoir-derived-from-microseismic-data-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Complex Fracture Network in Shale Gas Reservoir Derived From Microseismic Data </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">In this paper, an energy-based 3D fracture-reconstruction method is proposed to derive the complex fracture network from microseismic data in a shale gas reservoir.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">February 1, 2025 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="RichTextModule"> <div class="RichTextModule-items RichTextBody"><p><hr style="width:100%"></hr style="width:100%"></p></div> </div> <div class="OneColumnContainer"> <div class="OneColumnContainer-row"> <div class="OneColumnContainer-column"> <ps-list-pagination> <div class="ListE ListE-Pagination"> <div class="ListE-header" data-no-title> </div> <ul class="ListE-items"> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Immiscible Viscous Fingering at the Field Scale: Numerical Simulation of the Captain Polymer Flood" href="https://jpt.spe.org/immiscible-viscous-fingering-at-the-field-scale-numerical-simulation-of-the-captain-polymer-flood" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="215813_hero.jpg" width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/cc71c6d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/607x339+0+0/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Fd3%2F60%2F6f2754934f61bcf26c95ce328905%2F215813-hero.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-simulation" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir simulation</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/immiscible-viscous-fingering-at-the-field-scale-numerical-simulation-of-the-captain-polymer-flood" data-cms-ai="0" >Immiscible Viscous Fingering at the Field Scale: Numerical Simulation of the Captain Polymer Flood</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">A numerical simulation study based on experimental data of 2D and 3D models is presented to examine immiscible fingering during field-scale polymer-enhanced oil recovery.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <div class="PromoB-by-line">January 23, 2025 &bull; SPE Journal &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Machine Learning Enables Data-Driven Predictions of CO₂ EOR Numerical Studies" href="https://jpt.spe.org/machine-learning-enables-data-driven-predictions-of-co₂-eor-numerical-studies-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Fig. 1—Postprocessing schematic of the reservoir model used to assess the data-driven predictions of the CO₂ WAG process. Units are in feet." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/3d956c9/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe9%2F64%2F178b98784407828f5d7cc864cb12%2Fjpt-2025-01-eorm218441.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/enhanced-recovery" data-cms-ai="0" >Enhanced recovery</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/machine-learning-enables-data-driven-predictions-of-co₂-eor-numerical-studies-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Machine Learning Enables Data-Driven Predictions of CO₂ EOR Numerical Studies</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">The authors present an open-source framework for the development and evaluation of machine-learning-assisted data-driven models of CO₂ enhanced oil recovery processes to predict oil production and CO₂ retention.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">January 1, 2025 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Physics-Informed ML Improves Forecasting, Connectivity Identification for CO₂ EOR" href="https://jpt.spe.org/physics-informed-ml-improves-forecasting-connectivity-identification-for-co₂-eor-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Fig. 1—Permeability distribution of the field case." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/ed4740a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F23%2F41%2Fe4908b2d4e939489939d43d6698f%2Fjpt-2025-01-eorm221057.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/enhanced-recovery" data-cms-ai="0" >Enhanced recovery</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/physics-informed-ml-improves-forecasting-connectivity-identification-for-co₂-eor-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Physics-Informed ML Improves Forecasting, Connectivity Identification for CO₂ EOR</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">The authors of this paper propose hybrid models, combining machine learning and a physics-based approach, for rapid production forecasting and reservoir-connectivity characterization using routine injection or production and pressure data.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">January 1, 2025 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Immersive Experience: VR Revolutionizing Oil Workflows" href="https://jpt.spe.org/immersive-experience-vr-revolutionizing-oil-workflows-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Cores and core analysis being used in conjunction with structural models to understand key well completion zones using an Igloo room. Source: BaselineZ." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/724464b/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2815x1573+0+204/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F17%2F29%2Fa40bdb1b4c04839643714d1ac235%2Fjpt-2025-01-miniverse-baselinez-core-analysis.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/hse-sustainability" data-cms-ai="0" >HSE &amp; Sustainability</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/immersive-experience-vr-revolutionizing-oil-workflows-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Immersive Experience: VR Revolutionizing Oil Workflows</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">Virtual reality and related visualization technologies are helping reshape how the industry views 3D data, makes decisions, and trains personnel.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <div class="PromoB-by-line">January 1, 2025 &bull; Jennifer Pallanich &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Condensate Banking Analysis Optimizes Reservoir Development in Permian Basin" href="https://jpt.spe.org/condensate-banking-analysis-optimizes-reservoir-development-in-permian-basin-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Fig. 1—Flow chart of the integrated simulation workflow." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/724c40b/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Fab%2F00%2F27d54831421a8ae51f547bb17650%2Fjpt-2024-11-hfm4044947.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-simulation" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir simulation</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/condensate-banking-analysis-optimizes-reservoir-development-in-permian-basin-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Condensate Banking Analysis Optimizes Reservoir Development in Permian Basin</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">This paper presents a specialized workflow that aims to quantify the severity of condensate banking and subsequently optimize reservoir development strategies for a deep formation in the Permian Basin.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">November 1, 2024 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Study Explores Fracture-Driven Interaction Mitigation Strategies for Field Development" href="https://jpt.spe.org/study-explores-fracture-driven-interaction-mitigation-strategies-for-field-development-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Fig. 1—Map view of the matrix depletion at the landing depth after 10 years of production. All child wells are completed when the parent wells feature a depletion level of 0.86. The color represents the level of depletion. L, M, and S represent large, medium, and small well spacing, respectively. " width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/e2fe92b/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F42%2F4e%2Fdfc2702e4271b61937a8c1b96b53%2Fjpt-2024-11-hfm4055561.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-simulation" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir simulation</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/study-explores-fracture-driven-interaction-mitigation-strategies-for-field-development-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Study Explores Fracture-Driven Interaction Mitigation Strategies for Field Development</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">This paper describes numerical modeling studies of fracture-driven interactions using a coupled hydraulic-fracturing-propagation, reservoir-flow, and geomechanics tool.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">November 1, 2024 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Workflow Helps Predict Casing Deformation During Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Gas" href="https://jpt.spe.org/workflow-helps-predict-casing-deformation-during-hydraulic-fracturing-in-shale-gas-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Fig. 1—(left) Ant-tracking results, (center) fractures validated with microseismic events, and (right) natural-fracture model." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/db9e4a1/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Fcb%2F7a%2Fbccdc70341ab9f1a3abd51206fd1%2Fjpt-2024-11-hfm4043054.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-simulation" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir simulation</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/workflow-helps-predict-casing-deformation-during-hydraulic-fracturing-in-shale-gas-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Workflow Helps Predict Casing Deformation During Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Gas</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">A proposed integrated workflow aims to guide prediction and mitigating solutions to reduce casing-deformation risks and improve stimulation efficiency.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">November 1, 2024 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Production-Enhancement-Candidate Screening Powered by ML Unlocks Brownfield Potential " href="https://jpt.spe.org/production-enhancement-candidate-screening-powered-by-ml-unlocks-brownfield-potential-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Effect of PECGS implementation for WBWR." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/4ab19e4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F62%2F27%2F9b862c7c42bdac403f00ab91c5f1%2Fjpt-2024-10-da215244.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/data-mining-analysis" data-cms-ai="0" >Data mining/analysis</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/production-enhancement-candidate-screening-powered-by-ml-unlocks-brownfield-potential-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Production-Enhancement-Candidate Screening Powered by ML Unlocks Brownfield Potential </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">This paper presents the processes of identifying production enhancement opportunities, as well as the methodology used to identify underperforming candidates and analyze well-integrity issues, in a brownfield offshore Malaysia.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">October 1, 2024 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Physics-Informed Deep-Learning Models Improve Forecast Scalability, Reliability" href="https://jpt.spe.org/physics-informed-deep-learning-models-improve-forecast-scalability-reliability-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Generic simulation modeling framework. SRV = simulated reservoir volume. " width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/9dd99cb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F36%2Fa1%2F21b1b73c4b39863ba20dfc7690cd%2Fjpt-2024-10-da4042557.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/reservoir-simulation" data-cms-ai="0" >Reservoir simulation</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/physics-informed-deep-learning-models-improve-forecast-scalability-reliability-restricted" data-cms-ai="0" >Physics-Informed Deep-Learning Models Improve Forecast Scalability, Reliability</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">This paper presents a workflow that combines probabilistic modeling and deep-learning models trained on an ensemble of physics models to improve scalability and reliability for shale and tight-reservoir forecasting.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">October 1, 2024 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="ListE-items-item"> <div class="PromoB"data-content-type="article" data-image-align="right" data-image-size=> <div class="PromoB-content"> <div class="PromoB-media"> <a class="Link" aria-label="Physics-Informed Machine Learning Applied to Complex Compositional Model in a Giant Field" href="https://jpt.spe.org/physics-informed-machine-learning-applied-to-complex-compositional-model-in-a-giant-field" data-cms-ai="0" > <img class="Image" alt="Reservoir cross section showing variation of C7+ mole fraction with depth." width="365" height="204" data-src="https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/87ec918/2147483647/strip/true/crop/850x475+0+45/resize/365x204!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F00%2Fd1%2F28bbc5f64b138ec6538e43730be4%2Fjpt-2024-07-rs23730f1.jpg" data-lazy-load="true" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="data-image-size="promoSearch" > </a> </div> <div class="PromoB-category"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/topic/unconventional-complex-reservoirs" data-cms-ai="0" >Unconventional/complex reservoirs</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-title"> <a class="Link" href="https://jpt.spe.org/physics-informed-machine-learning-applied-to-complex-compositional-model-in-a-giant-field" data-cms-ai="0" >Physics-Informed Machine Learning Applied to Complex Compositional Model in a Giant Field</a> </div> <div class="PromoB-description">The authors of this paper review the advantages of machine learning in complex compositional reservoir simulations to determine fluid properties such as critical temperature and saturation pressure.</div> <div class="PromoB-footer"> <span class="PromoB-lock"> <svg><use xlink:href="#lock"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Locked</span> </span> <div class="PromoB-by-line">July 1, 2024 &bull; <a href="http://www.spe.org/publications/subscribe.php" class="PromoB-publication" data-cms-ai="0">Journal of Petroleum Technology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="ListE-pagination"> <div class="ListE-previousPage" data-inactive><svg class="chevron"><use xlink:href="#chevron"></use></svg></div> <div class="ListE-pageCounts">Page 1 of 15</div> <div class="ListE-nextPage" ><a href="?00000176-732a-d76b-af77-7f2fb0270000-page=2" rel="next" data-cms-ai="0"><svg class="chevron"><use xlink:href="#chevron"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Next</span></a></div> </div> </div> </ps-list-pagination> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div 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