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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Wikipedia style guidelines, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Capital letters</a>.</div> <p><b>Title case</b> or <b>headline case</b> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a> used for rendering the <a href="/wiki/Title_(publishing)" title="Title (publishing)">titles</a> of published works or works of art in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. When using title case, all words are capitalized, except for minor words (typically <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, short <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a>) that are not the first or last word of the title. There are different rules for which words are major, hence capitalized. As an example, a <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headline</a> might be written like this: "The Quick Brown Fox Jumps over the Lazy Dog". </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Rules"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Rules</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#AP_Stylebook"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>AP Stylebook</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Chicago_Manual_of_Style"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Modern_Language_Association_(MLA)_Handbook"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#APA_Style"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>APA Style</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#American_Medical_Association_(AMA)_Manual_of_Style_Capitalization_Rules"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style Capitalization Rules</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_Bluebook"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Bluebook</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Title_case_in_references"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Title case in references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The rules of title case are not universally standardized. The standardization is only at the level of house styles and individual <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>. Most English style guides agree that the first and last words should always be capitalized, whereas articles, short <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a> should not be. Other rules about the capitalization vary.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">text processing</a>, title case usually involves the capitalization of all words irrespective of their <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">part of speech</a>. This simplified variant of title case is also known as <a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Case_styles" title="Letter case"><i>start case</i></a> or <i>initial caps</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AP_Stylebook"><i>AP Stylebook</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: AP Stylebook" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">Associated Press Stylebook</a></i> (2020 edition, 55th edition), the following rules should be applied:<sup id="cite_ref-ap_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Capitalize the principal words.</li> <li>Capitalize prepositions and conjunctions of four letters or more.</li> <li>Lowercase the articles <i>the</i>, <i>a</i>, and <i>an</i>.</li> <li>Capitalize the first and last words (overrides the rules above).</li> <li>Capitalize the "to" in infinitives (e.g., I Want To Play Guitar).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago_Manual_of_Style"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chicago Manual of Style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (15th edition), the following rules should be applied:<sup id="cite_ref-chicago_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Always capitalize "major" words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and some conjunctions).</li> <li>Lowercase the conjunctions <i>and</i>, <i>but</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>or</i>, and <i>nor</i>.</li> <li>Lowercase the articles <i>the</i>, <i>a</i>, and <i>an</i>.</li> <li>Lowercase <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions" title="List of English prepositions">prepositions</a>, regardless of length, except when they are stressed, are used adverbially or adjectivally, or are used as conjunctions.</li> <li>Lowercase the words <i>to</i> and <i>as</i>.</li> <li>Lowercase the second part of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Latin species names</a>.</li> <li>Lowercase the second word after a hyphenated prefix (e.g., Mid-, Anti-, Super-, etc.) in compound modifiers (e.g., Mid-year, Anti-hero, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Always capitalize the first and last words of titles and subtitles (overrides the rules above).</li></ul> <p>Since the 18th edition (2024), prepositions of more than four letters are capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Language_Association_(MLA)_Handbook"><span id="Modern_Language_Association_.28MLA.29_Handbook"></span><i>Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the 9th edition of the <a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="MLA Handbook">Modern Language Association Handbook</a>, the following title capitalization rules should be applied:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading.</li> <li>Capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs including phrasal verbs such as "play with", adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self-report).</li> <li>Lowercase the second word after a hyphenated prefix (e.g., Mid-, Anti-, Super-, etc.) in compound modifiers (e.g., Mid-year, Anti-hero, etc.).</li> <li>Do not capitalize articles, prepositions (regardless of length), and coordinating conjunctions.</li> <li>Do not capitalize "to" in infinitives (e.g., I Want to Play Guitar).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APA_Style"><i>APA Style</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: APA Style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the 7th edition of the <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</a>, the following title capitalization rules should be applied:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading</li> <li>Capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs including phrasal verbs such as "play with", adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self-report)</li> <li>Capitalize all words of four letters or more.</li> <li>Lowercase the second word after a hyphenated prefix (e.g., Mid-, Anti-, Super-, etc.) in compound modifiers (e.g., Mid-year, Anti-hero, etc.).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Medical_Association_(AMA)_Manual_of_Style_Capitalization_Rules"><span id="American_Medical_Association_.28AMA.29_Manual_of_Style_Capitalization_Rules"></span><i>American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style Capitalization Rules</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style Capitalization Rules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the 11th edition of the <a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style</a>, the following title capitalization rules should be applied:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Capitalize the first and the last word of titles and subtitles.</li> <li>Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as "play with"), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions (major words).</li> <li>Lowercase articles (a, an, the), <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)#Coordinating_conjunctions" title="Conjunction (grammar)">coordinating conjunctions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions" title="List of English prepositions">prepositions</a> of three letters or fewer.</li> <li>Lowercase "to" in infinitives.</li> <li>Lowercase the second word in a hyphenated compound when it is a prefix or suffix (e.g., "Anti-itch", "World-wide") or part of a single word.</li> <li>Capitalize the second word in a hyphenated compound if both words are equal and not suffixes or prefixes (e.g., "Cost-Benefit")</li> <li>Capitalize the first non-Greek letter after a lowercase Greek letter (e.g., "ω-Bromohexanoic")</li> <li>Lowercase the first non-Greek letter after a capital Greek letter (e.g., "Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol")</li> <li>Capitalize the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> but not the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">species epithet</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bluebook"><i>The Bluebook</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Bluebook" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the 21st edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">The Bluebook</a></i>, used for legal citations, the following title capitalization rules should be applied:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Capitalize the first and the last word.</li> <li>Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as "play with"), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.</li> <li>Lowercase articles (a, an, the), <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)#Coordinating_conjunctions" title="Conjunction (grammar)">coordinating conjunctions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions" title="List of English prepositions">prepositions</a> of four letters or fewer.</li> <li>Lowercase "to" in <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a> (though not defined in the stylebook).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Title_case_in_references">Title case in references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Title case in references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The use of title case or sentence case in the references of scholarly publications is determined by the used citation style and can differ from the usage in title or headings. For example, <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA Style</a> uses sentence case for the title of the cited work in the list of references, but it uses title case for the title of the current publication (or for the title of a publication if it is mentioned in the text instead). Moreover, it uses title case for the title of <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodicals</a> even in the references.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other citation styles like <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> are using title case also for the title of cited works in the list of references.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/40px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/40px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/60px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/80px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikifunctions" title="Wikifunctions">Wikifunctions</a> has <b><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z10251" class="extiw" title="f:Z10251">a title case function</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">Sentence case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Title_case&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://titlecaseconverter.com/rules/">"Title Capitalization Rules"</a>. <i>Title Case Converter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Title+Case+Converter&rft.atitle=Title+Capitalization+Rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftitlecaseconverter.com%2Frules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitle+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law</i> (46th ed.). New York: Basic Books. 2011. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465021871" title="Special:BookSources/9780465021871"><bdi>9780465021871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Associated+Press+Stylebook+and+Briefing+on+Media+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65-66&rft.edition=46th&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780465021871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitle+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitle2021" class="citation web cs1">Title, Capitalize My (2021-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalizemytitle.com/capitalization-rules/">"Title Capitalization Rules"</a>. <i>Capitalize My Title</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capitalize+My+Title&rft.atitle=Title+Capitalization+Rules&rft.date=2021-04-25&rft.aulast=Title&rft.aufirst=Capitalize+My&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitalizemytitle.com%2Fcapitalization-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitle+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicago-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chicago_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2003" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/chicagomanualofs00univ_0?ref=ol#page/366/mode/2up"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i></a> (Fifteenth ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 366–368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226104036" title="Special:BookSources/0226104036"><bdi>0226104036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=366-368&rft.edition=Fifteenth&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0226104036&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchicagomanualofs00univ_0%3Fref%3Dol%23page%2F366%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitle+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalizemytitle.com/">"Title Capitalization Tool - Capitalize My Title - Title Case Tool"</a>. <i>Capitalize My Title</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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