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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Arches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Intrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Extrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nerve supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8C%85" title="እጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="يد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܐܝܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2n%C3%A2" title="Mânâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mânâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otcitci" title="Otcitci – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otcitci" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(tete)" title="Po (tete) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Po (tete)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampara" title="Ampara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ampara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl" title="Əl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="হাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangan" title="Tangan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tangan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%BA" title="Chhiú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamot" title="Kamot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kamot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ръка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haund" title="Haund – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Haund" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ལག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aka" title="Šaka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šaka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorn" title="Dorn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dorn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0" title="Mà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алă лаппи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алă лаппи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruka" title="Ruka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanza" title="Chanza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chanza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu" title="Manu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Manu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaw" title="Llaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuu" title="Nuu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nuu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5nd" title="Hånd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hånd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A6" title="އަތްތިލަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަތްތިލަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="हात – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हात" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labak%C3%A4si" title="Labakäsi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Labakäsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Χέρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0%E1%B9%85" title="Màṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Màṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esku" title="Esku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="دست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2n" title="Hân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mh" title="Lámh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lámh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0mh" title="Làmh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Làmh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кулга – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кулга" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="手" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A5" title="હાથ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હાથ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%E1%BB%8D" title="Alọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Alọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BA" title="Sú – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90" title="손 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="손" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A5%D5%BC%D6%84" title="Ձեռք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձեռք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5" title="हाथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruka" title="Ruka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuo" title="Manuo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manuo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k%C3%A1" title="Áká – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Áká" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangan" title="Tangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%A1%E1%92%90%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᒡᒐᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᒡᒐᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argak" title="Argak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Argak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nd" title="Hönd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hönd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%93" title="כף יד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כף יד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangan" title="Tangan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nandaka" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88" title="ಕೈ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%81%D9%95" title="اتھہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اتھہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Қол – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiganja" title="Kiganja – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiganja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_(non)" title="Men (non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Men (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dest" title="Dest – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dest" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0" title="Ка – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ка" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus" title="Manus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plauksta" title="Plauksta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plauksta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%A1taka" title="Plaštaka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaštaka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likanza" title="Likanza – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likanza" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9z" title="Kéz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kéz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дланка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дланка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0nana" title="Tànana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tànana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="കൈപ്പത്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൈപ്പത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="हात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangan" title="Tangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%AB" title="Chiū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chiū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="လက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitl" title="Maitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Maitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga" title="Liga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Liga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="हात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="手" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mane" title="Mane – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mane" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harn" title="Harn – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Harn" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5nd" title="Hånd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hånd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4" title="ହାତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହାତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="ہتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%99ka" title="Ręka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ręka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3o" title="Mão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Mână – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mână" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki" title="Maki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кисть (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кисть (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="हस्तः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हस्तः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu" title="Manu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Manu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haund" title="Haund – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haund" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora" title="Dora – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu" title="Manu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Manu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%BF" title="هٿ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هٿ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruka" title="Ruka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roka" title="Roka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacan" title="Gacan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gacan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="دەست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шака – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шака" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruka" title="Ruka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leungeun" title="Leungeun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leungeun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4si" title="Käsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamay" title="Kamay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afus" title="Afus – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afus" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qba%27" title="qba' – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qba'" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF" title="చేయి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చేయి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="มือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%B0" title="Панҷа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панҷа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El" title="El – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Кисть – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кисть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="ہاتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہاتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%86%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7" title="پوچېركا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پوچېركا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwngz" title="Fwngz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fwngz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4zi" title="Käzi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Käzi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0n_tay" title="Bàn tay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bàn tay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam" title="Nam – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peo" title="Peo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Peo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwin" title="Mwin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mwin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="手" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%B3t" title="Kamót – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kamót" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="手" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="האנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="手" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dest" title="Dest – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dest" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangan" title="Tangan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tangan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longon" title="Longon – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Longon" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari" title="Jari – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jari" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33767#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hand_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hand (disambiguation)">Hand (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hands_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hands (disambiguation)">Hands (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Hand</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand,_fingers_-_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hand%2C_fingers_-_back.jpg/150px-Hand%2C_fingers_-_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hand%2C_fingers_-_back.jpg/225px-Hand%2C_fingers_-_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hand%2C_fingers_-_back.jpg/300px-Hand%2C_fingers_-_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Back of a human's left hand</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm,_fingers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Palm%2C_fingers.jpg/150px-Palm%2C_fingers.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Palm%2C_fingers.jpg/225px-Palm%2C_fingers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Palm%2C_fingers.jpg/300px-Palm%2C_fingers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front of a human's left hand</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_venous_network_of_hand" title="Dorsal venous network of hand">Dorsal venous network of hand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">Ulnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerves</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>manus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006225">D006225</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.025%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.025</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=148">148</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9712">9712</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33767" class="extiw" title="d:Q33767">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>hand</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a>, multi-<a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingered</a> appendage located at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Forelimb" title="Forelimb">forelimb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>. A few other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Koala#Characteristics" title="Koala">koala</a> (which has two <a href="/wiki/Thumb#Opposition_and_apposition" title="Thumb">opposable thumbs</a> on each "hand" and fingerprints extremely similar to human <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a>) are often described as having "hands" instead of <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paws</a> on their front limbs. The <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a> is usually described as having "hands" though opposable thumbs are lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomists</a> use the term <i>hand</i> to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb more generally—for example, in the context of whether the three <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> hand involved the same <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> loss of two digits as in the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Xing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human hand usually has five digits: <a href="/wiki/Finger_numbering#Four-finger_system" title="Finger numbering">four fingers</a> plus one <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Latash2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latash2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KivellLemelin2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KivellLemelin2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these are often referred to collectively as <a href="/wiki/Finger_numbering#Five-finger_system" title="Finger numbering">five fingers</a>, however, whereby the thumb is included as one of the <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Latash2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latash2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 27 bones, not including the <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bone</a>, the number of which varies among people,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2003_105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2003_105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 14 of which are the <a href="/wiki/Phalanges_of_the_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges of the hand">phalanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distal_phalange" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalange">distal</a>) of the fingers and thumb. The <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">metacarpal bones</a> connect the fingers and the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpal bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. Each human hand has five <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">metacarpals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eight carpal bones. </p><p>Fingers contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings in the body, and are the richest source of <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">tactile</a> feedback. They also have the greatest positioning capability of the body; thus, the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense of touch">sense of touch</a> is intimately associated with hands. Like other paired organs (eyes, feet, legs) each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">brain hemisphere</a>, so that <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">handedness</a>—the preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pencil—reflects individual brain functioning. </p><p>Among humans, the hands play an important function in <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>. Likewise, the ten digits of two hands and the twelve <a href="/wiki/Phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges">phalanges</a> of four fingers (touchable by the thumb) have given rise to number systems and calculation techniques. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> have <a href="/wiki/Prehensility" title="Prehensility">grasping appendages</a> similar in form to a hand such as <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a>, and talons, but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands. The scientific use of the term <i>hand</i> in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a>. The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>. Hands must also have opposable <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumbs</a>, as described later in the text. </p><p>The hand is located at the distal end of each arm. <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Apes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> are sometimes described as having four hands, because the toes are long and the <a href="/wiki/Toe#Hallux" title="Toe">hallux</a> is opposable and looks more like a <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>, thus enabling the feet to be used as hands. </p><p>The word "hand" is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> hand and the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Xing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An adult human male's hand weighs about a pound.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas">Areas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_parts_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hand_parts_-_en.svg/220px-Hand_parts_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hand_parts_-_en.svg/330px-Hand_parts_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hand_parts_-_en.svg/440px-Hand_parts_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Human hand parts</figcaption></figure> <p>Areas of the human hand include: </p> <ul><li>The <i>palm</i> (volar), which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand, located superficially to the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpus</a>. The skin in this area contains <a href="/wiki/Dermal_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal papillae">dermal papillae</a> to increase friction, such as are also present on the fingers and used for <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a>.</li> <li>The <i>opisthenar</i> area (dorsal) is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand.</li> <li>The <i>heel of the hand</i> is the area anteriorly to the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus#Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">bases of the metacarpal bones</a>, located in the proximal part of the palm. It is the area that sustains most pressure when using the palm of the hand for support, such as in <a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">handstand</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are five <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digits</a> attached to the hand, notably with a <a href="/wiki/Fingernail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingernail">nail</a> fixed to the end in place of the normal <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claw</a>. The four <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a> can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects. Each finger, starting with the one closest to the thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">index finger</a>, pointer finger, forefinger, or 2nd digit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">middle finger</a> or long finger or 3rd digit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">ring finger</a> or 4th digit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">little finger</a>, pinky finger, small finger, baby finger, or 5th digit</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> (connected to the <a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">first metacarpal bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a>) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs. Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers, a muscle action known as opposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bones">Bones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/220px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/330px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/440px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Bones of the human hand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand-bone_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An animated gif of a hand's bones splaying" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hand-bone_animation.gif/220px-Hand-bone_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hand-bone_animation.gif/330px-Hand-bone_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hand-bone_animation.gif/440px-Hand-bone_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Hand-bone animation (metacarpal movement is exaggerated, other than on the thumb)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg/220px-3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg/330px-3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg/440px-3D_Medical_Animation_Human_Wrist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Image showing the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpal bones</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">skeleton</a> of the human hand consists of 27 bones:<sup id="cite_ref-Tubiana4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubiana4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eight <a href="/wiki/Short_bone" title="Short bone">short</a> <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpal bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> are organized into a proximal row (<a href="/wiki/Scaphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphoid">scaphoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triquetral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triquetral">triquetral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisiform">pisiform</a>) which articulates with the bones of the forearm, and a distal row (<a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitate">capitate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamate">hamate</a>), which articulates with the bases of the five <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpal bones</a> of the hand. The heads of the metacarpals will each in turn articulate with the bases of the proximal <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanx</a> of the fingers and thumb. These articulations with the fingers are the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpophalangeal_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpophalangeal joints">metacarpophalangeal joints</a> known as the knuckles. At the palmar aspect of the first metacarpophalangeal joints are small, almost spherical bones called the sesamoid bones. The fourteen phalanges make up the fingers and thumb, and are numbered I-V (thumb to little finger) when the hand is viewed from an anatomical position (palm up). The four fingers each consist of three phalanx bones: proximal, middle, and distal. The thumb only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin-264_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-264-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the phalanges of the fingers and thumb these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly-articulated chains. </p><p>Because <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">pronation</a> (rotation about the axis of the forearm) are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist, the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand. </p><p>There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bones</a> in the hand, small <a href="/wiki/Ossified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified">ossified</a> nodes embedded in tendons; the exact number varies between people:<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2003_105_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2003_105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints, sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (72.9%) and at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the little finger (82.5%) and the index finger (48%). In rare cases, sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger. </p><p>The articulations are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_articulations_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal articulations of hand">interphalangeal articulations of hand</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joints</a> between the bones of the digits)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpophalangeal_joint" title="Metacarpophalangeal joint">metacarpophalangeal joints</a> (where the digits meet the palm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarpal_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercarpal articulations">intercarpal articulations</a> (where the palm meets the wrist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> (may also be viewed as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arches">Arches</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand-arches.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hand-arches.svg/220px-Hand-arches.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hand-arches.svg/330px-Hand-arches.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hand-arches.svg/440px-Hand-arches.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Arches of the hand<br />Red: one of the oblique arches<br />Brown: one of the longitudinal arches of the digits<br />Dark green: transverse carpal arch<br />Light green: transverse metacarpal arch</figcaption></figure> <p>The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches: longitudinal arches (the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones), transverse arches (formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones), and oblique arches (between the thumb and four fingers): </p><p>Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand, that of the thumb is the most mobile (and the least longitudinal). While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility, the remaining rays are firmly rigid. The phalangeal joints of the index finger, however, offer some independence to its finger, due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubiana-9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carpal bones form two transversal rows, each forming an arch concave on the palmar side. Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row, it is by necessity flexible. In contrast, the capitate, the "keystone" of the distal arch, moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid. The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones, and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubiana-9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands, but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch. The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">transverse carpal ligament</a> and the intercarpal ligaments (also oriented transversally). These ligaments also form the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel" title="Carpal tunnel">carpal tunnel</a> and contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_palmar_arch" title="Deep palmar arch">deep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superficial_palmar_arch" title="Superficial palmar arch">superficial palmar arches</a>. Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin-319-320_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-319-320-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to the carpal arches, the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals (thumb and little finger). As these two metacarpals approach each other, the palmar gutter deepens. The central-most metacarpal (middle finger) is the most rigid. It and its two neighbors are tied to the carpus by the interlocking shapes of the metacarpal bones. The thumb metacarpal only articulates with the trapezium and is therefore completely independent, while the fifth metacarpal (little finger) is semi-independent with the fourth metacarpal (ring finger) which forms a transitional element to the fifth metacarpal.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubiana-9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with the thumb, the four fingers form four oblique arches, of which the arch of the index finger functionally is the most important, especially for precision grip, while the arch of the little finger contribute an important locking mechanism for power grip. The thumb is undoubtedly the "master digit" of the hand, giving value to all the other fingers. Together with the index and middle finger, it forms the dynamic tridactyl configuration responsible for most grips not requiring force. The ring and little fingers are more static, a reserve ready to interact with the palm when great force is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubiana-9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">arches of the foot</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscles">Muscles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_the_hand" title="Muscles of the hand">Muscles of the hand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg/220px-Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg/330px-Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg/440px-Wrist_and_hand_deeper_palmar_dissection-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Muscles and other structures of wrist and palm</figcaption></figure> <p>The muscles acting on the hand can be subdivided into two groups: the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. The extrinsic muscle groups are the long <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extensors</a>. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intrinsic">Intrinsic</h4></div> <p>The intrinsic muscle groups are the <a href="/wiki/Thenar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenar">thenar</a> (thumb) and <a href="/wiki/Hypothenar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothenar">hypothenar</a> (little finger) muscles; the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_muscles_of_the_hand" title="Interosseous muscles of the hand">interosseous muscles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand" title="Dorsal interossei of the hand">four dorsally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmar_interossei_muscles" title="Palmar interossei muscles">three volarly</a>) originating between the metacarpal bones; and the <a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbrical muscles</a> arising from the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">deep flexor</a> (and are special because they have no bony origin) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-LHC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extrinsic">Extrinsic</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrist_extensor_compartments_(numbered).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wrist_extensor_compartments_%28numbered%29.PNG/220px-Wrist_extensor_compartments_%28numbered%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wrist_extensor_compartments_%28numbered%29.PNG/330px-Wrist_extensor_compartments_%28numbered%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wrist_extensor_compartments_%28numbered%29.PNG/440px-Wrist_extensor_compartments_%28numbered%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Extensor compartments of wrist (back of hand)</figcaption></figure> <p>The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (<a href="/wiki/Opponens_pollicis" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens pollicis">opponens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">abductor brevis muscle</a>), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible. </p><p>The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm; the tendons of these form the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_snuff_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical snuff box">anatomical snuff box</a>. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor used, for instance, for pointing. The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Compartment 1 (Most radial)</th> <th>Compartment 2</th> <th>Compartment 3</th> <th>Compartment 4</th> <th>Compartment 5</th> <th>Compartment 6 (Most ulnar) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor pollicis longus">Abductor pollicis longus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus">Extensor carpi radialis longus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor pollicis longus">Extensor pollicis longus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor indicis">Extensor indicis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digiti_minimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor digiti minimi">Extensor digiti minimi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris">Extensor carpi ulnaris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor pollicis brevis">Extensor pollicis brevis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis">Extensor carpi radialis brevis</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor digitorum communis">Extensor digitorum communis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna. The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray812and814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray812and814.svg/220px-Gray812and814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray812and814.svg/330px-Gray812and814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray812and814.svg/440px-Gray812and814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb</figcaption></figure> <p>The hand is innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerves</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Motor</dt></dl> <p>The radial nerve supplies the finger extensors and the thumb <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor pollicis longus">abductor</a>, thus the muscles that extends at the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles); and that abducts and extends the thumb. The median nerve supplies the flexors of the wrist and digits, the abductors and <a href="/wiki/Opponens_pollicis_muscle" title="Opponens pollicis muscle">opponens</a> of the thumb, the first and second lumbrical. The ulnar nerve supplies the remaining intrinsic muscles of the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-16-18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-Lederman-16-18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All muscles of the hand are innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a> (C5–T1) and can be classified by innervation:<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nerve</th> <th>Muscles </th></tr> <tr> <td>Radial</td> <td>Extensors: <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">carpi radialis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">brevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum muscle">digitorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle" title="Extensor digiti minimi muscle">digiti minimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">carpi ulnaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">pollicis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">brevis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle" title="Extensor indicis muscle">indicis</a>.<br />Other: <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">abductor pollicis longus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Median</td> <td>Flexors: <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle" title="Flexor carpi radialis muscle">carpi radialis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">pollicis longus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">digitorum profundus</a> (half), <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">superficialis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis brevis muscle">pollicis brevis</a> (superficial head).<br />Other: <a href="/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle" title="Palmaris longus muscle">palmaris longus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">abductor pollicis brevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opponens_pollicis_muscle" title="Opponens pollicis muscle">opponens pollicis</a>, and first and second <a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbricals</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ulnar</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle">Flexor carpi ulnaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">flexor digitorum profundus</a> (half), <a href="/wiki/Palmaris_brevis_muscle" title="Palmaris brevis muscle">palmaris brevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(hand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (hand)">flexor digiti minimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand">abductor digiti minimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens digiti minimi muscle">opponens digiti minimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adductor_pollicis_muscle" title="Adductor pollicis muscle">adductor pollicis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis brevis muscle">flexor pollicis brevis</a> (deep head), <a href="/wiki/Palmar_interossei_muscles" title="Palmar interossei muscles">palmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand" title="Dorsal interossei of the hand">dorsal interossei</a>, and third and fourth <a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbricals</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Sensory</dt></dl> <p>The radial nerve supplies the skin on the back of the hand from the thumb to the ring finger and the dorsal aspects of the index, middle, and half ring fingers as far as the proximal interphalangeal joints. The median nerve supplies the palmar side of the thumb, index, middle, and half ring fingers. Dorsal branches innervates the distal phalanges of the index, middle, and half ring fingers. The ulnar nerve supplies the ulnar third of the hand, both at the palm and the back of the hand, and the little and half ring fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-16-18_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-Lederman-16-18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a considerable variation to this general pattern, except for the little finger and volar surface of the index finger. For example, in some individuals, the ulnar nerve supplies the entire ring finger and the ulnar side of the middle finger, whilst, in others, the median nerve supplies the entire ring finger.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-16-18_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-Lederman-16-18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_arteries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_arteries.svg/220px-Hand_arteries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_arteries.svg/330px-Hand_arteries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_arteries.svg/440px-Hand_arteries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Arteries of the right hand (palmar view)</figcaption></figure> <p>The hand is supplied with blood from two arteries, the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_artery" title="Ulnar artery">ulnar artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery</a>. These arteries form three arches over the dorsal and palmar aspects of the hand, the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_carpal_arch" title="Dorsal carpal arch">dorsal carpal arch</a> (across the back of the hand), the <a href="/wiki/Deep_palmar_arch" title="Deep palmar arch">deep palmar arch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_palmar_arch" title="Superficial palmar arch">superficial palmar arch</a>. Together these three arches and their <a href="/wiki/Anastomoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastomoses">anastomoses</a> provide oxygenated blood to the palm, the fingers, and the thumb. </p><p>The hand is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_venous_network_of_hand" title="Dorsal venous network of hand">dorsal venous network of the hand</a> with deoxygenated blood leaving the hand via the <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_vein" title="Cephalic vein">cephalic vein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilic_vein" title="Basilic vein">basilic vein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unwashed_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Unwashed_hand.jpg/160px-Unwashed_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Unwashed_hand.jpg/240px-Unwashed_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Unwashed_hand.jpg/320px-Unwashed_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg/80px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg/120px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg/160px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Deploying_together.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Papillary ridges of palm<br />Right: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Glabrous_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glabrous skin">glabrous</a> (hairless) skin on the front of the hand, the palm, is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones. Compared to the rest of the body's skin, the hands' palms (as well as the soles of the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">feet</a>) are usually lighter—and even much lighter in dark-skinned individuals, compared to the other side of the hand. Indeed, genes specifically expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> of palmoplantar skin inhibit <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> production and thus the ability to <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">tan</a>, and promote the thickening of the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_lucidum" title="Stratum lucidum">stratum lucidum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a> layers of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>. All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges (<a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a>) acting as friction pads. In contrast, the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin, soft, and pliable, so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched. On the dorsal side, the skin can be moved across the hand up to 3 cm (1.2 in); an important input the cutaneous <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-18-21_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-Lederman-18-21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The web of the hand is a "fold of skin which connects the digits".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These webs, located between each set of digits, are known as <a href="/wiki/Skin_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin folds">skin folds</a> (interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis). They are defined as "one of the folds of skin, or rudimentary web, between the fingers and toes".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digit_ratio" title="Digit ratio">Digit ratio</a></div> <p>The ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger in adults is affected by the level of exposure to male <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex hormones">sex hormones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a>. This digit ratio is below 1 for both sexes but it is lower in males than in females on average. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg/170px-Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg/255px-Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg/340px-Polydactyly_01_Lhand_AP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>X-ray of the left hand of a ten-year-old boy with <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">polydactyly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorders</a> affect the hand. <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a> is the presence of more than the usual number of fingers. One of the disorders that can cause this is <a href="/wiki/Catel-Manzke_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Catel-Manzke syndrome">Catel-Manzke syndrome</a>. The fingers may be fused in a disorder known as <a href="/wiki/Syndactyly" title="Syndactyly">syndactyly</a>. Or there may be an absence of one or more central fingers—a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Ectrodactyly" title="Ectrodactyly">ectrodactyly</a>. Additionally, some people are born without one or both hands (<a href="/wiki/Amelia_(birth_defect)" title="Amelia (birth defect)">amelia</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_multiple_exostoses" title="Hereditary multiple exostoses">Hereditary multiple exostoses</a> of the forearm—also known as hereditary multiple osteochondromas—is another cause of hand and forearm deformity in children and adults.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous condition">cutaneous conditions</a> that can affect the hand including the <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> can affect the hand, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> of the fingers. </p><p>Some conditions can be treated by <a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">hand surgery</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a>, a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of the <a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median nerve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dupuytren%27s_contracture" title="Dupuytren's contracture">Dupuytren's contracture</a>, a condition in which fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be straightened. Similarly, injury to the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerve</a> may result in a condition in which some of the fingers cannot be flexed. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="fracture"></span>A common <a href="/wiki/Fractured_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractured bone">fracture</a> of the hand is a <a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_fracture" title="Scaphoid fracture">scaphoid fracture</a>—a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid bone</a>, one of the carpal bones. This is the commonest <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpal bone">carpal bone</a> fracture and can be slow to heal due to a limited blood flow to the bone. There are various types of fracture to the base of the thumb; these are known as <a href="/wiki/Rolando_fracture" title="Rolando fracture">Rolando fractures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bennet%27s_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennet's fracture">Bennet's fracture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamekeeper%27s_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamekeeper's thumb">Gamekeeper's thumb</a>. Another common fracture, known as <a href="/wiki/Boxer%27s_fracture" title="Boxer's fracture">Boxer's fracture</a>, is to the neck of a metacarpal. One can also have a <a href="/wiki/Broken_finger" title="Broken finger">broken finger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupaia_cf_javanica_050917_manc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tupaia_cf_javanica_050917_manc.jpg/220px-Tupaia_cf_javanica_050917_manc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tupaia_cf_javanica_050917_manc.jpg/330px-Tupaia_cf_javanica_050917_manc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Tupaia_cf_javanica_050917_manc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">Hands</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Horsfield%27s_treeshrew" title="Horsfield's treeshrew">Javanese tree shrew</a> and a human</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prehensility" title="Prehensility">prehensile</a> hands and feet of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from the mobile hands of semi-<a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree_shrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree shrew">tree shrews</a> that lived about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=60">60</a> million years ago</span>. This development has been accompanied by important changes in the brain and the relocation of the eyes to the front of the face, together allowing the muscle control and <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic vision">stereoscopic vision</a> necessary for controlled grasping. This grasping, also known as power grip, is supplemented by the precision grip between the thumb and the distal finger pads made possible by the opposable thumbs. <i><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></i> (great apes including humans) acquired an erect <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedal</a> posture about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3.6">3.6</a> million years ago</span>, which freed the hands from the task of locomotion and paved the way for the precision and range of motion in human hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-Lanz-1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Lanz-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Functional analyses of the features unique to the hand of modern humans have shown that they are consistent with the stresses and requirements associated with the effective use of <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> stone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the refinement of the bipedal posture in the earliest hominids evolved to facilitate the use of the trunk as leverage in accelerating the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Marzke_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marzke-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the human hand has unique anatomical features, including a longer thumb and fingers that can be controlled individually to a higher degree, the hands of other primates are anatomically similar and the dexterity of the human hand can not be explained solely on anatomical factors. The neural machinery underlying hand movements is a major contributing factor; primates have evolved direct connections between neurons in <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">cortical motor areas</a> and spinal <a href="/wiki/Motoneuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Motoneuron">motoneurons</a>, giving the cerebral cortex <a href="/wiki/Reflex_arc#Monosynaptic_vs._polysynaptic" title="Reflex arc">monosynaptic</a> control over the motoneurons of the hand muscles; placing the hands "closer" to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Flanagan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recent evolution of the human hand is thus a direct result of the development of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, and the hand, therefore, is a direct tool of our consciousness—the main source of differentiated tactile sensations—and a precise working organ enabling gestures—the expressions of our personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Putz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:337px;max-width:337px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_(18660408030)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_%2818660408030%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/209px-Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_%2818660408030%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_%2818660408030%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/314px-Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_%2818660408030%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_%2818660408030%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/418px-Gorilla_Studying_Leaves_%2818660408030%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2318" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg/120px-Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg/180px-Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg/240px-Ardipithecus_Hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="2006" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A gorilla, a large extant primate with small thumbs, and the hand skeleton of <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i>, a large Pliocene primate with relatively human-like thumbs</div></div></div></div> <p>There are nevertheless several <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">primitive</a> features left in the human hand, including <a href="/wiki/Pentadactyly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadactyly">pentadactyly</a> (having five fingers), the hairless skin of the palm and fingers, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Os_centrale" class="mw-redirect" title="Os centrale">os centrale</a></i> found in human embryos, prosimians, and apes. Furthermore, the precursors of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are present in the earliest fishes, reflecting that the hand evolved from the pectoral fin and thus is much older than the arm in evolutionary terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-Lanz-1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Lanz-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proportions of the human hand are <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphy">plesiomorphic</a> (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> apes than those of extant primates.<sup id="cite_ref-Almecija_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almecija-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes,<sup id="cite_ref-Kivella_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivella-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy-etal_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy-etal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several primitive hand features most likely present in the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a> (CHLCA) and absent in <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">modern humans</a> are still present in the hands of <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>. This suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Derived_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived trait">derived</a> changes in modern humans and <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> did not evolve until <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.5–1.5">2.5 to 1.5</a> million years ago</span> or after the appearance of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Acheulian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheulian">Acheulian</a> stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.<sup id="cite_ref-Tocheri_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tocheri-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thumbs of <i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i>, an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the <a href="/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">spider monkey</a>). In humans, the <a href="/wiki/Toe#Hallux" title="Toe">big toe</a> is thus more derived than the thumb.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy-etal_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy-etal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a hypothesis suggesting the form of the modern human hand is especially conducive to the formation of a compact fist, presumably for fighting purposes. The fist is compact and thus effective as a weapon. It also provides protection for the fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reardon_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reardon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is not widely accepted to be one of the primary selective pressures acting on hand morphology throughout human evolution, with tool use and production being thought to be far more influential.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0440_HandBones.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of hand and wrist bones"><img alt="Illustration of hand and wrist bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blausen_0440_HandBones.png/120px-Blausen_0440_HandBones.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blausen_0440_HandBones.png/180px-Blausen_0440_HandBones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blausen_0440_HandBones.png/240px-Blausen_0440_HandBones.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of hand and wrist bones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray219.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bones of the left hand. Volar surface."><img alt="Bones of the left hand. Volar surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray219.png/94px-Gray219.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray219.png/141px-Gray219.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray219.png/188px-Gray219.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bones of the left hand. Volar surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray220.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface."><img alt="Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gray220.png/98px-Gray220.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gray220.png/147px-Gray220.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gray220.png/195px-Gray220.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HandAnthropometry.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand"><img alt="Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/HandAnthropometry.JPG/113px-HandAnthropometry.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/HandAnthropometry.JPG/169px-HandAnthropometry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/HandAnthropometry.JPG/225px-HandAnthropometry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Static adult human <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">physical characteristics</a> of the hand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X-ray showing joints"><img alt="X-ray showing joints" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg/120px-814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg/180px-814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg/240px-814_Radiograph_of_Hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X-ray showing joints</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/120px--Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Hand_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand bone anatomy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dactylonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylonomy">Dactylonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoglyphics" title="Dermatoglyphics">Dermatoglyphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger-counting" title="Finger-counting">Finger-counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Handstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_strength" title="Hand strength">Hand strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_walking" title="Hand walking">Hand walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">Knuckle-walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a>—fortune-telling based on lines in hand palms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">Manus (anatomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a>—Hindu term for hand gestures</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Dorcas MacClintock; illustrated by J. 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Caldwell, N.J.: Blackburn Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930665-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930665-67-5"><bdi>978-1-930665-67-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+natural+history+of+raccoons&rft.place=Caldwell%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Blackburn+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-930665-67-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dorcas+MacClintock%3B+illustrated+by+J.+Sharkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xing_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xing_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuClarkMoChoiniere2009" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, X; Clark, JM; Mo, J; Choiniere, J; Forster, CA; Erickson, GM; Hone, DWE; Sullivan, C; Eberth, DA; Nesbitt, S; Zhao, Q; Hernandez, R; Jia, CK; Han, FL; Guo, Y (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/209594/files/PAL_E4066.pdf">"A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>459</b> (7249): 940–944. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..940X">2009Natur.459..940X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08124">10.1038/nature08124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19536256">19536256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4358448">4358448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Jurassic+ceratosaur+from+China+helps+clarify+avian+digital+homologies&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7249&rft.pages=940-944&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4358448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19536256&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..940X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Clark%2C+JM&rft.au=Mo%2C+J&rft.au=Choiniere%2C+J&rft.au=Forster%2C+CA%3B+Erickson%2C+GM%3B+Hone%2C+DWE%3B+Sullivan%2C+C%3B+Eberth%2C+DA%3B+Nesbitt%2C+S%3B+Zhao%2C+Q%3B+Hernandez%2C+R%3B+Jia%2C+CK%3B+Han%2C+FL%3B+Guo%2C+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F209594%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E4066.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latash2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latash2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latash2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatash,_Mark_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Latash, Mark L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=640UDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137"><i>Synergy</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533316-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synergy&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533316-9&rft.au=Latash%2C+Mark+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D640UDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KivellLemelin2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KivellLemelin2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivell,_Tracy_L.Lemelin,_PierreRichmond,_Brian_G.Schmitt,_Daniel2016" class="citation book cs1">Kivell, Tracy L.; Lemelin, Pierre; Richmond, Brian G.; Schmitt, Daniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1nSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>The Evolution of the Primate Hand: Anatomical, Developmental, Functional, and Paleontological Evidence</i></a>. Springer. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-3646-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-3646-5"><bdi>978-1-4939-3646-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Primate+Hand%3A+Anatomical%2C+Developmental%2C+Functional%2C+and+Paleontological+Evidence&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-3646-5&rft.au=Kivell%2C+Tracy+L.&rft.au=Lemelin%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Richmond%2C+Brian+G.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1nSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfinger1991" class="citation book cs1">Goldfinger, Eliot (1991). <i>Human Anatomy for Artists : The Elements of Form: The Elements of Form</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 177, 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199763108" title="Special:BookSources/9780199763108"><bdi>9780199763108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+for+Artists+%3A+The+Elements+of+Form%3A+The+Elements+of+Form&rft.pages=177%2C+295&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780199763108&rft.aulast=Goldfinger&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'RahillyMüller1983" class="citation book cs1">O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola (1983). <i>Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure</i>. Saunders. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721669908" title="Special:BookSources/9780721669908"><bdi>9780721669908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Human+Anatomy%3A+A+Regional+Study+of+Human+Structure&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780721669908&rft.aulast=O%27Rahilly&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Fabiola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt_2003_105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2003_105_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2003_105_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtLanz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Hans-Martin; Lanz, Ulrich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7a1tkBU8eMC&pg=PA105"><i>Surgical Anatomy of the Hand</i></a>. Thieme. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-007-4"><bdi>978-1-58890-007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgical+Anatomy+of+the+Hand&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58890-007-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans-Martin&rft.au=Lanz%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7a1tkBU8eMC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marieb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarieb2004" class="citation book cs1">Marieb, Elaine N (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humananatomyphys0006mari"><i>Human Anatomy & Physiology</i></a></span> (Sixth ed.). Pearson PLC. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-20413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-20413-4"><bdi>978-0-321-20413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Pearson+PLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-321-20413-4&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=Elaine+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumananatomyphys0006mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exrx.net/Kinesiology/Segments">"Body Segment Data"</a>. <i>ExRx.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ExRx.net&rft.atitle=Body+Segment+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exrx.net%2FKinesiology%2FSegments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tubiana4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tubiana4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubianaThomineMackin1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubiana, Raoul; Thomine, Jean-Michel; Mackin, Evelyn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1gWHR1_J9UC"><i>Examination of the Hand and Wrist</i></a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-544-2"><bdi>978-1-85317-544-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examination+of+the+Hand+and+Wrist&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85317-544-2&rft.aulast=Tubiana&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft.au=Thomine%2C+Jean-Michel&rft.au=Mackin%2C+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1gWHR1_J9UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saladin-264-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saladin-264_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saladin, Kenneth S. (2007) <i>Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function</i>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tubiana-9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tubiana-9_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubianaThomineMackin1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubiana, Raoul; Thomine, Jean-Michel; Mackin, Evelyn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1gWHR1_J9UC"><i>Examination of the Hand and Wrist</i></a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 9–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-544-2"><bdi>978-1-85317-544-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examination+of+the+Hand+and+Wrist&rft.pages=9-14&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85317-544-2&rft.aulast=Tubiana&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft.au=Thomine%2C+Jean-Michel&rft.au=Mackin%2C+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1gWHR1_J9UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-319-320-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Austin-319-320_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2005" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Noelle M. (2005). "Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex". In Levangie, Pamela K.; Norkin, Cynthia C. (eds.). <i>Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis</i> (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 319–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-1191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-1191-7"><bdi>978-0-8036-1191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+The+Wrist+and+Hand+Complex&rft.btitle=Joint+Structure+and+Function%3A+A+Comprehensive+Analysis&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=319-320&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-1191-7&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Noelle+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LHC_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson-AmoahVaracallo2022" class="citation web cs1">Dawson-Amoah, K.; Varacallo, M. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539810/">"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Intrinsic Muscles"</a>. NCBI. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969632">30969632</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy%2C+Shoulder+and+Upper+Limb%2C+Hand+Intrinsic+Muscles&rft.pub=NCBI&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30969632&rft.aulast=Dawson-Amoah&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Varacallo%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK539810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-Lederman-16-18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-16-18_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-16-18_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-16-18_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLederman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynette_Jones" title="Lynette Jones">Jones, Lynette A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lederman" title="Susan Lederman">Lederman, Susan J.</a> (2006). "Structure of the Skin". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanhandfunctio0000jone"><i>Human hand function</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517315-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517315-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+of+the+Skin&rft.btitle=Human+hand+function&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517315-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lynette+A.&rft.au=Lederman%2C+Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanhandfunctio0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossLamperti2006" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006). <i>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System</i>. Thieme. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-419-5"><bdi>978-1-58890-419-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thieme+Atlas+of+Anatomy%3A+General+Anatomy+and+Musculoskeletal+System&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58890-419-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-Lederman-18-21-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones-Lederman-18-21_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLederman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynette_Jones" title="Lynette Jones">Jones, Lynette A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lederman" title="Susan Lederman">Lederman, Susan J.</a> (2006). 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Oxford University Press. pp. 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517315-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517315-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+of+the+Skin&rft.btitle=Human+hand+function&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517315-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lynette+A.&rft.au=Lederman%2C+Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanhandfunctio0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_Web" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Web">"Web"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Web&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DWeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/web+of+fingers%2ftoes">"web of fingers/ toes"</a>. <i>Farlex Medical Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Farlex+Medical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=web+of+fingers%2F+toes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fweb%2Bof%2Bfingers%252ftoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEL-SobkySamirAtiyyaMahmoud2018" class="citation journal cs1">EL-Sobky, Tamer A.; Samir, Shady; Atiyya, Ahmed Naeem; Mahmoud, Shady; Aly, Ahmad S.; Soliman, Ramy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863686">"Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review"</a>. <i>SICOT-J</i>. <b>4</b>: 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fsicotj%2F2018002">10.1051/sicotj/2018002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863686">5863686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29565244">29565244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SICOT-J&rft.atitle=Current+paediatric+orthopaedic+practice+in+hereditary+multiple+osteochondromas+of+the+forearm%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5863686%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29565244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fsicotj%2F2018002&rft.aulast=EL-Sobky&rft.aufirst=Tamer+A.&rft.au=Samir%2C+Shady&rft.au=Atiyya%2C+Ahmed+Naeem&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Shady&rft.au=Aly%2C+Ahmad+S.&rft.au=Soliman%2C+Ramy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5863686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-Lanz-1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt-Lanz-1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt-Lanz-1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtLanz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Hans-Martin; Lanz, Ulrich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7a1tkBU8eMC&pg=PA105"><i>Surgical Anatomy of the Hand</i></a>. Thieme. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-007-4"><bdi>978-1-58890-007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgical+Anatomy+of+the+Hand&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58890-007-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans-Martin&rft.au=Lanz%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7a1tkBU8eMC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Key_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Key_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyLycett2011" class="citation journal cs1">Key, Alastair J.M.; Lycett, Stephen J. (2011). "Technology based evolution? A biometric test of the effects of handsize versus tool form on efficiency in an experimental cutting task". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>38</b> (7): 1663–1670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.02.032">10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Technology+based+evolution%3F+A+biometric+test+of+the+effects+of+handsize+versus+tool+form+on+efficiency+in+an+experimental+cutting+task&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1663-1670&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.02.032&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=Alastair+J.M.&rft.au=Lycett%2C+Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marzke-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marzke_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarzke" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Marzke" title="Mary Marzke">Marzke, Mary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massey.ac.nz/~alock/hbook/hand.htm">"Evolution of the hand and bipedality"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+hand+and+bipedality&rft.pub=Massey+University%2C+NZ&rft.aulast=Marzke&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massey.ac.nz%2F~alock%2Fhbook%2Fhand.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flanagan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flanagan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganJohansson2002" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, J Randall; Johansson, Roland S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/flanagan%20(2002)%20hand%20movements.pdf">"Hand Movements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Encyclopedia of the human brain</i>. 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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10803%2F3707">10803/3707</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-693-4823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-693-4823-9"><bdi>978-84-693-4823-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Evolution+of+the+hand+in+Miocene+apes%3A+Implications+for+the+appearance+of+the+human+hand&rft.inst=Universitat+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10803%2F3707&rft.isbn=978-84-693-4823-9&rft.aulast=Alm%C3%A9cija&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdx.cat%2Fhandle%2F10803%2F3707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kivella-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kivella_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivellaSchmitt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kivella, Tracy L.; Schmitt, Daniel (August 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732797">"Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>106</b> (34): 14241–14246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10614241K">2009PNAS..10614241K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0901280106">10.1073/pnas.0901280106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732797">2732797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19667206">19667206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Independent+evolution+of+knuckle-walking+in+African+apes+shows+that+humans+did+not+evolve+from+a+knuckle-walking+ancestor&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=14241-14246&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19667206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0901280106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10614241K&rft.aulast=Kivella&rft.aufirst=Tracy+L.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovejoy-etal-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy-etal_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy-etal_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoySuwaSimpsonMatternes2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lovejoy, C. 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"The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes". <i>Science</i>. <b>326</b> (5949): 101–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..100L">2009Sci...326..100L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175833">10.1126/science.1175833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19810199">19810199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19629241">19629241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Great+Divides%3A+Ardipithecus+ramidus+Reveals+the+Postcrania+of+Our+Last+Common+Ancestors+with+African+Apes&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5949&rft.pages=101-102&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1175833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19629241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19810199&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..100L&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=C.+Owen&rft.au=Suwa%2C+Gen&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Scott+W.&rft.au=Matternes%2C+Jay+H.&rft.au=White%2C+Tim+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tocheri-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tocheri_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocheriOrrJacofskyMarzke2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tocheri, Matthew W.; Orr, Caley M.; Jacofsky, Marc C.; Marzke, Mary W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209135518/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6089/1/Tocheri_et_al_2008_The_evolutionar.pdf">"The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Anat</i>. <b>212</b> (4): 544–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2008.00865.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00865.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2409097">2409097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18380869">18380869</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6089/1/Tocheri_et_al_2008_The_evolutionar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Anat.&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+history+of+the+hominin+hand+since+the+last+common+ancestor+of+Pan+and+Homo&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-562&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2409097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18380869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2008.00865.x&rft.aulast=Tocheri&rft.aufirst=Matthew+W.&rft.au=Orr%2C+Caley+M.&rft.au=Jacofsky%2C+Marc+C.&rft.au=Marzke%2C+Mary+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsi-pddr.si.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10088%2F6089%2F1%2FTocheri_et_al_2008_The_evolutionar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reardon-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reardon_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Reardon, Sara (December 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23018-human-hands-evolved-so-we-could-punch-each-other.html">"Human hands evolved so we could punch each other"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Human+hands+evolved+so+we+could+punch+each+other&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn23018-human-hands-evolved-so-we-could-punch-each-other.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2012" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Kathryn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.083725">"Fighting Shaped Human Hands"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>216</b> (2): i.1–i. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.083725">10.1242/jeb.083725</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Fighting+Shaped+Human+Hands&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=i.1-i&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.083725&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.083725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganCarrier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Michael H.; Carrier, David R. (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075713">"Protective buttressing of the human fist and the evolution of hominin hands"</a>. <i>J Exp Biol</i>. <b>216</b> (2): 236–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075713">10.1242/jeb.075713</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23255192">23255192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Biol&rft.atitle=Protective+buttressing+of+the+human+fist+and+the+evolution+of+hominin+hands&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=236-244&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.075713&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23255192&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft.au=Carrier%2C+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.075713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Hand</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hand" class="extiw" title="wikt:hand">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hand" class="extiw" title="c:Hand">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hand" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Hand">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hands" class="extiw" title="q:Hands">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hand" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hand">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hand" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hand">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hand" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hand">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic296.htm">Hand anatomy</a> at eMedicine.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/faces_hand/">Film Board of Canada documentary <i>Faces of the Hand</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/issue/may-2012">"The Common Hand"</a> (May 2012 article on the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713060958/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/hands/zimmer-text">Archived</a> 2016-07-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus_muscle" title="Infraspinatus muscle">infraspinatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">subscapularis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltoid fascia">deltoid fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinous_fascia" title="Supraspinous fascia">supraspinous fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraspinous_fascia" title="Infraspinous fascia">infraspinous fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_arm" title="Fascial compartments of arm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior compartment of the arm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior compartment of the arm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">anconeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articularis_cubiti_muscle" title="Articularis cubiti muscle">articularis cubiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_sheath" title="Axillary sheath">axillary sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_fascia" title="Axillary fascia">axillary fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_fascia" title="Brachial fascia">brachial fascia</a></li> <li><i>intermuscular septa</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of arm">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial intermuscular septum of arm">medial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>spaces</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_space" title="Quadrangular space">quadrangular space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_space" title="Triangular space">triangular space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_interval" title="Triangular interval">triangular interval</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial compartments of forearm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Anterior compartment of the forearm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">pronator teres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle" title="Palmaris longus muscle">palmaris longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle" title="Flexor carpi radialis muscle">flexor carpi radialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle">flexor carpi ulnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">flexor digitorum superficialis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">pronator quadratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">flexor digitorum profundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Posterior compartment of the forearm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i> superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_wad" title="Mobile wad">mobile wad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum muscle">extensor digitorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle" title="Extensor digiti minimi muscle">extensor digiti minimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">extensor carpi ulnaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_snuffbox" title="Anatomical snuffbox">anatomical snuffbox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">abductor pollicis longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">extensor pollicis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">extensor pollicis longus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle" title="Extensor indicis muscle">extensor indicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_aponeurosis" title="Bicipital aponeurosis">bicipital aponeurosis</a></li> <li><i>common tendons</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_extensor_tendon" title="Common extensor tendon">extensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">flexor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antebrachial_fascia" title="Antebrachial fascia">antebrachial fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubital_tunnel" title="Cubital tunnel">cubital tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne%27s_ligament" title="Osborne's ligament">osborne's ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">lateral volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thenar_eminence" title="Thenar eminence">thenar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opponens_pollicis_muscle" title="Opponens pollicis muscle">opponens pollicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis brevis muscle">flexor pollicis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">abductor pollicis brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_pollicis_muscle" title="Adductor pollicis muscle">adductor pollicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">medial volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothenar_eminence" title="Hypothenar eminence">hypothenar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens digiti minimi muscle">opponens digiti minimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(hand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (hand)">flexor digiti minimi brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand">abductor digiti minimi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmaris_brevis_muscle" title="Palmaris brevis muscle">palmaris brevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">intermediate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbrical</a></li> <li><i>interossei</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand" title="Dorsal interossei of the hand">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_interossei_muscles" title="Palmar interossei muscles">palmar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>posterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Extensor retinaculum of the hand">extensor retinaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_expansion" title="Extensor expansion">extensor expansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_aponeurosis" title="Palmar aponeurosis">palmar aponeurosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33767#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33767#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33767#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4023207-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058615">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Main"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955509k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Main"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955509k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572746">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ruka"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125286&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548382805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A01.1.00.025">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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