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Pravoberezhna Ukraina, Pravoberezhzhia). (Map: <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\M\A\Map_RightBank_Ukraine.jpg">Right-Bank Ukraine in the 17th and 18th centuries</A>.) A historical, geographic, and administrative region consisting of the Ukrainian lands west of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm">Dnipro River</a>, south of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMarshes.htm">marshes</a>, north of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CSteppes.htm">steppes</a>, and east of the upper <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBohRiver.htm">Boh River</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CL%5CSluchRiver.htm">Sluch River</a>. The Right-Bank <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> administration included five core <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRegiments.htm">regiments</a> (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChyhyrynregiment.htm">Chyhyryn regiment</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkasyregiment.htm">Cherkasy regiment</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKorsunregiment.htm">Korsun regiment</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKanivregiment.htm">Kaniv regiment</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBilaTserkvaregiment.htm">Bila Tserkva regiment</a>) and four frontier regiments (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CM%5CUmanregiment.htm">Uman regiment</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBratslavregiment.htm">Bratslav regiment</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVinnytsiaregiment.htm">Vinnytsia regiment</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPavolochregiment.htm">Pavoloch regiment</a>). Under Polish control the region formed the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivvoivodeship.htm">Kyiv voivodeship</a> (without the city and its environs) and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBratslavvoivodeship.htm">Bratslav voivodeship</a> as well as portions of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniavoivodeship.htm">Volhynia voivodeship</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPodiliavoivodeship.htm">Podilia voivodeship</a>. Under imperial Russian rule in the early 19th century, the Right Bank was renamed the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSouthwesternland.htm">Southwestern land</a>. Right-Bank Ukraine today encompasses Vinnytsia oblast, Zhytomyr oblast, northern Kirovohrad oblast, and (west of the Dnipro River) <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivoblast.htm">Kyiv oblast</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkasyoblast.htm">Cherkasy oblast</a>. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Right-Bank Ukraine developed under the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">Cossacks</a> as an important political, cultural, and economic region. Following the death of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">Hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> in 1657, it was devastated and depopulated during the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm">Ruin</a> as a result of prolonged fighting among the Cossacks, Poland, Muscovy, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurkey.htm">Turkey</a>. The destruction was aggravated by the instability of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> structure itself, which was split in 1660 when Left-Bank Ukraine's regiments rejected the leadership of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyYurii.htm">Yurii Khmelnytsky</a> and elected their own hetman (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSomkoYakym.htm">Yakym Somko</a>). Their action initiated the political division of Ukraine into Left and Right Banks, which acquired significance in international affairs with the Polish-Muscovite <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndrusovoTreatyof.htm">Treaty of Andrusovo</a>, by which <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMuscovy.htm">Muscovy</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> ratified their respective spheres of influence along the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm">Dnipro River</a>: Muscovy received <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLeft6BankUkraine.htm">Left-Bank Ukraine</a> plus <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> with its environs, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> received Right-Bank Ukraine. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The treaty ended the pro-Polish orientation of successive Right-Bank <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> leaders and initiated nearly a half-century of chaos in the Right Bank. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">Hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDoroshenkoPetro.htm">Petro Doroshenko</a> rejected both Muscovite and Polish interference and unified both banks (1668) under his leadership. His achievement, however, was short-lived, and he was forced to return to the Right Bank, at which time <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMuscovy.htm">Muscovy</a> restored its influence in Left-Bank Ukraine. Doroshenko then turned to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurkey.htm">Turkey</a> for assistance (the result being the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuchachPeaceTreaty.htm">Buchach Peace Treaty</a> of 1672) and embroiled the region in a succession of maneuvers for control. In 1676 the Left-Bank hetman <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSamoilovychIvan.htm">Ivan Samoilovych</a> defeated Doroshenko and briefly united both banks under his hetmanship. Pressed by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurkish.htm">Turkish</a> forces, Samoilovych attempted in 1678 to remove the Right-Bank population to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLeft6BankUkraine.htm">Left-Bank Ukraine</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CL%5CSlobidskaUkraine.htm">Slobidska Ukraine</a>. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBakhchysaraiTreatyof.htm">Treaty of Bakhchysarai</a> (1681) delineated the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm">Dnipro River</a> as the boundary between the Ottoman and Muscovite empires, with the southern Right Bank a vacant neutral zone. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CT%5CEternalPeaceof1686.htm">Eternal Peace of 1686</a> between Muscovy and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> confirmed the previous <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndrusovoTreatyof.htm">Treaty of Andrusovo</a>, whereby <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> retained the Right Bank. Ukraine was now completely partitioned among its three neighbors. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In 1685, as protection against <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CA%5CTatar.htm">Tatar</a> raids, the Polish king <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CA%5CJanIIISobieski.htm">Jan III Sobieski</a> established <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossackregiments.htm">Cossack regiments</a> in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBratslav.htm">Bratslav</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBohuslav.htm">Bohuslav</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKorsun.htm">Korsun</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFastiv.htm">Fastiv</a>, but under a royally appointed hetman and officers. Some <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">Cossacks</a> also served as mercenaries in the magnates' armies. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">By the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> regained control of the Right Bank from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurkey.htm">Turkey</a>. That year the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> administration was formally abolished in the Right Bank, but a Cossack uprising in 1700–3, led by Col <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPaliiSemen.htm">Semen Palii</a>, briefly overthrew Polish rule in the Right Bank; Left-Bank <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMazepaIvan.htm">Ivan Mazepa</a> took advantage of the confusion to unite both banks under his rule. By the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrutTreatyof1711.htm">Prut Treaty of 1711</a>, however, Right-Bank Ukraine was returned to Poland. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">Cossacks</a> were then completely suppressed.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Because continual warfare had destroyed the towns and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVillages.htm">villages</a> and depopulated the Right Bank, the Polish and Polonized Ukrainian magnates upon their return offered incentives to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasantry.htm">peasantry</a> of northwestern Ukraine, especially <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm">Volhynia</a>, to resettle the Right Bank. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasants.htm">Peasants</a> were promised 15 to 20 years of exemptions from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCorvI8e.htm">corvée</a> and other obligations. When the concessions ended, and the obligations of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSerfdom.htm">serfdom</a> were imposed, spontaneous anti-Polish peasant <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CA%5CHaidamakauprisings.htm">haidamaka uprisings</a> swept the Right Bank, in 1734, 1750, and 1768 (see also <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKoliivshchynarebellion.htm">Koliivshchyna rebellion</a>). </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">By the Third Partition of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> (1795) Right-Bank Ukraine was annexed by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussianEmpire.htm">Russian Empire</a>. That territorial acquisition brought a substantial number of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJews.htm">Jews</a> into the imperial realm for the first time; the Russian authorities responded by establishing the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPaleofSettlement.htm">Pale of Settlement</a>, which restricted Jewish settlement to the Right-Bank regions and other areas removed from the heartland of the empire.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Several distinctive features and structures of Right-Bank Ukraine persisted until the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRevolutionof1917.htm">Revolution of 1917</a>. One was the extensive influence of the Right-Bank <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoles.htm">Poles</a>. As well, vast tracts of land in the region were worked as large estates known as latifundia. The latifundia system hampered the growth of towns and a Ukrainian urban middle <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CL%5CClass.htm">class</a>. Towns were populated predominantly by Jewish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CE%5CMerchants.htm">merchants</a> and artisans.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In the early 19th century the tsarist administration allowed a Polish school system to function in the Right Bank, under the supervision of the University of Vilnius. The school system included an institution of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CI%5CHighereducation.htm">higher education</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenetsLyceum.htm">Kremenets Lyceum</a>. After the Right-Bank <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGentry.htm">gentry</a> took part in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolishInsurrectionof1830hD71.htm">Polish Insurrection of 1830–1</a>, however, the tsarist authorities abolished the Polish educational system in the Right Bank. Some representatives of the Polish gentry in the early 19th century contributed to the development of the nascent Ukrainian movement in the Right Bank by writing <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiterature.htm">literature</a> on Ukrainian themes (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianschoolinPolishliterature.htm">Ukrainian school in Polish literature</a>) and conducting <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CT%5CEthnographic.htm">ethnographic</a> research on the Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasantry.htm">peasantry</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">On the eve of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolishInsurrectionof1863hD74.htm">Polish Insurrection of 1863–4</a>, some <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStudents.htm">students</a> from the Polonized Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGentry.htm">gentry</a>, including <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAntonovychVolodymyr.htm">Volodymyr Antonovych</a>, broke with Polish society and returned to their Ukrainian roots. Known as the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhlopomanyIT.htm"><I>khlopomany</I></a> (lovers of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasantry.htm">peasantry</a>), they contributed much to the development of the Ukrainian national awakening in the Right Bank.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">BIBLIOGRAPHY<BR> Krykun, Mykola. <I>Administratyvno-terytorial’nyi ustrii Pravoberezhnoï Ukraïny v XV–XVIII st.: kordony voievodstv u svitli dzherel</I> (Kyiv 1993)<BR> Krykun, Mykola. <I>Mizh viinoiu i radoiu: kozatstvo Pravoberezhnoï Ukraïny v druhii polovyni XVII – na pochatku XVIII st.: Statti i materiialy</I> (Kyiv 2006)</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">Andrew Beniuk</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">[This article originally appeared in the <I>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</I>, vol. 4 (1993).]</P> <BR> <CENTER> <P class="padingHistoryLand"></P> </CENTER> </div> <div class="clear"></div>  <div class="bg9 marginbottom tc">    <div class="dr20 tc marginZero TotalWidth"> <A name="linksaddress"> </A> <BR> <HR class="marginZero"> <H2 class="tc mb b rozmiar50">List of related links from Encyclopedia of Ukraine pointing to <span class="FontDarkBlue b "> Right-Bank Ukraine</span> entry: <BR> </H2> <Div> <label for="groovybtn1" class="visuallyhidden">1 Abazyn, Andrii</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn1" name="groovybtn1" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 1 Abazyn, Andrii " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CB%5CAbazynAndrii.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn2" class="visuallyhidden">2 Admiralty settlements</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn2" name="groovybtn2" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 2 Admiralty settlements " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CD%5CAdmiraltysettlements.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn3" class="visuallyhidden">3 Alexander I</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn3" name="groovybtn3" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 3 Alexander I " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlexanderI.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn4" class="visuallyhidden">4 Alexander II</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn4" name="groovybtn4" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 4 Alexander II " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlexanderII.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn5" class="visuallyhidden">5 All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn5" name="groovybtn5" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 5 All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianRevolutionaryCommittee.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn6" class="visuallyhidden">6 Andrusiak, Mykola</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn6" name="groovybtn6" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 6 Andrusiak, Mykola " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndrusiakMykola.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn7" class="visuallyhidden">7 Andrusovo, Treaty of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn7" name="groovybtn7" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 7 Andrusovo, Treaty of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndrusovoTreatyof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn8" class="visuallyhidden">8 Antonovych, Volodymyr</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn8" name="groovybtn8" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 8 Antonovych, Volodymyr " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAntonovychVolodymyr.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn9" class="visuallyhidden">9 Archeography</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn9" name="groovybtn9" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 9 Archeography " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArcheography.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn10" class="visuallyhidden">10 Archeology</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn10" name="groovybtn10" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 10 Archeology " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArcheology.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn11" class="visuallyhidden">11 Architecture</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn11" name="groovybtn11" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 11 Architecture " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchitecture.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn12" class="visuallyhidden">12 Archives</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn12" name="groovybtn12" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 12 Archives " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchives.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn13" class="visuallyhidden">13 Arkhiv Iugo-Zapadnoi Rossii</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn13" name="groovybtn13" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 13 Arkhiv Iugo-Zapadnoi Rossii " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArkhivIugo6ZapadnoiRossiiIT.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn14" class="visuallyhidden">14 Augustus II, Frederick</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn14" name="groovybtn14" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 14 Augustus II, Frederick " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAugustusIIFrederick.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn15" class="visuallyhidden">15 Bar, Confederation of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn15" name="groovybtn15" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 15 Bar, Confederation of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBarConfederationof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn16" class="visuallyhidden">16 Baranovych, Oleksii</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn16" name="groovybtn16" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 16 Baranovych, Oleksii " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaranovychOleksii.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn17" class="visuallyhidden">17 Belarus</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn17" name="groovybtn17" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 17 Belarus " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn18" class="visuallyhidden">18 Bessarabia</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn18" name="groovybtn18" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 18 Bessarabia " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBessarabia.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn19" class="visuallyhidden">19 Bibikov, Dimitrii</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn19" name="groovybtn19" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 19 Bibikov, Dimitrii " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBibikovDimitrii.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn20" class="visuallyhidden">20 Bila Tserkva</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn20" name="groovybtn20" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 20 Bila Tserkva " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBilaTserkva.htm'"> </Div> <BR> <P class="tc"> <form name="bbback" action="self"> <label for="groovybtnN" class="visuallyhidden">Next 20 records</label> <INPUT id="groovybtnN" name="groovybtnN" class="groovybutton marginTenPix" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE="+ 20 Records >>" 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