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href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20near%20Kaniv.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11667&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20near%20Kaniv.jpg" title="The Dnipro River near Kaniv." alt="Image - The Dnipro River near Kaniv."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk%20Reservoir%20(sailing%20regata%20near%20Cherkasy).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=772&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk%20Reservoir%20(sailing%20regata%20near%20Cherkasy).jpg" title="Sailing regata on the Kremenchuk Reservoir (Dnieper River) near Cherkasy." alt="Image - Sailing regata on the Kremenchuk Reservoir (Dnieper River) near Cherkasy."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk%20Reservoir%20(wind-surfing%20in%20Cherkasy).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=773&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk%20Reservoir%20(wind-surfing%20in%20Cherkasy).jpg" title="Wind-surfing on the Kremenchuk reservoir (Dnieper River) in Cherkasy." alt="Image - Wind-surfing on the Kremenchuk reservoir (Dnieper River) in Cherkasy."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20bridge%20over%20the%20Dnipro%20River.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11655&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20bridge%20over%20the%20Dnipro%20River.jpg" title="Dnipro: A bridge over the Dnipro River." alt="Image - Dnipro: A bridge over the Dnipro River."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(river%20port%20in%20Dnipro).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11659&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(river%20port%20in%20Dnipro).jpg" title="A river port on the Dnipro River in the city of Dnipro." alt="Image - A river port on the Dnipro River in the city of Dnipro."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(bridge%20in%20the%20city%20of%20Dnipro).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11657&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(bridge%20in%20the%20city%20of%20Dnipro).jpg" title="A bridge over the Dnipro River in the city of Dnipro." alt="Image - A bridge over the Dnipro River in the city of Dnipro."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(sailing%20boats%20near%20the%20city%20of%20Dnipro).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11660&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(sailing%20boats%20near%20the%20city%20of%20Dnipro).jpg" title="Sailing boats on the Dnipro River near the city of Dnipro." alt="Image - Sailing boats on the Dnipro River near the city of Dnipro."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20flows%20around%20Khortytsia%20Island.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11662&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20flows%20around%20Khortytsia%20Island.jpg" title="The Dnipro River flows around the Khortytsia Island." alt="Image - The Dnipro River flows around the Khortytsia Island."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20near%20Khortytsia%20Island.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11668&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20near%20Khortytsia%20Island.jpg" title="The Dnipro River near the Khortytsia Island." alt="Image - The Dnipro River near the Khortytsia Island."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20beaches%20in%20Zaporizhia.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11661&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20beaches%20in%20Zaporizhia.jpg" title="The Dnipro River in Zaporizhia." alt="Image - The Dnipro River in Zaporizhia."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20Zaporizhia%20dam.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11670&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20Zaporizhia%20dam.jpg" title="A dam on the Dnipro River near Zaporizhia." alt="Image - A dam on the Dnipro River near Zaporizhia."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(bridge%20in%20Mykolaiv).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11656&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20(bridge%20in%20Mykolaiv).jpg" title="A bridge over the Dnipro River in Mykolaiv." alt="Image - A bridge over the Dnipro River in Mykolaiv."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20in%20Zaporizhia.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11674&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20in%20Zaporizhia.jpg" title="The Dnipro River in Zaporizhia." alt="Image - The Dnipro River in Zaporizhia."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovka%20Reservoir%20near%20Nikopol.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11671&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovka%20Reservoir%20near%20Nikopol.jpg" title="The Kakhovka Reservoir near Nikopol." alt="Image - The Kakhovka Reservoir near Nikopol."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20in%20Kyiv%20(panorama%20of%20the%20left%20bank).jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11675&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20in%20Kyiv%20(panorama%20of%20the%20left%20bank).jpg" title="Panorama of the left bank of the Dnipro River in Kyiv." alt="Image - Panorama of the left bank of the Dnipro River in Kyiv."></a>  </div> <div class="bg9 tc marginZero">  <div class="fl"> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20in%20vicinity%20of%20Kaniv.jpg&page=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm&id=20122&pid=11666&tyt=Dnipro%20River&key=Dnipro+River%2C+Borysthenes%2C+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%3B+Dnieper%3B+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+Borysthenes+in+ancient+Greek%3B+Danapris+in+Latin+of+the+4th+century"><img class="thumbnailWW" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro%20River%20in%20vicinity%20of%20Kaniv.jpg" title="The Dnipro River in the vicinity of Kaniv." alt="Image - The Dnipro River in the vicinity of Kaniv."> </a>  </div> <A name="TopPosition"> </A> <a name="main"></a> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Dnipro River</STRONG> (Дніпро; Dnieper; Βορυσθένης [Borysthenes] in ancient Greek; Danapris in Latin of the 4th century). The largest river in Ukraine and the third largest in Europe (after the Volga River and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CA%5CDanubeRiver.htm">Danube River</a>). From the dawn of history the #Dnipro has been closely bound up with the life of the Ukrainian people. It is the ‘holy river’ of Ukraine. Its length is 2,285 km, of which 485 km lie within the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussianFederation.htm">Russian Federation</a>, 595 km within <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm">Belarus</a>, and 1,095 km within Ukraine. The #Dnipro Basin covers 504,000 sq km, of which 289,000 sq km are within Ukraine (48 percent of its area). The basin occupies 42 percent of the territory of the Ukrainian state and 36 percent of Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CT%5CEthnicterritory.htm">ethnic territory</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The Dnipro River flows south through the center of Ukraine and bisects its natural zones—forest, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForest6steppe.htm">forest-steppe</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CSteppe.htm">steppe</a>—interconnecting them and connecting them with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a>. Of the long-settled principal areas of Ukraine, only <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia.htm">Galicia</a>, western <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm">Volhynia</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTranscarpathia.htm">Transcarpathia</a> lie beyond the basin of the Dnipro. Travel is easy from the Dnipro Basin to basins northwest of it —the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVistulaRiver.htm">Vistula River</a>, the Neman River, and the Daugava River—but difficult to other basins, such as the basins of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnisterRiver.htm">Dnister River</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBohRiver.htm">Boh River</a>, the Volga River, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDonRiver.htm">Don River</a>. Easy communications between the Dnipro River, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a>, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuhRiver.htm">Buh River</a> by means of the Vistula facilitated the expansion of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> into Ukraine. The Dnipro’s role as a unifying force and gateway to the sea was, however, weakened by a 70 km stretch of rapids in the steppe belt. In spite of this obstacle, the Dnipro was the main axis of the first Ukrainian state—<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">Kyivan Rus’</a>. The nucleus of a second state—the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporozhianSich.htm">Zaporozhian Sich</a>—arose on the Dnipro. The river is the artery of Ukraine, its main highway, and its source of hydroelectric power.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Physical geography.</STRONG> The Dnipro is a typical river of the plains, sloping gently and flowing slowly. The water level varies considerably, and the riverbed is unstable. There are many shallow parts, but relatively few turns. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRapids.htm">Dnipro Rapids</a>, which today are submerged, are a peculiar feature of the Dnipro. The river's general southerly flow can be broken up into several sections: from its source to Orsha (Vitsebsk oblast) the Dnipro flows southwest, then south to Kyiv, then southeast to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro.htm">Dnipro</a>, then south for 90 km as far as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a>, and finally southwest to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro6BohEstuary.htm">Dnipro-Boh Estuary</a>. Thus, the Dnipro forms a large open bow to the east, doubling the route from central Ukraine to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a> (to 950 km, although <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> is only 450 km from the sea in a straight line).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The river can be divided into three sections: the upper Dnipro from the source to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> (1,333 km, of which 255 km are within Ukraine); the middle, from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a> (536 km), including the above-mentioned stretch of rapids; and the lower, from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a> to the sea (331 km).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The source of the Dnipro lies in the northwest part of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CE%5CCentralUpland.htm">Central Upland</a>—in the Valdai <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CP%5CUpland.htm">Upland</a>, at an elevation of 220 m, among turf <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CW%5CSwamps.htm">swamps</a>. Down to the town of Dorogobuzh (Smolensk oblast) the Dnipro is a small river, no more than 30 m wide, flowing through a forested plateau. Below Dorogobuzh to Orsha the river becomes wider—40–120 m—and navigable, even by steamship when the water is high. Above Orsha the river cuts into Devonian limestone, forming small rapids known as the Kobeliatskie Rapids. Below Orsha near Rahachou (Homel oblast), the Dnipro enters the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolisia.htm">Polisia</a> Lowland, and from the town of Loev it flows through Ukrainian territory. From here on the river basin widens considerably, because the largest tributaries are in this section. On Belarusian territory the Biarezina River (613 km long; basin area, 24,530 sq km) joins the Dnipro from the left, and the Sozh River (648 km long; basin area, 41,400 sq km) joins it from the right. On Ukrainian territory the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a> (748 km and 114,300 sq km) and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CE%5CDesnaRiver.htm">Desna River</a> (1,126 km and 88,900 sq km) flow into the Dnipro. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTeterivRiver.htm">Teteriv River</a> (385 km) and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CR%5CIrpin.htm">Irpin</a> River(162 km) are small tributaries within Ukraine. After the Dnipro receives these <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm">rivers</a>, its basin expands to 328,000 sq km (near Kyiv), its width reaches 700 m, and its depth approaches 8 m. The rate of water flow at Orsha is 45 cu m/sec; at Rahachou it is 108 cu m/sec; and at <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> it increases to 1,380 cu m/sec. The basin of the upper Dnipro has the densest river network (0.3 km/sq km) and the most rainfall (550–650 mm per year). It is the most forested (25 percent) and swampy section of the Dnipro.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The construction of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproCascadeofHydroelectricStations.htm">Dnipro Cascade of Hydroelectric Stations</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReservoirs.htm">reservoirs</a> from the mouth of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a> to the town of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovka.htm">Kakhovka</a> (the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivReservoir.htm">Kyiv Reservoir</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKanivReservoir.htm">Kaniv Reservoir</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchukReservoir.htm">Kremenchuk Reservoir</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKamianskeReservoir.htm">Kamianske Reservoir</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovkaReservoir.htm">Kakhovka Reservoir</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproReservoir.htm">Dnipro Reservoir</a>) has led to great changes in the riverbed. The natural riverbed has been preserved only along short sections of the Dnipro: above the mouth of the Prypiat, above <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a>, below <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKaniv.htm">Kaniv</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKamianske.htm">Kamianske</a>, and below Kakhovka.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">From <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> to the city of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro.htm">Dnipro</a> the Dnipro flows along the boundary between the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproUpland.htm">Dnipro Upland</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproLowland.htm">Dnipro Lowland</a>. The river valley is asymmetrical here: the right bank rises to 100–150 m above the river, is deeply dissected by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CValleys.htm">valleys</a> and gullies, and is covered with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForest.htm">forest</a>. It forms a picturesque mountain landscape. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> lies in these ‘Dnipro Mountains.’ Below Kyiv, in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKanivHills.htm">Kaniv Hills</a>, is located the grave of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShevchenkoTaras.htm">Taras Shevchenko</a>. The left bank of the river is low, sandy, and often covered by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CI%5CPine.htm">pine</a> forest. It rises towards the east in broad terraces. The river valley is wide—6–10 km, and at <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPereiaslav.htm">Pereiaslav</a> and Cherkasy, 15–18 km—while the river is 200–1,200 m wide. Below <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkasy.htm">Cherkasy</a> the Dnipro splits into sidestreams and creates islands. Its depth varies frequently, from 1.5 to 12 m. The tributaries that empty into the middle Dnipro are smaller than those in the upper Dnipro and carry much less water. The tributaries on the right side—the Stuhna River (68 km), the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRosRiver.htm">Ros River</a> (346 km), and the Tiasmyn River (194 km)—flow in short, narrow beds carved in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGranite.htm">granite</a>. The tributaries on the left originate usually in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CE%5CCentralUpland.htm">Central Upland</a> and cross the whole Dnipro Lowland. They are longer and wider, with low banks and terraces. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm">rivers</a> are the Trubizh River (113 km), the Supii River (130 km), the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CU%5CSulaRiver.htm">Sula River</a> (310 km), the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CS%5CPsolRiver.htm">Psol River</a> (692 km), the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVorsklaRiver.htm">Vorskla River</a> (425 km), and the Samara River (311 km). They do not greatly increase the water volume of the Dnipro.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The slope of the Dnipro between <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> and the mouth of the Tiasmyn River is very gentle—6 cm/km. It becomes steeper where the Dnipro enters the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield. The river dissects the massif for 90 km between the cities of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro.htm">Dnipro</a> and Zaporizhia. Originally it flowed through a narrow, deep (100 m), chiseled valley and formed a typical <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGranite.htm">granite</a> landscape. The riverbed narrowed here to 300–800 m, and at the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVillage.htm">village</a> of Kichkas near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a> it contracted to 175 m. Here the renowned <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRapids.htm">Dnipro Rapids</a> rested on a firm, granite foundation. There were 9 rapids and 60 small barriers. The slope of the river reached 50 cm/km, and the current sometimes attained a velocity of 6 m/sec. When a dam was built on the Dnipro above <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a> in 1932 (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproHydroelectricStation.htm">Dnipro Hydroelectric Station</a>), the rapids were submerged under <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproReservoir.htm">Dnipro Reservoir</a>, and the landscape changed completely.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The middle stretch of the Dnipro lies in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForest6steppe.htm">forest-steppe</a> (to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk.htm">Kremenchuk</a>) and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CSteppe.htm">steppe</a> belts. The rainfall (400 mm near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a>) is less here than in the upper Dnipro (550 mm in the north). The forest covers scarcely 5 percent of the surface. The tributaries are small; hence, the Dnipro’s water volume does not increase in this part of its course.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Below <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a> the Dnipro enters the steppe belt, the dry (300–400 mm of rainfall) <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSeaLowland.htm">Black Sea Lowland</a>. Near Kichkas the Dnipro split into two branches, which encirled a large, steep, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGranite.htm">granite</a> island—<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhortytsiaIsland.htm">Khortytsia Island</a>—on which the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporozhianSich.htm">Zaporozhian Sich</a> once stood. The valley here was 4 km wide. Farther on the valley widened to 20 km before the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovkaReservoir.htm">Kakhovka Reservoir</a> was built, and the river divided into many branches as it flowed through the muddy flatland, which became flooded in the spring and during heavy summer rains. This floodplain was covered by islands of deciduous <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForests.htm">forests</a>, wet <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CE%5CMeadows.htm">meadows</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CA%5CLakes.htm">lakes</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CW%5CSwamps.htm">swamps</a>, which were overgrown with reeds and bulrushes. The largest floodplains—the Velykyi Luh (20 km wide by 60 km long)—stretched from the Dnipro to its left-bank tributary the Konka River and were separated from the broad <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBazavlukRiver.htm">Bazavluk River</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CL%5CFloodplains.htm">floodplains</a> by a narrow stretch of floodplains near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CI%5CNikopol.htm">Nikopol</a>. Then the Dnipro again became narrow (floodplain 3–7 km wide, whereas it is 10 km wide at the Dnipro’s mouth). Both banks were high down to Kakhovka, and then the left bank became low. The Dnipro <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CValley.htm">Valley</a> above <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovka.htm">Kakhovka</a> changed after a second large dam was constructed on the Dnipro near Kakhovka, and the large Kakhovka Reservoir (2,155 sq km) was created. It inundated all the floodplains.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The final stretch of the Dnipro begins below <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovka.htm">Kakhovka</a>, 106 km above the Dnipro-Boh Estuary. Here the water flows on thick (up to 70 m) alluvial deposits, which resulted from the depression of the coastal strip of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSeaLowland.htm">Black Sea Lowland</a> in the Quaternary period. This depression also led to the inundation of the Dnipro’s mouth (and the mouths of other <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm">rivers</a>) and the formation of lagoons and marshy <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CL%5CFloodplains.htm">floodplains</a> along the coast. From <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKherson.htm">Kherson</a> (32 km from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproEstuary.htm">Dnipro Estuary</a>) onward the Dnipro splits into branches and forms a large delta (350 sq km) with numerous islands and lakes. Two-thirds of the delta is floodplain, and one-third is water. The Dnipro empties into the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro6BohEstuary.htm">Dnipro-Boh Estuary</a> through several shallow mouths, the main ones being Zburiv, Kizylmyk, and Bokach or Rvach. The dredging of the Bokach mouth has made Kherson accessible to sea vessels. The tributaries of the lower Dnipro are small steppe rivers: the Konka River (140 km), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBazavlukRiver.htm">Bazavluk River</a> (150 km), Bilozerka River (88 km), and the larger Inhulets River (550 km). The slope of the lower Dnipro is 45 mm/km. The current's velocity depends on the slope and water level. At the rapids the current reached 5 m/sec and more, while it is almost unnoticeable in the low Dnipro. The upper and middle Dnipro has a velocity of about 1.5 m/sec.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Water regime.</STRONG> The Dnipro Basin receives on the average 235 cu km of precipitation per year. Scarcely 52 cu km (22 percent) of this gets to the sea; the rest evaporates. About 75 percent of the precipitation evaporates in the basin of the upper Dnipro, 87 percent in the basin of the middle Dnipro, and over 90 percent in the basin of the lower Dnipro. Snow is the principal source of the Dnipro’s water; groundwaters are second in importance; and rainfall comes third. In the upper Dnipro about 50 percent of the water comes from snow, 25 percent from rainfall, and 25 percent from groundwaters. Farther downriver the proportion of rainwater decreases while the proportion of meltwaters and especially groundwaters increases (33 percent in the middle and 42 percent in the lower Dnipro). Thus, the highest proportion of water (55–57 percent of the annual volume) is received in the spring (March to May), and the lowest proportion (12 percent) in the winter, when ground waters are the main source. Of the annual volume 17–21 percent comes in summer (June to August) and 12–14 percent in the fall (September to November). The divergence from these average figures can be quite large; for example, the springtime water volume at <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> varies from year to year from 46 to 78 percent of the annual volume. Most of the water that flows into the sea is supplied by the upper Dnipro above Kyiv; the upper Dnipro with the Biarezina River and the Sozh River provides 35 percent; the Prypiat River, 26 percent; and the Desna River, 21 percent. Thus, the water regime of the Dnipro is determined in the basin of the upper Dnipro and is not enriched downstream. At <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> the average flow rate is 1,380 cu m/sec (at Loev on the border above the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CE%5CDesnaRiver.htm">Desna River</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a> it is 590; in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm">Belarus</a> above the Biarezina River it is scarcely 210), and it increases slowly to 1,480 cu m/sec at <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk.htm">Kremenchuk</a> and 1,670 cu m/sec at the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproEstuary.htm">Dnipro Estuary</a>. The highest flow rate comes in spring: 7,000 cu m/sec is the average rate at Kyiv. During the great flood in the spring of 1931, the flow at <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> was 23,100 cu m/sec. The difference between the winter and spring water level depends on the area of the basin and on the morphology of the riverbed and valley. In <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm">Belarus</a> it varies from 2 m to 8 m. In Ukraine it varies from 2 m to 5 m.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In winter the Dnipro freezes over, usually after a 20-day spell of subzero temperature. The average freezing and thawing dates for <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> are 17 December and 24 March; for <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkasy.htm">Cherkasy</a>, 23 December and 22 March; for <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a>, 5 January and 9 March; for <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKherson.htm">Kherson</a>, 3 January and 3 March. The ice regime is not stable: sometimes the Dnipro freezes for short intervals, and sometimes it does not freeze at all. Ice jams and floods resulting from them are rare because the freezing moves southward and the thawing northward.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The Dnipro is not particularly turbid. The water becomes less turbid as it flows downstream; for example, the average amount of suspended silt near Mahiliou is 82 g/cu m of water; near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a>, 42.5 g/cu m; near Verkhnodniprovske, 27.5 g/cu m (because of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReservoir.htm">reservoir</a>); near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKherson.htm">Kherson</a>, 13 g/cu m.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The waters of the Dnipro have a moderate mineral content that varies with location and season. At <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> the mineral concentration is 70–100 mg/l in summer and 250–350 mg/l in winter. From <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproEstuary.htm">Dnipro Estuary</a> the concentration does not change.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The water regime of the Dnipro has undergone significant changes because of the new reservoirs. The river has turned into a series of artificial lakes separated by dams and man-made falls from the natural segments of the river. Canals with locks run alongside these segments. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReservoirs.htm">reservoirs</a> have stabilized the regime of the Dnipro: the low-water level of summer and winter has risen remarkably. The duration of ice on the river has been shortened below the dams: for example, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniprohes.htm">Dniprohes</a> dam causes earlier thawing on a 30 km stretch of the river.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>The Dnipro in the past.</STRONG> The Dnipro was known as the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBorysthenes.htm">Borysthenes</a> to the ancient <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGreeks.htm">Greeks</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomans.htm">Romans</a> (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHerodotus.htm">Herodotus</a> first used the name in the 5th century BC). Its lower part below the rapids was already used then as a water route. But it became an important route in medieval times, when it became part of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangianroute.htm">Varangian route</a> between the Baltic Sea and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CY%5CByzantium.htm">Byzantium</a> across the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a>. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a>, the Rus' capital, stood on the Dnipro at the confluence of important water routes. All the important Rus' towns (except those of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm">Principality of Galicia-Volhynia</a>) were located on the Dnipro or in its vicinity, and on its large tributaries. The capitals of principalities—<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChernihiv.htm">Chernihiv</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPereiaslav.htm">Pereiaslav</a>, Turiv, Smolensk—were built on or very near the Dnipro, as were other towns, such as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiubech.htm">Liubech</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CY%5CVyshhorod.htm">Vyshhorod</a>, Trepol, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZarub.htm">Zarub</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKaniv.htm">Kaniv</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRodnia.htm">Rodnia</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CL%5COleshia.htm">Oleshia</a>. After nomadic <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTribes.htm">tribes</a> occupied the steppes in the 10th century, the Kyivan state put most of its energy into retaining control of the Dnipro route, its sole link with the sea. In the 11th century the outposts of the Kyivan state—<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhortytsiaIsland.htm">Khortytsia Island</a> and the port of Oleshia—were situated far beyond the regions that were firmly controlled by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrinces.htm">princes</a>. As the nomads gained strength and the Kyivan state declined, the Dnipro route became less accessible and, by the end of the 12th century, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnisterRiver.htm">Dnister River</a> route began to usurp its role. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CA%5CTatar.htm">Tatar</a> conquest put an end to the Dnipro’s usefulness as a route and to the importance of the towns along the river. Control of the Dnipro by the Lithuanian grand duke <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CY%5CVytautastheGreat.htm">Vytautas the Great</a> in the early 15th century was short-lived.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The Dnipro regained its importance in the 16th–17th century, particularly two sections of it. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporozhianSich.htm">Zaporozhian Sich</a> arose on the lower Dnipro, far in the steppes, and became the nucleus of the second Ukrainian state. The Sich changed locations but remained in the region of the Dnipro floodplains. The river became the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> route to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a>. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CW%5CSwamps.htm">swamps</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CL%5CFloodplains.htm">floodplains</a> protected the Sich from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CA%5CTatars.htm">Tatars</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurkish.htm">Turkish</a> galleys. During the hetmancy of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>, the Dnipro became the principal river of the Cossack state. In the Period of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm">Ruin</a>, when the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanstate.htm">Hetman state</a> split into left-bank and a right-bank state governed by different hetmans, the struggle for unification involved continual crossings of the Dnipro (particularly during the campaigns of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTeteriaPavlo.htm">Pavlo Teteria</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBriukhovetskyIvan.htm">Ivan Briukhovetsky</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDoroshenkoPetro.htm">Petro Doroshenko</a> in the 1660s). The Dnipro from Loev to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk.htm">Kremenchuk</a> (except in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> vicinity) became the boundary between the Polish and Russian spheres of influence up to 1793. The upper Dnipro and its right-bank tributaries, especially the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CE%5CDesnaRiver.htm">Desna River</a>, were important communications routes in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolish6LithuanianCommonwealth.htm">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. The transportation of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForest.htm">forest</a> products was directed west and northwest to the Vistula and Neman <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm">rivers</a> and the Baltic Sea. In the 18th century, when the importance of river transportation became primary, canals were built to link the Dnipro with other rivers: in 1767–83 the Ogiński Canal linked the Dnipro with the Neman Basin; in 1775 the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro6BuhCanal.htm">Dnipro-Buh Canal</a>, linking the Dnipro and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVistulaRiver.htm">Vistula River</a> via the Mukhavets River (a tributary of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuhRiver.htm">Buh River</a>) and the Pyna River (a tributary of the Prypiat River), was begun. Both canals were built on private initiative to transport the forest resources of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolisia.htm">Polisia</a> to the Baltic ports of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CD%5CGdaK0sk.htm">Gdańsk</a> and Klaipeda. In <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm">Belarus</a> the Biarezina Canal was built in 1797–1805 to connect the Dnipro with the Daugava River.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>The Dnipro in the 19th-20th century.</STRONG> By the end of the 18th century the whole Dnipro came under the control of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussianEmpire.htm">Russian Empire</a>, and this affected its status as a water route. Projects were begun to regulate the river and to eliminate the rapids in order to have a continuous route. But these projects and the canal construction of 1843–54 were of no great importance (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRapids.htm">Dnipro Rapids</a>) and ceased altogether in the second half of the century, when all efforts turned to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CA%5CRailroad.htm">railroad</a> construction. The Dnipro continued to be divided into two segments by the rapids. Until the middle of the 19th century wood was transported on the Dnipro by means of rafts, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGrain.htm">grain</a> by wooden boats. Steamships appeared on the river in 1857 (the first attempts were made in 1823). In the 20th century regulatory works were resumed to eliminate natural obstructions to shipping: the instability of the riverbed, variations in the water level, branching, shallows, etc. At the beginning of the century the riverbed near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> was stabilized, and the river above <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKaterynoslav.htm">Katerynoslav</a> was cleared of barriers. This deepened the river by 0.8 m north of Kyiv, 1 m from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> south to the rapids, and 4.2 m below <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovka.htm">Kakhovka</a>. A port was built in Kyiv, and many harbors were improved. Projects to submerge the rapids, to build hydroelectric stations, and to connect the Dnipro with the Daugava River by canals navigable by steamship (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKherson.htm">Kherson</a>–Riga route), the Dnipro with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVistulaRiver.htm">Vistula River</a> (Kyiv–<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CD%5CGdaK0sk.htm">Gdańsk</a> route), and the Dnipro with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDonetsRiver.htm">Donets River</a> were not realized because of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CI%5CFirstWorldWar.htm">First World War</a>. Nor was the department of water resources of the new Ukrainian state (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">Ukrainian National Republic</a>) capable of realizing them. In spite of inadequate attempts at regulation, the importance of the Dnipro as a transportation route increased before the First World War, as the accompanying table illustrates (see Table).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In this period the average value of the cargo transported on the Dnipro in a year increased from 162 million rubles in 1888–92 to 270 million in 1908–12. In 1912, 2,260,000 t of cargo (5 percent of all river cargo in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussia.htm">Russia</a> and 2 percent of all cargo in Russia-dominated Ukraine) and 2.4 million passengers were transported. Above the rapids the main cargo was lumber, which was transported to the steppes (in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkasy.htm">Cherkasy</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk.htm">Kremenchuk</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKaterynoslav.htm">Katerynoslav</a> it was loaded on trains). Below the rapids <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGrain.htm">grain</a> was the main cargo.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">From 1917 on, transportation on the Dnipro declined drastically: in 1924 there were only 24 steamboats and 131 other boats on the river, and only 300,000 t of cargo and 1.7 million passengers were transported. Harbors were in ruins, and channels were neglected for years. Gradually the movement of cargo increased: it amounted to 752,000 t in 1928, 2,018,000 t in 1930, and 2,296,000 t in 1932 (the figures cover the Dnipro Basin within the 1938 boundaries of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Great Dnipro.</STRONG> The further development of the Dnipro waterway was connected with implementation of a series of proposals that fell under the heading of the Great Dnipro and were worked out at the beginning of the 20th century. The plans called for a number of co-ordinated measures: the upgrading of existing transport facilities; the utilization of secondary and tertiary tributaries; the construction of canals to neighboring waterways, supplying <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIndustry.htm">industry</a> and agriculture with hydroelectricity; and the expansion of irrigation works. A continuous deep-water route with numerous locks and a constant water level was to be built, along with a series of hydroelectric stations. Excess water in the north was to be used in the dry south. The slope of the river was to be utilized for the production of hydroelectric power. Concurrently, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolisia.htm">Polisia</a> was to be drained, and the southern Dnipro steppe was to be irrigated. The first stage of the plan was realized in 1927–32 when the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproHydroelectricStation.htm">Dnipro Hydroelectric Station</a> was built near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a>. The rapids were submerged, and a hydroelectric station of 558,000 kW capacity was erected. With this construction the continuous waterway was completed, and the amount of freight on the Dnipro increased markedly: from 2,960,000 t in 1932 to 5.8 million in 1935 and almost 10 million in 1940 (in the whole Dnipro Basin within the 1938 boundaries of the Ukrainian SSR) or 2.5 percent of the total freight of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSSR.htm">Ukrainian SSR</a>. The Soviet government, however, did not realize the succeeding stages of the Great Dnipro project, such as the irrigation of the southern Dnipro <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CSteppe.htm">steppe</a>, and did not make proper use of the river's hydroenergy.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The second stage of the Great Dnipro project began after the destruction of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniprohes.htm">Dniprohes</a> during the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSecondWorldWar.htm">Second World War</a> and its reconstruction (1948), which increased its production of hydroelectric power to 750,000 kW. In 1950–6, a second hydroelectric station—the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovkaHydroelectricStation.htm">Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station</a>—was built. It provided electric power for the lower Dnipro area, irrigation for <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSouthernUkraine.htm">southern Ukraine</a> and the northern <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CR%5CCrimea.htm">Crimea</a>, and a deep waterway from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a> to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a>. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchukHydroelectricStation.htm">Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Station</a> was built in 1954–60, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivHydroelectricStation.htm">Kyiv Hydroelectric Station</a> in 1960–4, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKamianske.htm">Kamianske</a> Hydroelectric Station in 1956–64, and in 1963–75 the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKanivHydroelectricStation.htm">Kaniv Hydroelectric Station</a> completed the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproCascadeofHydroelectricStations.htm">Dnipro Cascade of Hydroelectric Stations</a>. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReservoirs.htm">Reservoirs</a> were formed as the cascade was built: the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivReservoir.htm">Kyiv Reservoir</a> (922 sq km), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKanivReservoir.htm">Kaniv Reservoir</a> (675 sq km), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchukReservoir.htm">Kremenchuk Reservoir</a> (2,250 sq km), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKamianskeReservoir.htm">Kamianske Reservoir</a> (567 sq km), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproReservoir.htm">Dnipro Reservoir</a> (420 sq km), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKakhovkaReservoir.htm">Kakhovka Reservoir</a> (2,155 sq km). The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro6KryvyiRihCanal.htm">Dnipro-Kryvyi Rih Canal</a> was built in 1957–61 to supply the inhabitants and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIndustry.htm">industry</a> of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKryvyiRih.htm">Kryvyi Rih</a> region with water. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro6DonbasCanal.htm">Dnipro-Donbas Canal</a> was begun in 1979.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Projects to connect the Dnipro with other <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm">rivers</a> (the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDonRiver.htm">Don River</a>, the Volga River, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVistulaRiver.htm">Vistula River</a>, the Neman River, the Daugava River, and the Neva River) have not proceeded beyond the planning stage.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Present economy.</STRONG> The Dnipro is the main river network of Ukraine. Half of Ukraine's waterways belong to this system. Almost 65 percent of shipping (75 percent when the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CE%5CDesnaRiver.htm">Desna River</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrypiatRiver.htm">Prypiat River</a> are included) and 80–90 percent of passengers are carried by the Dnipro. In 1977, over 30 million t of cargo were shipped by the Dnipro. With economic changes and the completion of a continuous waterway, the nature of shipping changed. Before the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRevolutionof1917.htm">Revolution of 1917</a> lumber constituted 55 percent of the cargo and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGrain.htm">grain</a> 27 percent. In 1940 these products accounted for only 32 percent and 14 percent of the total shipping. Today the main commodities are building materials and cement, anthracite coal, iron ore, and manganese ore; grain, petroleum products, and metals are also transported. Lumber shipping is insignificant. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CA%5CRailway.htm">Railway</a> lines intersect at the main Dnipro ports. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> is the most important port, handling half of the shipping of the Dnipro Basin. It is the gateway to the water routes (north and south along the Dnipro and its large tributaries—the Prypiat River, the Desna River, and the Sozh River) and a large shipping transfer center. By tonnage, the second most important port is Kherson, which is both a river and a sea port. By number of passengers, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKherson.htm">Kherson</a> is in first place (6.2 million compared to Kyiv's 4.2 million in 1970). The city of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro.htm">Dnipro</a> is an important port for the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDonetsBasin.htm">Donets Basin</a> and its coal. The port of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a> exports coal and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CR%5CIronore.htm">iron ore</a>. Other important ports are <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkasy.htm">Cherkasy</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremenchuk.htm">Kremenchuk</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKamianske.htm">Kamianske</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CI%5CNikopol.htm">Nikopol</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Since the completion of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKanivReservoir.htm">Kaniv Reservoir</a>, the Dnipro has been accessible to sea vessels of 3.65 m draft. Larger ships use the ports on the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CA%5CDanubeRiver.htm">Danube River</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CZ%5CAzovSeaof.htm">Sea of Azov</a>, and even on the Mediterranean Sea. Diesel-propelled cargo carriers predominate among the vessels on the Dnipro and have a displacement of 600, 1,800, and 2,000 t. Large diesel-electric vessels, comfortable passenger carriers (diesel and hydrofoil), and tugboats navigate the river. Transport is controlled by the Dnipro Steamship Authority.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproCascadeofHydroelectricStations.htm">Dnipro Cascade of Hydroelectric Stations</a> has a generating capacity of over 3.7 million kW and an average annual production of about 10 billion kW-h.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The water of the Dnipro is used by consumers and by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIndustry.htm">industry</a>, which is especially concentrated in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipro.htm">Dnipro</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhia.htm">Zaporizhia</a>. Because of canals Dnipro water is used in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKryvyiRih.htm">Kryvyi Rih</a> region and will be used in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDonbas.htm">Donbas</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKharkiv.htm">Kharkiv</a> and the irrigation systems of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSouthernUkraine.htm">southern Ukraine</a> (the Inhulets Irrigation System, the Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System, etc) and the northern <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CR%5CCrimea.htm">Crimea</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The Dnipro is rich in fish. Almost 80 percent of the river catch in Ukraine—about 70 million t in 1969—comes from the Dnipro. Since the construction of the reservoirs, many types of river fish have disappeared from the Dnipro and have been replaced by lake species. The main commercial fish are <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBream.htm">bream</a>, perch, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCarp.htm">carp</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CSheatfish.htm">sheatfish</a>, tench, and pike. Fish farms and the artificial introduction of valuable species into the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReservoirs.htm">reservoirs</a> should increase the catch.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReservoirs.htm">reservoirs</a> have brought some economic losses: almost 9,000 sq km of useful land (2 percent of Ukraine’s land) have been submerged. Water surface area has increased and so has evaporation. The landscape has changed. Sewage enters the Dnipro, often without proper treatment. Pollution is great and increasing because of population growth and industrial development.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">BIBLIOGRAPHY<BR>Maksimovich, M. <I>Dnepr i ego bassein</I> (Kyiv 1901)<BR>Oppokov, Ie. <I>Rezhim rechnogo stoka v basseine verkhnego Dnepra do g. Kieva</I>, 1-2 (Saint Petersburg 1904–14)<BR>Ogievskii, A. <I>Rezhim stoka verkhnego i srednego Dnepra</I> (Kyiv 1932)<BR>Artem'evskii, A. <I>Issledovanie vesennego polnovodia na r. Dnepre za period 1877–1931 gg.</I> (Kyiv 1933)<BR>Voblyi, K. <I>Problema Velykoho Dnipra: Krytyka,</I> 1 (Leningrad 1933)<BR>Shovheniv, I. <I>Vodne hospodarstvo v baseini r. Dnipra na Ukraïni</I> (Warsaw 1934)<BR><I>Problema Bol'shogo Dnepra: Trudy soveshchaniia komissii po probleme kompleksnogo ispol'zovaniia vodnykh resursov USSR</I> (Kyiv 1956)<BR>Shvets', H. <I>Stik Dnipra nyzhche Kyieva</I> (Kyiv 1957)<BR>Didkovs'kyi, M. <I>Problema Velykoho Dnipra</I> (Kyiv 1961)<BR>Lebedych, M.; Stets', V. <I>Velykyi Dnipro</I> (Kyiv 1961)<BR>Miroshnichenko, B. <I>Po Dnepru</I> (Putevoditel') (Moscow 1967)<BR>Laponogov, A. <I>Po Dnepru: Putevoditel'</I> (Moscow 1970)</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ivan Teslia</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">  [This article originally appeared in the <I>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</I>, vol. 1 (1984).]</P> <BR> <CENTER> <P class="padingHistoryLand"></P> </CENTER> </div> <div class="clear"></div>  <div class="bg9 marginbottom tc">    <div class="dr20 tc marginZero TotalWidth"> <A name="linksaddress"> </A> <BR> <HR class="marginZero"> <H2 class="tc mb b rozmiar50">List of related links from Encyclopedia of Ukraine pointing to <span class="FontDarkBlue b "> Dnipro River</span> entry: <BR> </H2> <Div> <label for="groovybtn1" class="visuallyhidden">1 Alans</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn1" name="groovybtn1" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 1 Alans " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlans.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn2" class="visuallyhidden">2 All-Ukrainian Archeological Committee</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn2" name="groovybtn2" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 2 All-Ukrainian Archeological Committee " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianArcheologicalCommittee.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn3" class="visuallyhidden">3 Apricot</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn3" name="groovybtn3" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 3 Apricot " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CP%5CApricot.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn4" class="visuallyhidden">4 Archeology</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn4" name="groovybtn4" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 4 Archeology " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArcheology.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn5" class="visuallyhidden">5 Architecture</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn5" name="groovybtn5" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 5 Architecture " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchitecture.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn6" class="visuallyhidden">6 Askoldova Mohyla</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn6" name="groovybtn6" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 6 Askoldova Mohyla " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CS%5CAskoldovaMohyla.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn7" class="visuallyhidden">7 Auly</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn7" name="groovybtn7" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 7 Auly " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAuly.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn8" class="visuallyhidden">8 Azov Upland</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn8" name="groovybtn8" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 8 Azov Upland " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CZ%5CAzovUpland.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn9" class="visuallyhidden">9 Azov, Sea of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn9" name="groovybtn9" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 9 Azov, Sea of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CZ%5CAzovSeaof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn10" class="visuallyhidden">10 Bakhchysarai, Treaty of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn10" name="groovybtn10" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 10 Bakhchysarai, Treaty of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBakhchysaraiTreatyof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn11" class="visuallyhidden">11 Bazavluk River</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn11" name="groovybtn11" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 11 Bazavluk River " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBazavlukRiver.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn12" class="visuallyhidden">12 Bazavluk Sich</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn12" name="groovybtn12" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 12 Bazavluk Sich " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBazavlukSich.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn13" class="visuallyhidden">13 Beauplan, Guillaume Le Vasseur de</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn13" name="groovybtn13" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 13 Beauplan, Guillaume Le Vasseur de " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBeauplanGuillaumeLeVasseurde.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn14" class="visuallyhidden">14 Belarus</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn14" name="groovybtn14" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 14 Belarus " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn15" class="visuallyhidden">15 Beluga</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn15" name="groovybtn15" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 15 Beluga " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBeluga.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn16" class="visuallyhidden">16 Berestova River</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn16" name="groovybtn16" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 16 Berestova River " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerestovaRiver.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn17" class="visuallyhidden">17 Bergelson, David</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn17" name="groovybtn17" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 17 Bergelson, David " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBergelsonDavid.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn18" class="visuallyhidden">18 Berladnyky</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn18" name="groovybtn18" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 18 Berladnyky " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerladnykyIT.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn19" class="visuallyhidden">19 Birch</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn19" name="groovybtn19" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 19 Birch " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBirch.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn20" class="visuallyhidden">20 Black Sea</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn20" name="groovybtn20" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 20 Black Sea " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm'"> </Div> <BR> <P class="tc"> <form name="bbback" action="self"> <label for="groovybtnN" class="visuallyhidden">Next 20 records</label> <INPUT id="groovybtnN" name="groovybtnN" class="groovybutton marginTenPix" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE="+ 20 Records >>" ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?page=2&ffpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm#linksaddress'"> </form> <p class="tc b">A referral to this page is found in 274 entries.</p> <BR> </DIV> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=" bg8 tc marginZero FontWhite FontVerdana" aria-label="local"> <br> 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