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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apportionment_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apportionment_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Apportionment methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apportionment_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_overhang_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_overhang_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dealing with overhang seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_overhang_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-elections_and_replacement_of_list_representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-elections_and_replacement_of_list_representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>By-elections and replacement of list representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-elections_and_replacement_of_list_representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countries_with_MMP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_with_MMP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Countries with MMP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_with_MMP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Local</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_for_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_for_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Proposals for use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_for_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_(European_Parliament)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_(European_Parliament)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>European Union (European Parliament)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_(European_Parliament)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tactical manipulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactical_manipulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactical manipulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactical_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Split_ticket_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_ticket_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Split ticket voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_ticket_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splitting_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splitting_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Splitting parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splitting_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_thresholds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_thresholds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Electoral thresholds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_thresholds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed-member proportional representation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B7" title="نظام تمثيل نسبي مختلط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام تمثيل نسبي مختلط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representaci%C3%B3n_proporcional_mista" title="Representación proporcional mista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Representación proporcional mista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Смесен тип избирателна система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смесен тип избирателна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representaci%C3%B3_proporcional_mixta" title="Representació proporcional mixta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Representació proporcional mixta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalisiertes_Verh%C3%A4ltniswahlrecht" title="Personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representaci%C3%B3n_proporcional_mixta" title="Representación proporcional mixta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Representación proporcional mixta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordezkaritza_proportzional_misto" title="Ordezkaritza proportzional misto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordezkaritza proportzional misto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauktas_v%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anas" title="Jauktas vēlēšanas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jauktas vēlēšanas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegyes_ar%C3%A1nyos_k%C3%A9pviseleti_rendszer" title="Vegyes arányos képviseleti rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyes arányos képviseleti rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мешовит вид на пропорционална застапеност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мешовит вид на пропорционална застапеност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E5%8C%BA%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E4%BD%B5%E7%94%A8%E5%88%B6" title="小選挙区比例代表併用制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小選挙区比例代表併用制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_proporcional_mista" title="Representação proporcional mista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Representação proporcional mista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Смешанная избирательная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смешанная избирательная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mixed-member proportional representation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1" title="การให้มีผู้แทนแบบจัดสรรปันส่วนผสม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การให้มีผู้แทนแบบจัดสรรปันส่วนผสม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_%C3%BCyeli_nispi_temsil" title="Karma üyeli nispi temsil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karma üyeli nispi temsil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Змішана виборча система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Змішана виборча система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3%DA%88_%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85" title="مکسڈ ممبر سسٹم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکسڈ ممبر سسٹم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%B6" title="联立制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="联立制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%B6" title="聯立制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聯立制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%B6" title="联立制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="联立制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of mixed electoral system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian representation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seat_linkage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seat_linkage.png/220px-Seat_linkage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seat_linkage.png/330px-Seat_linkage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seat_linkage.png/440px-Seat_linkage.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Seat linkage is the method which MMP systems use to achieve proportional results, unlike parallel voting. The first such system used a mixed single vote (top), but today two vote MMP (below) is more common, however also more vulnerable to manipulation.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_mmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Electoral_systems_mmp.svg/300px-Electoral_systems_mmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Electoral_systems_mmp.svg/450px-Electoral_systems_mmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Electoral_systems_mmp.svg/600px-Electoral_systems_mmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Use of MMP systems: * MMP used on the national level (purple) * <a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">German MMP</a> (blue) * AMS in some regional elections (lavender) * Incomplete AMS (pink) * Former use (red) </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey-Clarke-Groves_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism">VCG mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mixed-member proportional representation</b> (<b>MMP</b> or <b>MMPR</b>) is a type of representation provided by some <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed electoral systems</a> which combine local <a href="/wiki/Winner-take-all_system" title="Winner-take-all system">winner-take-all</a> elections with a <a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory tier</a> with <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party lists</a>, in a way that produces <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> overall. Like <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional representation</a>. </p><p>In typical MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">representative</a> for their single-seat <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituency</a>, and one for a political party, but some countries use <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">single vote variants</a>. Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received.<sup id="cite_ref-AceMmp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AceMmp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShugartMixMember_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShugartMixMember-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BochslerTerritory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BochslerTerritory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constituency representatives are usually elected using <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> (FPTP). The nationwide or regional party representatives are, in most jurisdictions, drawn from published <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">party lists</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency seats, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote, or both. </p><p>MMP differs from <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian representation</a> (often achieved by <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>) in that the nationwide seats are allocated to <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> in a compensatory manner in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional election results</a> across all seats (not just the additional seats). Under MMP, two parties that each receive 25% of the votes end up with about 25% of the seats, even if one party wins more constituency seats than the other. Depending on the exact system implemented in a country and the results of a particular election, the proportionality of an election may vary.<sup id="cite_ref-Linhart_Raabe_Statsch_pp._21–40_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linhart_Raabe_Statsch_pp._21–40-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">Overhang seats</a> may reduce the proportionality of the system, although this can be compensated for by allocating additional party list seats to cover any proportionality gap.<sup id="cite_ref-Golosov_2013_p._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golosov_2013_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific system of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> for electing its parliament is called MMP, while in other countries similar systems are known under other names. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seat linkage compensatory <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed system</a> often referred to as MMP originates in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. (It was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.) In Germany, it was differentiated from a <a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">different compensatory mixed system</a> by always being known as <i>personalized proportional representation (PPR)</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht</i>). </p><p>Since the variants used in Germany almost always produce very proportional results, the proportionality is emphasized over the mixed nature of the electoral system, and it is essentially considered a <a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">localized</a> or personalized form of PR, used instead of conventional <a href="/wiki/Open-list_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-list system">open-list systems</a>. Germany's new modified federal election system does not allow overhang seats at all (such seats are re-allocated to other parties), therefore not all local districts are guaranteed to elect the plurality winner. In German, this localized list system now shares the name of PPR with the mixed systems still used in the federal states of Germany that are referred to as MMP in English. In English, due to this change, the system is no longer considered to be MMP in the sense of a mixed member system combining <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> and district-level <a href="/w/index.php?title=First-pas-the-post_voting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-pas-the-post voting (page does not exist)">first-pas-the-post voting</a>, but it is seen as a personalized/localized version of PR. As it retains the individual candidate vote in a clearly distinct fashion from <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open-list</a> systems, it may still be considered mixed-member proportional in the sense of a proportional system having two kinds of elected members: some (may be) elected by personal (candidate) votes, some elected by (closed list) party votes. </p><p>Previously, the federal elections used a flexible number of additional compensatory seats, also known as <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a>, which essentially guaranteed mixed-member proportional representation even with extremely disproportional constituency results, but dramatically increased the size of the Bundestag. This meant that it was potentially the most proportional MMP system used after the one in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, where only top ups are seats given to other parties to compensate for a party taking overhang seats, which resulted in minor flexibility of the parliament size. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where an MMP model was studied in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is called the <i>compensatory mixed-member</i> voting system (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">système mixte avec compensation</i></span> or SMAC). In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> the sometimes <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">less proportional</a> implementation of MMP used in Scotland and the London Assembly is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Additional-member_system:_Politics_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Additional-member_system:_Politics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa, MMP is generally referred to as a "mixed-system". The Scandinavian countries have a long history of using both multi-member districts (members elected through party-list PR) and nationally-based compensatory top-up seats using the same method as MMP, however because the local MPs are also elected using PR, these systems are not usually considered MMP as they are not <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed systems</a>. </p><p>Some mixed electoral systems are so different that there is no consensus on their classification as mixed-member proportional (MMP), mixed majoritarian or something between the two. These cases include partially or conditionally compensatory systems such as those of Hungary, Mexico and South Korea, which are typically said to be supermixed systems or partially compensatory systems, but sometimes inaccurately referred to as MMP even though they are highly disproportional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg/250px-German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg/375px-German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg/500px-German_Federal_Election_2021_-_Results_by_Constituency_%26_Regional_Seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 German federal election</a>. The image shows both the seats directly won by constituency representatives and those gained via party lists. For example, the FDP (yellow) did not win a single constituency; all its 92 MPs were elected on party lists.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg/200px-Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg/300px-Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg/400px-Bundestagswahl_05_stimmzett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Ballot for <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_(electoral_district)" title="Würzburg (electoral district)">electoral district 252, Würzburg</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005 German federal election</a>. Constituency vote on left, party list vote on right.</figcaption></figure><p>In MMP, the voter casts two votes: one for a constituency representative and one for a party. In the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">original variant</a> used in Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still used in some MMP elections today and is more robust against tactical voting than typical two-vote versions. Most of Germany changed to the two-vote variant to make local members of parliament (MPs) more personally accountable. Voters can thus vote for the local person they prefer for local MP without regard for party affiliation, since the partisan make-up of the legislature is determined only by the party vote. In the <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017 New Zealand election</a>, 27.33% of voters split their vote (voted for a local candidate of a different party than their party vote) compared to 31.64% in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In each constituency, the representative is by default chosen using a <a href="/wiki/Voting_system#Single-winner_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">single winner method</a> (though this is not strictly necessary), typically <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a>: that is, the candidate with the most votes (plurality) wins. </p><p>Most systems used <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed party lists</a> to elect the non-constituency MPs (also called list MPs). In most jurisdictions, candidates may stand for both a constituency and on a party list (referred to in New Zealand as <i>dual candidacy</i>). In Wales between 2006 and 2014 dual candidacy was banned, i.e. candidates were restricted to contend either for a constituency or for a party list, but not both. If a candidate is on the party list, but wins a constituency seat, they do not receive two seats; they are instead crossed off the party list and the party seat goes to the next candidate down. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, the second vote is not simply for the party but for one of the candidates on the party's regional list: Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose. A regional <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open-list</a> method was recommended for the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(UK)" title="Jenkins Commission (UK)">Jenkins Commission</a> (where it is known as AMS) and for Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_Canada" title="Law Commission of Canada">Law Commission of Canada</a>; neither recommendation was ever implemented. </p><p>In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open-list</a> method of MMP was chosen in November 2016 by voters in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, there were no closed lists prior to 2022; they used the "best near-winner" method in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it (<a href="/wiki/Zweitmandat" title="Zweitmandat">Zweitmandat</a>, literally "second mandate"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apportionment_methods">Apportionment methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apportionment methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a></div> <p>At the regional or national level (i.e. above the constituency level) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the <b>total</b> number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot. This can be done by different <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment methods</a>: such as the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a>. Subtracted from each party's allocation is the number of constituency seats that party won, so that the additional seats are compensatory (top-up). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dealing_with_overhang_seats">Dealing with overhang seats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dealing with overhang seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">Overhang seat</a></div> <p>If a party wins more FPTP district seats than the proportional quota received by the party-list vote, these surplus seats are called <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Überhangmandate</i></span> in German), which may be an obstacle to achieving proportionality. </p><p>When a party wins more constituency seats than it would be entitled to from its proportion of (party list) votes, most systems allow for these <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a> to be kept by those candidates who earned it in the constituency elections. </p><p>A counter-example is the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i> in Germany, where constituency winners may not always keep their seats in accordance with the latest modification of Germany's electoral law. </p><p>In the MMP variant used in Romania in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Romanian legislative election">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Romanian legislative election">2012 legislative elections</a>, constituency seats were only earned by the leading candidate if the candidate also achieved an absolute majority of votes in their district, thereby preventing overhang seats. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">New Zealand House of Representatives</a>, all members elected for constituencies keep their seats. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008 New Zealand general election</a> the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Party">Māori Party</a> won 2.4% of the party vote, which entitled it to 3 seats in the House but won 5 constituency seats, leaving an overhang of 2 seats. This was compensated for giving two additional seats to other parties, which resulted in a 122-member house. If the constituency seats won had been in proportion to the party vote for the Māori Party, there would have been a normal 120-member house. </p><p>To combat disproportionalities caused by overhang seats in most German states, <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveling seats">leveling seats</a> (<i>Ausgleichsmandate</i> in German) are added to compensate for overhang seats and thereby achieve proportionality. Usually 50 percent of total seats are compensatory seats, but that proportion varies. For example, in the provincial parliament (<i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i>) of North Rhine Westphalia, 29% of the seats are levelling seats, which compensate for difference between district results based on local votes and the party's share of the party vote. More may be added to balance overhangs. If a party wins more local seats than its proportion of the total party vote justifies, the size of the <i>Landtag</i> increases so that the total outcome is proportional to the party votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve proportionality. The leveling seats are added to the normal number of seats for the duration of the electoral period. In the German state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, the constituency votes and party votes are combined to determine the proportional allocation of seats. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scotland</a> uses a modified variant of MMP known as the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Member_System_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Member System (UK)">additional member system</a> where due to the nature of the calculations used to distribute the regional list seats, overhang seats are not possible; the list allocation works like a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a> system, but in using the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a>'s divisors to find the averages for the allocation, the first divisor for each party takes into account the number of constituency seats won by the party. Wales is similar.) </p><p>For example, a party that won 7 constituency seats would start with a divisor of 8 (7 seats + 1 per the method's divisor formula) instead of 1. The resulting table would then give 7 seats for Scotland (and 4 seats for Wales) to the parties possessing the highest averages on the table, (Neither devolved parliament uses a table, instead using a sequential method.) MMP's compensatory effect is in the fact that a party that won constituency seats would have lower averages on the table than it would if the election used mixed-member majoritarian. Because there is no provision for overhang seats, there have been cases in Scotland where a party ended up with more seats and others with fewer total seats than their proportional entitlement. This occurred, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_East_(Senedd_Cymru_electoral_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales East (Senedd Cymru electoral region)">South East Wales electoral region</a> in 2007 and 2016. In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a> were under-represented while Independents got one more seat than they were due. In 2016 in that same electoral region, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> was over-represented, while <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> was under-represented. </p><p>Welsh Labour has also been over-represented on this basis in every election in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_West_(Senedd_Cymru_electoral_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales West (Senedd Cymru electoral region)">South Wales West</a> region, and every election in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Central_(Senedd_Cymru_electoral_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales Central (Senedd Cymru electoral region)">South Wales Central</a> region, apart from the 2003 election. This situation arose because Labour held an overwhelming majority of constituency seats in these regions, more than its due share proportionally. Only around one-third of the total number of seats are top-up, in the form of additional regional seats, so that is insufficient to fully compensate for Welsh Labor's over-representation </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">MMM</a>) </p> </th> <th colspan="6">Broadly mixed-member proportional type of system (MMP) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Additional member system (AMS) </th> <th colspan="2">Overhang seats re-added </th> <th colspan="2">True MMP (with leveling seats) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg/220px-AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg/330px-AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg/440px-AMS_example_parallel_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AMS_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AMS_total_seats.svg/220px-AMS_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AMS_total_seats.svg/330px-AMS_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AMS_total_seats.svg/440px-AMS_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg/220px-AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg/330px-AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg/440px-AMS_example_MMP_overhang_only_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg/220px-AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg/330px-AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg/440px-AMS_example_MMP_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Popular vote (%) </th> <th>Constituencies won </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>Share (%) </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>Share (%) </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>Share (%) </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>Share (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>43% </td> <td>54 </td> <td>67 (54+13) </td> <td>67% </td> <td>54 (54+0) </td> <td>54% </td> <td>54 (54+0+0) </td> <td>48% </td> <td>71 (54+0+17) </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>41% </td> <td>11 </td> <td>24 (11+13) </td> <td>24% </td> <td>34 (11+23) </td> <td>34% </td> <td>41 (11+23+7) </td> <td>36% </td> <td>68 (11+23+34) </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>13% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 (0+3) </td> <td>3% </td> <td>7 (0+7) </td> <td>7% </td> <td>13 (0+7+6) </td> <td>12% </td> <td>21 (0+7+14) </td> <td>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>3% </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 (5+0) </td> <td>5% </td> <td>5 (5+0) </td> <td>5% </td> <td>5 (5+0+0) </td> <td>4% </td> <td>5 (5+0+0) </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td>70 </td> <td>100 (70+30) </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100 (70+30) </td> <td>100% </td> <td>113 (70+30+13) </td> <td>100% </td> <td>165 (70+30+65) </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Index of disproportionality <p>(<a href="/wiki/Gallagher_index" title="Gallagher index">Gallagher</a>) </p> </td> <td colspan="2">22.01 (disproportional) </td> <td colspan="2">10.25 (moderately disproportional) </td> <td colspan="2">4.97 (considered proportional) </td> <td colspan="2">0.25 (highly proportional) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Method used</b> </td> <td colspan="2">Independent PR tier </td> <td colspan="2">Fixed number of compensatory seats </td> <td colspan="2">Number of (extra) leveling seats = <p>number of overhang seats </p> </td> <td colspan="2">As many leveling seats as needed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>This type of system used in</b> </td> <td colspan="2">Russia, among others </td> <td colspan="2">Scotland, among others </td> <td colspan="2">New Zealand, Germany (until 2009) </td> <td colspan="2">Germany (2013, 2017) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threshold">Threshold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></div> <p>As in numerous <a href="/wiki/Party-list" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-list">proportional systems</a>, in many MMP systems, in order to be eligible for list seats, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list. Candidates having won a constituency will still have won their seat. In New Zealand the threshold is 5% and in Bolivia 3%. </p><p>in Germany the threshold is 5% for elections for federal parliament and most state parliaments. And under recent changes to Germany's election law, the constituency seat may be taken away from the party. </p><p>A party that does not achieve the threshold can also be eligible for list seats if it wins at least three constituency seats in Germany, or at least one in New Zealand. Having a member with a 'safe' constituency seat is therefore a tremendous asset to a <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">minor party</a> in New Zealand. </p><p>In elections for the Scottish Parliament, no threshold is set. The <a href="/wiki/District_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="District magnitude">district magnitude</a> of each electoral region is small enough to impose an inherent threshold in the seat distribution calculations. In 2021, with regional DM of 16, the effective threshold was about 7 percent of the region's votes, or about 17,000 to 20,000 votes of the total 2.7 million valid votes cast, but each region is discrete from the other regions so if a party is spread across multiple regions, it may not win even one seat even if it has more than 40,000 votes in total. Such happened to the <a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba Party</a> in 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By-elections_and_replacement_of_list_representatives">By-elections and replacement of list representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By-elections and replacement of list representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_countries">List of countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_with_MMP">Countries with MMP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Countries with MMP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following countries currently have MMP representation. Countries which nominally use or have used MMP, but in practice had highly disproportional representation or it as otherwise not implemented are discussed in the next section. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Legislative body </th> <th>Use </th> <th>Number of votes (personal and list) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bolivia" title="Elections in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td>1994–present </td> <td>Two votes </td> <td>The list ballots use a <a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">double (triple) simultaneous vote</a> with the presidential and Senate election,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorga1997Mayorga2001194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorga1997Mayorga2001194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is presumed to decrease tactical manipulation despite the separate candidate and list vote<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The latest elections had a highly proportional result. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_parliaments_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="State parliaments of Germany">State parliaments</a>, except <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)"><img alt="Bremen (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>,</li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li></ul> </td> <td><i>varies by state</i> </td> <td><i>varies by state</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> uniquely uses an <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open-list</a> system for its party-list seats. <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> used <a href="/wiki/Zweitmandat" title="Zweitmandat">MMP without lists</a> prior to 2022. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lesotho" title="Elections in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">2002–present </td> <td>Two votes (before 2012) </td> <td rowspan="2">Initially used two vote version, changed to the single vote version in 2012 due to the use of <a href="#Splitting_parties">decoy lists</a>, results have been relatively proportional since. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Single vote </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>1996–present </td> <td>Two votes </td> <td>Following a long <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">electoral reform process</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Electoral_System" title="Royal Commission on the Electoral System">Royal Commission on the Electoral System</a> in 1985 and ending with the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_voting_method_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 New Zealand voting method referendum">1993 referendum on the voting system</a>. It was first used in an <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">election in 1996</a>. The system's use was <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_voting_system_referendum" title="2011 New Zealand voting system referendum">reviewed by referendum</a> in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020 general election</a>, the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority. <p>Though not all overhang seats are perfectly compensated for, New Zealand is widely considered to be a typical example of mixed-member proportional representation due to the high proportionality of the system (disregarding the electoral threshold). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b> </td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Scotland</a></b> - <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> </td> <td>1999–present </td> <td>Two votes<sup id="cite_ref-ers-ams-explainer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ers-ams-explainer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Member_System_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Member System (UK)">additional member system</a>. Scotland is divided into regions. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local elections in <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Greater_London.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Greater_London.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Greater_London.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greater_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">Assembly</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td>2000–present </td> <td>Two votes<sup id="cite_ref-ers-ams-explainer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ers-ams-explainer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Referred to as the additional member system. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MMP replaced (modified): </p> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></b>: Referred to as <i>personalized proportional representation</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">electoral system of Germany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Came about in 1949 as a result of inter-party bargaining.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally used single vote version, switched to two vote version before the 1953 election. Levelling seats were established for the <a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013 federal election</a> after a ruling of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a>, with a minor modification for the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 federal election</a> to reduce the size of the Bundestag. The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Wales</a></b> - <a href="/wiki/Senedd_(Welsh_Parliament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd (Welsh Parliament)">Senedd (Welsh Parliament)</a>: In Wales, starting in 2026, the <a href="/wiki/Additional-member_system" title="Additional-member system">additional member system</a> will be replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Closed-list" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-list">closed-list</a> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">proportional representation</a> system following the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd Reform Bill">Senedd Reform Bill</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are several other countries which attempted to introduce MMP by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">seat linkage compensation</a>, but either not enough leveling seats were provided to achieve it, or the compensation mechanism was manipulated by decoy lists. </p> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Albania</a> (formerly):</b> A two-vote seat linkage compensation electoral system for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament</a> (Kuvendi) was used from 2001 to <a href="/wiki/2005_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Albanian parliamentary election">2005</a> (after having used <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> in the 1996 and 1997 elections), but it was manipulated with decoy lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2011185Gallagher201418_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2011185Gallagher201418-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region"><img alt="Tigray Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a></b> State Council in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ethiopia" title="Elections in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>: a General Election was supposed to be held in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> on 29 August 2020, but they were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the government of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> dismissed the postponement and decided to create its own electoral commission and hold a regional election. On August 6, 2020, the State Council of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> decided to amend its constitution and change the electoral system to MMP, this will affect the upcoming regional elections. The amendment increases the number of seats in the council from 152 to 190 (+38), 80% of the seats will be filled with first-past-the-post voting and the rest 20% by proportional voting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Tigray National Regional States law is annulled by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">House of Federation</a> which is empowered to interpret the constitution for violation of the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Legislative elections in South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> (South Korea):</b> From 2019 elections for the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> used a two-vote hybrid system with 253 single-member constituency seats, 17 supplementary seats (a la <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>) and 30 compensatory seats (seat linkage). Major parties used decoy lists to neutralize compensation. Though all list seats are compensatory since 2024, but widespread use of decoy lists is expected continue and mixed-member proportional representation is not to be achieved.</li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Romania</a> (formerly):</b> Single vote system used in 2008 and 2012 where local candidates who did not win at least 50% of votes in their districts did not get a direct mandate, but these seats were added to the list seats allocated proportionally. Failed to achieve mixed-member proportional representation in 2012. From the <a href="/wiki/2016_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Romanian legislative election">2016 elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed</a> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> was used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ro2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ro2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Thailand</a></b> (formerly): A single vote seat linkage system referred to as "mixed-member apportionment" was used in 2019. It used a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a> for both the constituency and the party list. The 350 constituency seats are won by <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats served a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system#Compensatory/non-compensatory_seat_allocation" title="Mixed electoral system">compensatory</a> function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overhang seats were not compensated for. The next elections were again held under parallel voting due to a change in the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></b> (formerly): The two vote seat linkage compensatory system introduced was designed to provide MMP, but the system was manipulated with decoy lists. The seat linkage between list and constituency representatives was removed in 2009, which changed the system to parallel voting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Countries with systems which have been confused with mixed-member proportional representation: </p> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b>Hungary:</b> Hungary was using a mixed system since the 1990s, that due to its partially compensatory nature has been sometimes inaccurately referred to as an MMP system, but it was a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed majoritarian system</a>, mostly independent combination of <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round voting</a> and party-list PR. Changes after 2010 have made the system more clearly <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a>.</li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span></b> <b>Mexico:</b> Mexico has a clearly <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a> system which is mostly parallel voting, however, there is a cap on how many seats any single party may get and a cap on the maximum difference of seat shares to the list vote share result. This makes it partially (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">conditionally</a>) compensatory, but not MMP.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local">Local</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">South Africa</a>:</b> Local elections in all <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">municipalities</a> designated as metropolitan, district/county council (DC) or local/borough council (LC)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_for_use">Proposals for use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proposals for use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral reform in canada">Electoral reform in canada</a></div> <p>In March 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_Canada" title="Law Commission of Canada">Law Commission of Canada</a> proposed a system of MMP,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_Commission_of_Canada2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_Commission_of_Canada2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only 33% of MPs elected from regional open lists, for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Parliament's consideration of the Report in 2004–05 was stopped after the 2006 election. The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> has been a longtime supporter of MMP. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a> has generally been a staunch supporter of a move to a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> electoral system. In June 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform</a> was formed to examine potential changes to the voting system with MMP being one of the options examined. The committee presented its report to Parliament on 1 December of the same year. In early 2017, the Government announced that it would accept only some of the committee's recommendations, and would not pursue the issue of electoral reform any further.<sup id="cite_ref-G&M_reform_abandon_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&M_reform_abandon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbc_response_story_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc_response_story-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Prince Edward Island:</b> A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island</a> was defeated in a <a href="/wiki/2005_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2005 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">referendum</a> in 2005, and in <a href="/wiki/2019_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">a subsequent referendum</a> in 2019. In a non-binding <a href="/wiki/2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">plebiscite</a> between 27 October and 7 November 2016, Prince Edward Islanders voted for MMP over FPTP in the final round of counting, 52%–43%; however, the provincial government, despite having set no <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> threshold, subsequently claimed that the 36 percent turnout was insufficient to change the electoral system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/2019_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">second referendum</a>, held simultaneously with the <a href="/wiki/2019_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="2019 Prince Edward Island general election">provincial election</a>, saw MMP rejected by a margin of 48% in favor to 52% against, with 76% turnout.</li> <li><b>Ontario:</b> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_on_Electoral_Reform_(Ontario)" title="Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (Ontario)">Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a>, with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30% compensatory members. <a href="/wiki/2007_Ontario_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum">A binding referendum</a> on the proposal, held in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/2007_Ontario_provincial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Ontario provincial election">provincial election</a> on 10 October 2007, saw it defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>British Columbia:</b> During October–December 2018, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/2018_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">held a referendum</a> on proportional representation,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promised as part of the election platform of the <a href="/wiki/BC_NDP" class="mw-redirect" title="BC NDP">British Columbia New Democratic Party</a> who took office following the <a href="/wiki/2017_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2017 British Columbia general election">May 2017 provincial election</a>. In the referendum citizens were presented with two questions. The first question asked them to choose whether they would like to keep <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> or change to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The second question asked them to rank three types of proportional voting systems in order of preference; one of those was MMP.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens could still rank the voting systems even if they selected <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> in the first question. According to official results, voters chose FPTP over PR by 61.3% to 38.7% on the first question. While the first question was not successful for PR, the second question resulted in MMP winning over the two other systems on the ballot. If PR had been successful on the first question, MMP would have been adopted in time for the next provincial election and would have been subject to a second referendum after two election cycles.</li> <li><b>Quebec:</b> In September 2019, Quebec's government, supported by two of the three opposition parties (PQ and Quebec Solidaire), introduced a <a href="/wiki/43rd_Quebec_general_election#Electoral_reform_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Quebec general election">referendum</a> on MMP to be held in 2022. However, on April 28, 2021, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Sonia_LeBel" title="Sonia LeBel">Sonia LeBel</a> informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">COVID-19 pandemic</a> for altering the government's timeline and could not or would not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-EndOfReform_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndOfReform-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries_2">Other countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Costa Rica:</b> Costa Rica was debating the switch from the current <a href="/wiki/Closed_party_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed party list">closed party list</a> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> system to a mixed member proportional representation based on the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany#Election_system" title="Elections in Germany">German model</a>. The bill presented by the Citizen Power Now movement and endorsed by the majority of parliamentary groups would create two types of deputies; 42 elected proportionally by lists presented by the political parties and would be called "national" deputies, while another 42 deputies would be elected directly by population-based <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral districts</a> on a <a href="/wiki/First_pass_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First pass the post">First past the post</a> basis.<sup id="cite_ref-poder_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poder-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the bill requires a constitutional reform it would require a two-thirds majority of votes, however as of 2019 the caucuses of the four main parties supported the reform.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Hungary:</b> In 2017, the Common Country Movement (KOM) proposed introducing seat linkage to achieve MMP in the National Assembly, but the bill brought to parliament by five opposition parties was dismissed by the governing coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Sri Lanka:</b> In September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Samaraweera" title="Mangala Samaraweera">Mangala Samaraweera</a> announced that they will change the country's system to MMP.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>South Africa:</b> The Van Zyl Slabbert Commission on Electoral Reform (published in January 2003)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommended that a multi-member system, which has been adopted for municipal elections, be expanded to elections for the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a>. It proposed that 300 of 400 members be elected from closed-constituency lists (from 69 national multi-member constituencies) and 100 members from closed, national-level party lists. Parliament's High Level Panel report of 2017, chaired by former president <a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a>, validated the Van Zyl Slabbert mixed-system and recommended its adoption, stating: "Such a system will serve to limit the power of individual party leaders and encourage MPs to vote in accordance with the needs and desires of their constituencies rather than only following party lines".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a constitutional amendment is not required, and a simple majority in parliament can amend the Electoral Act (No. 73 of 1998) it seems unlikely that such an amendment will come before parliament before the 2019 General Elections. A former MP, Michael Louis, who wishes to stand as an independent, is actively pursuing a judicial route to force an amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) has stated that it is not opposed to an amendment but there is simply not enough time to implement it in time for the 2019 elections. After the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a> declared the Electoral Act unconstitutional in 2020 because there was no way for independent candidates to be elected and in 2021, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)">Home Affairs Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Motsoaledi" title="Aaron Motsoaledi">Aaron Motsoaledi</a> told <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> that a new electoral system must be put in place, calls for MMP intensified and a Motsoaledi-appointed, <a href="/wiki/Valli_Moosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valli Moosa">Valli Moosa</a>-led ministerial advisory committee was formed to determine the new system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union_(European_Parliament)"><span id="European_Union_.28European_Parliament.29"></span>European Union (European Parliament)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: European Union (European Parliament)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pan-European party <a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">VOLT Europa</a> proposes transnational mixed-member proportional representation with the combination of <a href="/wiki/Majority_judgment" title="Majority judgment">Majority Judgment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list PR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactical_manipulation">Tactical manipulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tactical manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_ticket_voting">Split ticket voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Split ticket voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In other cases, a party may be so certain of winning a large number of constituency seats that it expects no extra seats in the proportional top-up (list seats). Some voters may therefore seek to achieve double representation by voting tactically for another party in the regional vote, as a vote for their preferred party in the regional vote would be wasted. This tactic is much less effective in MMP models with a relatively large share of list seats (50% in most <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a>, and 40% in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">New Zealand House of Representatives</a>) and/or ones which add "<a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">balancing seats</a>", leading to fewer opportunities for overhangs and maintaining full proportionality, even when a party wins too many constituency seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solutions">Solutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The problem of ticket splitting strategies can be solved either by eliminating at least one of the two mechanisms that create the opportunity for abuse: </p> <ol><li>Either the double vote can be abolished, returning to a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a> (the original version of MMP used in Germany), in which case voters cannot split their ticket, even if it is a sincere preference.</li> <li>Another solution is to eliminate the seat linkage mechanism and use a vote linkage one instead, in which case most likely more compensatory seats would be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Golosov_2013_p._5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golosov_2013_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A negative vote transfer based system (scorporo) retains the flaw that decoy lists can be used to abuse it, but if the two votes were tied in a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">mixed ballot transferable vote</a>, the potential this kind of strategic manipulation would be eliminated. However, in this a case party proportionality is not likely and overall equality of votes would depend largely on the specifics of the system (the amount of compensation).</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Compensatory mixed systems </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>single vote systems (MSV) </th> <th>dual vote systems </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Seat linkage </th> <td rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote, top-up versions</a></b> <ul><li><b>single vote MMP (Lesotho)</b></li></ul> </td> <td><b>mixed-member proportional representation (MMP)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a> (AMS)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">alternative vote plus</a> (AV+) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hybrids: e.g. parallel voting+AMS (South Korea) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Vote linkage </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">positive vote transfer</a> (PVT/MSV) <ul><li>Hungarian (local elections)</li></ul> </td> <td>Hybrids: <ul><li>Parallel voting+PVT (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">negative vote transfer/scorporo</a> (Italy, 1993–2005)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Others systems: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">dual-member proportional</a> (DMP) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">mixed ballot transferable vote</a> (MBTV) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splitting_parties">Splitting parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Splitting parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Decoy_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoy list">Decoy list</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Bloc_party#South_Korea" title="Talk:Bloc party">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(March 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This sort of strategy for a coalition of parties to capture a larger share of list seats may be adopted formally as a strategy. By way of example, in <a href="/wiki/2005_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Albanian parliamentary election">Albania's 2005 parliamentary election</a>, the two main parties did not expect to win any list seats, so they encouraged voters to use their list votes for allied minor parties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> This tactic distorted the working of the model to the point that the parties that won list seats were almost always different from the parties that won constituency seats. Only one constituency member was elected from parties that won list seats. The election was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> which said it failed to comply with international standards because of "serious irregularities", intimidation, vote-buying and "violence committed by extremists on both sides."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than increasing the number of list seats or "overhang" seats, Albania subsequently decided to change to a pure-list system. </p><p>In an abusive gambit similar to that used in Albania, major parties feeling that they are unlikely to win a large number of list seats because of their advantage at the constituency level might choose to split their party in two, with one subdivision of the party contesting the constituency seats, while the other contests the list seats—assuming this is allowed by electoral law. The two linked parties could then co-ordinate their campaign and work together within the legislature, while remaining legally separate entities. The result of this approach, if it is used by all parties, would be to transform MMP into a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting mechanism</a>. </p><p>An example could be seen in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Lesotho_general_election" title="2007 Lesotho general election">2007 Lesotho general election</a>. In this case the two leading parties, the <a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Congress_for_Democracy" title="Lesotho Congress for Democracy">Lesotho Congress for Democracy</a> (LCD) and the <a href="/wiki/All_Basotho_Convention" title="All Basotho Convention">All Basotho Convention</a> (ABC) used decoy lists, respectively named the <a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Party" title="National Independent Party">National Independent Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Workers%27_Party" title="Lesotho Workers' Party">Lesotho Workers' Party</a> to avoid the compensatory mechanisms of MMP. As a result, the LCD and its decoy were able to take 69.1% of the seats with only 51.8% of the vote. ABC leader <a href="/wiki/Tom_Thabane" title="Tom Thabane">Tom Thabane</a> called the vote "free, but not fair." In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Lesotho_general_election" title="2012 Lesotho general election">2012 election</a>, the voting system was adjusted to link the local and list seats to limit the decoy lists' effectiveness, resulting in an almost perfectly proportionate election result for the competing parties.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another interesting case is that of Venezuela, which also ended up changing its system, in this case by formally adopting a parallel voting system and legitimizing party efforts to game the MMP approach. Venezuela introduced an MMP <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela#Electoral_system" title="National Assembly of Venezuela">electoral system</a> in 1993, but the tactic of creating a decoy party was introduced only in 2000, by the opposition governor of <a href="/wiki/Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a>. The tactic was later adopted by pro-Chavez parties at the national level in 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which parties were created and how effective was this method? (October 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the decoy list tactic withstood a constitutional challenge, Venezuela eventually formally reverted to a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> system, which yields a lesser degree of proportionality compared to MMP. On <a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">September 26, 2010</a>, Chavez' party, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, took 57.4% of parliamentary seats with only 48.2% of the vote under the new system (ignoring the role of small allied parties). One can see to what extent parallel voting had nonetheless helped to redress the balance toward proportionality somewhat by noting that Chavez' party would have taken an even larger share of assembly seats under a strict single-winner approach (71 constituency seats out of 109, or 65%).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another example is that of the <a href="/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election" title="2001 Italian general election">2001 Italian general election</a>, in which one of the two main coalitions (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Freedoms" title="House of Freedoms">House of Freedoms</a>), which opposed the <a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">scorporo</a> system (a system compensatory system similar to MMP), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">liste civetta</i></span>) in the proportional parts, under the name <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Abolizione Scorporo</i></span>. As a defensive move, the other coalition, <a href="/wiki/The_Olive_Tree_(Italy)" title="The Olive Tree (Italy)">Olive Tree</a>, felt obliged to do the same, under the name <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Paese Nuovo</i></span>. This meant that the constituency seats won by each coalition would not reduce the number of list seats available to them. In the case the House of Freedoms list faction <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a>, the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional part to receive as many seats as it in fact won, missing out on 12 seats. Italy subsequently changed its system. </p><p>Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2020_South_Korean_legislative_election" title="2020 South Korean legislative election">2020 South Korean legislative election</a>, the electoral system was changed from parallel voting to a hybrid mixed-member proportional system, with 30 seats allocated in a compensatory manner. The opposition <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a> subsequently set up a decoy list, the <a href="/wiki/Future_Korea_Party" title="Future Korea Party">Future Korea Party</a>, to win extra proportional seats.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a> condemned them for exploiting the electoral law, but nonetheless set up its own decoy list, the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Party" title="Platform Party">Platform Party</a>, in response.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decoy lists were successful on election day, with Future Korea winning 12 compensatory seats and Platform winning 11. After the election, both decoy lists merged into their mother parties. The tactic was used again in the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_Korean_legislative_election" title="2024 South Korean legislative election">2024 legislative election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_thresholds">Electoral thresholds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electoral thresholds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In systems with a threshold, people who prefer a larger party may <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactically vote</a> for a minor party that is predicted to poll close to or slightly below the threshold. Some voters may be afraid the minor party will poll below the threshold, and that that would weaken the larger political camp to which the minor party belongs. For example, the German moderate-right <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) has often received votes from voters who preferred the larger <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) party, because they feared that if the FDP received less than 5% of the votes, the CDU would have no parliamentary allies and would be unable to form a government on its own. This tactical voting also ensures that fewer votes are wasted, but at the cost of giving the FDP more seats than CDU voters would ideally have preferred. This tactic is the same in any method of proportional representation with a threshold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I'm writing a thesis on this and in my literature I haven't found any sources that confirm that CDU-voters vote or have voted for the FDP because they fear it might fall under the threshold. If I, after a lot of study on this subject, can't find a source that corroborates with this, I think it is safe to say that this claim needs a source! (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, in New Zealand, some voters who preferred a large party have voted for the minor party's local candidate to ensure it qualifies for list seats on the back of winning a single electorate. This notably occurred in the right-wing inner Auckland electorate of <a href="/wiki/Epsom_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Epsom (New Zealand electorate)">Epsom</a> in 2008 and 2011, where the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> voters gave their local vote to the <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT Party</a>. In this case the tactic maintained some proportionality by bypassing the 5% threshold, but is largely disfavoured by the public due to it awarding smaller parties extra list seats while parties with a higher party vote percentage that do not win an electorate receive no seats; this occurred in 2008 when ACT was awarded 5 seats on the back of one electorate seat and 3.7% of the party vote, while <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> with no electorate seats and 4.1% of the party vote were awarded none. In 2011, some Epsom voters voting for the left-wing Labour and Green parties tried to block the tactic by giving their local vote to the National candidate; while it was unsuccessful, it did reduce ACT's majority over National from 12,900 to 2,300. In August 2012, the initial report on a review of the MMP system by the Electoral Commission recommended abolishing the one electorate seat threshold, meaning a party winning an electorate seat but not crossing the 5% threshold (which the same report recommends lowering to 4%) is only awarded that electorate seat.<sup id="cite_ref-MMPproposal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMPproposal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a>, a sometimes semi-proportional system aiming for MMP implemented in the United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Vote_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote Plus">Alternative Vote Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">Leveling seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional apportionment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AceMmp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AceMmp_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACE_Project_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" class="citation web cs1">ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/esd03a/default">"Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+Member+Proportional+%28MMP%29&rft.au=ACE+Project+Electoral+Knowledge+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Face-en%2Ftopics%2Fes%2Fesd%2Fesd03%2Fesd03a%2Fdefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShugartMixMember-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShugartMixMember_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugartWattenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Shugart, Matthew; Wattenberg, Martin P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ufahHi7DoC"><i>Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191528972" title="Special:BookSources/9780191528972"><bdi>9780191528972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed-Member+Electoral+Systems%3A+Best+of+Both+Worlds%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780191528972&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Wattenberg%2C+Martin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_ufahHi7DoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BochslerTerritory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BochslerTerritory_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochsler2010" class="citation book cs1">Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCBDAAAQBAJ">"Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems"</a>. <i>Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230281424" title="Special:BookSources/9780230281424"><bdi>9780230281424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%2C+How+Party+Systems+Develop+in+Mixed+Electoral+Systems&rft.btitle=Territory+and+Electoral+Rules+in+Post-Communist+Democracies&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.isbn=9780230281424&rft.aulast=Bochsler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkCBDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linhart_Raabe_Statsch_pp._21–40-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linhart_Raabe_Statsch_pp._21–40_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinhartRaabeStatsch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Linhart, Eric; Raabe, Johannes; Statsch, Patrick (1 March 2018). "Mixed-member proportional electoral systems – the best of both worlds?". <i>Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties</i>. <b>29</b> (1). Informa UK Limited: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17457289.2018.1443464">10.1080/17457289.2018.1443464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-7289">1745-7289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149188878">149188878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Elections%2C+Public+Opinion+and+Parties&rft.atitle=Mixed-member+proportional+electoral+systems+%E2%80%93+the+best+of+both+worlds%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149188878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1745-7289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17457289.2018.1443464&rft.aulast=Linhart&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Raabe%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Statsch%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golosov_2013_p.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golosov_2013_p._5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golosov_2013_p._5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolosov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Golosov, Grigorii V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Mixed+Single+Vote+Electoral+Systems&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.issn=0278-839X&rft.aulast=Golosov&rft.aufirst=Grigorii+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1P3-3109814051%2Fthe-case-for-mixed-single-vote-electoral-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115170755/http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf">"Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=P.E.I.+plebiscite+favours+mixed+member+proportional+representation&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fmixed-member-proportional-representation-in-plebiscite-1.3840172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further details on the recent proposals in Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island, see Andre Barnes and James R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index.hu&rft.atitle=Itt+a+K%C3%B6z%C3%B6s+Orsz%C3%A1g+%C3%BAj+v%C3%A1laszt%C3%B3jogi+tervezete&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findex.hu%2Fbelfold%2F2017%2F10%2F16%2Fkozos_orszag_mozgalom_valasztojogi_reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4cdn.hu/kraken/raw/upload/74XL5b7V8nhA.pdf">"2017. évi törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról"</a> [Act of 2017 on the election of members of parliament] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>4cdn.hu</i> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4cdn.hu&rft.atitle=2017.+%C3%A9vi+t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny+az+orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9si+k%C3%A9pvisel%C5%91k+v%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1s%C3%A1r%C3%B3l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4cdn.hu%2Fkraken%2Fraw%2Fupload%2F74XL5b7V8nhA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaderana.lk/news/32423/new-electoral-system-based-on-german-model-mangala">"New electoral system based on German Model - Mangala"</a>. <i>www.adaderana.lk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adaderana.lk&rft.atitle=New+electoral+system+based+on+German+Model+-+Mangala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaderana.lk%2Fnews%2F32423%2Fnew-electoral-system-based-on-german-model-mangala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Zyl_Slabbert" class="citation web cs1">Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmg.org.za/files/Van-Zyl-Slabbert_Commission_Report.pdf">"Report of the Electoral Task Team"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Parliamentary Monitoring Group</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Monitoring+Group&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Electoral+Task+Team&rft.aulast=Van+Zyl+Slabbert&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmg.org.za%2Ffiles%2FVan-Zyl-Slabbert_Commission_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigh_Level_Panel_on_the_Assessment_of_Key_Legislation_and_the_Acceleration_of_Fundamental_Change2017" class="citation web cs1">High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Pages/2017/october/High_Level_Panel/HLP_Report/HLP_report.pdf">"Report of the High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+High+Level+Panel+on+the+Assessment+of+Key+Legislation+and+the+Acceleration+of+Fundamental+Change&rft.date=2017-11&rft.au=High+Level+Panel+on+the+Assessment+of+Key+Legislation+and+the+Acceleration+of+Fundamental+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.za%2Fstorage%2Fapp%2Fmedia%2FPages%2F2017%2Foctober%2FHigh_Level_Panel%2FHLP_Report%2FHLP_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman" class="citation web cs1">Herman, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/can-independents-run-for-national-sa-elections-concourt-says-yes-20180824">"Can independents run for national SA elections? ConCourt says yes"</a>. <i>News24</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Can+independents+run+for+national+SA+elections%3F+ConCourt+says+yes&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Fcan-independents-run-for-national-sa-elections-concourt-says-yes-20180824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.volteuropa.org/2021-12/Electoral%20Reform%20Policy%20October%202021.pdf">"Volt's Electoral Reform Policy: Making Europe More Democratic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volt%27s+Electoral+Reform+Policy%3A+Making+Europe+More+Democratic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.volteuropa.org%2F2021-12%2FElectoral%2520Reform%2520Policy%2520October%25202021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/blog/plank/109214/stuart-stevens-shady-past-clients-revealed">Stuart Stevens' ... Past Clients</a>| Penn Bullock| 29 October 2012| tnr.com| accessed 29.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See blog articles on the 2007 and 2012 elections posted by political science professor Matthew Sobery Shugard, University of California in Davis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/category/africa/lesotho/">Fruits and Votes – Lesotho page</a>. Accessed 26 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoo-Yeon2019" class="citation web cs1">Soo-Yeon, Kim (24 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20191224005700315">"Main opposition to set up satellite party for more proportional representation seats"</a>. <i>Yonhap News Agency</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Main+opposition+to+set+up+satellite+party+for+more+proportional+representation+seats&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft.aulast=Soo-Yeon&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20191224005700315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20200425/2047133/1/Election-law-should-be-revised-before-integration-with-proportional-parties">"Election law should be revised before integration with proportional parties"</a>. <i>동아일보</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">The Dong-a Ilbo</a>. 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4&rft.atitle=Election+law+should+be+revised+before+integration+with+proportional+parties&rft.date=2020-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donga.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fall%2F20200425%2F2047133%2F1%2FElection-law-should-be-revised-before-integration-with-proportional-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMPproposal-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMPproposal_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901022210/http://www.mmpreview.org.nz/sites/all/themes/referendum/resources/ProposalsPaper/MMP%20Proposal%20Paper.pdf">"Review of the MMP voting system: Proposals Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Electoral Commission. 13 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmpreview.org.nz/sites/all/themes/referendum/resources/ProposalsPaper/MMP%20Proposal%20Paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+MMP+voting+system%3A+Proposals+Paper&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmpreview.org.nz%2Fsites%2Fall%2Fthemes%2Freferendum%2Fresources%2FProposalsPaper%2FMMP%2520Proposal%2520Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattoHuangTanCox2016" class="citation book cs1">Batto, Nathan F.; Huang, Chi; Tan, Alexander C.; Cox, Gary W., eds. (2016). <i>Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.8084028">10.3998/mpub.8084028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fku01.r2_9">2027/ku01.r2_9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90062-6"><bdi>978-0-472-90062-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed-Member+Electoral+Systems+in+Constitutional+Context%3A+Taiwan%2C+Japan%2C+and+Beyond&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fku01.r2_9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.8084028&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90062-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraraHerronNishikawa2005" class="citation book cs1">Ferrara, Federico; Herron, Erik S.; Nishikawa, Misa (2005). <i>Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its Consequences</i>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403978851">10.1057/9781403978851</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7885-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-7885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Electoral+Systems%3A+Contamination+and+Its+Consequences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403978851&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7885-1&rft.aulast=Ferrara&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft.au=Herron%2C+Erik+S.&rft.au=Nishikawa%2C+Misa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForder2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Forder" title="James Forder">Forder, James</a> (2011). <i>The Case Against Voting Reform: Why the AV System Would Damage Britain</i>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-825-8"><bdi>978-1-85168-825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Voting+Reform%3A+Why+the+AV+System+Would+Damage+Britain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-825-8&rft.aulast=Forder&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(academic)" title="Michael Gallagher (academic)">Gallagher, Michael</a> (2011). "Elections and Referendums". In Caramani, Daniele (ed.). <i>Comparative Politics</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957497-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elections+and+Referendums&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957497-1&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(academic)" title="Michael Gallagher (academic)"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span> </a> (2014). "Electoral Institutions and Representation". In LeDuc, Lawrence; Niemi, Richard G.; <a href="/wiki/Pippa_Norris" title="Pippa Norris">Norris, Pippa</a> (eds.). <i>Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in a Changing World</i> (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4739-0508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4739-0508-5"><bdi>978-1-4739-0508-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+Institutions+and+Representation&rft.btitle=Comparing+Democracies%3A+Elections+and+Voting+in+a+Changing+World&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4739-0508-5&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw_Commission_of_Canada2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_Canada" title="Law Commission of Canada">Law Commission of Canada</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/J31-61-2004E.pdf"><i>Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-36426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-36426-9"><bdi>978-0-662-36426-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voting+Counts%3A+Electoral+Reform+for+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Public+Works+and+Government+Services+Canada&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-662-36426-9&rft.au=Law+Commission+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca%2FCollection%2FJ31-61-2004E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayorga1997" class="citation book cs1">Mayorga, René Antonio (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/esd_english_0.pdf">"Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben (eds.). <i>The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design</i> (2nd ed.). Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2002). pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89098-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89098-00-8"><bdi>978-91-89098-00-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1402-6759">1402-6759</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bolivia%3A+Electoral+Reform+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=The+International+IDEA+Handbook+of+Electoral+System+Design&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1402-6759&rft.isbn=978-91-89098-00-8&rft.aulast=Mayorga&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifes.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fesd_english_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayorga2001" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2001). "Electoral Reform in Bolivia: Origins of the Mixed-Member Proportional System". In <a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wattenberg_(political_scientist)" title="Martin Wattenberg (political scientist)">Wattenberg, Martin P.</a> (eds.). <i>Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?</i>. Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2003). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019925768X.001.0001">10.1093/019925768X.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925768-3"><bdi>978-0-19-925768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+Reform+in+Bolivia%3A+Origins+of+the+Mixed-Member+Proportional+System&rft.btitle=Mixed-Member+Electoral+Systems%3A+The+Best+of+Both+Worlds%3F&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019925768X.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925768-3&rft.aulast=Mayorga&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsReillyEllis2005" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben; Ellis, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-system-design-the-new-international-idea-handbook.pdf"><i>Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2008). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85391-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85391-18-9"><bdi>978-91-85391-18-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1402-6759">1402-6759</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electoral+System+Design%3A+The+New+International+IDEA+Handbook&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1402-6759&rft.isbn=978-91-85391-18-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Reilly%2C+Ben&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Felectoral-system-design-the-new-international-idea-handbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed-member+proportional+representation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Malone, R. (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ips.ac.nz/publications/publications/show/217">Rebalancing the Constitution: The Challenge of Government Law-Making under MMP</a>. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington: Wellington, New Zealand.</i></li> <li>Massicotte, Louis; Blais, André (1999). "Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey", Electoral Studies, Vol. 18, 341–366.</li> <li>Mudambi, R. and Navarra, P. 2004. Electoral Strategies in Mixed Systems of Representation. <i>European Journal of Political Economy</i>, Vol.20, No.1, pp. 227–253.</li> <li>Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg, (2000a), "Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology", in Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg (2000). <i>Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 9–24.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esy/esy_de/">ACE Project: "Germany: The original MMP system"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004629/http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esy/esy_de/">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/publications/esd/index.cfm">A Handbook of Electoral System Design</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int">International IDEA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es">Electoral Design Reference Materials</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org">ACE Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nesstar.esds.ac.uk/webview/index.jsp?rightside=mode%3Ddocumentation%26submode%3Dabstract%26study%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fStudy/5076&treeview=mode%3Dtreeview%26open%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fCatalog/ESDS%26open%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fCatalog/Catalog38%20%26open%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fStudy/5076%26open%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fCatalog/Catalog13%26open%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fCatalog/Catalog38%26open%3Dhttp%3A//nesstar.esds.ac.uk%3A80/obj/fStudy/5076">Scottish Social Attitudes Survey, 2003.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/3/">Handbook of Electoral System Choice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed-member_proportional_representation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3guVBhKmDc">6 min. video (2015). Explains how MMP (recommended by the Law Commission of Canada) could work in Canada – Presented by the nonpartisan Fair Vote Canada's Dennis Pilon, Associate Professor, Political Science, York University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare–Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Project</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_of_New_Zealand165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Template:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Template talk:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_of_New_Zealand165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council_(1841%E2%80%931853)" title="New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)">Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1841–1853)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1853–1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_crest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/100px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/150px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/200px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br />officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="List of speakers of the New Zealand Legislative Council">Speaker of the Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Committees_(New_Zealand_Legislative_Council)" title="Chairman of Committees (New Zealand Legislative Council)">Chairman of Committees</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Legislative_Council" title="Leader of the Legislative Council">Leader of the Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Committees_(New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives)" title="Chairman of Committees (New Zealand House of Representatives)">Chairman of Committees</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Clerk_of_the_House_of_Representatives" title="Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the House (New Zealand)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Shadow Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Leader_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Shadow Leader of the House (New Zealand)">Shadow Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(New_Zealand)" title="Party whip (New Zealand)">Whips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_squad_(New_Zealand)" title="Suicide squad (New Zealand)">Abolition of the Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="List of members of the New Zealand Legislative Council">Members of the Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">Current</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/53rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="53rd New Zealand Parliament">previous</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="List of longest-serving members of the New Zealand Parliament">30+ years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Father of the House (New Zealand)">Father or Mother of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_of_the_House#New_Zealand" title="Baby of the House">Baby of the House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_time#New_Zealand" title="Question time">Question Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill#New_Zealand" title="Private member's bill">Members' bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="New Zealand House of Representatives committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">Previous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_New_Zealand_general_election" title="Next New Zealand general election">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixed-member proportional</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(previously)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_by-elections" title="List of New Zealand by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointments_to_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="List of appointments to the New Zealand House of Representatives">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_supplementary_elections" title="New Zealand supplementary elections">Supplementary elections</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">Caretaker government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_House" title="General Assembly House">General Assembly House</a>, Auckland <span style="font-size:90%;">(demolished)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House, Wellington</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)" title="Beehive (New Zealand)">Beehive</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current executive wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliamentary_Library" title="New Zealand Parliamentary Library">Parliamentary Library</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_House" title="Bowen House">Bowen House</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_broadcasters_in_New_Zealand" title="Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand">Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Debates_(Hansard)" title="Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"><i>Parliamentary Debates</i> (Hansard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka-jumping" title="Waka-jumping">Waka-jumping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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