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The reasons for shipping accidents are many and complex. Bigger size brings corresponding increases in cargo and passenger capacity; hence when an accident occurs, the risk of life and property immediately becomes higher. Reduced ship maneuverability in connection with larger scale is another contributing factor in shipping accidents. Several crucial causes play a role in shipping accidents. Natural conditions, technical failures, route conditions, ship-related factors, human errors, cargo-related factors are the striking ones. Shipping accidents by types are quite many and their impacts on marine environment differ from one another. Collision or contact, capsize, foundering, * Corresponding author: nakten@istanbul.edu.tr 270 breaking up, grounding, stranding, breakdown of the ship underway, and fire or explosion are examples of common shipping accidents. Groundings and shipboard fires are the dominant types of shipping accidents worldwide.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"47960422"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment Gemi kazaları: deniz çevresi için ciddi bir tehdit","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [51931397]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":47960422,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment Gemi kazaları: deniz çevresi için ciddi bir tehdit”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/47960422/mini_magick20190205-16944-967n4i.png?1549381376" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment Gemi kazaları: deniz çevresi için ciddi bir tehdit</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51931397" href="https://independent.academia.edu/glenncleofe"><img alt="Profile image of glenn cleofe" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/51931397/13743615/14859181/s65_glenn.cleofe.jpg" />glenn cleofe</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">36 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 27694568; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Shipping accident is a term generally used for any accident results in financial loss, either in life or property or both. The reasons for shipping accidents are many and complex. Bigger size brings corresponding increases in cargo and passenger capacity; hence when an accident occurs, the risk of life and property immediately becomes higher. Reduced ship maneuverability in connection with larger scale is another contributing factor in shipping accidents. Several crucial causes play a role in shipping accidents. Natural conditions, technical failures, route conditions, ship-related factors, human errors, cargo-related factors are the striking ones. Shipping accidents by types are quite many and their impacts on marine environment differ from one another. Collision or contact, capsize, foundering, * Corresponding author: nakten@istanbul.edu.tr 270 breaking up, grounding, stranding, breakdown of the ship underway, and fire or explosion are examples of common shipping accidents. Groundings and shipboard fires are the dominant types of shipping accidents worldwide.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":47960422,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/27694568/Shipping_accidents_a_serious_threat_for_marine_environment_Gemi_kazalar%C4%B1_deniz_%C3%A7evresi_i%C3%A7in_ciddi_bir_tehdit"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":47960422,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/27694568/Shipping_accidents_a_serious_threat_for_marine_environment_Gemi_kazalar%C4%B1_deniz_%C3%A7evresi_i%C3%A7in_ciddi_bir_tehdit"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Those cases were re evaluated to establish the key points of such theory, as they are the Production Pressure, the Risk Homeostasis, technological advances and the rupture of safety marg...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INDUCED MARITIME ACCIDENTS MSc","attachmentId":81216971,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72189453/INDUCED_MARITIME_ACCIDENTS_MSc","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72189453/INDUCED_MARITIME_ACCIDENTS_MSc"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="17083870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types">Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990--2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1133144" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/NikolaosVentikos">Nikolaos Ventikos</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990--2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types","attachmentId":41876886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="99690456" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99690456/The_Implementation_of_Risk_Management_processes_as_a_contributing_factor_to_the_minimization_of_shipping_disasters_through_the_study_of_previous_shipping_accidents">The Implementation of Risk Management processes as a contributing factor to the minimization of shipping disasters through the study of previous shipping accidents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142953915" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelBoviatsis">Michael Boviatsis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global NEST International Conference on Environmental Science &amp; Technology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Environmental disasters can maliciously affect property, human lives and even entire ecosystems. The magnitude and extent of such a disaster can lead to uncertainty about who is liable and how the restoration of the environmental damage will be achieved. The implementation of Risk Management processes enables us to combine our available information and resources and learn how to avoid such problems in the future. In shipping industry, oil spills from tanker vessels constitute the most severe threat to local and global ecosystem. When an oil spill happens, it usually spreads rapidly and is affected by weather and sea currents. Without prompt treatment it can cause huge disasters in the local aquatic ecosystem and human property altogether. This paper will assess the famous accident of Exxon Valdez based on Risk Assessment Methods and more specifically with the method of Root Cause Analysis to identify and measure the effect of each contributing factor to each accident and with Failur...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Implementation of Risk Management processes as a contributing factor to the minimization of shipping disasters through the study of previous shipping accidents","attachmentId":100713090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99690456/The_Implementation_of_Risk_Management_processes_as_a_contributing_factor_to_the_minimization_of_shipping_disasters_through_the_study_of_previous_shipping_accidents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99690456/The_Implementation_of_Risk_Management_processes_as_a_contributing_factor_to_the_minimization_of_shipping_disasters_through_the_study_of_previous_shipping_accidents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="84959734" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84959734/The_Influence_of_the_Induced_Maritime_Accidents_on_the_Maritime_Safety">The Influence of the Induced Maritime Accidents on the Maritime Safety</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7656631" href="https://unican.academia.edu/ErnestoMadariaga">Ernesto Madariaga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Maritime Research, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Humanity system of life is highly supported by maritime transport when circa 8 thousand million people require about 8.800 million tons of merchandises by sea, going in some 105.000 merchant ships of over 100 GT. Those vessels sail every thinkable dangerous waters 365 days year 24 hours day. All that Enormous activity plus others different factors produce accidents, as is shown in an ascendant 1.7 rate related to ships lost with big number in life and cargoes losses, and pollution. That is why this study pretend to detect causes factors of maritime accidents, to try to reduce them, and with that target in mind it was tested the new theory of Induced Maritime Accidents, crossing its proposals with relevant sinisters of different times and circumstances, as Andrea Doria, Torrey Canyon, Costa Concordia, among others. Those cases were re evaluated to establish the key points of such theory, as they are the Production Pressure, the Risk Homeostasis, technological advances and the rupture of safety margin. Cases studies gave as result the existence of referred key points, in a manner combined that the chain of events derived to the fatality, and more than that highlights the possibility that been suppressed to acceptable limits the production pressure or the risk homeostasis, a permissible safety margin were been maintained, avoiding catastrophe</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Influence of the Induced Maritime Accidents on the Maritime Safety","attachmentId":89807972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84959734/The_Influence_of_the_Induced_Maritime_Accidents_on_the_Maritime_Safety","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84959734/The_Influence_of_the_Induced_Maritime_Accidents_on_the_Maritime_Safety"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="79320304" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents">Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="165581777" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KonstantinosGiziakis">Konstantinos Giziakis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these accidents. This paper tries to quantify the risk of an accident leading to pollution as a result of the exposure of the ship to certain risk factors. It tests the statistical significance of the relevant risk’s magnitude by using real data that refer to pollution incidents occurring during 1993‐1997. The results have shown that 60 per cent of the accidents occurred in ports and regulated zones. The large tankers involved in pollution accidents, that happened in ports and regulated zones, present an almost seven times higher risk than smaller tankers. Most frequently these accidents are attributed to collisions, hull and machinery damage and groundings. Small bulk carriers have experienced a risk rising to ten. The paper also provides certain r...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents","attachmentId":86074739,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31920621" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31920621/Review_of_chemical_spills_at_sea_and_lessons_learnt">Review of chemical spills at sea and lessons learnt</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61710114" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelGirin">Michel Girin</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61903132" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephaneleFloch">Stephane Le Floch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of chemical spills at sea and lessons learnt","attachmentId":52200997,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31920621/Review_of_chemical_spills_at_sea_and_lessons_learnt","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31920621/Review_of_chemical_spills_at_sea_and_lessons_learnt"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="124951210" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124951210/Technical_and_Economic_Assessment_of_Maritime_Accidents">Technical and Economic Assessment of Maritime Accidents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48672966" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioFernandes42">Antonio Fernandes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of scientific research and management, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article highlights the main technical and statistical aspects related to maritime accidents, including the various types of vessels that navigate rivers and oceans around the world. It seeks to understand the mechanics of different accidents, their recurrence for different causes and their financial impact. Technically, through case studies, it shows the different types of accidents that occur in different global locations. The preservation of human life as well as of the environment are determining factors in any maritime accident today.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Technical and Economic Assessment of Maritime Accidents","attachmentId":119081532,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124951210/Technical_and_Economic_Assessment_of_Maritime_Accidents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124951210/Technical_and_Economic_Assessment_of_Maritime_Accidents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47960422,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47960422,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47960422" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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