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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="aOei_EhdT30xTpk2i_wk8g8OtTe7SQza_-pF6r6QNj2jzIwKTvPrQjsN7-GrP6QDM98WTyV4WaN32hCLIeN3DQ" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2002" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Konstantinos Giziakis" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ernestini Bardi‐Giziaki" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="109-114" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0965-3562" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/KonstantinosGiziakis" /> <meta name="description" content="Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these" /> <title>(PDF) Pollution Risk from Ship Accidents Analysis</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1363409c2f6920b9f6129801bf9c25a45dc9d4a3'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740149235000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740149235000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these accidents. This paper tries to quantify the risk of an accident leading to pollution as a result of the exposure of the ship to certain risk factors. It tests the statistical significance of the relevant risk’s magnitude by using real data that refer to pollution incidents occurring during 1993‐1997. The results have shown that 60 per cent of the accidents occurred in ports and regulated zones. The large tankers involved in pollution accidents, that happened in ports and regulated zones, present an almost seven times higher risk than smaller tankers. Most frequently these accidents are attributed to collisions, hull and machinery damage and groundings. Small bulk carriers have experienced a risk rising to ten. The paper also provides certain r...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Konstantinos Giziakis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KonstantinosGiziakis"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-05-17","dateModified":"2025-01-31","datePublished":"2002-01-01","headline":"Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86074739/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Engineering","Risk","Multidisciplinary","Information","Statistical Significance","Risk factors","Risk Factors"],"publication":"Disaster Prevention and Management: An International 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{"work":{"id":79320304,"created_at":"2022-05-17T09:56:00.254-07:00","from_world_paper_id":205492363,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T16:08:49.144-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these accidents. This paper tries to quantify the risk of an accident leading to pollution as a result of the exposure of the ship to certain risk factors. It tests the statistical significance of the relevant risk’s magnitude by using real data that refer to pollution incidents occurring during 1993‐1997. The results have shown that 60 per cent of the accidents occurred in ports and regulated zones. The large tankers involved in pollution accidents, that happened in ports and regulated zones, present an almost seven times higher risk than smaller tankers. Most frequently these accidents are attributed to collisions, hull and machinery damage and groundings. Small bulk carriers have experienced a risk rising to ten. The paper also provides certain r...","publisher":"Emerald","ai_title_tag":"Pollution Risk from Ship Accidents Analysis","publication_date":"2002,,","publication_name":"Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [165581777]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":86074739,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86074739/mini_magick20220525-7254-1jjfdu4.png?1653533918" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Assessing the risk of pollution from ship accidents</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="165581777" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KonstantinosGiziakis"><img alt="Profile image of Konstantinos Giziakis" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Konstantinos Giziakis</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2002, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">6 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 79320304; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Ship accidents may create, apart from other damage, environmental pollution. For at least three decades, continuous efforts have been made by various maritime organizations, and especially the IMO, to find effective ways towards reducing these accidents. This paper tries to quantify the risk of an accident leading to pollution as a result of the exposure of the ship to certain risk factors. It tests the statistical significance of the relevant risk’s magnitude by using real data that refer to pollution incidents occurring during 1993‐1997. The results have shown that 60 per cent of the accidents occurred in ports and regulated zones. The large tankers involved in pollution accidents, that happened in ports and regulated zones, present an almost seven times higher risk than smaller tankers. Most frequently these accidents are attributed to collisions, hull and machinery damage and groundings. Small bulk carriers have experienced a risk rising to ten. The paper also provides certain r...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":86074739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":86074739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79320304/Assessing_the_risk_of_pollution_from_ship_accidents"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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In this respect, for assessing the current safety level of ships, it is necessary to quantify the risk level of the operating world fleet, thus estimate and assess the basic contributors to risk, namely the frequency of maritime accidents and the extent of their consequences. The present investigation was motivated by earlier published work of Det Norske Veritas (DNV, 2006), in which they were some alarming signals of worsening of the level of maritime safety. A justified question therefore is whether and how the level of ship safety changed thereafter. Recalling that a fundamental step of a Formal Safety Assessment of maritime assets is the investigation of relevant casualty reports and the analysis of historical data, which characterise the maritime safety performance in the studied period, the herein presented work deals with a systematic analysis of ship accidents in the last decade as a way to evaluate the current level of safety for the majority of ship sub-types present in the world merchant fleet and to conclude on the foreseeable future. The presented analysis also includes a deeper investigation about possible relationships between accident rates and ship's age, which proved more complex than initially thought. The outcome of the present study indicates that in the last decade although the frequencies of ship accidents generally increased, the safety level of various ship types did not significantly change, as the consequences of accidents remained in average at about the same level.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level","attachmentId":42729406,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="18166867" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18166867/Analysis_of_tanker_casualties_after_the_Oil_Pollution_Act_USA_1990_">Analysis of tanker casualties after the Oil Pollution Act (USA, 1990)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27233116" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/ApostolosPapanikolaou">Apostolos Papanikolaou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A prime concern of maritime transport is to enhance ship safety and to reduce marine pollution related to ship incidents and accidents. Since the elimination of marine accidents is practically unrealistic, a reasonable target for the maritime industry and relevant regulatory bodies is the mitigation of accidents in terms of minimization of the probability of occurrence and of the associated consequences. The present study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of recorded accidents on medium and large oil tankers (deadweight over 20,000 t), which occurred after the introduction of the Oil Pollution Act (USA, 1990) up to the present. Raw casualty data were reviewed and re-analysed in order to produce appropriate statistics useful for the implementation of risk-based assessment methodologies. 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The objective of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the environmental hazards that may arise from the operation of ERRVs (Emergency Response and Rescue Vessels).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis and assessment of environmental threats in maritime transport","attachmentId":103912672,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104093972/Analysis_and_assessment_of_environmental_threats_in_maritime_transport","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104093972/Analysis_and_assessment_of_environmental_threats_in_maritime_transport"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="90888125" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90888125/Casualty_analysis_of_large_tankers">Casualty analysis of large tankers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34277227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleftheriaEliopoulou">Eleftheria Eliopoulou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">POP&C 1), casualty data for the Aframax class of tankers were systematically analyzed and postprocessed as necessary for the application of a risk-based methodology regarding pollution prevention and control resulting from tanker accidents. Further studies beyond those of the POP&C project were conducted independently by the Ship Design Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), addressing Suezmax, Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC), and Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC) tankers, and thus practically all classes of large tankers are included in the overall results presented herein. The results show remarkable trends for tanker accidents in the study period (1978-2003) and enable the identifi cation of accident and pollution rates, which are necessary for the implementation of risk-based methodologies in tanker design and operation. Also identifi ed are the heavily polluted worldwide geographical areas as a result of tanker accidents. An effort has been made to link observed trends to historical developments in tanker design and operation (introduction of the double-hull concept), to the age of the tanker fl eet at risk, and to the effects of relevant international regulations introduced, particularly the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and the US Oil Pollution Act OPA90. 2 Approach 2.1 Tanker casualty databases Raw accident data are nowadays available from the well-established Lloyd's Marine Information Services Ltd (LMIS). Much of the accident information con-Abstract This article presents detailed results of a comprehensive analysis of recorded accidents of large oil tankers (deadweight greater than 80 000 tonnes) occurring between 1978 and 2003. The analysis encompasses a thorough review of available raw accident data and their postprocessing in a way to produce appropriate statistics useful for the implementation of risk-based assessment methodologies. The processing of the captured data led to the identifi cation of signifi cant qualitative historical trends of tanker accidents and of quantitative characteristics of large tanker accidents, such as overall accident rates per ship-year. Data were also analyzed for all major accident categories separately, taking into account tanker ship size/type, the degree of accident severity, and the oil spill tonne rates per ship-year; this led to the identifi cation of heavily polluted worldwide geographical areas as a result of large tanker accidents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Casualty analysis of large tankers","attachmentId":94326373,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90888125/Casualty_analysis_of_large_tankers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90888125/Casualty_analysis_of_large_tankers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="115635050" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115635050/Development_Measures_to_Enhance_the_Ecological_Safety_of_Ships_and_Reduce_Operational_Pollution_to_the_Environment">Development Measures to Enhance the Ecological Safety of Ships and Reduce Operational Pollution to the Environment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50466013" href="https://independent.academia.edu/olon">Oleg A . Onishchenko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Reduction of ecological risks of shipping is a challenging task that requires methods of legislative and regulatory control, organizational measures, and technical and technological support. Furthermore, the matter concerns not only the reduction of possible risks but also the level of existing impact on the marine environment because of exhaust gas emissions by ships, discharge of waste and ballast water, as well as control of ecological consequences of accidents. The purpose of this study is to analyse possible sources of environmental impact during ship operation cycles, identify significant risks, review existing potentials to reduce the risk of ship accidents and their environmental consequences, and develop solutions to existing problems. This study offers results, which can serve as the initial basis for the formation of comprehensive measures on the reduction of environmental risks, and consequences of possible accidents for the environment caused by ships and international shipping.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development Measures to Enhance the Ecological Safety of Ships and Reduce Operational Pollution to the Environment","attachmentId":111987274,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115635050/Development_Measures_to_Enhance_the_Ecological_Safety_of_Ships_and_Reduce_Operational_Pollution_to_the_Environment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115635050/Development_Measures_to_Enhance_the_Ecological_Safety_of_Ships_and_Reduce_Operational_Pollution_to_the_Environment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="100644776" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships">Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34277227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleftheriaEliopoulou">Eleftheria Eliopoulou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper deals with a statistical analysis of maritime accidents pertaining to passenger ships in worldwide operation and, ultimately, with the assessment of the current safety level of the particular ship type, assuming that the safety level may be defined as a societally acceptable level of risk. The basic risk contributors, namely the frequency of main accidents’ occurrence and related consequences, are herein quantified and assessed. The presented analysis, covering the last two decades (2000–2021), shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the frequency of serious accidents’ occurrence in the last decade, whereas associated consequences do not exhibit the same trend since the frequency of ship total losses and of fatalities has increased. However, fatality rates are, to a great extent, affected by accidents of ships not compliant with safety regulations. This study also confirmed that grounding and contact accidents dominate the statistics of passenger ships of al...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships","attachmentId":101408663,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="27694568" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27694568/Shipping_accidents_a_serious_threat_for_marine_environment_Gemi_kazalar%C4%B1_deniz_%C3%A7evresi_i%C3%A7in_ciddi_bir_tehdit">Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment Gemi kazaları: deniz çevresi için ciddi bir tehdit</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51931397" href="https://independent.academia.edu/glenncleofe">glenn cleofe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Shipping accident is a term generally used for any accident results in financial loss, either in life or property or both. The reasons for shipping accidents are many and complex. Bigger size brings corresponding increases in cargo and passenger capacity; hence when an accident occurs, the risk of life and property immediately becomes higher. Reduced ship maneuverability in connection with larger scale is another contributing factor in shipping accidents. Several crucial causes play a role in shipping accidents. Natural conditions, technical failures, route conditions, ship-related factors, human errors, cargo-related factors are the striking ones. Shipping accidents by types are quite many and their impacts on marine environment differ from one another. Collision or contact, capsize, foundering, * Corresponding author: nakten@istanbul.edu.tr 270 breaking up, grounding, stranding, breakdown of the ship underway, and fire or explosion are examples of common shipping accidents. Groundings and shipboard fires are the dominant types of shipping accidents worldwide.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment Gemi kazaları: deniz çevresi için ciddi bir tehdit","attachmentId":47960422,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27694568/Shipping_accidents_a_serious_threat_for_marine_environment_Gemi_kazalar%C4%B1_deniz_%C3%A7evresi_i%C3%A7in_ciddi_bir_tehdit","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27694568/Shipping_accidents_a_serious_threat_for_marine_environment_Gemi_kazalar%C4%B1_deniz_%C3%A7evresi_i%C3%A7in_ciddi_bir_tehdit"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="66536911" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66536911/Maritime_shipping_and_emissions_A_three_layered_damage_based_approach">Maritime shipping and emissions: A three-layered, damage-based approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8555302" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GunnarEskeland">Gunnar Eskeland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ocean Engineering, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm"> Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maritime shipping and emissions: A three-layered, damage-based approach","attachmentId":77689838,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66536911/Maritime_shipping_and_emissions_A_three_layered_damage_based_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66536911/Maritime_shipping_and_emissions_A_three_layered_damage_based_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="10323544" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10323544/Preventing_Pollution_from_Ships_Reflections_on_the_Adequacy_of_Existing_Rules">Preventing Pollution from Ships - Reflections on the 'Adequacy' of Existing Rules</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25307486" href="https://independent.academia.edu/henrikringbom">henrik ringbom</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preventing Pollution from Ships - Reflections on the 'Adequacy' of Existing Rules","attachmentId":47438951,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10323544/Preventing_Pollution_from_Ships_Reflections_on_the_Adequacy_of_Existing_Rules","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10323544/Preventing_Pollution_from_Ships_Reflections_on_the_Adequacy_of_Existing_Rules"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86074739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86074739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_86074739" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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