Neuroscience | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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Vanderwolf</a> </span> </p> <p class="info-text">Updated by <span class="info-text__value"> The Canadian Encyclopedia </span> </p> </div> <div class="article-info__column"> <p class="info-text">Published Online <span class="info-text__value--date"> February 7, 2006 </span> </p> <p class="info-text">Last Edited <span class="info-text__value--date"> September 12, 2024 </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="article-toolbar"> <button data-target="popup-share" data-toggle="modal" class="article-toolbar__item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="article-toolbar__item__icon--share"></div> <span class="article-toolbar__item__title">Share</span> </button> <button id="js-print" class="article-toolbar__item"> <div class="article-toolbar__item__icon--print"></div> <span class="article-toolbar__item__title">Print</span> </button> </div> <div class="article-content"> <div class="article-content__summary"> <p>Neuroscience is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It includes a number of subfields such as neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, neurophysiology and the study of brain mechanisms in behaviour (neuroethology, neuropsychology, psychobiology and psychopharmacology). In addition, the medical fields of neurology, neurosurgery and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/psychiatry/">psychiatry</a> are closely related to that of neuroscience.</p> </div> <div class="article-content-body"> <div id="article-content-def"> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pUOG2g4hj8s?si=FCshvjwIY3ylUazi?rel=0" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> <br> <h3>Synaptic Transmission</h3> <p>Anatomical investigations of the nervous system have revealed the existence of specialized cells or neurons, which occur in vast numbers, in a great variety of shapes, sizes and functions, and form interconnected systems of enormous complexity. A British scientist, C.S. Sherrington, first understood that one neuron can influence the activity of a second neuron primarily via a specialized area of contact, which he referred to as a synapse. Subsequent work has revealed that synaptic transmission is usually the result of the release of a chemical substance (a neurohumor or neurotransmitter) which acts on specialized macromolecules (receptors) located in the membrane of the recipient neuron. It is of historical interest that some essential features of this concept were originally proposed in two papers published by a Canadian, F.H. Scott, in 1905 and 1906. However, Scott's ideas were too far in advance of the times and were ignored. The chemical nature of synaptic transmission did not become generally accepted until several decades later.</p> <p>Modern research has shown that there are many chemically distinctive neurotransmitters. As a result, it is possible to alter the operation of specific types of synapses by the administration of drugs that alter the release or the effect of specific neurotransmitters. Great practical importance attaches to this fact since it makes possible the pharmacological treatment of disorders of the nervous system. It also provides the basis for the widespread non-medical use of drugs that alter various aspects of the brain's function in a selective manner.</p> <h3>Development of Neuroscience in Canada</h3> <p>The establishment of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) at <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mcgill-university">McGill University</a> in 1934 with <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilder-penfield">Wilder Penfield</a> as its first director had a major effect on the development of neuroscience in Canada. The MNI, together with related departments at McGill and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/universite-de-montreal">Universit茅 de Montr茅al</a> made <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/montreal">Montreal</a> known worldwide for research and teaching in neuroscience and for the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Scientists and physicians trained in Montreal, and subsequently established eminent careers elsewhere in Canada and the world. For example, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/david-h-hubel">David H. Hubel</a>, a Canadian-born US citizen who was educated at McGill University and subsequently took up a position at Harvard University in Boston, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 for his studies on brain mechanisms in vision. (<em>See also</em> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nobel-prizes">Nobel Prizes and Canada</a>.)</p> <p>The MNI became especially well known for the advances made by Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper in the diagnosis, classification and treatment of epilepsy. The identification of the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), now believed to be the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain with a role in conditions as diverse as epilepsy and in the effect of anti-anxiety drugs, was made at the MNI by A.W. Bazemore, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kenneth-allan-caldwell-elliott">Kenneth Allan Caldwell Elliott</a> and E. Florey in 1957. The discoveries that Parkinson's disease was due to a deficiency of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter, and that the symptoms of the disease could be dramatically reversed by treatment with L-dopa, a compound from which the brain can manufacture dopamine, were made almost simultaneously in 1960-62 by Andr茅 Barbeau, G.F. Murphy and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/theodore-lionel-sourkes">Theodore Lionel Sourkes</a> in Montreal and by O. Hornykiewicz and his colleagues in Vienna.</p> <p>Work by H. Jasper, K. Krnjevic, H. MacIntosh and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/judah-hirsch-quastel/">Juda Hirsch Quastel</a> of McGill University and J. Szerb of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dalhousie-university">Dalhousie University</a> provided much of the basis of our present understanding of the action of another neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in the brain. This work has recently assumed considerable practical importance as a result of the demonstration by British and American investigators that Alzheimer's disease is associated with a severe loss of acetylcholine-containing neurons in the brain.</p> <h3>Brain Behaviour Research</h3> <p>The establishment of brain behaviour research in Canada was due, in large part, to <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/donald-olding-hebb">Donald Olding Hebb</a> of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mcgill-university">McGill University</a>. Work in Hebb's laboratory demonstrated the important role played by ordinary environmental stimulation in the development and maintenance of normal brain function. One of Hebb's students, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brenda-milner">Brenda Milner</a>, carried out a series of studies at the MNI which demonstrated that localized injuries in different parts of the cerebral cortex produced quite specific impairments in psychological functions. In 1953 James Olds and Peter M. Milner, working in Hebb's laboratory, discovered that animals would voluntarily deliver electrical stimulation to certain parts of their own brain when enabled to do so by means of an implanted electrode. It is widely believed that this phenomenon establishes that activity of specific brain circuits is related to motivation and pleasure.</p> <p>Research in neuroscience is undergoing an explosive development everywhere in the developed world. Every large Canadian university has programs in neuroscience fields in several academic departments. New technology such as computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron-emission tomography now permit noninvasive investigation of the living human nervous system at a level of detail which was unimaginable a few years ago. It is reasonable to expect great improvements in our understanding of the nervous system and our ability to treat diseases of the nervous system in the coming decades.</p> </div> </div> <div id="def" class="article-content-body hide"></div> </div> <div id="article-definitions"> <definitions route="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/json/define" id="neuroscience"></definitions> </div> <div class="article-widget widget-adsense"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:468px;height:60px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3964766461879185" data-ad-slot="1946780682"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </article> </main> <div id="modal-overlay" class="overlay"></div> <div id="article-image" class="article-img-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-modal-title"> <button class="article-img-modal__close" aria-label="close image modal"></button> <div id="js-article-modal-image" class="article-img-modal__container"> <div class="image-container"> <img class="article-img-modal__img" src="" alt=""> </div> <div class="text-container"> <span role="heading" aria-level="3" id="article-modal-title" class="article-img-modal__title"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__description"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__creator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-grid article-related"> <ul class="article-tags-list main-grid__content"> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=neurology&tag=neurology">neurology</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=science&tag=science">science</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=research&tag=research">research</a> </li> </ul> <div class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">External Links</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.epilepsy.ca/"><strong>Epilepsy Canada </strong>An extensive information source about epilepsy for patients and care givers.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.michaeljfox.org/"><strong>The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research </strong>This website describes the nature of Parkinson's disease and current research initiatives. Also provides a bio of Michael J. Fox.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.parkinson.ca/"><strong>Parkinson Canada </strong>The website for the Parkinson Society Canada. This website focuses on the nature of Parkinson's disease, treatment, care, and related research projects.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.alzheimer.ca/"><strong>Alzheimer Society of Canada </strong>The Alzheimer Society provides support, information and education to people with Alzheimer Disease, families, physicians, and health-care providers.</a></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="https://can-acn.org/"><strong>Canadian Association of Neuroscience</strong> Access the official website of the Canadian Association of Neuroscience.</a></p></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Associated Collections</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/health-and-healthcare-in-canada" > Health and Healthcare in Canada </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">collection</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/350b6e59-1083-4f86-b24c-c0a1608e2fa0.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Banting and Best Laboratory" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Recommended</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilder-penfield" > Wilder Penfield </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/0a9f70e1-8b68-43d1-886b-006215336887.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Wilder Penfield" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brenda-milner" > Brenda Milner </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/single_use_images/B_Milner_1956.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Photo of Brenda Milner in 1956" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/psychiatry" > Psychiatry </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" alt="" class="image-container__image" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/donald-olding-hebb" > Donald Olding Hebb </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/donaldoldinghebb/donaldhebb.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Donald Olding Hebb" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/david-h-hubel" > David H. 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