Health and Healthcare in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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and access the interactive map.</p> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/members/register" class="b b-md b-primary">Create Account </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebarGrid"> <div class="sidebarContainerDesktop"> <div class="sb-anchor sb-collection-details"> <sidebar sb-header="collections" sb-subtitles-show="true" sb-search-route="/en/search" sb-search-placeholder="Search collections" sb-group-name="Articles by Topic" > <div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="1"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Biographies (89)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albiny-paquette"> <span>Albiny Paquette</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alton-goldbloom"> <span>Alton Goldbloom</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anderson-abbott"> <span>Anderson Abbott</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/annette-herscovics"> <span>Annette Herscovics</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/armand-frappier"> <span>Armand Frappier</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/arthur-maxwell-house"> <span>Arthur Maxwell House</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bernard-belleau"> <span>Bernard Belleau</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bonnie-henry"> <span>Bonnie Henry</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brenda-milner"> <span>Brenda Milner</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brock-chisholm"> <span>Brock Chisholm</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-best"> <span>Charles Herbert Best</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-lightfoot-roman"> <span>Charles Lightfoot Roman</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-philippe-leblond"> <span>Charles Philippe Leblond</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-victor-roman"> <span>Charles Victor Roman</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/christopher-widmer"> <span>Christopher Widmer</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clarke-fraser"> <span>Clarke Fraser</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/david-h-hubel"> <span>David H. Hubel</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dominique-gaspard"> <span>Dominique Gaspard</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/donald-olding-hebb"> <span>Donald Olding Hebb</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charlotte-edith-anderson-monture"> <span>Edith Monture</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edwin-a-baker"> <span>Edwin A. Baker</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/elizabeth-bagshaw"> <span>Elizabeth Bagshaw</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/emily-stowe"> <span>Emily Stowe</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/emmett-matthew-hall"> <span>Emmett Matthew Hall</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ernest-mcculloch"> <span>Ernest McCulloch</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/flordeliz-osler"> <span>Flordeliz Osler</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frances-kelsey"> <span>Frances Oldham Kelsey</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frederick-montizambert"> <span>Frederick Montizambert</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gilles-julien"> <span>Gilles Julien</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hans-selye"> <span>Hans Selye</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harold-elford-johns"> <span>Harold Elford Johns</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/helen-kathleen-mussallem"> <span>Helen Mussallem</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henri-j-breault"> <span>Henri J. Breault</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henry-morgentaler"> <span>Henry Morgentaler</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/irene-uchida"> <span>Irene Uchida</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/irma-le-vasseur"> <span>Irma LeVasseur</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jacalyn-duffin"> <span>Jacalyn Duffin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jacques-genest"> <span>Jacques Genest</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-till"> <span>James Till</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jane-philpott"> <span>Jane Philpott</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jean-cuthand-goodwill"> <span>Jean Cuthand Goodwill</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jean-francois-gaultier"> <span>Jean-Fran莽ois Gaultier</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jeanne-mance"> <span>Jeanne Mance</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jennie-trout"> <span>Jennie Trout</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-james-rickard-macleod"> <span>John James Rickard Macleod</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-mccrae"> <span>John McCrae</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lt-col-john-mccrae"> <span>John McCrae</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/judie-alimonti"> <span>Judie Alimonti</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kenneth-allan-caldwell-elliott"> <span>Kenneth Allan Caldwell Elliott</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lap-chee-tsui"> <span>Lap-Chee Tsui</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/leone-norwood-farrell"> <span>Leone Norwood Farrell</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/louis-hebert"> <span>Louis H茅bert</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/siminovitch-louis"> <span>Louis Siminovitch</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lucille-teasdale"> <span>Lucille Teasdale</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marc-lalonde"> <span>Marc Lalonde</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marie-marguerite-d-youville"> <span>Marie-Marguerite d'Youville</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maryse-lassonde"> <span>Maryse Lassonde</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michael-hayden"> <span>Michael Hayden</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michael-smith-biochemist"> <span>Michael Smith (Biochemist)</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michel-chretien"> <span>Michel Chr茅tien</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michel-gagner"> <span>Michel Gagner</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michel-sarrazin"> <span>Michel Sarrazin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nadine-caron"> <span>Nadine Caron</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/norman-bethune"> <span>Norman Bethune</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/onye-nnorom"> <span>Onye Nnorom</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paul-david"> <span>Paul David</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edgar-peter-lougheed"> <span>Peter Lougheed</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pierre-lalonde"> <span>Pierre Lalonde</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ray-fletcher-farquharson"> <span>Ray Fletcher Farquharson</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-bruce-salter"> <span>Robert Bruce Salter</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/roberta-bondar"> <span>Roberta Bondar</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rose-johnstone"> <span>Rose Johnstone</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/samira-mubareka"> <span>Samira Mubareka</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-charles-hibbert-tupper"> <span>Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-charles-tupper"> <span>Sir Charles Tupper</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-frederick-grant-banting"> <span>Sir Frederick Banting</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-wilfred-thomason-grenfell"> <span>Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-william-osler"> <span>Sir William Osler</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sonny-arrojado"> <span>Sonny Arrojado</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stanley-vollant"> <span>Stanley Vollant</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sylvia-olga-fedoruk"> <span>Sylvia Olga Fedoruk</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/terry-fox"> <span>Terry Fox</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/theresa-tam"> <span>Theresa Tam</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas"> <span>Tommy Douglas</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas-and-eugenics"> <span>Tommy Douglas and Eugenics</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vera-peters"> <span>Vera Peters</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilder-penfield"> <span>Wilder Penfield</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilfred-bigelow"> <span>Wilfred Bigelow</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/william-edward-gallie"> <span>William Edward Gallie</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="2"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Diseases and Conditions (39)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/1890-flu-pandemic-in-canada"> <span>1890 Flu Pandemic in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/1918-spanish-flu-in-canada"> <span>1918 Spanish Flu in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aids"> <span>AIDS</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aging"> <span>Aging</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alcoholism"> <span>Alcoholism</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/allergies"> <span>Allergies</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/avian-influenza"> <span>Avian Influenza in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/covid-19-pandemic"> <span>COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/covid-19-pandemic-in-canada-plain-language-summary"> <span>COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/covid-19-vaccines"> <span>COVID-19 Vaccines</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-development-of-the-polio-vaccine"> <span>Canada and the Development of the Polio Vaccine</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadas-opioid-crisis"> <span>Canada's Opioid Crisis</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadas-pandemic-influenza-plan"> <span>Canada's Pandemic Influenza Plan</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cancer"> <span>Cancer</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cholera"> <span>Cholera in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/diabetes-mellitus"> <span>Diabetes</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/disease"> <span>Disease</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/drug-therapy-for-strokes"> <span>Drug Therapy for Strokes</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamburger-disease"> <span>E. coli Infection in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/eating-disorders"> <span>Eating Disorders</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/epidemic"> <span>Epidemics in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/h1n1-flu-of-2009-in-canada"> <span>H1N1 Flu of 2009 in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/heart-disease"> <span>Heart Disease</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/impact-of-covid-19-on-remote-work-in-canada"> <span>Impact of COVID-19 on Remote Work at Canadian Businesses</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/influenza"> <span>Influenza (Flu) in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/malaria"> <span>Malaria</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medical-drug-abuse"> <span>Medical Drug Abuse</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mental-health"> <span>Mental Health</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nonmedical-drug-use"> <span>Nonmedical Drug Use</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pandemic"> <span>Pandemics in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sars-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome"> <span>SARS in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sexually-transmitted-infections"> <span>Sexually Transmitted Infections</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/smallpox"> <span>Smallpox in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/smoking"> <span>Smoking</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suicide-among-indigenous-peoples-in-canada"> <span>Suicide among Indigenous Peoples in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suicide"> <span>Suicide in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/plague-the-red-death-strikes-montreal-feature"> <span>The 1885 Montreal Smallpox Epidemic</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/typhus"> <span>Typhus</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/virus"> <span>Virus</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="3"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Healthcare (7)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1867"> <span>Constitution Act, 1867</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/health-canada"> <span>Health Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/health-policy"> <span>Health Policy</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hospital"> <span>Hospital</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hotel-dieu"> <span>H么tel-Dieu</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/social-programs-in-canada"> <span>Social Programs in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/welfare-state"> <span>Welfare State</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="4"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">History of Medicine (9)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/contemporary-medicine"> <span>Contemporary Medicine</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-birth-control-in-canada"> <span>History of Birth Control in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-medicine"> <span>History of Medicine to 1950</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-veterinary-medicine"> <span>History of Veterinary Medicine</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/native-medicines"> <span>Indigenous Peoples' Medicine in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medical-education"> <span>Medical Education</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medical-ethics"> <span>Medical Ethics</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/psychedelic-research-in-1950s-saskatchewan"> <span>Psychedelic Research in 1950s Saskatchewan</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas-and-eugenics"> <span>Tommy Douglas and Eugenics</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="5"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Indigenous Health and Healing (20)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charlotte-edith-anderson-monture"> <span>Edith Monture</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-health"> <span>Health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-hospitals-in-canada"> <span>Indian Hospitals in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/native-medicines"> <span>Indigenous Peoples' Medicine in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-services-canada"> <span>Indigenous Services Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jean-cuthand-goodwill"> <span>Jean Cuthand Goodwill</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lillian-dyck"> <span>Lillian Dyck</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medicine-bundles"> <span>Medicine Bundles</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medicine-wheels"> <span>Medicine Wheels</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nadine-caron"> <span>Nadine Caron</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oronhyatekha"> <span>Oronhyatekha</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peter-henderson-bryce"> <span>Peter Henderson Bryce</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/remarkable-indigenous-scientists-and-researchers"> <span>Remarkable Indigenous Scientists and Researchers in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/shaman"> <span>Shaman</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/native-people-social-conditions"> <span>Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stanley-vollant"> <span>Stanley Vollant</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sterilization-of-indigenous-women-in-canada"> <span>Sterilization of Indigenous Women in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suicide-among-indigenous-peoples-in-canada"> <span>Suicide among Indigenous Peoples in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sweat-lodge"> <span>Sweat Lodge</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/plants-native-uses"> <span>Traditional Plants and Indigenous Peoples in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="6"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">LGBTQ2+ (5)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-rights-in-canada"> <span>2SLGBTQ+ Rights in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aids"> <span>AIDS</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peter-jepson-young"> <span>Peter Jepson-Young</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-road-to-inclusion-transgender-health-care-in-canada"> <span>The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/transgender"> <span>Transgender</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="7"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Medical Research (39)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/armand-frappier"> <span>Armand Frappier</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/artificial-heart-developed"> <span>Artificial Heart Developed</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/artificial-mini-hearts-developed"> <span>Artificial Mini-Hearts Developed</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bernard-belleau"> <span>Bernard Belleau</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/breast-cancer-research-in-canada"> <span>Breast Cancer Research in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/covid-19-vaccines"> <span>COVID-19 Vaccines</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-development-of-the-polio-vaccine"> <span>Canada and the Development of the Polio Vaccine</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-lipid-nanoparticle-research-the-key-to-covid-19-mrna-vaccines"> <span>Canadian Lipid Nanoparticle Research: The Key to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cardiac-pacemaker"> <span>Cardiac Pacemaker</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charles-best"> <span>Charles Herbert Best</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/eli-franklin-burton"> <span>Eli Franklin Burton</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frances-kelsey"> <span>Frances Oldham Kelsey</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harold-elford-johns"> <span>Harold Elford Johns</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/heart-transplantation"> <span>Heart Transplantation</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henri-j-breault"> <span>Henri J. Breault</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/insulin"> <span>Insulin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-bertram-collip"> <span>James Bertram Collip</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-a-hopps"> <span>John A. Hopps</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-carter-callaghan"> <span>John Carter Callaghan</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-james-rickard-macleod"> <span>John James Rickard Macleod</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/judie-alimonti"> <span>Judie Alimonti</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lap-chee-tsui"> <span>Lap-Chee Tsui</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/leone-norwood-farrell"> <span>Leone Norwood Farrell</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maude-abbott"> <span>Maude Abbott</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medical-research"> <span>Medical Research</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mkultra"> <span>Montreal MKULTRA Experiments</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nobel-prizes"> <span>Nobel Prizes and Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/norman-bethune"> <span>Norman Bethune</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pablum"> <span>Pablum</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/psychedelic-research-in-1950s-saskatchewan"> <span>Psychedelic Research in 1950s Saskatchewan</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-bruce-salter"> <span>Robert Bruce Salter</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-frederick-grant-banting"> <span>Sir Frederick Banting</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-william-osler"> <span>Sir William Osler</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stem-cell-research"> <span>Stem Cell Research</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sylvia-olga-fedoruk"> <span>Sylvia Olga Fedoruk</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-discovery-of-insulin-feature"> <span>The Discovery of Insulin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-discovery-of-insulin"> <span>The Discovery of Insulin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/toronto-feature-discovery-of-insulin"> <span>Toronto Feature: Discovery of Insulin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilfred-bigelow"> <span>Wilfred Bigelow</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="8"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Medical Specialization (10)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dentistry"> <span>Dentistry</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/general-practice-medicine"> <span>General Practice Medicine</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gerontology"> <span>Gerontology</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/heart-transplantation"> <span>Heart Transplantation</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immunology"> <span>Immunology</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pediatrics"> <span>Pediatrics</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/psychiatry"> <span>Psychiatry</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sports-medicine"> <span>Sports Medicine</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/transplantation"> <span>Transplantation</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/veterinary-medicine"> <span>Veterinary Medicine</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="9"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Organizations (17)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-cross-nurses-in-canada"> <span>Black Cross Nurses in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-army-medical-corps-nursing-sisters"> <span>Canadian Army Medical Corps Nursing Sisters</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-institutes-of-health-research"> <span>Canadian Institutes of Health Research</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-lung-association"> <span>Canadian Lung Association</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-medical-association"> <span>Canadian Medical Association</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-national-institute-for-the-blind"> <span>Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB)</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/centre-for-human-performance-and-health-promotion-emc"> <span>Centre for Human Performance and Health Promotion</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federation-of-medical-women-of-canada"> <span>Federation of Medical Women of Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/health-canada"> <span>Health Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inrs-institut-armand-frappier"> <span>INRS - Armand-Frappier Sant茅 Biotechnologie Research Centre</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/institut-nazareth-emc"> <span>Institut Nazareth</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mcmaster-university-health-sciences-centre"> <span>McMaster University Health Sciences Centre</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-research-council-of-canada"> <span>National Research Council of Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nursing-sisters"> <span>Nursing Sisters</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nursing-sisters-and-the-costs-of-war-on-women"> <span>Nursing Sisters and the Costs of War on Women</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-cross-society"> <span>Red Cross Society</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sanofi-pasteur-limited"> <span>Sanofi Pasteur Limited</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="10"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Public Health (11)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/assisted-suicide-in-canada"> <span>Assisted Suicide in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/epidemiology"> <span>Epidemiology</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medical-education"> <span>Medical Education</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/medical-research"> <span>Medical Research</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/prohibition"> <span>Prohibition in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/public-health"> <span>Public Health in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/public-health-in-canada-plain-language-summary"> <span>Public Health in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/social-work"> <span>Social Work</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suicide"> <span>Suicide in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vaccination-and-vaccine-hesitancy-in-canada"> <span>Vaccination and Vaccine Hesitancy in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vaccination-and-vaccine-hesitancy-in-canada-plain-language-summary"> <span>Vaccination and Vaccine Hesitancy in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sb-group accordion-group sb-accordion-collection" data-accordion="11"> <div class="sb-tab accordion-head accordion-toggler"><div class="">Women and Health (6)</div><button class=""><img alt="toggler-icon" src="/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg" class="accordion-toggler-icon" class="toggler-icon">toggler</button></div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-collection-details"> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/abortion"> <span>Abortion in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/birth-control"> <span>Birth Control in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/birthing-practices"> <span>Childbirth in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-birth-control-in-canada"> <span>History of Birth Control in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-commission-on-the-status-of-women-in-canada"> <span>Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada</span> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/women-and-health"> <span>Women and Health</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collectionSubDesktop"> <span class="sb-group-name">Timelines</span> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/science"><span>Science</span></a></div> </div> <div class="collectionSubDesktop"> <span class="sb-group-name">Education</span> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/studyguide/canada-during-covid"><span>Canada during COVID-19: A Living Archive - Junior and Senior Learning Tools</span></a></div> </div> <div class="collectionSubDesktop"> <span class="sb-group-name">Videos</span> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k8R7MukHImA?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i9.ytimg.com/vi/k8R7MukHImA/mq2.jpg?sqp=CIvnnPQF&rs=AOn4CLB1YMGmDuqwWXijroEGCEtqNhE5wA" alt="The SARS Outbreak" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">The SARS Outbreak</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/00n67k-f7Yw?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/00n67k-f7Yw/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: Nursing Sisters" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: Nursing Sisters</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pUOG2g4hj8s?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pUOG2g4hj8s/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: Wilder Penfield" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: Wilder Penfield</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VyD3iB2F_U4?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VyD3iB2F_U4/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: Jennie Trout" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: Jennie Trout</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/a0vwvVFFDH8?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/a0vwvVFFDH8/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: Midwife" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: Midwife</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lye2OjIBqGA?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/lye2OjIBqGA/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: Lucille Teasdale" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: Lucille Teasdale</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kWbk1aVG7So?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kWbk1aVG7So/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: Myrnam Hospital" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: Myrnam Hospital</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/amCeBhkNo50?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://www.historicacanada.ca/sites/default/files/multimedia/minutes/images/insulin.jpg" alt="Heritage Minutes: The Discovery of Insulin" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Heritage Minutes: The Discovery of Insulin</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/J_03t7N2Ypw?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://i9.ytimg.com/vi/J_03t7N2Ypw/mqdefault.jpg?time=1590070200769&sqp=CLiXmvYF&rs=AOn4CLDbFrrftpdbQQIdeAlJUfXsO-QdTg" alt="Maude Abbott" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Maude Abbott</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="sb-sidebar-video"> <div class="videomodalsingle"> <a class="js-callout-video js-callout callout-regular" data-videoURL="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d9WzUKB5tOc?enablejsapi=1&version=3&playerapiid=ytplayer"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/education_guides/CDC-LT-TCE-Thumbnail.jpg" alt="Canada During COVID19: A Living Archive" height="auto" width="100%"> <span class="callout-title">Canada During COVID19: A Living Archive</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </sidebar> </div> </div> <div class="content-container-desktop"> <main id="pagination"> <article class="main-grid timeline-index"> <div class="main-grid__content--full"> </div> <div class="timeline-index__heading main-grid__content--full"> <div class="timeline-single__header"> <div class="timeline-single__header__info"> <span class="g-category text-xsmall"> collection </span> <h1 class="l-head-title">Health and Healthcare in Canada</h1> <p>This collection features content about health and healthcare in Canada. Through articles, biographies, videos and other resources, the collection explores topics, such as disease, research and medical services.</p> </div> <div class="timeline-single__header__image-container"> <img alt="Banting and Best Laboratory" src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/720x439/media/media/350b6e59-1083-4f86-b24c-c0a1608e2fa0.jpg" data-src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/720x439/media/media/350b6e59-1083-4f86-b24c-c0a1608e2fa0.jpg" width="100%" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 class="callouts-layout__title">Featured Articles</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/covid-19-pandemic" > COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/COVID/SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png" class="image-container__image" alt="SARS-CoV-2" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 class="callouts-layout__title">Timelines</h3> <div class="module-template-timeline-blocks callout callout-split timeline-blocks"> <div class="callout-img-wrap callout-split-img"> <img data-src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/720x439/media/media/17ef3a3e-66f3-42e0-b5a8-f4bdeb10c528.jpg" src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/720x439/media/media/17ef3a3e-66f3-42e0-b5a8-f4bdeb10c528.jpg" alt="Dr. Charles H. Best and Dr. G.R. Williams" class="callout-img" /> </div> <div class="callout-split-desc"> <span class="g-category callout-cat text-xsmall">timeline</span> <h3 class="section-title"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/science"> Science </a> </h3> <p>This timeline chronicles scientific innovation and discovery in Canada</p> <a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/science" class="b-link b-arrow">Explore the Timeline</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 class="callouts-layout__title">Education Guides</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/studyguide/canada-during-covid" > Canada during COVID-19: A Living Archive - Junior and Senior Learning... </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Education Guide</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/education_guides/CDC-LT-TCE-Thumbnail.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 class="callouts-layout__title">Gallery</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout callout-regular"> <div class="callout-img-wrap"> <img class="callout-img" title="Banting and Best Laboratory" src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/350b6e59-1083-4f86-b24c-c0a1608e2fa0.jpg" alt="Banting and Best Laboratory"> </div> <h6 class="callout-title"> <button class="js-gallery-target link" data-imgURL="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/350b6e59-1083-4f86-b24c-c0a1608e2fa0.jpg" aria-label="open Banting and Best Laboratory image details in modal"> Banting and Best Laboratory </button> </h6> </div> <div class="callout callout-regular"> <div class="callout-img-wrap"> <img class="callout-img" title="Best and Banting" src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/7c0511ca-0942-4e75-917e-66199a6b2cb5.jpg" alt="Best and Banting"> </div> <h6 class="callout-title"> <button class="js-gallery-target link" data-imgURL="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/7c0511ca-0942-4e75-917e-66199a6b2cb5.jpg" aria-label="open Best and Banting image details in modal"> Best and Banting </button> </h6> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 class="callouts-layout__title">Videos</h3> <div id="videomodal" class="callouts-layout__grid--half"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <button aria-label="open modal to view video The SARS Outbreak" class="callout-item__link js-callout-video link" data-videoURL=https://youtube.com/embed/k8R7MukHImA>The SARS Outbreak</button> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">video</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img class="image-container__image" src="https://i9.ytimg.com/vi/k8R7MukHImA/mq2.jpg?sqp=CIvnnPQF&rs=AOn4CLB1YMGmDuqwWXijroEGCEtqNhE5wA" data-src="https://i9.ytimg.com/vi/k8R7MukHImA/mq2.jpg?sqp=CIvnnPQF&rs=AOn4CLB1YMGmDuqwWXijroEGCEtqNhE5wA" alt="" loading="lazy" /> <span class="video-play-btn"></span> </div> </div> <div id="popup-image" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper popup-wrapper-video"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <button class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></button> </div> <div id="image-modal-body" class="popup-body"> <iframe class="iframe-video" width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen src=""></iframe> <img src="" class="popup-image" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <button aria-label="open modal to view video Heritage Minutes: Nursing Sisters" class="callout-item__link js-callout-video link" 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