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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Тыпы_мадуляцый" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тыпы_мадуляцый"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Тыпы мадуляцый</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Тыпы_мадуляцый-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Тыпы мадуляцый</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Тыпы_мадуляцый-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Аналагавая_Мадуляцыя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Аналагавая_Мадуляцыя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Аналагавая Мадуляцыя</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Аналагавая_Мадуляцыя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лічбавая_Мадуляцыя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лічбавая_Мадуляцыя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Лічбавая Мадуляцыя</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лічбавая_Мадуляцыя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тыпы_лічбавай_мадуляцыі_(маніпуляцыі)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тыпы_лічбавай_мадуляцыі_(маніпуляцыі)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Тыпы лічбавай мадуляцыі (маніпуляцыі)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Тыпы_лічбавай_мадуляцыі_(маніпуляцыі)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Тыпы лічбавай мадуляцыі (маніпуляцыі)</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Тыпы_лічбавай_мадуляцыі_(маніпуляцыі)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Імпульсная_Мадуляцыя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Імпульсная_Мадуляцыя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Імпульсная Мадуляцыя</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Імпульсная_Мадуляцыя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тыпы_імпульснай_мадуляцыі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тыпы_імпульснай_мадуляцыі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Тыпы імпульснай мадуляцыі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тыпы_імпульснай_мадуляцыі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Асноўныя_характарыстыкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Асноўныя_характарыстыкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Асноўныя характарыстыкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Асноўныя_характарыстыкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Мадуляцыя</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 61 мове." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 мова</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تضمين (إلكترونيات) – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضمين (إلكترونيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мадуляцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Модулация (техника) – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модулация (техника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মড্যুলেশন – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মড্যুলেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3_(telecomunicacions)" title="Modulació (telecomunicacions) – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modulació (telecomunicacions)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulace" title="Modulace – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(Technik)" title="Modulation (Technik) – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modulation (Technik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διαμόρφωση σήματος – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαμόρφωση σήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulado_(tekniko)" title="Modulado (tekniko) – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modulado (tekniko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_(telecomunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Modulación (telecomunicación) – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modulación (telecomunicación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatsioon_(%C3%BClekandetehnika)" title="Modulatsioon (ülekandetehnika) – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Modulatsioon (ülekandetehnika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazio" title="Modulazio – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Modulazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مدوله‌سازی – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدوله‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaatio_(elektroniikka)" title="Modulaatio (elektroniikka) – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Modulaatio (elektroniikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_du_signal" title="Modulation du signal – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulation du signal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhn%C3%BA" title="Modhnú – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Modhnú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אפנון – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="मॉडुलन – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॉडुलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C3%A1ci%C3%B3_(fizika)" title="Moduláció (fizika) – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moduláció (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մոդուլում – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդուլում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modulasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione" title="Modulazione – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="変調方式 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="変調方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%A1%B0" title="변조 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduliacija" title="Moduliacija – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moduliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C4%81cija" title="Modulācija – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Modulācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifanaraham-peo" title="Fifanaraham-peo – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifanaraham-peo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Модулација – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Модулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മോഡുലനം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോഡുലനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemodulatan" title="Pemodulatan – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemodulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မော်ဒျူလေးရှင်း – бірманская" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်ဒျူလေးရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бірманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatie_(radio)" title="Modulatie (radio) – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modulatie (radio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasjon" title="Modulasjon – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Modulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasjon" title="Modulasjon – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Modulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacja" title="Modulacja – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Modulação – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie" title="Modulație – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modulație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="මූර්ජනය – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මූර්ජනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C3%A1cia_(elektronika)" title="Modulácia (elektronika) – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modulácia (elektronika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Модулација – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi – сунда" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Modulasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்பேற்றம் – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="การกล้ำสัญญาณ – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกล้ำสัญญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%BClasyon" title="Modülasyon – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Модуляція – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модуляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تحویر – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحویر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulyatsiya" title="Signal modulyatsiya – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Signal modulyatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_ch%E1%BA%BF_t%C3%ADn_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Điều chế tín hiệu – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều chế tín hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6" title="调制 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="调制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="調變 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="調變" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A0n-ti%C4%81u_(ti%C4%81n-s%C3%ACn)" title="Piàn-tiāu (tiān-sìn) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Piàn-tiāu (tiān-sìn)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%B6" title="調制 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="調制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170474#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі (няма такой старонкі) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Змяніць моўны варыянт" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Віды"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=history" title="Ранейшыя версіі гэтай старонкі. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Інструменты" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструменты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеянні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:WhatLinksHere/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Спіс вікістаронак, якія спасылаюцца сюды [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Сюды спасылаюцца</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChangesLinked/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" rel="nofollow" title="Нядаўнія змены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Звязаныя праўкі</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:SpecialPages" title="Пералік усіх адмысловых старонак [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Адмысловыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=info" title="Больш звестак пра гэту старонку"><span>Звесткі пра старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258F%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F"><span>Атрымаць скарочаны URL-адрас</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258F%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>Спампаваць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&printable=yes" title="Друкавальная версія гэтай старонкі [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Modulation" hreflang="en"><span>Вікісховішча</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170474" title="Спасылка на звязаны элемент рэпазітара даных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Элемент Вікіданых</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--unchecked"></span><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Вікіпедыя:Догляд">Неправераная</a></b></indicator></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">The page has not been checked</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">У гэтай старонкі няма <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Вікіпедыя:Догляд">правераных версій</a>, хутчэй за ўсё, яе якасць <b>не</b> ацэньвалася на адпаведнасць стандартам.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:210px; float: right; clear: right; text-align:center; margin-top:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#bdb">Метады <a class="mw-selflink selflink">мадуляцыі</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Аналагавая_мадуляцыя">Аналагавая мадуляцыя</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Амплітудная мадуляцыя">AM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Частотная мадуляцыя">ЧМ (FM)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фазавая мадуляцыя">ФМ (PM)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квадратурна-амплітудная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">QAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SSB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSB (няма такой старонкі)">SSB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Лічбавая_мадуляцыя">Лічбавая мадуляцыя</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Амплітудная маніпуляцыя">АМн</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фазавая маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ФМн</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Частотная маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ЧМн</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GMSK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GMSK (няма такой старонкі)">GMSK</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=OFDM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OFDM (няма такой старонкі)">OFDM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=COFDM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COFDM (няма такой старонкі)">COFDM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Трэліс-мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">TCM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Імпульсная_мадуляцыя">Імпульсная мадуляцыя</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амплітудна-імпульсная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">АІМ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэльта-мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ДМ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Імпульсна-кодавая мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ІКМ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сігма-дэльта-мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ΣΔ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шыротна-імпульсная мадуляцыя">ШІМ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Частотна-імпульсная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ЧІМ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фазава-імпульсная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">ФІМ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пашырэнне спектру (няма такой старонкі)">Пашырэнне спектру</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSSS (няма такой старонкі)">DSSS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=FHSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FHSS (няма такой старонкі)">FHSS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><small>Гл. таксама <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэмадуляція (няма такой старонкі)">Дэмадуляція</a></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Мадуляцыя</b> — працэс змены аднаго або некалькіх параметраў высокачастотнага мадуляванага вагання пад уздзеяннем адносна нізкачастотнага кіруючага мадулявальнага <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сігнал (няма такой старонкі)">сігналу</a>. У выніку <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Спектр">спектр</a> кіруючага сігналу пераносіцца ў вобласць высокіх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Частата">частот</a>, дзе перадача электрамагнітных сігналаў праз выпраменьванне больш эфектыўная. Перадаваная інфармацыя закладзена ў кіруючым сігнале. Ролю пераносніка інфармацыі выконвае высокачастотнае ваганне, якое завецца апорным. У якасці апорнага могуць быць скарыстаныя ваганні рознай формы, аднак часцей за ўсё ўжываюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гарманічныя ваганні">гарманічныя ваганні</a>. У залежнасьці ад таго, які з параметраў апорнага вагання змяняецца, адрозніваюць віды мадуляцыі (амплітудная, частотная, фазавая і інш.). Мадуляцыя дыскрэтным сігналам завецца лічбавай мадуляцыяй або маніпуляцыяй. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тыпы_мадуляцый"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.8B.D0.BF.D1.8B_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D0.B9"></span>Тыпы мадуляцый</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Тыпы мадуляцый" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Тыпы мадуляцый"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Аналагавая_Мадуляцыя"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.8F"></span>Аналагавая Мадуляцыя</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Аналагавая Мадуляцыя" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Аналагавая Мадуляцыя"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Амплітудная мадуляцыя">Амплітудная мадуляцыя</a> (АМ) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амплітудная мадуляцыя з адной бакавой паласой (няма такой старонкі)">Амплітудная мадуляцыя з адной бакавой паласой</a> (АМзАБП) (ААМ — аднапалосная АМ)</li> <li>Балансная амплітудная мадуляцыя (БАМ) — АМ з прыгнятаннем апорнай</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Частотная мадуляцыя">Частотная мадуляцыя</a> (ЧМ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фазавая мадуляцыя">Фазавая мадуляцыя</a> (ФМ)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сігма-дэльта мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Сігма-дэльта мадуляцыя</a> (∑Δ)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Лічбавая_Мадуляцыя"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.87.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.8F"></span>Лічбавая Мадуляцыя</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Лічбавая Мадуляцыя" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Лічбавая Мадуляцыя"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тыпы_лічбавай_мадуляцыі_(маніпуляцыі)"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.8B.D0.BF.D1.8B_.D0.BB.D1.96.D1.87.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.B9_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.96_.28.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.96.D0.BF.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.96.29"></span>Тыпы лічбавай мадуляцыі (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">маніпуляцыі</a>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Тыпы лічбавай мадуляцыі (маніпуляцыі)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Тыпы лічбавай мадуляцыі (маніпуляцыі)"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Амплітудная маніпуляцыя">Амплітудная маніпуляцыя</a> (АМн)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Частотная маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Частотная маніпуляцыя</a> (ЧМн) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Частотная маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Частотная маніпуляцыя зь мінімальным зрухам</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гаўсаўская маніпуляцыя з мінімальным частасным зрухам (няма такой старонкі)">Гаўсаўская маніпуляцыя з мінімальным частасным зрухам</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фазавая маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Фазавая маніпуляцыя</a> (ФМн)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квадратурная амплітудная маніпуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Квадратурная амплітудная маніпуляцыя</a> (КАМ) — камбінацыя АМн і ФМн</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Метады пашырэння спектру (няма такой старонкі)">Мадуляцыя з пашырэннем спектру</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шматканальная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Шматканальная мадуляцыя</a> (падзел з мультыплексаваннем каналаў)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Імпульсная_Мадуляцыя"><span id=".D0.86.D0.BC.D0.BF.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8C.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.8F"></span>Імпульсная Мадуляцыя</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: Імпульсная Мадуляцыя" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Імпульсная Мадуляцыя"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тыпы_імпульснай_мадуляцыі"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.8B.D0.BF.D1.8B_.D1.96.D0.BC.D0.BF.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8C.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B9_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.96"></span>Тыпы імпульснай мадуляцыі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Правіць раздзел: Тыпы імпульснай мадуляцыі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Тыпы імпульснай мадуляцыі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Імпульсна-кодавая мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Імпульсна-кодавая мадуляцыя</a> (ІКМ або PCM — Pulse Code Modulation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шыротна-імпульсная мадуляцыя">Шыротна-імпульсная мадуляцыя</a> (ШІМ)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Частотна-імпульсная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Частотна-імпульсная мадуляцыя</a> (ЧІМ)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фаза-імпульсная мадуляцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Фаза-імпульсная мадуляцыя</a> (ФІМ)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Асноўныя_характарыстыкі"><span id=".D0.90.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.9E.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.81.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Асноўныя характарыстыкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Правіць раздзел: Асноўныя характарыстыкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Асноўныя характарыстыкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Энэргетычная эфектыўнасць (патэнцыйная ўстойлівасць да перашкод) характарызуе дакладнасць перадаваных звестак пры ўздзеянні на сігнал <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Белы шум (няма такой старонкі)">адытыўнага белага гаусаўскага шуму</a>, пры ўмове, што паслядоўнасць сімвалаў адноўленая ідэальным дэмадулятарам. Вызначаецца мінімальным <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Стасунак (няма такой старонкі)">стасункам</a> сігнал/шум, які патрэбны для перадачы звестак праз канал з імавернасцю памылкі, якая не перавышае зададзеную. Энэргетычная эфектыўнасць вызначае мінімальную магутнасць перадатчыка, патрэбную для прымальнай працы. Характарыстыкай метаду мадуляцыі з'яўляецца крывая энэргетычнай эфектыўнасці — залежнасць імавернасці памылкі ідэальнага дэмадулятара ад стасунку сыгнал/шум.</li> <li>Спектральная эфектыўнасць <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {C \over \Delta F}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {C \over \Delta F}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c450cea2b3a50110efb7ad8d9b6fcda5d704fcc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:4.513ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {C \over \Delta F}}"></span> — стасунак хуткасці перадачы звестак да неабходнай паласы прапускання радыёканала. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMPS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPS (няма такой старонкі)">AMPS</a>: 0,83</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NMT (няма такой старонкі)">NMT</a>: 0,46</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>: 1,35</li></ul></li> <li>Устойлівасць да ўздзеянняў канала перадачы характарызуе дакладнасць перадаваных звестак пры ўздзеянні на сігнал спецыфічных скажэнняў: заміранні з прычыны шматпрамянёвага распаўсюджвання, абмежаванне паласы, засяроджаныя па частаце або часу перашкоды, эфект Доплера і інш.</li> <li>Патрабаванні да лінейнасці ўзмацняльнікаў. Для ўзмацнення сігналаў з некаторымі відамі мадуляцыі могуць быць скарыстаныя нелінейныя ўзмацняльнікі класа C, што дазваляе істотна знізіць энергаспажыванне перадатчыка, пры гэтым узровень пазапалоснага выпраменвання не перавышае дапушчальныя ліміты. Дадзены фактар асабліва важны для сістэм рухомай сувязі.</li> <li>Складанасць рэалізацыі мадэмаў вызначаецца вылічальным рэсурсам, патрэбным для рэалізацыі алгарытму дэмадуляцыі, і патрабаваннямі да характарыстык аналагавай часткі.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Лагатып Вікісховішча"><img alt="Лагатып Вікісховішча" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> На <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікісховішча">Вікісховішчы</a> ёсць медыяфайлы па тэме <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_modulation_modes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Radio modulation modes">Мадуляцыя</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навігацыйны шаблон" data-name="External links" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist toCollapsibleCount navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="float: left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap" style="font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⚙️" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> </span></div>  Слоўнікі і энцыклапедыі</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/modulasjon_-_omforming">Вялікая нарвежская</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="s:ru:БСЭ1/Модуляция, в радиотехнике">Вялікая савецкая (1 выд.)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/modulation-communications">Britannica (онлайн)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/modulazione">Treccani</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нарматыўны кантроль">Нарматыўны кантроль</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Францыі">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941892m">11941892m</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4039849-3">4039849-3</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кантрольны нумар Бібліятэкі Кангрэса">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086466">sh85086466</a> · <span title="Microsoft Academic" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">Microsoft</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/54956558">54956558</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мадуляцыя">https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мадуляцыя</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыя</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Катэгорыя:Мадуляцыя">Мадуляцыя</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Тэкст даступны на ўмовах <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be">ліцэнзіі Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>, у асобных выпадках могуць дзейнічаць дадатковыя ўмовы. 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