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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Modulazio" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ASK_modulazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASK_modulazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ASK modulazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASK_modulazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FSK_modulazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FSK_modulazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>FSK modulazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FSK_modulazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PSK_modulazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSK_modulazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>PSK modulazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSK_modulazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-QAM_modulazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QAM_modulazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>QAM modulazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QAM_modulazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modulazio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 61 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تضمين (إلكترونيات) – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضمين (إلكترونيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мадуляцыя – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мадуляцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Модулация (техника) – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модулация (техника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মড্যুলেশন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মড্যুলেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3_(telecomunicacions)" title="Modulació (telecomunicacions) – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modulació (telecomunicacions)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulace" title="Modulace – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(Technik)" title="Modulation (Technik) – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modulation (Technik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διαμόρφωση σήματος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαμόρφωση σήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulado_(tekniko)" title="Modulado (tekniko) – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modulado (tekniko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_(telecomunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Modulación (telecomunicación) – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modulación (telecomunicación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatsioon_(%C3%BClekandetehnika)" title="Modulatsioon (ülekandetehnika) – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Modulatsioon (ülekandetehnika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مدوله‌سازی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدوله‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaatio_(elektroniikka)" title="Modulaatio (elektroniikka) – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Modulaatio (elektroniikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_du_signal" title="Modulation du signal – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulation du signal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhn%C3%BA" title="Modhnú – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Modhnú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אפנון – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="मॉडुलन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॉडुलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C3%A1ci%C3%B3_(fizika)" title="Moduláció (fizika) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moduláció (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մոդուլում – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդուլում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modulasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione" title="Modulazione – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="変調方式 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="変調方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%A1%B0" title="변조 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduliacija" title="Moduliacija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moduliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C4%81cija" title="Modulācija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Modulācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifanaraham-peo" title="Fifanaraham-peo – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifanaraham-peo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Модулација – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Модулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മോഡുലനം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോഡുലനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemodulatan" title="Pemodulatan – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemodulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မော်ဒျူလေးရှင်း – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်ဒျူလေးရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatie_(radio)" title="Modulatie (radio) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modulatie (radio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasjon" title="Modulasjon – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Modulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasjon" title="Modulasjon – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Modulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacja" title="Modulacja – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Modulação – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie" title="Modulație – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modulație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="මූර්ජනය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මූර්ජනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C3%A1cia_(elektronika)" title="Modulácia (elektronika) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modulácia (elektronika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Модулација – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Modulasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்பேற்றம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="การกล้ำสัญญาณ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกล้ำสัญญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%BClasyon" title="Modülasyon – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Модуляція – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модуляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تحویر – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحویر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulyatsiya" title="Signal modulyatsiya – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Signal modulyatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_ch%E1%BA%BF_t%C3%ADn_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Điều chế tín hiệu – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều chế tín hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6" title="调制 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="调制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="調變 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="調變" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A0n-ti%C4%81u_(ti%C4%81n-s%C3%ACn)" title="Piàn-tiāu (tiān-sìn) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Piàn-tiāu (tiān-sìn)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%B6" title="調制 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="調制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170474#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170474" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p><b>Modulazioa</b> seinale baten aldaketa sistematikoa da. Seinale hau eramailea da, eta beste seinale baten ezaugarrien arabera aldatzen da. Beste seinale hau modulatzailea da, eta informazioa dauka. Modulazioan lortzen den seinalea transmititzeko egokiagoa izatea da prozesu honen helburua. </p><p>Modulazioa osatzen duten seinaleen izaeraren arabera sailka daitezke, bai seinale eramailea bai modulatzailea. </p><p>Beraz, modulazioa <a href="/wiki/Elektronika_analogiko" title="Elektronika analogiko">analogikoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital">digitala</a> izango da seinale modulatzailearen izaeraren arabera. Era berean, modulazioa analogikoa edo digitala eramaile analogikoa edo digitalarekin seinale eramailearen izaeraren arabera. </p><p>Aipagarria da bereziki modulazio digitala eramaile analogikoarekin, informazio digitala <a href="/wiki/Telefono" title="Telefono">telefono</a> sare analogikotik bidaltzea ahalbidetzen duen metodoa, alegia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ASK_modulazioa">ASK modulazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «ASK modulazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: ASK modulazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seinale modulatzailearen balore bakoitzari (0 edo 1) eramailearen anplitude zehatz bat, maiztasuna eta fasea egonkor mantenduz. Modulazio era hau ez da asko erabiltzen, zarata, interferentziak eta moteltzeari oso sentikorra delako. Transmisio <a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">abiadurarik</a> altuena 1200 bps da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FSK_modulazioa">FSK modulazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «FSK modulazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: FSK modulazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seinale modulatzailearen balore bakoitzari (0 edo 1) eramailearen maiztasun zehatz bat, anplitudea eta fasea egonkor mantenduz. Lerro telefonikoaren banda zabalera mugatuta dagoenez (300-3400 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) eta 0 eta 1-arentzat nahi den maiztasunaren ziklo oso bat ezinbestean heldu behar denez, gehienezko abiadura 2400 bps-era dago mugatuta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PSK_modulazioa">PSK modulazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «PSK modulazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: PSK modulazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seinale modulatzailearen balore bakoitzari (0 edo 1) eramailearen fase angelu zehatz bat, anplitudea eta maiztasuna egonkor mantenduz. 0 logikoari 0º-ko fase desplazamendua esleitzen zaio, eta 1 logikoari, 180º-koa. Fase hauek absolutoak dira bit baten hasieran, berdin aurreko bit-a ze fasearekin amaitzen den, behar den jauzia egiten da 0º edo 180º graduekin hasteko. Funtzionamenduagatik sistema sinkronoekin baino ezin da erabili, sistema asinkronoetan fase ezin baitzitekeen detektatu. </p><p>Honen aldakuntza bat DPSK modulazioa da. Metodo honetan fase aldaketa bit bakoitzean ematen da. Fase aldaketa aurreko bit-ak zeukan fasearen araberakoa da. Metodo honekin ziurtatzen da bit bakoitzean fase aldaketa bat egongo dela, sinkronizazioa erraztuz. Horrez gain, kontutan hargenezake aurreko fasearekiko aldaketa izan daitekeela 0º, 90º, 180º eta 270º, horrela 4 egoera desberdin adieraz daitezkeelarik, 00, 01, 10 eta 11, edo beste modu batez esanda, 2 bit. Hiru metodo hauek gaur egun ez dira erabiltzen, baina esan daiteke beste modulazio guztien oinarria direla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="QAM_modulazioa">QAM modulazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «QAM modulazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulazio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: QAM modulazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metodo hau ASK eta DPSK metodoen arteko nahasketa bat da. Berez gaur egun ere ez da erabiltzen, baina gaur egun modem fabrikatzaileek erabiltzen dituzten metodo matematikoetatik hurbilago dago. </p><p>DPSK-an bezala, aurreko fasearekiko aldaketarekin jolasten da, baina 45º-ko desfaseak kontutan hartuz: 0º, 45º, 90º, 135º, 180º, 225º, 270º eta 315º. Honekin adierazi ahal izango genituzke 8 egoera desberdin, 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 eta 111. Beraz, 3 bit transmititzeko ahalmena. Honi gehitzen bazaio anplitudearen aldaketa bat (0 edo 1), beste 8 egoera desberdin lor litezke, 0000, 1000, 0001, 1001,...... Honek dakarren ondorioa da fase eta anplitude aldaketa bakoitzarekin, 4 bit transmititu daitezkeela. Edo beste modu batez esanda, “kanpoko” lerroa 2400 baudiotakoa baldin bada, 9600 bps-ko abiadura lor genitzakela. </p><p>Gogoratu behar da, baudioa dela datuen tranmisioarako abiadura unitate bat, eta denboratarte baten seinale batek duen aldaketa kopurua adierazten du. Datu digitalen abiadura neurtzen denean, bits segundoko erabiltzen da. <a href="/wiki/Seinale_analogiko" title="Seinale analogiko">Seinale analogikoaren</a> aldaketa bakarrarekin, 4 bit bidaltzea lortzen bada, lerroaren abiadura transmisioa 2400 baudiotakoa bada, datuen transmisio erreala 9600 bps-koa izango da.Metodo hau ASK eta DPSK metodoen arteko nahasketa bat da. Gaur egun modem fabrikatzaileek erabiltzen dituzte metodoak askoz konplexuagoak dira, eta seinale analogikoaren aldaketa bakoitzarekin bit asko bidaltzea lortzen da. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170474" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q170474">Q170474</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_modulation_modes">Radio modulation modes</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q170474%22">Q170474</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941892m">11941892m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941892m">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039849-3">4039849-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086466">sh85086466</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/modulation-communications">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170474" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q170474">Q170474</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Intentsitate_elektriko" title="Intentsitate elektriko">Intentsitatea</a> edo korrontea (<a href="/wiki/Anpere" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpere">A</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Eroankortasun_elektriko" title="Eroankortasun elektriko">Eroankortasuna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Erresistibitate_elektriko" title="Erresistibitate elektriko">Erresistibitatea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>•<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Erresistentzia_elektriko" title="Erresistentzia elektriko">Erresistentzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Erreaktantzia_elektriko" title="Erreaktantzia elektriko">Erreaktantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Inpedantzia_elektriko" title="Inpedantzia elektriko">Inpedantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Konduktantzia_elektriko" title="Konduktantzia elektriko">Konduktantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Suszeptantzia" title="Suszeptantzia">Suszeptantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Admitantzia" title="Admitantzia">Admitantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">Karga elektrikoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Kapazitantzia" title="Kapazitantzia">Kapazitantzia</a> edo kapazitatea (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">F</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Induktantzia" title="Induktantzia">Induktantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unitatea)" title="Henry (unitatea)">H</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Potentzia_(elektrizitatea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentzia (elektrizitatea)">Potentzia elektrikoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Maiztasun" title="Maiztasun">Maiztasuna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Irabazi_(elektronika)" title="Irabazi (elektronika)">Irabazia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dezibel" title="Dezibel">dB</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Balio_efikaz" title="Balio efikaz">Balio efikaza</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neurgailuak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Galvanometro" title="Galvanometro">Galvanometroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anperemetro" class="mw-redirect" title="Anperemetro">Anperemetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pintza_anperemetriko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintza anperemetriko">Pintza anperemetrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltmetro" title="Voltmetro">Voltmetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ohmmetro" title="Ohmmetro">Ohmmetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Multimetro" title="Multimetro">Multimetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wattordugailu" title="Wattordugailu">Wattordugailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Osziloskopio" title="Osziloskopio">Osziloskopioa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lege_(zientzia)" title="Lege (zientzia)">Legeak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ohmen_legea" title="Ohmen legea">Ohmen legea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joule_efektua" title="Joule efektua">Jouleren legea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoffen_zirkuituen_legeak" title="Kirchhoffen zirkuituen legeak">Kirchhoffen zirkuituen legeak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nortonen_teorema" title="Nortonen teorema">Nortonen teorema</a> • <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9veninen_teorema" title="Théveninen teorema">Théveninen teorema</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gainjartzearen_teorema" title="Gainjartzearen teorema">Gainjartzearen teorema</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sareen_korronteen_analisi" title="Sareen korronteen analisi">Sareen korronteen analisia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argindar" class="mw-redirect" title="Argindar">Elektrizitate</a> iturriak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pila" title="Pila">Pila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bateria_elektriko" title="Bateria elektriko">Bateria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_iturri" title="Tentsio iturri">Tentsio iturria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korronte_iturri" title="Korronte iturri">Korronte iturria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elikatze_iturri" class="mw-redirect" title="Elikatze iturri">Elikatze iturria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hornidura_elektriko" title="Hornidura elektriko">Hornidura elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sorgailu_elektriko" title="Sorgailu elektriko">Sorgailu elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinamo" title="Dinamo">Dinamoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alternadore" title="Alternadore">Alternadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Panel_fotovoltaiko" title="Panel fotovoltaiko">Panel fotovoltaikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haize-sorgailu" title="Haize-sorgailu">Haize-sorgailua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">Korronteak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Korronte_zuzena" class="mw-redirect" title="Korronte zuzena">Korronte zuzena</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korronte_alterno" title="Korronte alterno">Korronte alternoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistema_monofasiko" title="Sistema monofasiko">Sistema monofasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistema_polifasiko" title="Sistema polifasiko">Sistema polifasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistema_trifasiko" title="Sistema trifasiko">Sistema trifasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neutro_(elektrizitatea)" title="Neutro (elektrizitatea)">Neutroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lurra_(elektrizitatea)" title="Lurra (elektrizitatea)">Lurra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Artezgailu_(elektrizitatea)" title="Artezgailu (elektrizitatea)">Artezgailua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eroale eta konexioak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eroale_elektriko" title="Eroale elektriko">Eroale elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isolatzaile_elektriko" title="Isolatzaile elektriko">Isolatzaile elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kable_elektriko" title="Kable elektriko">Kablea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektrodo" title="Elektrodo">Elektrodoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anodo" title="Anodo">Anodoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Katodo" title="Katodo">Katodoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konexio konfigurazioak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Serieko_zirkuitu" title="Serieko zirkuitu">Serieko konexioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paraleloko_zirkuitu" title="Paraleloko zirkuitu">Paraleloko konexioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triangelu_eta_izar_erako_zirkuituak" title="Triangelu eta izar erako zirkuituak">Triangelu eta izar erako konexioak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seinaleak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Seinale_analogiko" title="Seinale analogiko">Seinale analogikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seinale_digital" title="Seinale digital">Seinale digitala</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_seinale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio seinale (sortu gabe)">Audio seinalea</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telebista_seinale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telebista seinale (sortu gabe)">Telebista seinalea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iragazki_elektroniko" title="Iragazki elektroniko">Iragazki elektroniko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banda_zabalera" title="Banda zabalera">Banda zabalera</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modulazioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irrati-uhin" title="Irrati-uhin">Irrati-uhinak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lurreko_mikrouhin" title="Lurreko mikrouhin">Lurreko mikrouhinak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Satelite_bidezko_mikrouhin" title="Satelite bidezko mikrouhin">Satelite bidezko mikrouhinak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osagai_elektroniko" title="Osagai elektroniko">Osagai elektronikoak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Pasiboak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Erresistentzia_(osagaia)" title="Erresistentzia (osagaia)">Erresistentzia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">Kondentsadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haril" title="Haril">Harila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Memristore" title="Memristore">Memristorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solenoide" title="Solenoide">Solenoidea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformadore" title="Transformadore">Transformadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible">Fusiblea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bozgorailu" title="Bozgorailu">Bozgorailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikrofono" title="Mikrofono">Mikrofonoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Aktiboak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Balbula_termoioniko" title="Balbula termoioniko">Huts hodia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo">Diodoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/LED" title="LED">LEDa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">Transistorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tiristore" title="Tiristore">Tiristorea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Elektromekanikoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Etengailu" title="Etengailu">Etengailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sakagailu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakagailu">Sakagailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommutadore_(elektrizitatea)" title="Kommutadore (elektrizitatea)">Kommutadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errele" title="Errele">Errelea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontaktore" title="Kontaktore">Kontaktorea</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_elektriko" title="Motor elektriko">Motor elektrikoak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Korronte zuzenekoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Serie_motorra" title="Serie motorra">Serie motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Compound_motorra" title="Compound motorra">Compound motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shunt_motorra" title="Shunt motorra">Shunt motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eskuilarik_gabeko_motorra" title="Eskuilarik gabeko motorra">Eskuilarik gabeko motorra</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausoz-pausoko_motorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pausoz-pausoko motorra (sortu gabe)">Pausoz-pausoko motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serbomotor" title="Serbomotor">Serbomotorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nukleorik_gabeko_motor" title="Nukleorik gabeko motor">Nukleorik gabeko motorra</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Korronte alternokoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_asinkrono_monofasikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor asinkrono monofasikoa (sortu gabe)">Motor asinkrono monofasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Motor_asinkrono" title="Motor asinkrono">Motor asinkrono trifasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Motor_unibertsal" title="Motor unibertsal">Motor unibertsala</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_integratu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirkuitu integratu">Zirkuitu integratuak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Analogikoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Osziladore" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Osziladore">Osziladorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anplifikadore_operazional" title="Anplifikadore operazional">Anplifikadore operazionala</a> • <a href="/wiki/555_(Zirkuitu_integratua)" title="555 (Zirkuitu integratua)">555 tenporizadorea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Digitalak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ate_logiko" title="Ate logiko">Ate logikoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_(elektronika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria (elektronika) (sortu gabe)">Memoria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikrokontrolagailu" title="Mikrokontrolagailu">Mikrokontrolagailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grafikoak_prozesatzeko_unitate" title="Grafikoak prozesatzeko unitate">GPUa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Mistoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bihurgailu_analogiko/digital" title="Bihurgailu analogiko/digital">Bihurgailu analogiko/digital‎a</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bihurgailu_digital/analogiko" title="Bihurgailu digital/analogiko">Bihurgailu digital/analogikoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potentziometro_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potentziometro digital (sortu gabe)">Potentziometro digitala</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuituen_diseinu" title="Zirkuituen diseinu">Zirkuituen diseinua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu-diagrama" title="Zirkuitu-diagrama">Zirkuitu-diagrama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikur_elektroniko" title="Ikur elektroniko">Ikur elektronikoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototipo_plaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototipo plaka (sortu gabe)">Prototipo plaka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_inprimatu" title="Zirkuitu inprimatu">Zirkuitu inprimatua</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diseinu_elektroniko_automatizatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diseinu elektroniko automatizatu (sortu gabe)">Diseinu elektroniko automatizatua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arriskuen_prebentzio" title="Arriskuen prebentzio">Arriskuen prebentzioa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu-labur" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirkuitu-labur">Zirkuitu-laburra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deskarga_elektroestatiko" title="Deskarga elektroestatiko">Deskarga elektroestatikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Disjuntore" title="Disjuntore">Disjuntore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etengailu_magnetotermiko" title="Etengailu magnetotermiko">Etengailu magnetotermikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etengailu_diferentzial" title="Etengailu diferentzial">Etengailu diferentziala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lurra_(elektrizitatea)" title="Lurra (elektrizitatea)">Lurra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behe_Tentsioko_Erregelamendu_Elektroteknikoa" title="Behe Tentsioko Erregelamendu Elektroteknikoa">Behe Tentsioko Erregelamendu Elektroteknikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Segurtasun_errele" title="Segurtasun errele">Segurtasun errelea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larrialdi-geldialdi" title="Larrialdi-geldialdi">Larrialdi-geldialdia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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