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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_western_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_western_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In the western Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_western_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghrawa_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghrawa_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maghrawa society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghrawa_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghrawid_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghrawid_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Maghrawid leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghrawid_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maghrawa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maghrawa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magrawa" title="Magrawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magrawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magrava" title="Magrava – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magrava" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magra%C5%ADa" title="Magraŭa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magraŭa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87" title="مغراوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغراوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghraouas" title="Maghraouas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Berber confederation in 10th–11th centuries</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Maghrawa</b> or <b>Meghrawa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المغراويون</span>) were a large <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribal <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> in North Africa. They were the largest branch of the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their traditional territories around the time of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim expansion into the Maghreb</a> in the 7th century were around present-day northeastern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ruled parts of the western <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Cordoba">Caliphate of Cordoba</a> at the end of the 10th century and during the first half of the 11th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the Maghrawa are uncertain. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Abd_al-Barr" title="Ibn 'Abd al-Barr">Ibn 'Abd al-Barr</a>, an 11th-century writer, claimed that they arrived to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Berber writers traced the ancestry of the Maghrawa to a leader named Maghrāw.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (d. 1406), they were related to the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Banu Jarawa</a>, and the Banu Irniyan.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several tribes descend from the Maghrawa, including the Bani bou Said, Bani Ilit (Ilent), Bani Zendak, Bani Urac (Urtezmir, Urtesminn), Bani Urcifan, Bani Laghouat, Bani Righa, Bani Sidi Mansour (Bani Mansour),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. Lahsen,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. </p><p>The Maghrawa traditionally occupied the area between <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Ténès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlef" title="Chlef">Chlef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miliana" title="Miliana">Miliana</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical sources indicate that their homeland was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Chelif_River" title="Chelif River">Chélif</a>, in a region probably between the <a href="/wiki/Ouarsenis" title="Ouarsenis">Ouarsenis</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> each mention a tribe named Macurebi or Makkhourebi, which some scholars have equated to the Maghrawa.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If true, this makes the Maghrawa one of the few Berber tribes mentioned in ancient Greek and Latin sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny places them east of <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (present-day Algiers),<sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Ptolemy places them some of them along or east of the <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Draa River</a> in present-day Morocco and others near present-day Chlef.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maghrawa occupied part of present-day Algeria at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, they had been forced to convert to Christianity under <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were one of the first Berber tribes to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> upon its arrival in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maghrawa were initially led by the Banu Khazar family who lived in the first half of the 8th century and took control of a large part of the central Maghreb after the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a> revolts (circa 740).<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maghrawa role in the Kharijite revolt is known only from a tradition quoted by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> and is not mentioned in any Arabic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, Muhammad ibn Khazar, defeated the Banu Ifran and captured Tlemcen circa 788, before submitting to the <a href="/wiki/Idrisids" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrisids">Idrisids</a> sometime between 789 and 791 and becoming their ally.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter's grandson, also named Muhammad ibn Khazar, allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Umayyads of Córdoba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (present-day Spain and Portugal) and resisted the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> for most of his life, embroiling the Maghrawa in the conflict between these two powers that played out in present-day Morocco and Algeria. Over the following decades, the two sides both suffered various victories and reversals. Muhammad ibn Khazar himself switched allegiances several times when the circumstances required, although his son al-Khayr, who also held territories in the central Maghreb, remained largely loyal to the Umayyads.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad ibn Khazar eventually died in 961, reportedly over a hundred years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, the Maghrawa continued to resist the Fatimids under the leadership of his grandson, Muhammad ibn al-Khay, son of al-Khayr. The latter had previously cultivated good relations with <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd ar-Rahman III</a> (d. 961), the Umayyad caliph in Córdoba, who had appointed him governor of Fez in 955–6. He continued to serve Abd ar-Rahman III's successor, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a> (d. 976).<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 971, a major confrontation took place between the Maghrawa and the Zirids, a Sanhaja clan led by <a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Manad" title="Ziri ibn Manad">Ziri ibn Manad</a>, vassal of the Fatimids. In February 971, most likely near Tlemcen, the Maghrawa were severely defeated. Muhammad ibn al-Khayr committed suicide to avoid capture. His son, al-Khayr, took up the leadership role and allied himself with a Fatimid governor, Ja'far ibn 'Ali ibn Ḥamdun, who defected to the Umayyad side. With their combined forces, they won a major victory.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressured by another Fatimid army, however, the majority of the Maghrawa left the central Maghreb and migrated into the Maghreb al-Aqsa (present-day Morocco), where they settled across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_western_Maghreb">In the western Maghreb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the western Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 976–7, a Maghrawa chief named Khazrun ibn Fulful ibn Khazar conquered <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Midrarid_dynasty" title="Midrarid dynasty">Banu Midrar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 980 were able to drive the <a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasa</a> out of Sijilmasa as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldoun,_History_of_Berber_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Khaldoun,_History_of_Berber-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khazrun sent the head of the last Midrarid ruler to Córdoba, whose rulers subsequently appointed him and his descendants, the Banu Khazrun, governors of Sijilmasa on behalf of the Umayyads.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other branches of the Maghrawa founded small kingdoms or principalities in the region around the same period. One branch of the family descended from the Banu Khazar settled in <a href="/wiki/Aghmat" title="Aghmat">Aghmat</a> to the south, ruling there until the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> conquest circa 1059.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another descendant of the Banu Khazar, identified as Muqatil, established himself in the Sous valley. Very little is known about either of these two branches.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 979 and 983, the Zenata were briefly driven out of Fez, Sijilmasa, and much of the surrounding regions during a <a href="/wiki/Zirid_conquest_of_the_western_Maghreb" title="Zirid conquest of the western Maghreb">major expedition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a>, the new Zirid ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-:152_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maghrawa reached their peak under Ziri ibn Atiyya (d. 1001), who achieved supremacy in Fez under Umayyad <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, and expanded their territory at the expense of the Banu Ifran in the northern Maghreb – whose alliances had shifted often between the Fatimids and the Umayyads of Córdoba.<sup id="cite_ref-:73_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziri ibn Atiyya conquered as much as he could of what is now northern Morocco and was able to achieve supremacy in Fez by 987.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, <a href="/wiki/Almanzor" title="Almanzor">Ibn Abi 'Amir al-Mansur</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Hisham_II" title="Hisham II">Hisham II</a> and <i>de facto</i> ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba – formally appointed Ziri as <i><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a></i> of the Maghreb on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fez became his capital and generally remained under the control of his successors until the Almoravid conquest of the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 989, Ziri defeated his enemy Abu al-Bahār, which made him ruler from the <a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">Zab</a> to the Sous, achieving supremacy in the western Maghreb by 991.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="(It may be page 65 but Google Books preview does not allow a full view of that page at the time this tag was added) (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 993, he was invited to Córdoba by Ibn Abi 'Amir al-Mansur.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziri brought many gifts and al-Mansur housed him in a lavish palace, but Ziri soon returned to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:733_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:733-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, his rival from the Banu Ifran, Yaddū ibn Ya'lā, had taken advantage of his absence and managed to capture Fez, which Ziri reconquered after a bloody struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A period of peace followed, in which Ziri founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> in 994 and made it his new capital and fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He likely intended to expand his power to the central Maghreb and the position of Oujda, further west, was more appropriate for this goal than Fez.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Ziri was loyal to the Umayyad caliphs in Cordoba and increasingly resented the way that Ibn Abi 'Amir was holding Hisham II captive while progressively usurping his power. In 997, Ziri rejected Ibn Abi 'Amir's authority and declared himself a direct supporter of Caliph Hisham II.<sup id="cite_ref-:733_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:733-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Abi 'Amir sent an invasion force to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three unsuccessful months, Ibn Abi 'Amir's army was forced to retreat to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a>, so Ibn Abi 'Amir sent a powerful reinforcements under his son <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_al-Muzaffar" title="Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar">Abd al-Malik</a>. The armies clashed near Tangiers, and in this battle, Ziri was stabbed by an African soldier who reported to Abd al-Malik that he had seriously wounded the Zenata leader. Abd al-Malik pressed home the advantage, and the wounded Ziri fled, hotly pursued by the Caliph's army. The inhabitants of Fez would not let him enter the city, but opened the gates to Abd al-Malik on 13 October 998. Ziri fled to the Sahara, where he rallied the Zenata tribes and overthrew the unpopular remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a>. He was able to expand his territory to include Tlemcen and other parts of western Algeria, this time under Fatimid protection. Ziri died in 1001 of the after-effects of the stab wounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Ziri's death, his son al-Mu'izz was proclaimed his successor as leader of the Maghrawa in northern Morocco. He did not share his father's hostility to Córdoba and al-Mansur had already appointed him governor of Fez on behalf of the Umayyads in 999–1000.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_al-Muzaffar" title="Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar">Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar</a>, confirmed him as governor of Fez and the Maghreb al-Aqsa in 1002–3 and again in 1006, with the exception of Sijilmasa, which was left under the rule of the Banu Khazrun.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mu'izz's reign in Fez marked a period of relative peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also managed to remove Zirid rule in Tlemcen, where he installed one of his relatives, Ya'la (a descendant of al-Khayr), as governor. Ya'la's descendants continued to rule Tlemcen after him, though remaining loyal to al-Mu'izz.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mu'izz died in 1026 or 1030 and was succeeded by his paternal cousin, Hamama ibn al-Mu'izz ibn 'Atiya. Al-Mu'izz had already appointed the latter as governor of Fez before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamama strengthened his relations with Córdoba but in 1032–3 he became embroiled in war with the rival Banu Ifran leader, Abu al-Kamal Tamim ibn Ziri, based in <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>. Abu al-Kamal Tamim captured Fez, forcing Hamama to flee east to Oujda and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Ténès</a>. In 1037–8, after gathering new forces, Hamama expelled the Banu Ifran and reclaimed Fez.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1038–9, he attacked the <a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a>, a Sanhaja dynasty related to the Zirids. The Hammadid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Qaid_ibn_Hammad" title="Qaid ibn Hammad">al-Qa'id</a>, met with Hamama and paid the Maghrawa troops to <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defect</a>. Hamama, fearing the outcome, fled back to Fez and declared his submission to al-Qa'id. He died sometime between 1039 and 1042.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was succeeded by his son Dunas, who spent much of his reign improving the city of Fez, whose commercial importance was growing.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death in 1059,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his son al-Futuḥ succeeded him but the succession was contested by his brother Ajisa. The two brothers each took control of different parts of Fez and warred with each other for three years, until al-Futuḥ emerged victorious in 1062.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Futuḥ only ruled briefly, being <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_capture_of_Fez" title="Hammadid capture of Fez">driven from Fez</a> in that same year by the Hammadid ruler <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Muhammad" title="Buluggin ibn Muhammad">Buluggin ibn Muhammad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who briefly occupied the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the Maghrawa appointed one of Ziri ibn Atiyya's descendants, Mu'annaṣir (or Mu'anṣar), as ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid 11th century, the Maghrawa still controlled most of Morocco, notably most of the Sous and <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Draa River</a> area as well as Aghmat, Fez and Sijilmasa. As the Almoravids expanded northward during this period, the Maghrawa were their main opponents in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Zenata power declined, the leaders of the Magharawa and Banu Ifran became more oppressive and violent, with some historical chronicles claiming that the local population welcomed the arrival of the Almoravids.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter eventually overcame the Zenata rulers in the western Maghreb during the second half of the 11th century. Varying sources date their capture of Fez to 1069 or some time later in the 1070s.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'annaṣir, the last Maghrawa ruler of Fez, attempted to resist the Almoravid siege of the city but died in the process. His son Tamim was appointed to replace him but he was executed when the Almoravids captured the city soon after. Many of the Maghrawa and other Zenata in the city were slaughtered in the aftermath. The remaining Maghrawa fled east and north, until the Almoravids expanded in these directions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in Tlemcen, the descendants of Ya'la had cultivated friendly relations with the Hammadids during the early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed them to rule an effectively independent kingdom until the 1050s, when they came into conflict with some of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> tribes arriving from the east, who took over much of the countryside. The Maghrawa amir at this time, Bakhti, rallied the other Zanata tribes in the region and fought a prolonged war with the Zughba, one of the Hilalian tribes, who allied themselves with the Hammadids.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakhti died at some point during this period and was succeeded by his son al-Abbas, who held onto Tlemcen until the Almoravids arrived. The latter captured the town towards 1080, executing al-Abbas and killing many of the Maghrawa inside the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the Almoravid conquest, various groups of Maghrawa continued to live in various parts of Morocco until at least the 14th century, when they are mentioned by sources such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the minority of Maghrawa tribes who had not left the central Maghreb with al-Khayr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Khayr after 971 remained in the Chélif region, even under Almoravid rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became important again for a time during the 14th century, when their main city was Timzaghat (or Timzurat). They unsuccessfully attempted to throw off the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanid sultans</a> in Tlemcen on several occasions around the mid-century until their final defeat in 1372, after which many of them left the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maghrawa_society">Maghrawa society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maghrawa society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zenata seized some of the best lands of the <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a>, and the Maghrawa became the dominant military caste over those they conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a>, the chronicler of Fez, the Maghrawa improved the walls, gates and mosques of Fez, and under their rule, the city enjoyed peace. Its people were busy with construction activities and the town expanded. Security and prosperity continued up until shortly before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>. Overall, the mass migration of the Banu Ifran and Maghrawa because of the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Sanhaja</a> expansion caused political and ethnic revolution in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maghrawid_leaders">Maghrawid leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maghrawid leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maghrawa were led by the Banu Khazar family, named after Khazar ibn Ḥafṣ ibn Ṣulat ibn Wazmār ibn Maghraw, who lived in the first half of the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, Muhammad ibn Khazar, continued to lead after him.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad's son, named Khazar like his grandfather, had a son who was also named Muhammad and was thus also known as Muhammad ibn Khazar. The latter died in 961, reportedly over a hundred years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had three sons from whom many future Maghrawa leaders descended: Falful, al-Khayr, and Hamza.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with Ziri Ibn Atiyya, the Maghrawa dynasty that ruled Fez and the surrounding region consisted of two family branches descended from the sons of Atiya.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atiya was a descendant of Muhammad Ibn Khazar via his son Falful. One branch descended from Ziri ibn Atiya and the other from his brother, Al-Mu'izz ibn Atiya.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rulers are listed here in chronological order: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Atiyya" title="Ziri ibn Atiyya">Ziri ibn Atiyya</a>, r. 988–1001.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Ziri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Ziri (page does not exist)">al-Mu'izz ibn Ziri</a>, r. 1001–1026.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Succession_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Succession-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(Another source also claims he died in 1030 instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammama_ibn_al-Mu%27izz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammama ibn al-Mu'izz (page does not exist)">Hammama ibn al-Mu'izz</a> (son of al-Mu'izz ibn Atiya and cousin of al-Mu'izz ibn Ziri), r. 1026–1039.<sup id="cite_ref-Succession_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Succession-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (He may also have died as late as 1042 instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_2-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Attaf_Dunas_ibn_Hamama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Attaf Dunas ibn Hamama (page does not exist)">Abu al-Attaf Dunas ibn Hamama</a>, r. 1039–1059.<sup id="cite_ref-Succession_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Succession-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Hammad ibn al-Mu'izz (son of al-Mu'izz ibn Ziri), challenged Abu al-Attaf Dunas and died in 1043.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuh_ibn_Dunas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Futuh ibn Dunas (page does not exist)">Futuh ibn Dunas</a>, r. 1059–1062.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ajisa ibn Dunas (Futuh's brother), who controlled a part of Fez,<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_19495_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_19495-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fought with his brother and was killed by him in 1061.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27annasir_ibn_Hammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'annasir ibn Hammad (page does not exist)">Mu'annasir ibn Hammad</a> (descended from Ziri's line), r. 1062–1067.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tamim, r. 1067–1069.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Succession_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Succession-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Tamim was the last Maghrawa ruler to hold power before the Almoravids took over Fez. There is uncertainty about the chronology of Almoravid conquests in this region and therefore different authors give different dates for the Almoravid conquest of Fez.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awlad_Mandil" title="Awlad Mandil">Awlad Mandil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhelifa2010" class="citation web cs1">Khelifa, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/409">"Maghraoua - Maghrâwa (Tribu)"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Maghraoua+-+Maghr%C3%A2wa+%28Tribu%29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Khelifa&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_2-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewicki1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewicki, T. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0613">"Mag̲h̲rāwa"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume V:<i> Khe–Mahi</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1173–1183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0613">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mag%CC%B2h%CC%B2r%C4%81wa&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1173-1183&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0613&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft.aulast=Lewicki&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkBoum2006" class="citation book cs1">Park, Thomas; Boum, Aomar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA318"><i>Historical Dictionary of Morocco</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865112" title="Special:BookSources/9780810865112"><bdi>9780810865112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Morocco&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780810865112&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Boum%2C+Aomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglgzDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlahiane2017" class="citation book cs1">Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442281820" title="Special:BookSources/9781442281820"><bdi>9781442281820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781442281820&rft.aulast=Ilahiane&rft.aufirst=Hsain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRYuDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉmile-Félix1910" class="citation book cs1">Émile-Félix, Gautier (1910). <i>La conquête du Sahara: essai de psychologie politique</i>. A. Colin. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+conqu%C3%AAte+du+Sahara%3A+essai+de+psychologie+politique&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=A.+Colin&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=%C3%89mile-F%C3%A9lix&rft.aufirst=Gautier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellil,_Rachid.1999" class="citation book cs1">Bellil, Rachid. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45966529"><i>Les oasis du Gourara (Sahara algérien)</i></a>. Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales. Centre de recherche berbère. Paris: Éditions Peeters (Études berbères). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87723-420-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-87723-420-7"><bdi>2-87723-420-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45966529">45966529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+oasis+du+Gourara+%28Sahara+alg%C3%A9rien%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Peeters+%28%C3%89tudes+berb%C3%A8res%29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45966529&rft.isbn=2-87723-420-7&rft.au=Bellil%2C+Rachid.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F45966529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasset1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Basset, René (1884). "Notes de lexicographie berbère". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QI_gmjGZiJ4C&pg=PA522"><i>Journal asiatique</i></a> (in French). Société asiatique. p. 522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+de+lexicographie+berb%C3%A8re&rft.btitle=Journal+asiatique&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+asiatique.&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Basset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQI_gmjGZiJ4C%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesanges2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Desanges, J. (29 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/395">"Macurebi / Makkhourebi"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (30): 4468–4469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.395">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Macurebi+%2F+Makkhourebi&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=4468-4469&rft.date=2010-12-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.395&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Desanges&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolvin1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golvin, Lucien (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le Magrib central à l'époque des Zirides: recherches d'archéologie et d'histoire</i></a> (in French). 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Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 318–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6297-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-6297-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maghrawa+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Morocco&rft.pages=318-319&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3&rft.aulast=Boum&rft.aufirst=Aomar&rft.au=Park%2C+Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglgzDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Khaldoun,_History_of_Berber-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldoun,_History_of_Berber_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldoun, History of Berber</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:152-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:152_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdris1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Idris, Hady Roger (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asadlis-amazigh.com/fr/wp-content/uploads/livres/La%20berberie%20orientale%20sous%20les%20Zirides%201.pdf"><i>La berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes: Xe-XIIe siècles</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). 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University of Texas Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2"><bdi>978-0-292-76190-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%2C+Revised+Edition%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76190-2&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN-EBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:73-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:73_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolvin1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golvin, Lucien (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le Magrib central à l'époque des Zirides: recherches d'archéologie et d'histoire</i></a> (in French). Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Magrib+central+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+des+Zirides%3A+recherches+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+d%27histoire&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Golvin&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6YwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻAlī_ibn_ʻAbd_Allāh_Ibn_Abī_Zarʻ_al-Fāsī1860" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141"><i>Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès</i></a> (in French). 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Editions Mimouni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789961680513" title="Special:BookSources/9789961680513"><bdi>9789961680513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Berbers+dans+l%27histoire%3A+De+la+Kahina+%C3%A1+l%27occupation+Turque&rft.pub=Editions+Mimouni&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789961680513&rft.aulast=Ga%C3%AFd&rft.aufirst=Mouloud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qIJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (1996). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus</i>. 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Brill. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29857-6"><bdi>978-90-04-29857-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%2C+the+Almohads+and+the+Ban%C5%AB+Gh%C4%81niya%3A+The+Contest+for+North+Africa+%2812th+and+13th+centuries%29&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+and+Society+of+the+Maghrib&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29857-6&rft.aulast=Baadj&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvTjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzion1979" class="citation book cs1">Levtzion, Nehemia (1979). Willis, John Ralph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52mbA5bGB_cC&pg=PA94"><i>Studies in West African Islamic History</i></a>. Vol. 1. Psychology Press. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1737-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-1737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+West+African+Islamic+History&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1737-4&rft.aulast=Levtzion&rft.aufirst=Nehemia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52mbA5bGB_cC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19JVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Almoravid and Almohad Empires</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748646821" title="Special:BookSources/9780748646821"><bdi>9780748646821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almoravid+and+Almohad+Empires&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780748646821&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19JVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlahiane2006" class="citation book cs1">Ilahiane, Hsain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC&pg=PA154"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8182-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8182-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-8182-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-8182-0&rft.aulast=Ilahiane&rft.aufirst=Hsain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E8qp_k515oC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Succession-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Succession_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Succession_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Succession_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Succession_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaldūn1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&dq=ibn+khaldoun&pg=PR115"><i>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale</i></a> (in French). Imprimerie du gouvernement. pp. XXVI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+Septentrionale&rft.pages=XXVI&rft.pub=Imprimerie+du+gouvernement&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Khald%C5%ABn&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3RBAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dibn%2Bkhaldoun%26pg%3DPR115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Tourneau_19495-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_19495_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Tourneau1949" class="citation book cs1">Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). <i>Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman</i>. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s+avant+le+protectorat%3A+%C3%A9tude+%C3%A9conomique+et+sociale+d%27une+ville+de+l%27occident+musulman&rft.place=Casablanca&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Marocaine+de+Librairie+et+d%27%C3%89dition&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Le+Tourneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PP1"><i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaghrawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Awerba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awerba (page does not exist)">Awerba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awregha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awregha (page does not exist)">Awregha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdeja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdeja (page does not exist)">Azdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahlula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahlula (page does not exist)">Bahlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazaz (page does not exist)">Fazaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fendelawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fendelawa (page does not exist)">Fendelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghomaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghomaras (page does not exist)">Ghumara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazoula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazoula (page does not exist)">Gazoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghiatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghiatas (page does not exist)">Ghiatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Godala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskura (page does not exist)">Haskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedouikech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedouikech">Sedouikech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Luwata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madyuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madyuna (page does not exist)">Madyuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hintata" title="Hintata">Hintata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Matmatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Matmatas (page does not exist)">Matmata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafzawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafzawa (page does not exist)">Nafzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zanata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maghrawa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabers (page does not exist)">Brabers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomaras" title="Ghomaras">Ghomaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_people" title="Jerba people">Jerbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matmata_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matmata people (page does not exist)">Matmatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafusi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafusi people (page does not exist)">Nafusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffians" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffians">Riffians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhajas_de_Srayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanhajas de Srayr (page does not exist)">Sanhajas de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_people" title="Siwi people">Siwis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekna" title="Tekna">Teknas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Latin script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber diaspora">Berber diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_flag" title="Berber flag">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&oldid=1258175491">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maghrawa&oldid=1258175491</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:988_establishments" title="Category:988 establishments">988 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_980s" title="Category:States and 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