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Herein, finite" /> <title>(PDF) Validation of a Finite Element Modeling Process for Auxetic Structures under Impact | Andrew Alderson - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/111716876/Validation_of_a_Finite_Element_Modeling_Process_for_Auxetic_Structures_under_Impact" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732789821000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732789821000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Auxetic materials behave unconventionally under deformation, which enhances material properties such as resistance to indentation and energy absorption. Auxetics, therefore, have the potential to enhance sporting protective equipment. Herein, finite element modeling, additive manufacturing and impact testing of three auxetic lattices, and a conventional equivalent, with a view to advance auxetic implementation within sports equipment, are explored. The lattices are modeled and impacts are simulated between 1 and 5 J, for flat and hemispherical drop hammers. Simulation outputs including peak impact force, impact duration, maximum axial strain, and Poisson\u0026amp;amp;#39;s ratio are compared with experimental results from equivalent impact energies on additively manufactured lattices, using an instrumented drop tower and a high‐speed camera. The simulation and experimental results show broad agreement for all lattices and scenarios, demonstrated by comparative force versus time plots and maximum...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Andrew Alderson"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-12-18","dateModified":"2023-12-18","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Validation of a Finite Element Modeling Process for Auxetic Structures under Impact","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Condensed Matter Physics","Materials Science","Quantum Physics","Finite element method","Nanotechnology","Auxetics","Hammer"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"physica status solidi 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Auxetics, therefore, have the potential to enhance sporting protective equipment. Herein, finite element modeling, additive manufacturing and impact testing of three auxetic lattices, and a conventional equivalent, with a view to advance auxetic implementation within sports equipment, are explored. The lattices are modeled and impacts are simulated between 1 and 5 J, for flat and hemispherical drop hammers. Simulation outputs including peak impact force, impact duration, maximum axial strain, and Poisson\u0026#39;s ratio are compared with experimental results from equivalent impact energies on additively manufactured lattices, using an instrumented drop tower and a high‐speed camera. The simulation and experimental results show broad agreement for all lattices and scenarios, demonstrated by comparative force versus time plots and maximum...","publisher":"Wiley","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"physica status solidi (b)"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Validation of a Finite Element Modeling Process for Auxetic Structures under Impact","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [32092613]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":109170872,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Validation of a Finite Element Modeling Process for Auxetic Structures under Impact”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/109170872/mini_magick20231218-1-wt32sh.png?1702896350" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Validation of a Finite Element Modeling Process for Auxetic Structures under Impact</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32092613" href="https://shu.academia.edu/AndrewAlderson"><img alt="Profile image of Andrew Alderson" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Andrew Alderson</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, physica status solidi (b)</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">39 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 111716876; 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} }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Auxetic materials behave unconventionally under deformation, which enhances material properties such as resistance to indentation and energy absorption. Auxetics, therefore, have the potential to enhance sporting protective equipment. Herein, finite element modeling, additive manufacturing and impact testing of three auxetic lattices, and a conventional equivalent, with a view to advance auxetic implementation within sports equipment, are explored. The lattices are modeled and impacts are simulated between 1 and 5 J, for flat and hemispherical drop hammers. Simulation outputs including peak impact force, impact duration, maximum axial strain, and Poisson&#39;s ratio are compared with experimental results from equivalent impact energies on additively manufactured lattices, using an instrumented drop tower and a high‐speed camera. The simulation and experimental results show broad agreement for all lattices and scenarios, demonstrated by comparative force versus time plots and maximum...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":109170872,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/111716876/Validation_of_a_Finite_Element_Modeling_Process_for_Auxetic_Structures_under_Impact"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":109170872,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/111716876/Validation_of_a_Finite_Element_Modeling_Process_for_Auxetic_Structures_under_Impact"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="109170872" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/111716876/Validation_of_a_Finite_Element_Modeling_Process_for_Auxetic_Structures_under_Impact" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="90903630" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90903630/Bending_Dominated_Auxetic_Materials_for_Wearable_Protective_Devices_Against_Impact">Bending-Dominated Auxetic Materials for Wearable Protective Devices Against Impact</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9973369" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LarissaDriemeier">Larissa Driemeier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Auxetic metamaterials have high energy absorption capacity and indentation resistance, due to their significant densification mechanism during compression. This study investigates the performance of structured materials in layered thin plates, with potential applications in wearable protective devices for sport activities. Two different 3D lattices, conventional and re-entrant honeycomb, are studied in detail and their dynamic behaviour is compared with that of a 2D auxetic lattice. Initially, the equivalent elastic properties of the proposed geometries are investigated at varying equivalent densities. Then a new lightweight solution of a sandwich structure with an auxetic metamaterial core is proposed for possible application to facial protective masks. Numerical impact analyses of the problem show the potential benefit of the present proposal with respect to traditional mask geometries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bending-Dominated Auxetic Materials for Wearable Protective Devices Against Impact","attachmentId":94337567,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90903630/Bending_Dominated_Auxetic_Materials_for_Wearable_Protective_Devices_Against_Impact","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90903630/Bending_Dominated_Auxetic_Materials_for_Wearable_Protective_Devices_Against_Impact"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67435043" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67435043/Controlling_Density_and_Modulus_in_Auxetic_Foam_Fabrications_Implications_for_Impact_and_Indentation_Testing">Controlling Density and Modulus in Auxetic Foam Fabrications—Implications for Impact and Indentation Testing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32092613" href="https://shu.academia.edu/AndrewAlderson">Andrew Alderson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Foams are commonly used for cushioning in protective sporting equipment. Volumetrically compressing open-cell polyurethane foam buckles cell ribs creating a re-entrant structure—set by heating then cooling—which can impart auxetic behaviour. Theoretically, auxetic materials improve impact protection by increasing indentation resistance and energy absorption, potentially reducing sporting injuries and burdens on individuals, health services and national economies. In previous work, auxetic foam exhibited ~3 to ~8 times lower peak force (compared to its conventional counterpart) under impacts adopted from tests used to certify protective sporting equipment. Increases to the foam’s density and changes to stress/strain relationships (from fabrication) mean Poisson’s ratio’s contribution to reduced peak forces under impact is unclear. This work presents a simple fabrication method for foam samples with comparable density and linear stress/strain relationship, but different Poisson’s rati...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Controlling Density and Modulus in Auxetic Foam Fabrications—Implications for Impact and Indentation Testing","attachmentId":78253009,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67435043/Controlling_Density_and_Modulus_in_Auxetic_Foam_Fabrications_Implications_for_Impact_and_Indentation_Testing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67435043/Controlling_Density_and_Modulus_in_Auxetic_Foam_Fabrications_Implications_for_Impact_and_Indentation_Testing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="109325932" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109325932/Influence_of_Auxetic_Structure_Paramaters_on_Dynamic_Impact_Energy_Absorption">Influence of Auxetic Structure Paramaters on Dynamic Impact Energy Absorption</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="183255500" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AravindRajanAyagara">Aravind Rajan Ayagara</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Influence of Auxetic Structure Paramaters on Dynamic Impact Energy Absorption","attachmentId":107485502,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109325932/Influence_of_Auxetic_Structure_Paramaters_on_Dynamic_Impact_Energy_Absorption","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109325932/Influence_of_Auxetic_Structure_Paramaters_on_Dynamic_Impact_Energy_Absorption"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="83759068" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83759068/Auxetic_Materials_for_Sports_Applications">Auxetic Materials for Sports Applications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32092613" href="https://shu.academia.edu/AndrewAlderson">Andrew Alderson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Procedia Engineering, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Auxetic Materials for Sports Applications","attachmentId":89000302,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83759068/Auxetic_Materials_for_Sports_Applications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83759068/Auxetic_Materials_for_Sports_Applications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="63417096" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63417096/Impact_Testing_of_Polymer_filled_Auxetics_Using_Split_Hopkinson_Pressure_Bar_">Impact Testing of Polymer-filled Auxetics Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7705947" href="https://cas-cz.academia.edu/JaroslavValach">Jaroslav Valach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Advanced Engineering Materials</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact Testing of Polymer-filled Auxetics Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ","attachmentId":75854223,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63417096/Impact_Testing_of_Polymer_filled_Auxetics_Using_Split_Hopkinson_Pressure_Bar_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63417096/Impact_Testing_of_Polymer_filled_Auxetics_Using_Split_Hopkinson_Pressure_Bar_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="66693277" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66693277/Impact_resistant_materials_and_Design_Principles_for_Sportswear">Impact resistant materials and Design Principles for Sportswear</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="441943" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/DavidTyler">David Tyler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recently there had been a widespread use of high performance materials in sports wear with enhanced functionality. In sportswear, protection against impact is featured in products for skiwear, snowboarding, rugby, football, basketball, cycling, running shoes, and many others. There is a dearth of technical information about the range of materials being used and quantifiable measures of their effectiveness are rarely disseminated. An experimental set up is discussed with the scope of obtaining reliable and valid data relating to materials and commercial products. Two experimental methods have been used to gain understanding of material properties: an impact attenuation test (which captures peak forces over time) and Tekscan® pressure sensors (which capture the areal dispersal of impact forces). Alongside these dynamic tests are measures of thickness, flexural rigidity and bulk density. It was found that thicker materials (10 mm) were effective in protecting against 5J impacts. Howeve...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact resistant materials and Design Principles for Sportswear","attachmentId":77786156,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66693277/Impact_resistant_materials_and_Design_Principles_for_Sportswear","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66693277/Impact_resistant_materials_and_Design_Principles_for_Sportswear"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="112076678" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112076678/Experimental_investigation_of_the_impact_wear">Experimental investigation of the impact wear</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159173195" href="https://independent.academia.edu/rezaeizadehmasoud">masoud rezaeizadeh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mechanics & Industry, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Experimental investigation of the impact wear","attachmentId":109419277,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112076678/Experimental_investigation_of_the_impact_wear","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112076678/Experimental_investigation_of_the_impact_wear"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="98739259" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98739259/An_investigation_into_the_post_impact_and_post_indentation_behavior_of_auxetic_composites">An investigation into the post impact and post indentation behavior of auxetic composites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="126244269" href="https://independent.academia.edu/salmanaziz12">salman aziz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Composites have been extensively used in high performance structural applications due their lightweight and better strength to weight ratio. A common defect in angle ply laminates is caused by the low velocity impacts, due to their poor resistance to accidental impact by foreign objects, and also the defect is barely visible. Actually contact zone between the target and the penetrating object is relatively large and the whole structure is affected even well away from the impact point. This type of interaction can generate large delaminations, which can reduce the strength under compressive loading. At present, allowance for the delamination induced strength reduction is given by maintaining the strain limits to the structures that prevent the failure due to delamination. If any damage is found in the structure, it is not easy to repair due to the larger damage area.Carbon auxetic composites can be considered as good candidate materials with special properties required for today’s mo...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An investigation into the post impact and post indentation behavior of auxetic composites","attachmentId":100009258,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98739259/An_investigation_into_the_post_impact_and_post_indentation_behavior_of_auxetic_composites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98739259/An_investigation_into_the_post_impact_and_post_indentation_behavior_of_auxetic_composites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="19925152" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19925152/Design_of_composite_materials_with_improved_impact_properties">Design of composite materials with improved impact properties</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29625123" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RahimiJamal">Jamal Rahimi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Composites have been widely used in applications where there is a risk of impact, due to the excellent properties these materials display for absorbing impact energy. However, composites during impact situations typically generate an enormous number of small pieces, due to the energy absorption mechanism of these materials, a mechanism which does not include plastic deformation. This can prove dangerous in sports competitions, where the small fragments of the original structure may harm competitors. This study was designed to explore the possibility of incorporating a material which, whilst maintaining a high level of energy absorption without any plastic deformation mechanism, was able to maintain its original form, or at least significantly reduce the number of pieces generated after impact. The addition of a polyamide layer, NOMEX®, to a monolithic fabric laminate was investigated in this paper. The process of fabrication is described and the different properties of the material under consideration: interlaminar fracture toughness energy (GIC), indentation (id) and delamination after impact (Ai) and compression after impact (sCAI), were measured and compared with those of the original monolithic fabric.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Design of composite materials with improved impact properties","attachmentId":40918765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19925152/Design_of_composite_materials_with_improved_impact_properties","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19925152/Design_of_composite_materials_with_improved_impact_properties"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="25962298" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25962298/Impact_Absorbent_Rapid_Manufactured_Structures_IARMS_">Impact Absorbent Rapid Manufactured Structures (IARMS)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49766127" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HagueRichard">Richard Hague</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact Absorbent Rapid Manufactured Structures (IARMS)","attachmentId":46314037,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25962298/Impact_Absorbent_Rapid_Manufactured_Structures_IARMS_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25962298/Impact_Absorbent_Rapid_Manufactured_Structures_IARMS_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109170872,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109170872,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_109170872" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel">Impact Protection for Functional Apparel</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13730387" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidTyler2">David Tyler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact Protection for Functional Apparel","attachmentId":101358498,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100573116/Impact_Protection_for_Functional_Apparel","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a 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href="https://iiu-pk.academia.edu/ImtiazAlamShah">Imtiaz Alam Shah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Materials, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Finite Element Analysis of the Ballistic Impact on Auxetic Sandwich Composite Human Body Armor","attachmentId":88271000,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82626158/Finite_Element_Analysis_of_the_Ballistic_Impact_on_Auxetic_Sandwich_Composite_Human_Body_Armor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82626158/Finite_Element_Analysis_of_the_Ballistic_Impact_on_Auxetic_Sandwich_Composite_Human_Body_Armor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="50571822" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50571822/The_Application_of_Auxetic_Material_for_Protective_Sports_Apparel">The Application of Auxetic Material for Protective Sports Apparel</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32092613" href="https://shu.academia.edu/AndrewAlderson">Andrew Alderson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Application of Auxetic Material for Protective Sports Apparel","attachmentId":68502424,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50571822/The_Application_of_Auxetic_Material_for_Protective_Sports_Apparel","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50571822/The_Application_of_Auxetic_Material_for_Protective_Sports_Apparel"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="99697574" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99697574/A_critical_review_of_impact_resistant_materials_used_in_sportswear_clothing">A critical review of impact resistant materials used in sportswear clothing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="441943" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/DavidTyler">David Tyler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A critical review of impact resistant materials used 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