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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sound alternations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Person</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Grammatical number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Negative verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Sámi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Samies" title="Suid-Samies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Samies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maad%C3%A2s%C3%A4mikiel%C3%A2" title="Maadâsämikielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Maadâsämikielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة سامي الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة سامي الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_meridional" title="Sami meridional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sami meridional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвасаамская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвасаамская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвасаамская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвасаамская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Южносаамски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южносаамски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samieg_ar_su" title="Samieg ar su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Samieg ar su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_meridional" title="Sami meridional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sami meridional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_s%C3%A1m%C5%A1tina" title="Jižní sámština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní sámština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydsamisk" title="Sydsamisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydsamisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullis%C3%A1megiella" title="Lullisámegiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lullisámegiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdsamische_Sprache" title="Südsamische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südsamische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5unasaami_keel" title="Lõunasaami keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõunasaami keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Лембеёнкссаамонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лембеёнкссаамонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_meridional" title="Sami meridional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sami meridional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-samea_lingvo" title="Sud-samea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-samea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان سامی جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سامی جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sami" title="Southern Sami – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Southern Sami" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urs%C3%A1miskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Suðursámiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðursámiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_du_Sud" title="Same du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Same du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saamish_Yiass" title="Saamish Yiass – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Saamish Yiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_saami_meridional" title="Lingua saami meridional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua saami meridional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%80_%EC%82%AC%EB%AF%B8%EC%96%B4" title="남부 사미어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남부 사미어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հարավսաամերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավսաամերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnosamiska_r%C4%9B%C4%8D" title="Južnosamiska rěč – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južnosamiska rěč" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_laponski_jezik" title="Južni laponski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južni laponski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sami_Selatan" title="Bahasa Sami Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sami Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sami_meridionale" title="Lingua sami meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua sami meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Лунвыв саами кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лунвыв саами кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Samica_Meridiana" title="Lingua Samica Meridiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Samica Meridiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_sami%C5%B3_kalba" title="Pietų samių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų samių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvisaamen_kieli" title="Suvisaamen kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suvisaamen kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јужнолапонски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужнолапонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه سامى الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه سامى الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Samisch" title="Zuid-Samisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Samisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="南部サーミ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南部サーミ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rsamisk" title="Sørsamisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørsamisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rsamisk" title="Sørsamisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørsamisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سوېلي سامي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي سامي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Saami_meridional" title="Lenga Saami meridional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Saami meridional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_po%C5%82udniowosaamski" title="Język południowosaamski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język południowosaamski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lap%C3%B4nica_meridional" title="Língua lapônica meridional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua lapônica meridional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Южносаамский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южносаамский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothren_Sami_leid" title="Soothren Sami leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soothren Sami leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suud-Samisk" title="Suud-Samisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suud-Samisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4saame" title="Eteläsaame – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläsaame" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydsamiska" title="Sydsamiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydsamiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Timog_Sami" title="Wikang Timog Sami – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Timog Sami" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="தென் சமி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென் சமி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Samice" title="Güney Samice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Samice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Південносаамська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південносаамська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nam_Sami" title="Tiếng Nam Sami – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nam Sami" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5saami_kiil" title="Lõunõsaami kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõsaami kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97itu_samiu_kalba" title="Pėitu samiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitu samiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered Uralic language of Scandinavia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Southern Sámi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">åarjelsaemien gïele</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(600 cited 1992)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_S%C3%A1mi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sámi languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Southern Sámi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hattfjelldal_Municipality" title="Hattfjelldal Municipality">Aarborten Municipality</a> (Hattfjelldal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8yrvik_Municipality" title="Røyrvik Municipality">Raarvihken Municipality</a> (Røyrvik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A5sa_Municipality" title="Snåsa Municipality">Snåasen Municipality</a> (Snåsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Røros Municipality">Rossen Municipality</a> (Røros)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=408">sma</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sma" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sma">sma</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2674">sout2674</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5389">South Saami</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg/320px-Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg/480px-Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg/640px-Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="622" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Southern Sami language area (red) within Sápmi (grey)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_40-SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">South Saami is classified as Severely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg/220px-%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg/330px-%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg/440px-%C3%85arjel-saemiej_skuvle_Sn%C3%A5sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">Åarjel-saemiej skuvle</i></span> (Southern Sámi school) and <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">maanagierte</i></span> (kindergarten) in /<a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A5sa_Municipality" title="Snåsa Municipality">Snåasen Municipality</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Southern</b> or <b>South Sámi</b> (Southern Sami: <i lang="sma">åarjelsaemien gïele</i>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">sørsamisk</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">sydsamiska</i>) is the southwesternmost of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a>, and is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>. The strongholds of Southern Sámi in Norway are <a href="/wiki/Hattfjelldal_Municipality" title="Hattfjelldal Municipality">Aarborten Municipality</a> (Hattfjelldal) in <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordlaante County</a> (Nordland) and also in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8yrvik_Municipality" title="Røyrvik Municipality">Raarvihken Municipality</a> (Røyrvik), <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A5sa_Municipality" title="Snåsa Municipality">Snåasen Municipality</a> (Snåsa), and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Røros Municipality">Rossen Municipality</a> (Røros), all of which are in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trööndelage County</a> (Trøndelag). Out of an ethnic population of approximately two thousand, only about five hundred still speak the language fluently. Southern Sámi belongs to the Saamic group within the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>. </p><p>In Sweden, Saami is one of five recognized minority languages, but the term "Saami" comprises different varieties/languages, and they are not individually recognized. In Norway, Southern Sámi is recognized as a minority language in its own right. </p><p>It is possible to study Southern Sámi at <a href="/wiki/Nord_University" title="Nord University">Nord University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Levanger_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Levanger Municipality">Levanger Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_Municipality" title="Umeå Municipality">Umeå Municipality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> in Uppsala Municipality. In 2018, two master's degrees were written in the language at Umeå University.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language courses are also offered at different Sámi-language centres throughout the Southern Sámi area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi is one of the eight <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> that have an official written standard, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sámi–Norwegian dictionary. This language has had an official written form since 1978. The spelling is closely based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>: </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> f </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> i </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï</a> ï </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> p </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> r </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> y </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a> æ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> ö </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a> å </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1976, the Sámi Language Council recommended the use of ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, but in practice the latter is replaced by ⟨ø⟩ in Norway and the former by ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in accordance with the usage in <a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a>, based on computer or typewriter availability. The <span class="nowrap">⟨Ï ï⟩</span> represents a back version of <span class="nowrap">⟨I i⟩</span>; however, many texts fail to distinguish between the two. </p><p><span class="nowrap">⟨C c⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Q q⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨W w⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨X x⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨Z z⟩</span> are only used in words of foreign origin. </p><p>Long sounds are represented with double letters for both vowels and consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi has fifteen consonant and eleven vowel phonemes; there are six places of articulation for consonants and six manners of articulation. </p><p>There are also two dialects, northern and southern. The phonological differences are relatively small; the phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below. </p><p>The typical word in Southern Sámi is disyllabic, containing a long stem vowel and ending in a vowel, as in the word /pa:ko/ 'word'. Function words are monosyllabic, as are the copula and the negative auxiliary. Stress is fixed and always word-initial. Words with more than three syllables are given secondary stress in the penultimate syllable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eleven vowel phonemes comprise four phonologically short and long vowels (i-i:, e-e:, a-a:, u-u:) and three vowel phonemes which do not distinguish length (ø, æ, o). </p><p>The vowel phonemes of the northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ï⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨öö⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨å⟩</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨åå⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">near-open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨æ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distinction between the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span> is normally not indicated in spelling: both of these sounds are written with the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>. However, dictionaries and other linguistically precise sources use the character <span class="nowrap">⟨ï⟩</span> for the latter vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The spelling <span class="nowrap">⟨æ⟩</span> is used in Norway, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> in Sweden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The non-high vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> contrast in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>: they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur short. </p><p>The vowels may combine to form ten different <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> to <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> to <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> to <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> to <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ie/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ie⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yo/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨yø⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨yö⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉe/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ue⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨe/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ïe⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ie⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uo/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close</a> to <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉɑ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ua⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oe/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨øø⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨öö⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eæ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ea⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oæ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨åe⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oɑ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨åa⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Southern Sámi, all consonants occur as geminates in word-medial position. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspirated</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gi⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ki⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ki⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sj⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">~</span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_alternations">Sound alternations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sound alternations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Southern Sámi, the vowel in the second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>. The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> ~ <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> ~ <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span>: <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">vaedtsedh</i></span> 'to walk' : <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">vaadtsam</i></span> 'I walk' : <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">veedtsim</i></span> 'I walked'</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ue⟩</span> ~ <span class="nowrap">⟨ua⟩</span> ~ <span class="nowrap">⟨öö⟩</span>: <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">vuelkedh</i></span> 'to leave' : <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">vualkam</i></span> 'I leave' : <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">vöölkim</i></span> 'I left'</li></ul> <p>The following table gives a full overview of the alternations: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Samic<br />first vowel </th> <th>Followed by<br /><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ā</span></span> </th> <th>Followed by<br /><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ē</span></span> </th> <th>Followed by<br /><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ō</span></span> </th> <th>Followed by<br /><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ë</span></span> </th> <th>Followed by<br /><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ā</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ae</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ee</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ea</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ea</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ie</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ea</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ee</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ie</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ea</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ie</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ea</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ïe</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ie</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">oa</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">åa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">åe</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">åa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">oe</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">öö</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">uo</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ua</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ue</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">åa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">oe</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">öö</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">ë</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">a</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">æ</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">å</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">a</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ï</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">æ</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ij</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">æ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ïj</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">o</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">å</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">u</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">å</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">a</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">o</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">a</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ov</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">u</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="uncoded-language text">*<span lang="mis" style="font-style: normal;">u</span></span> </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">å</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">a</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">u</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">å</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">o</span></span>, <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ov</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">u</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On the other hand, Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>. Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi, even though such alternations are frequent in its relatives. Compare, for instance, Southern Sámi <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">nomme</i></span> 'name' : <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">nommesne</i></span> 'in the name' to <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">namma</i></span> : <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">namas</i></span>, with the consonant gradation <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">mm</i></span> : <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><i lang="sma">m</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi has eight <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case (<i>kaasuse</i>) </th> <th>Singular (<i>aktentaale</i>) </th> <th>Plural (<i>gellientaale</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative (<i>nominatijve</i>) </th> <td align="center">— </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-h</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative (<i>akkusatijve</i>) </th> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-m</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·te</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·die</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·te</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive (<i>genitijve</i>) </th> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-n</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Illative (<i>illatijve</i>) </th> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-se</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-sse</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-n</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·te</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·die</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·te</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inessive (<i>inessijve</i>) </th> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-sne</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-snie</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·ne</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·nie</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·ne</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Elative (<i>elatijve</i>) </th> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-ste</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-stie</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·ste</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·stie</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·ste</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Comitative (<i>komitatijve</i>) </th> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·ne</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·nie</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·ne</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·gujmie</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·gujmie</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Essive (<i>essijve</i>) </th> <td align="center">— </td> <td align="center"><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·ne</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-i·nie</span></span>; <span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">-j·ne</span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi nouns inflect for singular and plural and have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, illative, locative, elative, comitative, and essive, but number is not distinguished in the essive. Inflection is essentially agglutinative, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural and in the singular. The plural marker is -h in the nominative case, otherwise -i/j-, to which the case endings are added. There are five different inflection classes but no declension classes. All nouns take the same case markers. </p><p>The function of the nominative is to mark the subject, and the accusative marks the object. The nominative plural can also be used to mark plural (direct) objects, a feature called <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">differential object marking</a>, and here the noun gets an indefinite reading, while the accusative plural marks definite direct objects. The genitive is used in adnominal possession and marks the dependent of postpositions. The illative is a spatial case marking the recipient; while the locative and elative are also spatial cases, the locative is additionally used in existential constructions and the elative in partitive constructions. The comitative expresses participation and instrument, and the essive marks a state or a function. </p><p>Four stem classes can be distinguished: ie-stems, e-stems, a-stems, and oe-stems. </p><p>An overview of the modern inflection of <i>guelie</i> 'fish': </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Nominative </th> <th>Genitive </th> <th>Accusative </th> <th>Illative </th> <th>Locative </th> <th>Ablative </th> <th>Comitative </th> <th>Essive </th></tr> <tr> <td>Singular </td> <td>guelie </td> <td>guelien </td> <td>gueliem </td> <td>gualan </td> <td>guelesne </td> <td>gueleste </td> <td>gueline </td> <td>gueline </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td>guelieh </td> <td>gueliej </td> <td>guelide </td> <td>guelide </td> <td>gueline </td> <td>guelijste </td> <td>gueliejgujmie </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Earlier, in the comitative singular and in the plural, besides the nominative i, umlaut of the root vowel to öö took place: Gen. Pl. göölij etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal pronouns inflect for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and seven cases (all of the above with the exception of the essive). A demonstrative pronoun without specific deictic bias is employed as the third-person pronoun, treating dual and plural forms as indistinguishable. Additional pronouns encompass pronominal and adnominal demonstratives, along with interrogative and relative pronouns, reflexive, logophoric, reciprocal, and a variety of indefinite pronouns. The majority of these pronouns change based on whether they refer to a singular or plural entity, and some also adapt to different cases. Demonstratives distinguish between three degrees of distance relative to the speaker. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Southern Sámi personal pronouns: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>manne </td> <td>monnah </td> <td>mijjieh </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>datne </td> <td>dotnah </td> <td>dijjieh </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>dihte </td> <td>dah </td> <td>dah </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi verbs inflect for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular, dual, and plural, where dual is an optional category). There are also two finite inflectional categories, the present and the past tense. Subject suffixes are the same across the tenses, and there are three different inflectional classes based on the thematic vowels and their behaviour in inflection. Furthermore, there are 4 non-finite forms: the perfect participle, the progressive, the infinitive, and the connegative and imperative form. Meanwhile, verbs express the TAM categories present indicative, past indicative, perfect, pluperfect, progressive, and imperative. The copula also inflects for the conditional. </p><p>In the verbum, a distinction must be made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; in the latter, there are six different stem classes. </p><p>An overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come': </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Past </th> <th>Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <td>1SG </td> <td>båatam </td> <td>böötim </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>2SG </td> <td>båatah </td> <td>böötih </td> <td>båetieh </td></tr> <tr> <td>3SG </td> <td>båata </td> <td>bööti </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>1DU </td> <td>båetien </td> <td>böötimen </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>2DU </td> <td>båeteden </td> <td>böötiden </td> <td>båeteden </td></tr> <tr> <td>3DU </td> <td>båetiejægan </td> <td>böötigan </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>1PL </td> <td>båetebe </td> <td>böötimh </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>2PL </td> <td>båetede </td> <td>böötidh </td> <td>båetede </td></tr> <tr> <td>3PL </td> <td>båetieh </td> <td>böötin </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Participle </td> <td>båetije </td> <td>båateme </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative Form </td> <td>båetieh </td> <td>Gerund </td> <td>båetieminie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infinitive </td> <td>båetedh </td> <td>Verbal noun </td> <td>båeteme </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morphology of adjectives is restricted to comparative and superlative forms. Some have different forms in attributive and predicative position, but most are invariable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Person">Person</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Person"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> conjugate for three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a>: </p> <ul><li>first person</li> <li>second person</li> <li>third person</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mood">Mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense">Tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammatical_number">Grammatical number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grammatical number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> conjugate for three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_grammatical_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual grammatical number">dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_verb">Negative verb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Negative verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a <a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">negative verb</a>. In Southern Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> (past and non-past), <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> (indicative and imperative), <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> (first, second, and third), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular, dual, and plural). This differs from some other Sámi languages, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a>, which do not conjugate according to tense. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Southern Sámi negative verb, indicative forms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3">Non-past indicative</th> <th colspan="3">Past indicative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">im</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ean</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ibie</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjim</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjimen</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjimh</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ih</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idien</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idie</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjih</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjiden</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjidh</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ij</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">eakan</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">eah</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtji</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjigan</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">idtjin</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Southern Sámi negative verb, imperative forms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3">Non-past imperative</th> <th colspan="3">Past imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aelliem</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellien</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellebe</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ollem</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ollen</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ollebe</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellieh</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aelleden</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellede</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ollh</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">olleden</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">ollede</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellis</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellis</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">aellis</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">olles</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">olles</span></span></td> <td><span title="Southern Sami-language text"><span lang="sma" style="font-style: normal;">olles</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> and unlike other Sámi languages, Southern Sámi has the basic structure <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">SOV</a> (Subject-Object-Verb). Only the copula ('to be') and auxiliary verbs appear second. The case-alignment system is nominative-accusative. However, plural objects are also sometimes marked with the nominative. Objects in the nominative plural get an indefinite reading, while objects in the accusative plural are definite. This applies for nouns as well as pronouns. An example of a plural object in the nominative: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dellie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naarra-h</p><p style="margin: 0px;">snare-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tjeegk-i-m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">set.up-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">dellie manne naarra-h tjeegk-i-m</p><p style="display: none;">then 1.SG.NOM snare-NOM.PL set.up-PST-1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">"Then I set up snares."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Subject and agent are always marked identically, while the marking of the object depends on definiteness. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Different marking strategies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <th>Object </th> <th>Reading of object </th></tr> <tr> <td>NOM </td> <td>ACC.SG </td> <td>definite or indefinite </td></tr> <tr> <td>NOM </td> <td>ACC.PL </td> <td>definite </td></tr> <tr> <td>NOM </td> <td>NOM.PL </td> <td>indefinite </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The verb agrees with the subject in person and number. The TAM categories mentioned above are based on non-finite verb forms and are expressed in periphrastic constructions with an auxiliary. The subject agrees with the auxiliary, but it is not obligatory. It is either marked on the pronoun or inferred from context. The imperative second singular uses the same non-finite irrealis form also used in negation constructions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verbal Agreement </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Verb form </th> <th>Auxiliary </th> <th>Agreement </th></tr> <tr> <th>present </th> <td>finite </td> <td>– </td> <td>person/number </td></tr> <tr> <th>past </th> <td>finite </td> <td>– </td> <td>person/number </td></tr> <tr> <th>imperative </th> <td>non-finite </td> <td>– </td> <td>2SG </td></tr> <tr> <th>perfect </th> <td>non-finite </td> <td>yes-PRS </td> <td>person/number with AUX </td></tr> <tr> <th>pluperfect </th> <td>non-finite </td> <td>yes-PST </td> <td>person/number with AUX </td></tr> <tr> <th>progressive </th> <td>non-finite </td> <td>yes-PRS </td> <td>person/number with AUX </td></tr> <tr> <th>past progressive </th> <td>non-finite </td> <td>yes-PST </td> <td>person/number with AUX </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Southern Sámi has some features that separate the language from its closest relatives, like SOV instead of SVO as basic constituent order, no stem gradation, and a genitive possessive. Nevertheless, most features of Southern Sámi are commonly found in other Uralic languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sma/">Southern Sámi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; 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Statsministerens kontor. 2014-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-30</span></span>. <q>Forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk omfatter [...] Snåasen tjïelte/Snåsa kommune og Raarvihke Tjielte/Røyrvik kommune i Nord-Trøndelag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regjeringen.no&rft.atitle=Samelovens+spr%C3%A5kregler+og+forvaltningsomr%C3%A5det+for+samisk+spr%C3%A5k&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fno%2Ftema%2Furfolk-og-minoriteter%2Fsamepolitikk%2Fsamiske-sprak%2Fsamelovens-sprakregler-og-forvaltningsom%2Fid633281%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+S%C3%A1mi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227174247/http://hub.coe.int/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=d74fc9bd-0c0c-40ac-9e47-26d4887daf8e&groupId=10227">"To which languages does the Charter apply?"</a>. <i>European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</i>. Council of Europe. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hub.coe.int/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=d74fc9bd-0c0c-40ac-9e47-26d4887daf8e&groupId=10227">the original</a> on 2013-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft.atitle=To+which+languages+does+the+Charter+apply%3F&rft.pages=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhub.coe.int%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3Fuuid%3Dd74fc9bd-0c0c-40ac-9e47-26d4887daf8e%26groupId%3D10227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+S%C3%A1mi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?dswid=-8946&language=en&searchType=SIMPLE&query=2018+%28Sami+languages+%28Other%29%29&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all">"Umeå University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ume%C3%A5+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2FresultList.jsf%3Fdswid%3D-8946%26language%3Den%26searchType%3DSIMPLE%26query%3D2018%2B%2528Sami%2Blanguages%2B%2528Other%2529%2529%26af%3D%255B%255D%26aq%3D%255B%255B%255D%255D%26aq2%3D%255B%255B%255D%255D%26aqe%3D%255B%255D%26noOfRows%3D50%26sortOrder%3Dauthor_sort_asc%26sortOrder2%3Dtitle_sort_asc%26onlyFullText%3Dfalse%26sf%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+S%C3%A1mi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggaMagga2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magga, Ole Henrik; Magga, Lajla Mattsson (2012). <i>Sørsamisk grammatikk</i> [<i>A Grammar of South Sami</i>] (in Norwegian). Kautokeino: Davvi Girji. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-7374-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-7374-855-3"><bdi>978-82-7374-855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8rsamisk+grammatikk&rft.place=Kautokeino&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Davvi+Girji&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-82-7374-855-3&rft.aulast=Magga&rft.aufirst=Ole+Henrik&rft.au=Magga%2C+Lajla+Mattsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+S%C3%A1mi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Bergsland" title="Knut Bergsland">Bergsland, Knut</a>. <i>Røroslappisk grammatikk</i>, 1946.</li> <li>Jussi Ylikoski. <i>South Saami</i>, 2022.</li> <li>Knut Bergsland. <i>Sydsamisk grammatikk</i>, 1982.</li> <li>Knut Bergsland and Lajla Mattson Magga. <i>Åarjelsaemien-daaroen baakoegærja</i>, 1993.</li> <li>Hasselbrink, Gustav. <i>Südsamisches Wörterbuch I–III</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_S%C3%A1mi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/sma" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/sma">Southern Sámi test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Sami_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern Sami language">Southern Sami language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tv.nrk.no/serie/binnabannas/sesong/4">The Children's TV series Binnabánnaš in Southern Sámi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.oulu.fi/saamilottit/">Sámi lottit</a> Names of birds found in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sápmi (area)">Sápmi</a> in a number of languages, including Skolt Sámi and English. Search function only works with Finnish input though.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giellatekno.uit.no/cgi/index.sma.eng.html">Southern Sámi grammatical resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saemiensijte.no/">Samien Sijte</a> – Southern Sámi Museum and Cultural Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990914011240/http://www.uit.no/ssweb/dok/seminar/sorsamisk/sorsami.html">Sørsamisk forskning og undervisning</a> – Universitetet i Tromsø</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_minority_languages_of_Sweden" title="Official minority languages of Sweden">Recognized minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uralic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uralic_languages" title="Template talk:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uralic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_language" title="Mulgi language">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_language" title="Tartu language">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Sámi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Template:Sámi peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Template talk:Sámi peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sámi peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Sámi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_history" title="Sámi history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_media" title="Sámi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_music" title="Sámi music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_politics" title="Sámi politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8CSV" title="ČSV">ČSV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala Sámi</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu Sámi</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi Sámi</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peninsular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borgarm%C3%A5let" title="Borgarmålet">Borgarmålet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_media" title="Sámi media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_S%C3%A1mi-language_newspapers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Sámi-language newspapers (page does not exist)">Newspapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Áššu">Áššu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81vvir" title="Ávvir">Ávvir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Min_%C3%81igi" title="Min Áigi">Min Áigi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muital%C3%A6gje" title="Muitalægje">Muitalægje</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuorttanaste" title="Nuorttanaste">Nuorttanaste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sa%C7%A5ai_Muittal%C3%A6gje" title="Saǥai Muittalægje">Saǥai Muittalægje</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_%C3%81igi" title="Sámi Áigi">Sámi Áigi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daerpies_Dierie" title="Daerpies Dierie">Daerpies Dierie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A5sningen" title="Snåsningen">Snåsningen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4%CA%B9mo%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2z" title="Sääʹmođđâz">Sääʹmođđâz</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1gat" title="Ságat">Ságat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waren_Sardne" title="Waren Sardne">Waren Sardne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_S%C3%A1mi-language_magazines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Sámi-language magazines (page does not exist)">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die%C4%91ut" title="Dieđut">Dieđut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1ba" title="Gába">Gába</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0_(magazine)" title="Š (magazine)">Š</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Die%C4%91ala%C5%A1_%C3%81ige%C4%8D%C3%A1la" title="Sámi Dieđalaš Áigečála">Sámi Dieđalaš Áigečála</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmela%C5%A1" title="Sápmelaš">Sápmelaš</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_magasiidna" title="Sámi magasiidna">Sámi magasiidna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sami_Usteb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sami Usteb (page does not exist)">Sami Usteb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samealbmug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samealbmug (page does not exist)">Samealbmug</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5rj%C3%A5s" title="Bårjås">Bårjås</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rran_(S%C3%A1mi_publication)" title="Árran (Sámi publication)">Árran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1iki" title="Báiki">Báiki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samefolket" title="Samefolket">Samefolket</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/O%C4%91%C4%91asat" title="Ođđasat">Ođđasat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unna_Junn%C3%A1" title="Unna Junná">Unna Junná</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yle_O%C4%91%C4%91asat" title="Yle Ođđasat">Yle Ođđasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRK_S%C3%A1pmi" title="NRK Sápmi">NRK Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sameradion" title="Sameradion">Sameradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yle_S%C3%A1mi_Radio" title="Yle Sámi Radio">Yle Sámi Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guovdageainnu_Lagasradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guovdageainnu Lagasradio (page does not exist)">Guovdageainnu Lagasradio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kola_S%C3%A1mi_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kola Sámi Radio (page does not exist)">Kola Sámi Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kier%C3%A2%C5%A1" title="Kierâš">Kierâš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sameradion" title="Sameradion">SR Sápmi</a></li></ul> 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