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<span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_American_Finnish" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of the Finnish language spoken in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Finglish" title="Finglish">Finglish</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:American_Finnish" title="Talk:American Finnish">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the article.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">American Finnish</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">26,000 (in their homes) <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />15,295 <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>American Finnish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>fi-021</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pct_finnish4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pct_finnish4.png/320px-Pct_finnish4.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pct_finnish4.png/480px-Pct_finnish4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pct_finnish4.png/640px-Pct_finnish4.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="508" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Location of Finnish people in America; however, only a few can speak American Finnish.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>American Finnish, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">Fingliska</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">Fingelska</i></span></b> is a form of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. American Finnish was used actively until the 1950s and after that it has been declining, and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a> have been switching to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Even some basic phrases like <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">tätsrait</i></span> 'that's right' were borrowed from English.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of speech was studied by Pertti Virtaranta in 1960, and the first American Finnish dictionary was made in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has influence from English both in syntax and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 Finnish was spoken by 26,000 people in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-USCensus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the town of <a href="/wiki/Oulu,_Wisconsin" title="Oulu, Wisconsin">Oulu, Wisconsin</a>, there are documented third-generation speakers of American Finnish,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Township,_Michigan" title="Stanton Township, Michigan">Stanton Township, Michigan</a>, there are children who speak the language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Finnish has also retained loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> which modern <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> lost.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those in the second and third generations who speak American Finnish are usually bilingual and tend to use English more often. There have been some negative attitudes to "impurities" in American Finnish; however, American Finns usually consider it a language of their own and dislike <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish Americans sometimes have problems understanding Finnish. There is not much areal variation in American Finnish; however, first-, second- and third-generation speakers have more variation in their speech, especially as the amount of English influence differs in generations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also grammatical differences from Finnish, such as <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>. In American Finnish the letter k remains unchanged, unlike in Finnish: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">laki</i></span> 'law', <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">lakit</i></span> 'laws' (Finnish: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">laki</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">lait</i></span>). And in American Finnish the first person plural ending has often been dropped: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">me ei saa</i></span> 'we can't' (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">emme saa</i></span>). Another difference in American Finnish is that the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> does not change into an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> when conjugated: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">kieli</i></span> 'language', <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kielit</i></span> 'languages' (Finnish: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">kieli</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kielet</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American Finnish has many loanwords from English, but has also retained some older Swedish loanwords that Finnish lost. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Fingelska </th> <th>Modern Finnish </th></tr> <tr> <td>bed </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">peti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vuode</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blanket </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">plänketti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">huopa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kitchen </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">kyökki/kitsi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">keittiö</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>onion </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">lööki</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sipuli</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>telephone </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">telefooni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">puhelin</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>telegram </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">telekrammi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sähke</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hay barn </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">heinä baana</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">heinälato</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hospital </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">hospitaali</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sairaala</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>county </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">kaunti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">maakunta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>farm </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">farmi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">maatalo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>room </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruuma</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">huone</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>potato </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">potaatti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">peruna</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>towel </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">hantuuki</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">pyyhe</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Word <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruuma</i></span> 'room' in the cases </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Fingelska </th></tr> <tr> <td>nominative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruuma</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>genitive </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruuman</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>accusative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruuman</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>essive </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumana</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>partitive </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumaa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>translative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumaksi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>inessive </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumassa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumasta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>illative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumaan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>adessive </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumalla</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ablative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumalta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>allative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumalle</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>comitative </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumineen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>instructive </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">ruumin</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In American Finnish the possessive suffixes are rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_American_Finnish">Examples of American Finnish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples of American Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">On heitä enemmän, mutta he ovat nyt muusia hunttaamassa.</i></span> </p><p>'There are more of them, but they are moose hunting.' </p><p><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">fiksata</i></span> </p><p>'to fix' </p><p><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi-021">'Nyt pitää äkkiä koolata Albertille</i></span> </p><p>'Now I have to call to Albert fast.'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu,_Wisconsin" title="Oulu, Wisconsin">Oulu, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finglish" title="Finglish">Finglish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USCensus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html">"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2013%2Fdemo%2F2009-2013-lang-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolehmainen2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kolehmainen, Taru (August 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kolumnit_artikkelit_ja_esitelmat/kieli-ikkuna_(1996_2010)/mihin_fingelskaa_tarvitaan">"Mihin fingelskaa tarvitaan?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish) – via <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Mihin+fingelskaa+tarvitaan%3F&rft.date=2002-08-13&rft.aulast=Kolehmainen&rft.aufirst=Taru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Fnyt%2Fkolumnit_artikkelit_ja_esitelmat%2Fkieli-ikkuna_%281996_2010%29%2Fmihin_fingelskaa_tarvitaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suomisanakirja.fi/fingelska">"Fingelska"</a>. <i>Suomisanakirja.fi</i> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suomisanakirja.fi&rft.atitle=Fingelska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suomisanakirja.fi%2Ffingelska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suomisanakirja.fi/amerikansuomi">"Amerikansuomi"</a>. <i>Suomisanakirja.fi</i> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suomisanakirja.fi&rft.atitle=Amerikansuomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suomisanakirja.fi%2Famerikansuomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitkänenSutinen2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pitkänen, Silja; Sutinen, Ville-Juhani (2014). <i>Amerikansuomalaisten tarina</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789513183387" title="Special:BookSources/9789513183387"><bdi>9789513183387</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907686907">907686907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerikansuomalaisten+tarina&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Kustannusosakeyhti%C3%B6+Tammi&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907686907&rft.isbn=9789513183387&rft.aulast=Pitk%C3%A4nen&rft.aufirst=Silja&rft.au=Sutinen%2C+Ville-Juhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindfors2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindfors, Jukka (September 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/amerikansuomalaisten-kieli">"Amerikansuomalaisten kieli"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a></i> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle&rft.atitle=Amerikansuomalaisten+kieli&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.aulast=Lindfors&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Faihe%2Fartikkeli%2F2006%2F09%2F08%2Famerikansuomalaisten-kieli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkavirta2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kotkavirta, Johannes (May 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.is.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005229952.html">"Täällä saunotaan ja puhutaan suomea kolmannessa polvessa – IS vieraili Amerikan Oulussa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilta-Sanomat&rft.atitle=T%C3%A4%C3%A4ll%C3%A4+saunotaan+ja+puhutaan+suomea+kolmannessa+polvessa+%E2%80%93+IS+vieraili+Amerikan+Oulussa&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft.aulast=Kotkavirta&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.is.fi%2Fulkomaat%2Fart-2000005229952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaarikoski2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saarikoski, Laura (December 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005473512.html">"Yhdysvalloissa on paikkakunta, jossa joka toisella on suomalaiset juuret – "Pikku-Suomessa" luotetaan Trumpiin ja saunomiseen, mutta tietokoneet herättävät yhä epäilyksiä"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Yhdysvalloissa+on+paikkakunta%2C+jossa+joka+toisella+on+suomalaiset+juuret+%E2%80%93+%22Pikku-Suomessa%22+luotetaan+Trumpiin+ja+saunomiseen%2C+mutta+tietokoneet+her%C3%A4tt%C3%A4v%C3%A4t+yh%C3%A4+ep%C3%A4ilyksi%C3%A4&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft.aulast=Saarikoski&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fulkomaat%2Fart-2000005473512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlman1949" class="citation journal cs1">Sahlman, Selma Siiri (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052348/http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article181e.htm">"The Finnish Language in the United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Speech" title="American Speech">American Speech</a></i>. <b>24</b>: 14–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article181e.htm">the original</a> on February 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span> – via www.genealogia.fi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=The+Finnish+Language+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=14-24&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Sahlman&rft.aufirst=Selma+Siiri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogia.fi%2Femi%2Fart%2Farticle181e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtarantaJönsson-KorholaMartinKainulainen1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Virtaranta, Pertti; Jönsson-Korhola, Hannele; Martin, Maisa; Kainulainen, Maija (1993). <i>Amerikansuomi</i>. Tietolipas (in Finnish). Vol. 125. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 97–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789517177214" title="Special:BookSources/9789517177214"><bdi>9789517177214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerikansuomi&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Tietolipas&rft.pages=97-101&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789517177214&rft.aulast=Virtaranta&rft.aufirst=Pertti&rft.au=J%C3%B6nsson-Korhola%2C+Hannele&rft.au=Martin%2C+Maisa&rft.au=Kainulainen%2C+Maija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Finnish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Finnish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2007/03/15/suomalais-amerikkalaisia-rekordeja">American-Finnish recordings (in Finnish)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/amerikansuomalaisten-kieli">Amerikansuomalaisten kieli (about Fingelska, in Finnish)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikisource.org/wiki/Amerikan_suomalaisten_kielin%C3%A4ytett%C3%A4">American Finnish examples at Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://incubator.miraheze.org/wiki/Wp/fim">American Finnish incubator plus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/180070">Dictionary of American Finnish</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_language" title="Mulgi language">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_language" title="Tartu language">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finnish_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finnish_dialects" title="Template:Finnish dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finnish_dialects" title="Template talk:Finnish dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finnish_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finnish dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finnish_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Finnish dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finnish_dialects" title="Southwest Finnish dialects">Southwest Finnish dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rauma_dialect" title="Rauma dialect">Rauma dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnian_dialect" title="South Ostrobothnian dialect">South Ostrobothnian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Northern_Ostrobothnian_dialects" title="Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects">Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavastian_dialects" title="Tavastian dialects">Tavastian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%A4pohjola_dialects" title="Peräpohjola dialects">Peräpohjola dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4llivare_dialects" title="Gällivare dialects">Gällivare dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finnish_dialects" title="Eastern Finnish dialects">Eastern dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savonian_dialects" title="Savonian dialects">Savonian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_dialect" title="Kainuu dialect">Kainuu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland_Savonian_dialect" title="Värmland Savonian dialect">Värmland Savonian dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Karelian_dialects" title="South Karelian dialects">South Karelian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_dialects" title="Ingrian dialects">Ingrian dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_slang" title="Helsinki slang">Stadin slangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Finnish" title="Colloquial Finnish">Colloquial Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_Finnish" title="Sweden Finnish">Sweden Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varissuomi" title="Varissuomi">Varissuomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language or a dialect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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