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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_(regi%C3%B3n_geogr%C3%A1fica)" title="Italia (región geográfica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Italia (región geográfica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie_(r%C3%A9gion_g%C3%A9ographique)" title="Italie (région géographique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italie (région géographique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_(wilayah_geografis)" title="Italia (wilayah geografis) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Italia (wilayah geografis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_(regione_geografica)" title="Italia (regione geografica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Italia (regione geografica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia_(f%C3%B6ldrajzi_r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Itália (földrajzi régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Itália (földrajzi régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg 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Europe</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_geographical_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Italian_geographical_region.png/330px-Italian_geographical_region.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Italian_geographical_region.png/495px-Italian_geographical_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Italian_geographical_region.png/660px-Italian_geographical_region.png 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption>The borders of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> in black, the borders of the Italian geographical region in red</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Italian geographic region</b>, <b>Italian physical region</b> or <b>Italian region</b> is a geographical <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> delimited to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_chain" title="Mountain chain">mountain chains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. This subregion is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">peninsular and continental part</a> and an <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">insular part</a>. Located between the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, it protrudes into the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and overlooks the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian Channel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Sea of Corsica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>. </p><p>The Italian geographic region,<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauri_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in its traditional and most widely accepted extent, has an area of approximately 324,000 square kilometres (125,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is greater than the area of the entire <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> (301,230 square kilometres (116,310 sq mi)). The region also includes territories that are sovereign parts of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, as well as the four small <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Republic of Malta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">Republic of San Marino</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In common language, the Italian region generally refers to the Italian Peninsula. Similarly, the inhabitants of the islands use the term <i>continent</i> to designate the mainland that goes from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>. Geographically, Italy running in north-west to south-east direction can be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">calcareous Alps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a>, the Northern, Central and Southern <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geographical_limits">Geographical limits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanItaly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RomanItaly.png/330px-RomanItaly.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RomanItaly.png/495px-RomanItaly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RomanItaly.png/660px-RomanItaly.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the territory <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called "Italy"</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The natural limits of the Italian region, marked by the Alpine <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> and the sea, are relatively clear, except at the western and eastern extremities of the Alps. </p><p>On the eastern borders, the chain of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner Gulf</a> are traditionally indicated, to which <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> also refers. However, other proposed limits include a border along the <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Isonzo</a> (formerly advocated by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>), which would exclude the upper Isonzo valley, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and Istria entirely. Other borders were listed by the historian, and exile from <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cherso</a>, Luigi Tomaz in "<i>The border of Italy in Istria and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></i>", among which, in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy#Augustan_organization" title="Roman Italy">Augustan regional structure of Roman Italy</a>, the administrative limes along the <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1a_(river)" title="Raša (river)">Arsa River</a>, marked the end of <a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauri_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, to the east, despite the more depressed character of the orography and the scarcity of surface hydrography found in the region south of the <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Vrhnika" title="Municipality of Vrhnika">Nauporto</a> pass near <a href="/wiki/Postojna" title="Postojna">Postumia</a>, the continuity of the mountain bulwark is ensured by the reliefs placed between Mount Pomario and <a href="/wiki/Sne%C5%BEnik_(plateau)" title="Snežnik (plateau)">Mount Nevoso</a>, its terminal pillar, where it reaches the Kvarner Gulf and the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Buccari" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccari">Buccari</a>, immediately south-east of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east, therefore, the extreme limit of Italy is generally identified in Buccari. To the south-east of the Nauporto pass and to the north-west of Mount Pomario, the traceability of the natural border is rather difficult as in this area the hydrographic watershed does not coincide with the orographic chain, which is characterized by rather small peaks. </p><p>As for the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cherso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lo%C5%A1inj" title="Lošinj">Lussino</a>, their belonging to the Italian geographical region may vary according to the sources and interpretations. In particular, they are included in the Italian geographical region as these islands are the natural continuation of Istria, being closer to the Istrian coasts than to the Dalmatian ones.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauri_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the contrary, to the west, the boundary is unchallenged and easily definable between the canton of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, near the coast can be represented by that buttress of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Alps" title="Maritime Alps">Maritime Alps</a> which, detaching itself from the Po-French drainage divide in correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Monte_Clapier" title="Monte Clapier">Monte Clapier</a>, follows the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Authion_Massif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Authion Massif (page does not exist)">Authion Massif</a>, which culminates in <a href="/wiki/Mont_B%C3%A9go" title="Mont Bégo">Mont Bégo</a>, and divides the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roya_(rive)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roya (rive) (page does not exist)">Roia</a> basin to the east from the <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paillon" title="Paillon">Paglione</a> basins to the west. The salient created by the side valley of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9v%C3%A9ra" title="Bévéra">Bevera</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Mentone</a> basin is orographically separated from everything, thus grafting the border at <a href="/wiki/Cap-d%27Ail" title="Cap-d'Ail">Capo d'Aglio</a> where the entire Principality of Monaco is included. Due to the characteristic of being orographically separated from everything, the Menton basin can be excluded. In the latter case, the geographical limit would rejoin the current international state border at the height of Mount Buletta, corresponding with it up to the sea (this is not a <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">priori</a> correspondence but a simple correspondence by convergence between the geographical and political border; the latter is cited for convenience).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This solution makes it possible to bring the border of the Italian geographic region closer to the ethno-linguistic one between <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> languages of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hypothesis would have it that the border, after touching the top of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelat" title="Mont Pelat">Mont Pelat</a>, includes the entire basin of the Varo river with its tributaries, placing <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> within the Italian region,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that, albeit smaller, than from Monte Clapier divides the Roia and Paglione basins on one side from that of the Varo on the other, reaching the coast not far from the latter's mouth, south-west of Nice,<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCI_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus leaving Nice still in the geographic region of Italy (as <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a> already claimed in 1331).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is an opposite thesis, supported by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, assigning the nature of a transalpine pass to <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Colle di Tenda</a>, excludes the entire Roia Valley with <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a> from the Italian physical region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_and_peninsular_part">Continental and peninsular part</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continental and peninsular part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_1853.jpg/290px-Italy_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_1853.jpg/435px-Italy_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_1853.jpg/580px-Italy_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9032" data-file-height="6464" /></a><figcaption>Italy in a map dated 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>In a narrow sense, the continental part, delimited to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Main_chain_of_the_Alps" title="Main chain of the Alps">Alpine watershed</a>, to about 40% of the Italian region and is located in the north of an imaginary line that goes from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a> river to that of the <a href="/wiki/Rubicone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubicone">Rubicone</a> river. Most of them are made up of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">water catchment</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenta_(river)" title="Brenta (river)">Brenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piave_(river)" title="Piave (river)">Piave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagliamento" title="Tagliamento">Tagliamento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isonzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a> rivers. From the continental part, however, some Alpine valleys are excluded which, although they are part of the Italian State, such as the <a href="/wiki/Val_di_Lei" class="mw-redirect" title="Val di Lei">Val di Lei</a> tributary of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_di_Livigno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val di Livigno (page does not exist)">Val di Livigno</a>, the Sella di Dobbiaco and the Tarvisio basin to the north-east of the Camporosso saddle, tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> through rivers affluent of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, or the Italic Peninsula or the Apennine Peninsula, is a peninsula on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">European continent</a> crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine</a> chain and delimited by four seas: the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>, they are the three peninsulas that make up <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>. </p><p>The peninsula in a narrow sense begins from the Tuscan-Romagna Apennines, starting from an imaginary line that goes from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a> river to that of the <a href="/wiki/Rubicone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubicone">Rubicone</a> river, and extends to the extreme southern offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Capo_Spartivento_Calabro_Lighthouse" title="Capo Spartivento Calabro Lighthouse">Capo Spartivento</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. The peninsula has an extension of about 1.000 kilometre (0.621 mi) in a north-west / south-east direction. The closest large islands, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, are not parts of it. The peninsula corresponds to about 45% of the Italian geographical region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insular_part">Insular part</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Insular part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island part extends over an area of about 60,000 square kilometres (23,000 sq mi) (about 18.5% of the whole Italian region), of which 58,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) for <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. Outside these large islands, numerous smaller islands, often grouped in archipelagos, are found along the Italian coast, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>. The list below shows the largest islands belonging to the Italian geographical region: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Sea </th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> </td> <td>25,460 km<sup>2</sup> (9,830 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean, Ionian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>24,090 km<sup>2</sup> (9,300 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8,681 km<sup>2</sup> (3,352 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cres</a> (<i>Cherso</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>406 km<sup>2</sup> (157 sq mi) </td> <td>Adriatic </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta_(island)" title="Malta (island)">Malta</a> </td> <td>246 km<sup>2</sup> (95 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> </td> <td>223 km<sup>2</sup> (86 sq mi) </td> <td>Tyrrhenian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a> </td> <td>109 km<sup>2</sup> (42 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> </td> <td>83 km<sup>2</sup> (32 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lo%C5%A1inj" title="Lošinj">Lošinj</a> (<i>Lussino</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>74 km<sup>2</sup> (29 sq mi) </td> <td>Adriatic </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a> </td> <td>64 km<sup>2</sup> (25 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Island" title="San Pietro Island">San Pietro</a> </td> <td>51 km<sup>2</sup> (20 sq mi) </td> <td>Mediterranean </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extreme points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extreme points of the Italian geographical region, measured with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">Greenwich meridian</a>, are:<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Westliches_Zwillingsk%C3%B6pfl" title="Westliches Zwillingsköpfl">Testa Gemella Occidentale</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurine_Alps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurine Alps (page does not exist)">Aurine Alps</a>, in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>, at 47° 04′ 20″ north;</li> <li>to the south, the South Cape of the <i>Piccolo Sciutu</i> rock, in the <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese Archipelago</a>, at 35° 47′ 04″ north;</li> <li>to the east, <a href="/wiki/Capo_d%27Otranto" title="Capo d'Otranto">Capo d'Otranto</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, at 18° 31′ 13″ east longitude.</li> <li>to the west, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_of_Chardonnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock of Chardonnet (page does not exist)">Rocca di Chardonnet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cottian_Alps" title="Cottian Alps">Cottian Alps</a>, in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, at 6° 32′ 52″ east.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great-circle_distance" title="Great-circle distance">orthodromic distance</a> N–S is 1,269 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg/260px-Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg/390px-Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg/520px-Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Map of the historical western borders of Italy with highlighting of the natural borders</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> occupies 93% of the Italian geographical region. The remaining portion (23 000 km<sup>2</sup>) is divided between several other states, some of which (in order of geographical extension: <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>) are entirely included in the political borders. Some strips of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">western Niçard</a> and the Alpine sector near the French border (Italian up to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">1947 Peace Treaty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, Slovenian and Croatian, are also ascribed to the Italian geographical region, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCI_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following countries are entirely included in the limits of the Italian geographical region:<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCI_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a> (entirely included in the continental part, to the west);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Republic of Malta</a> (entirely included in the insular part, to the south);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">Republic of San Marino</a> (entirely included in the peninsular part, to the north-east);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a> (entirely included in the peninsular part, in the center-west).</li></ul> <p>The following areas also fall within the borders of the Italian geographical region:<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauri_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (partly included in the continental part and in the insular part, in the east):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palagru%C5%BEa" title="Palagruža">Pelagosa</a> archipelago and, according to an extensive thesis, the two islands of <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cherso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lo%C5%A1inj" title="Lošinj">Lussino</a>;</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (partly included in the continental part and in the insular part, to the west):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roya_(river)" title="Roya (river)">Roia</a> Valley (with <a href="/wiki/La_Brigue" title="La Brigue">Briga Marittima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tenda</a>, sold with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Paris of 1947</a>), <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Montgen%C3%A8vre" title="Col de Montgenèvre">Colle del Monginevro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valle_Stretta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valle Stretta (page does not exist)">Valle Stretta</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Bardonecchia" title="Bardonecchia">Bardonecchia</a>, the area of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Chaberton" title="Mont Chaberton">Mont Chaberton</a> near the Montgenevre pass, the Colle area <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis" title="Mont Cenis">Mont Cenis</a> with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Cenis_lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Cenis lake (page does not exist)">Mont Cenis lake</a> (also ceded with the 1947 Treaty of Paris), and the <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Mentone</a> basin up to <a href="/wiki/La_Turbie" title="La Turbie">Turbìa</a>;</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (partly included in the continental part, to the east):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>the Slovenian <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorizia_Statistical_Region" title="Gorizia Statistical Region">Slovenian Gorizia</a>), a part of western <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Littoral" title="Slovene Littoral">Slovene Littoral</a>;</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (partly included in the continental part, to the north):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>the upper <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Valley" title="Simplon Valley">Val Divedro</a> in the canton of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, the Canton of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> (with the exception of the upper valley of the <a href="/wiki/Reuss_(river)" title="Reuss (river)">Reuss</a> and the Val Cadlimo with the <a href="/wiki/Piz_Blas" title="Piz Blas">Piz Blas</a>) as well as - in the Canton of <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> - the <a href="/wiki/Valle_Mesolcina" title="Valle Mesolcina">Val Mesolcina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Val_Calanca" title="Val Calanca">Val Calanca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Val_Bregaglia" title="Val Bregaglia">Val Bregaglia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Val_Poschiavo" title="Val Poschiavo">Val Poschiavo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Monastero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Monastero (page does not exist)">Val Monastero</a> (all, except the latter, in any case constituting <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian-speaking Switzerland</a>).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Three alpine valleys, tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> (small islands located on the African <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>) are parts of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> even though they are not parts of the Italian geographical region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg/370px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="523" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg/555px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg/740px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Augustan_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Augustan Italy">Regions of Augustan Italy</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Province">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a>, as well as Sicily's.</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of Italy as a geographic region is very old. It was described with the geographical notion of peninsula as early as the 1st century BC in the oldest treatise called <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> (in ancient Greek: Γεωγραφικά - Gheographikà),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a work in 17 volumes by the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (65/64 – 25/21 BC). In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Guarino_da_Verona" title="Guarino da Verona">Guarino da Verona</a> translated the entire work into Latin, thus contributing to its rediscovery. </p><p>In the introduction of his book, Strabo gives his definition of Italy: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Present-day Italy begins at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>: [I mean present-day Italy], because this name initially indicated only the ancient Ouitoulía, that is the district located between the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">gulf of Taranto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poseidonia" title="Poseidonia">Poseidonia</a>; but, having taken on a sort of predominance over time, this name has ended up extending to the foot of the Alps, also embracing, on the one hand, all of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varo</a> and of course also the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> from the border with the <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, and, on the other side, all of Istria up to <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Strabo, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> - Book V - Chapter I: The Transpadania and the Cispadania</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several centuries, the geographical description of Strabo did not change until the publication of the first universal geography of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a> (1775–1826), <i>Geography or description of all parts of the world</i>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, and in particular with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, Italy lost its political unity. In the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian age">Carolingian age</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> was born (in Latin, <i>Regnum Italicum</i>), it includes only <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. In addition, starting from the 12th century, Northern Italy itself found itself divided into a myriad of small states often in conflict with each other or victims of foreign expansionist aims. </p><p>However, in the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/L%27Inferno" title="L'Inferno">L'Inferno</a></i>, Canto IX, 114): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As in <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a>, near del <a href="/wiki/Kvarner" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvarner">Carnaro</a>, where Italy closes and its terms wet.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dante Alighieri</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a> wrote at the same time in his work the <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canzoniere" title="Il Canzoniere">Il Canzoniere</a></i> (s. CXLVI, 13–14): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>that <a href="/wiki/Bel_paese_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel paese (phrase)">fair country</a>, the Apennines divide, and Alps and sea surround.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Francesco Petrarca</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napoleonic_era">Napoleonic era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Napoleonic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his memoirs written during his captivity on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, but published only in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> makes a description of Italy in the first chapter:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Italy is surrounded by the Alps and the sea, its natural limits are determined with the same precision as if it were an island. It is located between 36° and 46° degree of latitude, 4° and 16° of longitude of Paris; it consists of three parts: the mainland, the peninsula and the islands. The first is separated from the second by the Isthmus of Parma. If from Parma, as the center, a semicircle is traced on the north side with a radius equal to the distance from Parma to the mouth of the Var or the mouth of the Isonzo (60 leagues), the development of the chain of the upper part of the Alps that separates Italy from the mainland. This semicircle forms the territory of the so-called continental part, the surface of which is 5,000 square leagues. The peninsula is a trapezoid between the mainland to the north, the Mediterranean to the west, the Adriatic to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the two main sides of which are 200 to 210 leagues long, and the other two sides 60 to 30 alloys; its surface is 6000 square alloys. The third part, that is the islands, that is Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, which geographically belongs more to Italy than to France, forms an area of 4000 square leagues; which brings the surface of the whole of Italy to 15,000 square alloys. Here we have considered the natural limits without entering into any political division. Thus we have not understood <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, which is beyond the Alps, nor Dalmatia, nor Istria, and we have understood the part of the Italian-Swiss nurses that are below the Alps, and all the part of Tyrol that pours its waters in the Adige and under the Brenner; all this, moreover, forms few changes. On the eastern side the border mark was placed on the Isonzo, even if the natural division of the mountains would pass between Laybach and Isonzo, would include a portion of Carniola and Istria, and would unite the Adriatic to Rijeka; but at the Isonzo the mountains of the Alps are lowered and their consideration becomes less</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Napoleon Bonaparte</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_unification_and_the_effects_of_nationalism">Italian unification and the effects of nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italian unification and the effects of nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litorale_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Litorale_1.png/370px-Litorale_1.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Litorale_1.png/555px-Litorale_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Litorale_1.png/740px-Litorale_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a>, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome_(1924)" title="Treaty of Rome (1924)">Treaty of Rome</a>) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Treaty of Paris</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#10FF20; color:black;"> </span> Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00fa9a; color:black;"> </span> Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eee8aa; color:black;"> </span> Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty</div></figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist monarchical regimes</a>, Italy remains according to <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>'s expression "<i>a simple geographical expression</i>" without political unity. However, a process has been set in motion that will lead to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of Vittorio Emanuele II King of Italy</a> on 17 March 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">new united Italy</a> experienced the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a>, which claimed that the natural border of Italy had to pass on the crest of the Alps based on geographical concepts. Furthermore, the environment that gravitates around the <i><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Geografica_Italiana" title="Società Geografica Italiana">Società Geografica Italiana</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societ%C3%A0_di_Studi_Geografici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Società di Studi Geografici (page does not exist)">Società di Studi Geografici</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> was strongly imbued with a nationalist spirit which, during the following decades, will become more and more <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonialist</a> and militarist. This would explain, as Lucio Gambi<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated, the enthusiastic and almost unanimous adhesion of Italian geographers to <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">fascism</a> a few decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the notion of the Italian geographical region diminished, as the natural borders, except for some marginal territory, were mostly reached with the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, and it was on other scales that Italian nationalism and imperialism were expressed, well beyond the borders of the Italian geographical region. </p><p>After World War II, Italy lost a large part of Julian March, and Italian geography eliminated all political and nationalistic aspects to focus only on geographic ones.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the notion of Italian geographic region, including territories that are not part of the Italian Republic, continues to be present in some Italian geographic encyclopedias,<sup id="cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the one published by the <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As evidence of the orographic naturalness of this line, it is recalled how it was used in the autumn-winter 1944–1945 by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> as the best line of defense of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> from the Franco-American armies settled in Provence after the liberation of France. Even further back, a German army had already used the same line when the Austrian army allied with the Savoy had put itself on the defensive against the French revolutionaries between 1793 and 1796.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As already mentioned above, this thesis was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian Augustus">Octavian Augustus</a> in tracing the borders of Italy in the area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Between <a href="/wiki/Lerici" title="Lerici">Lerice</a> and Turbìa the most deserted, the most broken ruin is a staircase, towards that, easy and open.", <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, vv.49-51, Chapt. III, <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">La Divina Commedia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>But while you were eager to go to Italy, you were already in Italy: according to poets and cosmographers, the border to it is the Varo, beyond which Nice is on the land of Italy.</i>", Francesco Petrarca, <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_gb_f5QcKcG7mJkC/page/n363" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bub gb f5QcKcG7mJkC/page/n363">Lettera VII a Giovanni Colonna di San Vito</a> in <i>Lettere di Francesco Petrarca</i>, vol. I, Firenze, Le Monnier, 1863, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cherso,_Lussino_e_Veglia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether or not the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cres</a> (<i>Cherso</i>), Lošinj (<i>Lussino</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> (<i>Veglia</i>) belong to the Italian geographical region varies according to the sources. In particular, some see the first two as a natural continuation of the Istrian peninsula, and Cres and Lošinj are closer to the Istrian coast than to the Dalmatian one, unlike Krk. Furthermore, various smaller islands show a continuity between Krk and <a href="/wiki/Rab_(island)" title="Rab (island)">Rab</a> (<i>Arbe</i>), a distinctly Dalmatian island.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italy_(geographical_region)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Italia", <i>Dizionario enciclopedico italiano</i> (in Italian), vol. VI, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 413</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly+%28geographical+region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Agostini-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Agostini_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Agostini Ed., <i>L'Enciclopedia Geografica - Vol.I - Italia</i>, 2004, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauri-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauri_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauri_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauri_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauri_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1023852">Mauri, A., <i>La presentazione di una storia delle frontiere orientali italiane: una occasione per riflettere sulle determinanti storiche, economiche e geopolitiche dei confini</i></a>, Working Paper n. 2007-41, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvgWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Regione+geografica+Italiana%22">Archives historiques de la Suisse italienne</a>"</i> ("Archivio Storico della Svizzera Italiana"), Volumes 9-11, Université de Californie, 1934</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoolen" class="citation web cs1">Joolen, Ester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/9611031/thesis.pdf">"Parco Nazionale del Circeo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Parco Nazionale del Circeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parco+Nazionale+del+Circeo&rft.pub=Parco+Nazionale+del+Circeo&rft.aulast=Joolen&rft.aufirst=Ester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F9611031%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItaly+%28geographical+region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCI-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Touring Club Italiano, <i>Conosci l'Italia.</i> Vol. I: <i>L'Italia fisica</i>, 1937, pp. 11-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"L'Enciclopedia Geografica - Vol.I - Italia", 2004, Ed. De Agostini</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrigo Petacco, <i>La Seconda Guerra Mondiale</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/"><i>Italia</i> nell'Enciclopedia Treccani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/It%C3%A0lia+(geografia+e+storia).html"><i>Italia</i> nell'enciclopedia "Sapere" - DeAgostini</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediterranees.net/geographie/strabon/index.html">Geôgraphiká dans la traduction de A. Tardieu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediterranees.net/geographie/strabon/V-1.html">Strabon, <i>Géographie – Livre V – Chapitre I : La Transapadane et la Cispadane</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonaparte, N., <i>Mémoires de Napoléon - La campagne d'Italie</i>, Ed. Tallandier, 2010, p. 53-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucio Gambi (1991) <i>Geografia e imperialismo in Italia</i>, Bologna, Patron.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Ferretti (2009) § 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Gambi, Una Geografia per la Storia, Torino, Einaudi, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Gambi, Geografia e Imperialismo, Bologna, Patron, 1991.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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